Synthetic biology
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Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms, and it applies engineering principles to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.
Synthetic Biology Research at NASA Ames Research Center
Genetic engineering
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Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.
In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a genetically modified mouse, the first GM animal.
Polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool used in molecular cloning.
A gene gun uses biolistics to insert DNA into plant tissue.