1.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
2.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
3.
Silver Spring, Maryland
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Silver Spring is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 76,716 according to 2013 estimates by the United States Census Bureau, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown. The urbanized, oldest, and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington. As of 2004, the Central Business District held 7,254,729 square feet of space,5216 dwelling units and 17.6 acres of parkland. The population density of this CBD area of Silver Spring was 15,600 per square mile all within 360 acres, the community has recently undergone a significant renaissance, with the addition of major retail, residential, and office developments. Silver Spring takes its name from a spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair. Acorn Park, tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the downtown area, is believed to be the site of the original spring. As an unincorporated area, Silver Springs boundaries are not officially defined and this definition is a 15% reduction from the 9.4 sq. mi. used in previous years. The United States Geological Survey locates the center of Silver Spring at 38°59′26″N 77°1′35″W, by another definition, Silver Spring is located at 39°0′15″N 77°1′8″W. Residents of a swath of South-Eastern Montgomery County have Silver Spring mailing addresses. This area extends roughly from the Washington, D. C, Prince Georges County, Maryland and Howard County, Maryland lines to the west, north and east, and Rock Creek Park and Plyers Mill Road to the west and north-west. These boundaries make Silver Spring larger in area than any city in Maryland except for Baltimore. Rock Creek Park passes along the west side of Silver Spring, and offers hiking trails, picnic grounds, and bicycling on weekends, Sligo Creek Park follows Sligo Creek through Silver Spring, it offers hiking trails, tennis courts, playgrounds and bicycling. The latter is facilitated on weekends, when parts of Sligo Creek Parkway are closed to automobiles, the bike trails are winding and slower than most in the region. Recently, rocks have been spread along either side of the road, providing a hazardous bike ride, acorn Park in the downtown area of Silver Spring is believed to be the site of the eponymous silver spring. The 14. 5-acre Jesup Blair Park was recently renovated and features a field, tennis courts, basketball courts. Brookside Gardens is a 50-acre park within Wheaton Regional Park, in greater Silver Spring and it is located on the original site of Stadler Nursery. Northwest Branch Park is a 700-acre park surrounding the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, the park includes hiking, equestrian, and cycling trails on the Northwest Branch and Rachel Carson Greenway Trails
4.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
5.
American Heroes Channel
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American Heroes Channel is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Discovery Communications. The network carries programs related to the military, warfare and military history, as of February 2015, the channel is available to approximately 59,917,000 pay television households in the United States. The channel launched in July 1998, as Discovery Wings Channel, it focused on programs relating to aircraft. During its early years, the network aired a weather segment near the top of each hour featuring aviation forecast data from the National Weather Service. That network – which focused on the heroes, history and hardware of the military scene – experienced difficulty raising capital. On January 10,2005, the network was rebranded as the Military Channel, carrying over from its original format, many of the networks programs as the Military Channel were dedicated to aerial warfare and related technologies and issues. On March 3,2014, the channel was rebranded as American Heroes Channel, with the intent to provide more history based, the network is a sponsor of the United Service Organizations and frequently runs commercials for that organization. While the A+E Networks-owned History, Military History and H2 air similar programming, AHC has a more contemporary subject matter than those competitors, but it occasionally presents historical programming as well. Actor Dennis Haysbert serves as the continuity announcer for its on-air promotions. In addition, the channel also presents feature films with a theme, as well as individual episodes of other shows. These are often shows that were produced for other Discovery Communications-owned channels, www. ahctv. com – American Heroes Channel official website
6.
Animal Planet
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Animal Planet is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Discovery Communications. Originally focused on more educationally-based television shows, the network has featured more reality programming since 2008 and it is available throughout the United States, as well as in over 70 countries around the world. Country-specific versions of the channel have been created in Canada, India, Japan, Taiwan, as of February 2015, approximately 94,288,000 American households receive Animal Planet. Animal Planet was launched on October 1,1996, it was created by Discovery Communications in cooperation with the British Broadcasting Corporation, in late 2005, as part of a multimillion-dollar expansion, the National Aquarium in Baltimore opened an exhibit called Animal Planet Australia, Wild Extreme. The partnership also allowed the possibility of future productions of television programs about the National Aquarium in Baltimores research, in 2006, BBC Worldwide sold its 20% interest in the flagship Animal Planet U. S. network back to Discovery Communications. Animal Planet is additionally a member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative. During the late 2000s, Genius Products announced a U. S. distribution agreement involving Animal Planet, jakks Pacific also entered into a licensing agreement to develop Animal Planet-branded pet products. On February 3,2008, Animal Planet relaunched itself as part of a new branding campaign that sheds its soft and furry side for programming and an image with more bite. As part of the relaunch, Animal Planet replaced its elephant, the goal is to move from being perceived by viewers as paternalistic, preachy, and observation-based to being seen as active, entertaining and edgy. That means targeting adults 25-49, rather than families, with less voice-of-God narration and more visceral imagery. Think of it as swapping a drab narrator saying that a lion is about to kill its prey for the scream of the doomed creature as it meets its demise. This rebranding effort continued in 2010 with a change of the slogan, from Same Planet. Recent additions to the channel, such as Meerkat Manor and Orangutan Island, reflect its shift toward predation programming, Animal Planet intended the new direction to help revitalize stagnating ratings, after primetime viewership of the network dropped by 9% in 2007. Animal Planet added pseudo-scientific documentary, reality television, and sitcom shows to its line-up, the 1080i high definition simulcast of Animal Planet launched on September 1,2007, it is available on all major cable and satellite providers. It was also launched on February 3,2009 in Norway for Canal Digital, Norway is the first country outside the U. S. to receive a high definition feed of Animal Planet. D. C. Thomson & Co. partnered with Discovery Communications to publish Animal Planet Magazine in the United Kingdom, the magazines first issue was released on February 16,2011. The deal also constitutes a first-look deal, giving Revision3 first right to distribute all co-developed shows, Animal Planet originally aired Mermaids, The Body Found on May 27,2012, and a sequel called Mermaids, The New Evidence about a year later. They tell a story of a scientific teams investigative efforts to uncover the source behind mysterious underwater recordings of an unidentified marine body, included is the generally discredited aquatic ape hypothesis as evidence that mermaids exist, along with digitally manufactured video
7.
Cooking Channel
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Cooking Channel is an American cable channel owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel is a spin-off of Food Network, broadcasting programming related to food, the network airs both new series, and archived programming from Food Network. Cooking Channel replaced Fine Living Network on May 31,2010, as of February 2015, Cooking Channel is available to approximately 61,951,000 pay television households in the United States. Food Network stars Emeril Lagasse, Rachael Ray and Bobby Flay were among the first to air new programs on the channel, including Emerils Fresh Food Fast, Week In a Day, during February 2015, a new show, Unwrapped 2.0 began airing. Since September 2014 actress Haylie Duff presents Real Girls Kitchen and Haylies America, other original series include Dinner at Tiffanis hosted by Tiffani Thiessen, Man Fire Food hosted by Roger Mooking, Food, Fact Or Fiction. The following Cooking Channel programs are either first to air in the U. S, a Canadian version of Cooking Channel launched on December 12,2016. It is operated by Corus Entertainment, who operates the Canadian version of Food Network. Notes Cooking Channel official website Cooking Channel on Facebook Cooking Channel on Twitter Cooking Channels channel on YouTube
8.
Destination America
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Destination America is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Discovery Communications. The channel features lifestyle, historical and travel programming focusing on the culture of the United States, the network first launched in 1996 as Discovery Travel & Living, as part of a suite of four digital cable networks the company launched that year. From its launch until 2008, the network primarily focused upon home improvement, in 2008, the network re-launched as Planet Green, which carried a focus on environmentalism and sustainable living, Discovery spent $50 million on developing programming for the network. As of February 2015, approximately 57,238,000 American households receive Destination America, the space was originally used for one of the four digital cable networks launched by Discovery Communications in 1996. The new networks were first announced in November 1994, with a launch planned for Spring 1995, at the time, the network had the working title Living and was described as a home repair network. By 1998, it had settled on the name Discovery Home & Leisure, but the Leisure part of the name was dropped on March 29,2004, much of the travel-related programming was dropped in the process to provide more focus on home improvement and cooking. The project began after the Discovery Channel bought the website Treehugger. com from owners Graham Hill, at its launch, Planet Green was available in 50 million U. S. households and included 250 hours of environment-related programming with a programming budget of US$50 million. Discovery chief executive David Zaslav stated in a call with investors We think we can probably do something else with that that would be more meaningful. Shortly thereafter the channel had abandoned its theme, rerunning programs from other Discovery Communications channels, Discovery announced a probable rebranding of the channel by the start of the summer of 2012. The channel was expected to have a Memorial Day launch on May 28,2012. The channels trademark and logo were registered by Discovery Networks on February 28,2012 through the United States Patent, Destination America launched at 12,00 a. m. The high definition version of the network is available as well. On June 6,2014, Destination America began airing episodes of Canadian paranormal series Creepy Canada under the alternate title Hauntings, in 2015, TNA partnered with Discovery Communications to air the promotions programming on Destination America, including Impact Wrestling. Later that year, the network announced that it had signed a 26-week television deal for Ring of Honors weekly show, Ring of Honor Wrestling. Impact moved to Pop in January 2016, the March 4,2016, premiere of the paranormal invagative series Paranormal Lockdown was the highest rated series premiere ever in Destination America’s history. The show was moved to TLC for its second season premiered on December 16,2016. In addition, celebrities gave green tips within network bumpers that transitioned into, the channel was programmed in eight-hour blocks, which repeated three times per day until April 2010. Lacking separate satellite feeds for the East and West coasts of the United States, prime-time programs ran from 8 p. m. to 11 p. m. Eastern time and were then repeated
9.
Discovery Familia
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Discovery Familia is an American satellite and cable television channel owned by Discovery Communications. It is an educational, family-oriented Spanish-language Cable channel, the network launched on August 9,2007. The channel airs preschool-intended programming under the block Discovery Kids en Español between the hours of 6 am to 7 pm ET, with family-oriented adult programming airing at 7 pm to 6 am ET, the network is now available at over 3 million Hispanic television households. It is currently the #1 Hispanic Pay TV channel from 6am–7pm among preschool kids 2–5 years old, as of February 2015, approximately 5.8 million American households receive Discovery Familia
10.
Discovery Family
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Upon its launch, the network primarily offered adventure, nature, and science-themed programs aimed towards a childrens audience between ages 6 and 11. From 1996 until 2000, Discovery Kids was carried by only a few cable television providers. By late 2001, the channel was carried in at least 15 million homes, in September 2001, a Canadian version of Discovery Kids was launched in partnership with Corus Entertainment. In December 2001, Discovery Kids announced a partnership with NBC, in which it would produce a new Saturday morning block for the known as Discovery Kids on NBC. The block, which replaced a block consisting only of sitcoms. With the launch of the new block, Discovery Kids also branched out into animated programming with the premieres of Kenny the Shark and Tutenstein. In March 2006, Discovery declined to renew its contract with NBC for its Saturday morning block, since the launch of the NBC block, Discovery Kids had grown its cable carriage to over 43 million homes. NBC would replace the Discovery Kids block with Qubo in September 2006, under the arrangement, Discovery would be in charge of handling advertising sales and distribution for the new channel, while Hasbro would be involved in acquiring and producing programming. While the network planned to maintain educational series, plans called for new programs based off Hasbro-owned franchises such as G. I. Joe, My Little Pony, Transformers, and game shows adapted from its board game brands. In January 2010, Discovery and Hasbro announced that the new network would be known as The Hub, the network planned to continue targeting Discovery Kids main demographic of children aged 2 through 14, but also planned to feature a primetime block with family-oriented programming. The networks original imaging was developed by Troika Design Group, the final logo design was the result of a number of drafts by Troika designers, some of which had incorporated typography similar to Hasbros logo. The Hub was launched on October 10,2010 at 10,00 a. m, ET, its first program was an episode of The Twisted Whiskers Show. The management of The Hub subsequently underwent a fair value analysis of the channel, in March 2013, The Hub picked up its first work from POW. Entertainment, Stan Lees Mighty 7, a pilot movie to be aired in early 2014. The network also began to phase in an amended branding as the Hub Network, in late 2013, Hub Network introduced an updated logo and a new imaging campaign, Making Family Fun, which was developed by the Los Angeles-based agency Oishii Creative. On June 12,2014, it was reported that Margaret Loesch would step down from her role as Hub Network president, Discovery staff was also unable to display a full commitment to Hub Networks operation, due to factors such as the troubled launch of the Oprah Winfrey Network. Believing that they had overvalued its stake in the venture, Hasbro decided to cede the operation of the network to Discovery so it could focus more on content and its core toy business
11.
Discovery Life
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Discovery Life, formerly Discovery Fit & Health, is an American digital cable and satellite ADC television network that is owned by Discovery Communications. The channels programming focus is dedicated to life events of a medical or mental nature. Launched on February 1,2011, it is the result of the merger of Discovery Health Channel and FitTV, as of February 2015, approximately 46,696,000 American households receive Discovery Life. Its old shows began airing on FitTV. Gradually the fitness-oriented programs carried over from FitTV were phased out in favor of more docudrama-style programming, Discovery Communications rebranded the channel as Discovery Life on January 15,2015, with an objective of attracting a wider audience and appealing to more cable and satellite carriers. The station is targeted toward women aged 25–54. In Poland the channel was launched on February 1,2015 in lieu of Animal Planet, the HD version of Animal Planet remained unchanged and is still available on digital platforms and on cable. The channel currently airs a mix of original programming alongside existing series, programs span the topics of medical emergencies, addiction and mental illness, pregnancy and childbirth, and sex. Programming goes off the air in lieu of paid infomercials on weeknights from 2am, with regular programming resuming at 6am
12.
DIY Network
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DIY Network is a channel owned by Scripps Networks Interactive that focuses on do it yourself projects at home. Television stations air local versions with local hosts with segments produced by the network, branded DIY Network programming is also broadcast in Japan and the Philippines. The cable network reaches 50 million households in the US, as of February 2015, DIY Network is available to approximately 60,942,000 pay television households in the United States. The shows carried over the cover the gamut of various activities which are capable of being performed by amateurs at home. The current programming focuses on, home repair home improvement gardening and landscaping destruction and these include, Auctioneering Auctioneer Myers Jackson sells homes on Texas Flip and Move Auto repairs, ranging from simple repairs such as adding stereo speakers, all the way to engine rebuilding. DIY was the network to be launched by Scripps, following the success of HGTV. In fact, for the first two years the programming consisted of mixed and mashed clips of old HGTV programs while new content was developed, the network offered a large amount of broadband content to create demand for and help cable operators launch their nascent broadband services. The broadband portal was first DIYnet. com, and has since changed to DIYnetwork. com DIY says they target a more male audience than HGTV. The channel announced it would launch in high definition on May 1,2010 on two prominent distributors, and it would add 200 new original programs by year end. One of the prominent distributors turned out to be Dish Network, direcTV added DIY HD on September 19,2012. AT&T U-verse dropped Food Network, Cooking Channel, HGTV, DIY Network, but on November 7,2010, the carriage dispute was resolved
13.
Food Network
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Food Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network, G. P. A joint venture between Scripps Networks Interactive and the Tribune Cable Ventures Inc, despite this ownership structure, the channel is managed as a division of Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel airs both specials and regular episodic programs about food and cooking, in addition to its headquarters in New York City, Food Network has offices in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Jersey City, Cincinnati, and Knoxville, Tennessee. As of February 2015, Food Network is available to approximately 96,931,000 pay television households in the United States. Food Network was founded on April 19,1993 as TV Food Network and was launched on November 22 of that year, its name remains Television Food Network. Within a few years, the network had shortened its brand name by removing the TV from its name. It was developed by Reese Schonfeld, under the direction of Providence Journal president Trygve Myrhen, the network was initially launched as a preview in September 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. Schonfeld, who was also a partner in the company, was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees. The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse, Debbi Fields, Donna Hanover, David Rosengarten, Curtis Aikens, Dr. Louis Arrone, Jacques Pépin, the following year, the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH. In 1995, Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network, but remained on its board until 1998, in fact, in 1997, it was the second fastest growing cable network. Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were the two of the members of the start-up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998. Greg Willis served as vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998. The A. H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in 1996, Myrhen left the Journal Company the following year. Belo sold the network to the E. W. Scripps Company in 1997, in a deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television-radio station combination of KENS-AM/TV in San Antonio. In March 2009, the Food Network launched a repurposed Food. com as a site that allows users to aggregate. The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of Food Network launched on March 31,2008, Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9,2009, and in Asia on July 5,2010. Since the UK launch on November 9,2009 on Sky, Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as Food Network in the Kitchen and a primetime lineup branded as Food Network Nighttime. Promos identify Food Network Nighttime programming but not In the Kitchen daytime programming, Food Network airs infomercials on Sundays from 4,00 to 9,30 a. m
14.
Great American Country
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Great American Country is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. As of February 2015, GAC is available to approximately 59,547,000 television households in the United States, the channel was launched on December 31,1995, with the first music video to be broadcast on the channel, Garth Brooks The Thunder Rolls. The channel was owned by the Centennial, Colorado-based Jones Radio Network. Scripps Networks, which was spun off from the E. W and it was broadcast from its studios at Music Row in Nashville, Tennessee. The show ran from 2007 to 2009, when it was canceled, two days later, however, the dispute was resolved. On October 1,2013, the network unveiled a new brand identity, the network also unveiled a new logo, and announced that it will begin broadcasting in high definition. The network expanded beyond its country roots with programs that chronicle families. Country music comprises at least 50 percent of Great American Country’s programming, the network also televises the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo. With the channels rebranding, the music video show Daily Countdown was renamed Great American Playlist. Top 20 Country Countdown continues to air each week and the network still offers country music including, Backstory, Introducing
15.
HGTV
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HGTV is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. HGTV broadcasts a variety of shows with a focus on home improvement, gardening, crafts. The channel is headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee, the channel sponsors the annual HGTV Dream Home and HGTV Smart Home giveaways. As of February 2015, approximately 95,628,000 American households receive HGTV, in 2016, HGTV overtook CNN as the third most-watched cable channel in the United States, behind Fox News Channel and ESPN. Kenneth W. Lowe envisioned the concept of HGTV in 1992, with modest financial support from the E. W. Scripps corporate board, he purchased Cinetel, a small video production company in Knoxville, as the base and production hub of the new network. Lowe cofounded the channel with Susan Packard, Cinetel became Scripps Productions, but producing more than 30 programs simultaneously proved daunting. The organization brought in former CBS television executive Ed Spray, who implemented a system of producing programming through independent production houses around the United States, burton Jablin, as Vice President of Programming, set the tone and oversaw the production of the early series. About 90 percent of the programming consisted of original productions at launch, with ten percent licensed and rerun from Canadian channels, PBS. The major programming themes, unchanged since the beginning, were building and remodeling, landscaping and gardening, decorating and design. During its development, the channel was named the Home, Lawn. The name was shortened and a logo was developed. The logo was amended in 2010, with this version debuting on March 1 of that year. The square with the G in it was removed, the roof was increased in size and it is now referred to simply as HGTV, the full name of the channel is de-emphasized. In December 2011, the channel began broadcasting all of its programming in 16,9 aspect ratio format on its standard definition channel. HGTVs current programming focuses primarily on home-buying, renovation, and reality shows following the business of house flipping, SNI CEO Ken Lowe stated of the programming strategy that Were not going to surprise you. Were not going to throw you a curve ball and its not easy to create content that people are passionate about and somewhat addicted to that is somewhat repetitive. As of 2016, HGTV has invested at least $400 million annually on original programming, the 1080i high definition simulcast feed of HGTV launched on March 31,2008. Originally, the HD channel did not simulcast the standard definition feed of HGTV, instead, the HD channel featured programming separate from the standard channel
16.
Investigation Discovery
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As of February 2015, approximately 86,062,000 American households receive Investigation Discovery. The channel launched in 1996 under the name Discovery Civilization Network, The World History and it was one of four digital networks rolled out by Discovery Communications simultaneously in October 1996. Plans for the channel had surfaced in November 1994, when its name was Time Traveler. In April 2002, New York Times Television and Discovery Communications announced a joint venture to run the Discovery Civilization Channel, by then, it was available in 14 million households. The partnership aimed to complement the shows, with programming about current events. The previous name was described as is a little off-message by executives, in April 2006, The New York Times sold its stake in Discovery Times back to Discovery Communications, ending its ownership in the channel. Also in 2006, the networks on-air identity was re-branded by creative studio Trollbäck + Company, on January 27,2008, Discovery Times was renamed Investigation Discovery. In addition to the network, an Investigation Discovery website was also launched. Contributors to the website include crime writers David Lohr, Corey Mitchell, in 2016 Investigation Discovery Channel covered the murder of Malika Wiloughby on the Unraveled series co-starring actor and recording artist Tavion Tate Guice aka Tavion Millioune as Willie. The channels high definition simulcast is available on all major cable, most of IDs programs are original productions, but it also airs re-titled off-network reruns, including ABCs 20/20, CBS48 Hours, and NBCs Dateline. On June 7,2015, ID aired its first ever scripted mini-series, Serial Thriller, a third installment, Serial Thriller, The Headhunter, about serial killer Edmund Kemper, premiered on February 20,2016. Investigation Discovery Investigation Discovery Investigation Discovery USA Investigation Discovery UK Investigation Discovery Official website
17.
Science Channel
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Science is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Discovery Communications. The channel features programming focusing on the fields of survival, ufology, manufacturing, construction, technology, space, prehistory. As of February 2015, Science is available to approximately 75.5 million pay television households in the United States, in November 1994, Discovery Networks announced plans for four digital channels set to launch in 1996. Discovery originally named the network under the working title Quark. this was changed before its launch to the Discovery Science Network, Discovery Science launched in October 1996 as part of the simultaneous rollout of the new channel suite. The channel has undergone various rebrandings throughout its history, international versions of Science currently exist in South East Asia, Europe, United Kingdom, Italy, India, Sweden, Canada, Latin America and Australia. Unlike the U. S. network, the channels are branded under the Discovery Science name. List of documentary channels Discovery Science Discovery Science Official website
18.
Travel Channel
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Travel Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. The channel is headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States and it features documentaries, reality, and how-to shows related to travel and leisure around the United States and throughout the world. As of February 2015, Travel Channel is available to approximately 91.5 million pay television households in the United States, the Travel Channel was launched on February 1,1987, it was founded by Trans World Airlines, presumably to boost airline patronage. The channels name was derived from the travel-related filler programming that aired between programs on the Home Theater Network, TWA purchased the name rights from Group W Satellite Communications in 1986, and took over HTNs transponder spot following the shutdown of the premium cable channel in January 1987. The network was sold to Landmark Communications, then-owner of The Weather Channel. Discovery Communications acquired a 70% ownership stake in the channel in 1997, in May 2007, Discovery Communications sold Travel Channel to Cox Enterprises subsidiary Cox Communications as part of a larger multibillion-dollar transaction. However, Discovery Communications still distributed the channel through its Discovery Networks unit, on November 5,2009, Scripps Networks Interactive acquired a 65% ownership interest in the network for $1.1 billion, the deal closed in January 2010. Scripps currently distributes the Travel Channel and rebroadcasts some of sister channel Food Networks programming on the network, the deal was completed on May 1,2012, following regulatory approval. The international channels were integrated with Scripps Travel Channel, in late 2015, Scripps announced that it will relocate the Travel Channel headquarters to Knoxville, Tennessee, in order to consolidate its networks in one place. Current employees are given the option to move to Knoxville, though some may relocate to New York, on February 25,2016, Scripps acquired the remaining 35% stake in Travel Channel from Cox Communications, giving it full control over the network
19.
Velocity (TV network)
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Velocity is an American high-definition, commercial-based, cable and satellite television network owned by Discovery Communications. The network specializes in programming, focusing on cars, and also sports, leisure. As of February 2015, approximately 62.3 million American households receive Velocity, the network launched nationwide in the United States on June 17,2002, as Discovery HD Theater, and was the first 24/7 basic cable HD network in the US. With the proliferation of HD simulcast channels, by 2011 HD Theater no longer filled a unique niche, on April 14,2011, Discovery Communications announced that HD Theater would be re-launched as Velocity later in the year, and the re-launch took place on October 4,2011. Aimed primarily at a male audience, the network focuses primarily on automotive-oriented programming. The network also partnered with the NFL for the original launch series NFL Single Coverage, a Canadian version of Velocity, known as Discovery Velocity, launched on February 12,2015, replacing Discovery World. The channel was, originally, the Canadian version of Velocitys original U. S. incarnation as Discovery HD Theater, kidnap & Rescue MotorWeek Natures Deadliest Overhaulin Stacey Davids GearZ Some Assembly Required The Detonators UFOs Over Earth Verminators Weird or What. Wheeler Dealers Wheeler Dealers, Trading Up Worlds Most Expensive Rides How Its Made, Dream Cars The Alex Vega Project West Coast Customs Discovery Turbo
20.
Dish Network
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Dish Network is an American direct-broadcast satellite service provider. The company provides satellite television, satellite Internet access, audio programming, as of November 2016, the company provided services to 13.7 million television and 580,000 broadband subscribers. The company has approximately 16,000 employees, the company is headquartered in Meridian, Colorado, though the postal designation of nearby Englewood, Colorado is used in the corporate mailing address. In January 2008, Dish Network was spun off from its parent company EchoStar. The company began using Dish Network as its brand in March 1997, after the successful launch of its first satellite, EchoStar I. That launch marked the beginning of its television services, and EchoStar has since launched numerous satellites. EchoStar continues to be the technology partner to Dish Network. Joseph Clayton became president and chief officer of the company in June 2011. Clayton remained in the position until March 31,2015 when he retired leaving Ergen to resume the post, Dishs main service is satellite television. Its offerings are similar to satellite and cable companies. Viewers can choose from a series of bundles, paying more money for more channels. A la carte programming is available, however limited other than Premium channels, the company is currently working on diversifying its offerings. With its purchase of Blockbuster LLC, it now owns the Blockbuster trademarks and has used its intellectual property agreement to offer streaming, Dish Anywhere is Dishs subscriber-only streaming video service, which includes HBO and Cinemax programming. In May 2012, the American Customer Satisfaction Index ranked Dish second among American television providers and it weighs ten pounds, is protected from weather, and automatically searches for a signal. The only satellites that are compatible with the Tailgater are at Dishs 119,110. In March 2012, Dish began offering a video recorder called Dish Hopper that can automatically record all prime time programming on the four major television networks. The other half is for video on demand, a Hopper feature, called AutoHop, enables customers to view these programs without commercials, subject to time restrictions. AutoHop has attracted enthusiasts, critics, boycotts and legal action, at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show Dish won an award for their AutoHop feature on the Hopper
21.
C band (IEEE)
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The communications C-band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks, note that by using the band from 3.7 to 4.0 GHz, this C-band overlaps somewhat into the IEEE S-band for radars. The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, hence, the transponders on the same polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz, the C-band is primarily used for open satellite communications, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. Typical antenna sizes on C-band capable systems ranges from 7.5 to 12 feet on consumer satellite dishes, rain fade – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in the air. Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in parts of the world. This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes the Peoples Republic of China, India, Pakistan, Japan and this is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C-band by AMSAT. Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources, the frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz or 5.712 GHz, which is the second harmonic of S-band
22.
4DTV
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4DTV is a proprietary broadcasting standard and technology for digital cable broadcasting and C-band/Ku-band satellite dishes from Motorola, using General Instruments DigiCipher II for encryption. It can tune in both analog VideoCipher 2 and digital DCII satellite channels, 4DTV technology was originally developed in 1997 by General Instrument/NextLevel and Motorola, now a division of ARRIS. The 4DTV format is contemporary to the DVB-based digital television broadcast standard but its completion came before that of DVB and thus it is similar, the DigiCipher 2 encryption system is used in digital channels much like the VideoCipher and VideoCipher II systems were used for analog encrypted transmissions. On December 31,2010, Motorola abandoned support for 4DTV after 13 years when it was developed and this made all of the receivers to redirect to AMC-18 instead of its of other satellites that carries analog/VCII channels. On August 24,2016, at 9,18 AM EST, Headend In The Sky transitioned to DVB-S2, Comcast and Arris has ended their support for consumer c band subscription TV. Theres still a HD C band consumer subscription service available from a company based in Tonasket Washington Rainier Satellite and they use the Cisco PowerVu system and provide those master feeds to backyard dish owners. 4DTV is designed for C-band/Ku-band based satellite dishes in conjunction with the DigiCipher II system and it is also used on Canadas Shaw Direct. This peripheral is no longer in production, in the United States, National Programming Service, LLC was the primary provider of subscription programming to 4DTV and C band/Ku band users. They ceased operations as of December 26,2010 after making an attempt of converting all of their customers over to Dish Network which failed. The largest providers are now Satellite Receivers, Ltd. and Skyvision who sell programming from the Headend In The Sky service by Comcast and will continue to do so in 2011 and beyond. The HITS services use the Comcast Subscription Authorization Center for the channels being broadcast on the AMC18 satellite located at 105 degrees West, in Canada, Dr. Sat is now the primary provider for HITS subscription services offered on C-Band after Satellite Communications Source ceased operations. Due to the removal of 4DTV/DigiCipher II channels on August 24,2016, there are no more programming providers for the 4DTV in the United States, however, Shaw Direct still offers DigiCipher II programming in Canada, but not HITS programming. The 4DTV makes use of first-generation digital master feeds on several satellites, therefore, a high quality signal is received, compared to other programming options that are typically compressed and re-uplinked. Being a C-band system, the 4DTV has the advantage of stability, great satellite footprint. This is a problem with such as Dish Network and DirecTV satellite providers since they re-uplink on Ku. The master feeds for the channels available can be scattered amongst multiple satellites. The actuator must slowly rotate the dish into the desired satellites signal path. This procedure makes rapid channel surfing impossible outside the HITS provided channels
23.
DirecTV
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DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service, most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a reduction in antenna size across all industries. Receiving equipment includes a dish, an integrated receiver/decoder and a DirecTV access card. Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee, additional monthly fees may include a protection plan, DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view and video on demand events, all programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception, DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit. As of the quarter ended September 30,2012, DirecTV U. S. had 19.981 million subscribers, for the same period, DirecTV Latin America ended with 9.666 million subscribers and revenues of US$1.577 billion. In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, the company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs as well as aircraft in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30,2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched, in 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, in 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20,1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation, the new subsidiary was initially composed of four units, Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems. Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting in 1981 and was a proponent for the development of direct-broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location, Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101-degree location
24.
Canal Digital
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Since 2003, Canal Digital is fully owned by Telenor. More than 2.9 million Nordic households and activities are subscribed to their services, FTTH services have slowly started in selected areas in Norway. Internet access through the network is based on the EuroDOCSIS standard. Canal Digitals cable system in the newer network areas which includes most of Canal Digitals cable networks in Norway is based on hybrid fibre-coaxial technology, some other network areas are copper only, but are subjected to upgrading in order to support new TV set-top boxs. Unlike its DTH rival, Viasat, Canal Digital does not own a TV-network – they have however secured several multi-year exclusive deals with different TV broadcasters. As of 2011, Canal Digital has exclusive satellite rights with C More Entertainment, ProSiebenSat.1 in Denmark, Eurosport, BBC Worldwide, satellite exclusivity was more common in the past, but many channels that were once exclusive to Canal Digital have eventually signed agreements with Viasat. Broadcasters that were exclusive to Canal Digital but later joined Viasat include Sveriges Television, TV4 AB, National Geographic Channel, ProSiebenSat.1 in Norway and Sweden, TV2. Their satellite broadcasts can be received from the Thor 5 and Thor 6 satellites at 1°W with any DVB-S Receiver Equipped with a Conax Descrambling Module, Canal Digital was the first major distributor in the region to launch high-definition television. The first channel, C More HD, was launched in September 2005 using MPEG-2 compression, in June 2006, Canal Digital started broadcasting HD-kanalen from Sveriges Television and TV4 AB in Sweden, which did broadcast the 2006 FIFA World Cup in HD using MPEG-4 compression. HD-kanalen became SVT HD in October when SVT expanded their HD broadcasts, the major launch of HDTV occurred in Sweden in November 2006 when a special high-definition package with Discovery HD and Voom HD launched and C More HD was rebranded as Canal+ HD. The high-definition package is to be released in the other Nordic countries during 2007, high-definition channels launching in 2007 include Canal+ Sport HD in February, National Geographic Channel HD in April, TV4 HD in May, Silver HD in September and History HD in December. 2008 brought Kanal 5 HD in January, Eurosport HD in May, Nelonen HD, TVNorge HD in October, channels launched in 2009 include TV2 Film HD in January and Animal Planet HD in February. The HD channels were offered for as a separate package, but starting on 1 April 2008 this package was dropped in Sweden. DR1 an DR2 are also available with a subscription in Norway, Sweden. Although TV2 is broadcast on one of Canal Digitals transponders and its only available to the Norwegian cable market, and is not a subscription channel. Canal Digital in Sweden expanded into television in September 2003 when the cable companies Telenor Vision. Canal Digital sells decryption cards for digital television in Finland, prior to the close down of the analogue channels, the package consisted of Disney Channel and four C More Entertainment TV channels. When the analogue transmitters were closed down, a new multiplex launched bringing Kino TV, Nickelodeon, Discovery Channel, Kino TV is exclusive was exclusive to Canal Digital, while the others were also sold by its competitor, PlusTV
25.
Verizon Fios
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Verizon Fios is a bundled Internet access, telephone, and television service that operates over a fiber-optic communications network with over 5 million customers in nine US states. The name, Fios, is an acronym for Fiber Optic Service, Fios service began in 2005, and networked areas expanded through 2010, although some areas do not have service or cannot receive TV and phone service because of franchise agreements. Verizon was one of the first major U. S. carriers to offer fiber to the home, other service providers use fiber optics in the network backbone and existing copper or coax infrastructure for residential users. Where available, select Verizon Wireless stores also sell Fios services, similar to AT&T offering DirecTV, the early stages of Fios began when Bell Atlantic was testing its video service Stargazer in 1995. This was the worlds first commercial VOD service, which was tested to 1,000 homes in northern VA, during this time there were talks of developing a fiber optic based service. This service was developed at a headquarters located in Reston, Virginia and this will be folded into our deployment of fiber to the curb, Mr. Townsend said, referring to Bell Atlantics plans to deploy a high-tech fiber-optic system. In September 2005, Verizon Communications, announced the launch of its Fios television service, Verizon aimed to replace copper wires with optical fibers, which would allow greater speed and quality of communication. In 2006, Verizon and Motorola partnered to bring its customers home DVR access, in 2006, The Wall Street Journal speculated, Verizon Communications Inc. is fielding offers for. Verizon also has been shopping a package dubbed GTE North that comprises about 3.4 million access lines in former GTE Corp. territories in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, in addition to expanding its customer base, Verizon expanded its services in the first few years. Home Media DVR, a video recorder, was released in 2006. Fios updated its user interface in 2007, allowing customers to access widgets for localized content, such as weather, Verizon announced in January 2008 that one million people subscribed to the service. By the end of 2008, Fios offered more than 150 HD channels, price increases were announced in April 2008, when Fios was available to 6.5 million households. In January 2009, Fios was available to 12.7 million homes, as of June 2009, Fios Internet had 3.1 million customers. Estimates on December 31,2009, were 3.4 million Internet customers and 2.86 million for Fios TV, doug Michelson, an analyst at Deutsche Bank, concluded that Verizon has been overspending to acquire Fios customers. Some viewed the halt in expansion as a violation of Verizons agreements with municipalities and states. In New Jersey, Verizon collected an additional $15 billion in fees from customers, the New Jersey government altered the deal in 2014 to allow Verizon to substitute wireless internet access to fulfill its promise instead. Verizon defended itself, claiming that they had spent $13 billion building fiber optics in New Jersey, critics pointed out that wireless internet was slower and less reliable. In April 2010, Verizon announced that three people were subscribed to Verizon Fios
26.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
27.
Elisa (company)
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Elisa Oyj is a Finnish telecommunications company founded in 1882. It was called HPY HTF until July 2000, the mobile operations of Elisa were previously known as Radiolinja. Today Elisa is a telecommunications, ICT and online service company serving 2.3 million consumer, corporate, Elisa provides environmentally sustainable services for communication and entertainment, and tools for improving operating methods and productivity of organisations. In Finland Elisa is the leader in mobile and fixed network subscriptions. Cooperation with Vodafone and Telenor enables globally competitive services, Elisa is listed on Nasdaq Helsinki Large Cap with approximately 200,000 shareholders. Elisas revenue in 2016 was 1.64 billion euros and it employed 4,300 people, Elisa was originally established on 31 January 1882 by the electrical engineer Daniel Wadén as a telephone cooperative called the Helsinki Telephone Association. HPY began serving customers on 6 June 1882 by connecting 56 phone numbers, HPY started expanding during the 1930s by merging with smaller cooperative telephone operators. The company reached its current geographical operating field in 1958, the original form of incorporation, a mutual association, was changed to a legal cooperative in 1995. The cooperative was finally demutualised in 2000, Elisa launched the first commercial GSM service under the Radiolinja brand in 1991 and the worlds first commercial UMTS900 network on 8 November 2007. Investment company Novator Partners acquired a 10. 4% stake in Elisa in 2005 through a share swap when Elisa bought the smaller operator Saunalahti, Novator tried to revamp Elisa in December 2007, but was opposed by Finnish institutions such as Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company. In October 2008, during the Icelandic financial crisis, Novator sold its stake in Elisa to Varma for 194 million euros
28.
UPC Romania
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UPC Romania is the second largest cable television operator in Romania. UPC Romania provides television, broadband Internet, and telephone services to 1.9 million customers as of 31 December 2014, the company has more than 1.600 employees. It is a branch of Liberty Global, an international telecommunications. UPC Romania also offers a range of fixed line voice, broadband data & internet products. UPC Romania has operated on the Romanian market since 1992, in 2005, UPC Romania acquired Astral Telecom. Founded in Cluj-Napoca as Astral Telecom S. A. Astral was rebranded in 2003 by Brandient, in 2005, Astral Telecom S. A. was bought for $420 million by UGC Europe and renamed UPC-Astral. At that time, UPC-Astral had 1.28 million customers for its TV cable service,50,000 for the broadband Internet service, UPC Romania offers analog cable service with up to 59 channels, depending on location and package. Its digital TV offering includes over 100 channels, which is available to 91% of its homes passed, UPC Romania offers premium channels and packages, including HBO and Cinemax to analog and digital subscribers for an additional fee. Through its digital service, UPC Romania also offers DVR and HD-DVR time-shifting capability, UPC Romania offers many tiers of broadband internet services with download speeds ranging from 60 to 500 Mbit/s. UPC Romania offers Digital Telephone via a VoIP system to over 70% of its homes passed, the only added-value service offered by the UPC Telephony Service is CLIP. UPC Romania Telephony service does not offer voicemail, call barring and call forwarding services. - As of June 30,2014, Revenue, $148.4 million 2.3 million homes passed 1.9 million service subscribers,1.2 million video subscribers, Digital video services include DVR and HD.407,000 broadband internet subscribers. Internet speeds range up to 500 Mbit/s,305,000 telephony subscribers UPC was the first ISP in Romania that throttled peer-to-peer internet traffic Official website List of UPC Romania Channels
29.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
30.
AT&T U-verse
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AT&T U-verse, commonly called U-verse, is an AT&T brand of triple-play telecommunications services, although the brand is now only used in reference to the television portion of the services. Launched on June 26,2006, using the FTTP, VDSL, and ADSL communication protocols, U-verse included broadband Internet, IP telephone, and IPTV services in 21 states. On March 27,2017, it was revealed that AT&T is seriously considering closing down the TV service website Uverse. com on May 30,2017. SBC announced its plans for a network and Internet Protocol television deployment in 2004. Beta testing began in San Antonio in 2005 and AT&T U-verse was commercially launched June 26,2006, a few months later on November 30,2006, the service was launched in Houston. In December 2006, the product launched in Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, Hartford, Indianapolis, in February 2007, U-verse was launched in Milwaukee. One month later service was initiated in Dallas and Kansas City, in May 2007, U-verse launched in Detroit, Los Angeles, and surrounding areas. Launch continued in Cleveland, Akron, and San Diego in June 2007, the Oklahoma City and Sacramento launches occurred in August 2007. In November 2007, service was started in Austin, in December 2007, U-verse was launched in Orlando and St. Louis. A controlled launch was initiated in Atlanta that month marking the first launch in the Southeastern United States. On December 22,2008, the product debuted in Birmingham, on January 25,2010, AT&T announced that U-verse was available to over 2.8 million households. AT&T Phone was added on January 22,2008, and was first available in Detroit, in 2008, U-verse availability approached 8 million households and over 225,000 customers had been enrolled, with new installations reaching 12,000 per week. By 2009,1 million Phone customers and 2.1 million U-verse TV customers had been enrolled, at the end of 2011, U-verse was available to more than 30 million living units in 22 states and U-verse TV had 3.8 million customers. By mid-2012, AT&T had 4.1 million U-Verse TV subscribers,2.6 million Phone subscribers, by the third quarter of 2012, AT&T had 4.3 million TV subscribers,2.7 million Phone subscribers and 7.1 million Internet. This represents 7% growth quarter on quarter, the actual number of customers is lower, as most customers subscribe to a bundle and so are counted in both categories. On March 29,2016, AT&T announced that it will increase data caps on its Internet service on May 23,2016, the integration of AT&T and DirecTV is set to begin by the fourth quarter of 2016. On May 16,2016, AT&T announced that it will acquire Quickplay Media, on September 19,2016, AT&T announced that the U-verse brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them AT&T Internet and AT&T Phone, respectively. AT&T delivers most U-verse service over a fiber-to-the-node or fiber-to-the-premises communications network, in the more common FTTN deployment, fiber-optic connections carry all data between the service provider and a distribution node
31.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
32.
PlayStation Vue
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PlayStation Vue is an over-the-top internet television service that is owned and operated by Sony. As of March 2017, the service had approximately 400,000 subscribers, PlayStation Vue is available only in the United States. The service was rolled out in 2015 to residents in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Philadelphia, PlayStation Vue was launched across the United States on March 14,2016. Sony introduced Vue into 203 new markets, on October 27,2016, Sony announced that Playstation Vue would be available on Android TV. PC and Mac support was announced as coming soon. PC and Mac support became available in early November 2016, on November 17,2016, the service was launched on Apple TV. Initial activation Initial activation of PlayStation Vue and required profile creation can only be performed with a supported, TV-connected device with Internet access, activation and required profile creation with mobile or Chromecast is not supported. Roku activation As of October 2016, some users were complaining of Roku activation problems, mobile restrictions Some PlayStation Vue live content and Cloud DVR recordings of My Shows are mobile restricted. Program guide For those not satisfied with the PlayStation Vue user interface, particularly on Roku devices, Replay Replay and playback positioning work poorly in Roku devices as of November 2016. Amazon Fire TV devices may be an alternative to Roku. Sony has announced agreements with major content producers, including ABC, CBS, Disney, ESPN, Fox, NBC Universal, AMC Networks, Turner Broadcasting System, Home Box Office/Cinemax. On September 30,2016, a package was created. PlayStation Vue features four packages, In addition, users can also access programming from more than 60 networks TV Everywhere apps or websites, PlayStation Vue restrictions limit simultaneous streams to five devices. A single PlayStation Vue account can simultaneously stream PlayStation Vue on up to one PS4 console, additionally, Fire TV, Roku, Chromecast, iOS, and Android devices can be used for additional streams, with up to five total devices supported at once. Packages are billed on a basis and are allowed to be canceled at any time. No contract is required and a free trial is offered to any who would normally be able to access the service who have not previously redeemed a trial. The monthly rate is charged to the credit card if the service is not canceled before the end of the trial period. Currently, Univision has its own Over-the-Top service known as Univision Now, on November 8,2016, PlayStation Vue announced that it was dropping all Viacom networks from the service effective November 11,2016
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Cable television in the United States
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Cable television first became available in the United States in 1948, with subscription services following in 1949. Data by SNL Kagan shows that as of 2006 about 58. 4% of all American homes subscribe to cable television services. Most cable viewers in the U. S. reside in the suburbs and tend to be middle class, cable television is less common in low income, urban, and rural areas. According to reports released by the Federal Communications Commission, traditional cable television subscriptions in the US peaked around the year 2000, since then, cable subscriptions have been in slow decline, dropping to 54.4 million subscribers by December 2013. Some telephone service providers have started offering television, reaching to 11.3 million video subscribers as of December 2013, walsons first claim is highly disputed, however, since his claimed starting date cannot be verified. The United States Congress and the National Cable Television Association have recognized Walson as having invented cable television in the spring of 1948. A CATV system was developed in the late 1940s by James F. Reynolds in his town of Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, which grew to include Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, and Meadville. Davidson was the movie theater manager and ran a radio repair business on the side. In 1948, Parsons owned a station in Astoria, Oregon. A year earlier he and his wife had first seen television at a broadcasters convention, in the spring of 1948, Parsons learned that radio station KRSC in Seattle –125 miles away – was going to launch a television station that fall. He found that with a large antenna he could receive KRSCs signal on the roof of the Hotel Astoria, when the station went on the air in November 1948, Parsons was the only one in town able to see television. According to MSNBCs Bob Sullivan, Parsons charged a $125 one-time set-up fee, in May 1968, Parsons was acknowledged as the father of community antenna television. In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial television system in the United States. The system was featured in stories in The New York Times, Newsweek, the publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant. Tarlton used equipment manufactured by a new company, Jerrold Electronics, after seeing the success of the Tarlton system in 1950, Jerrold President Milton Shapp reorganized his company to build equipment for the now-growing cable industry. In 1952, Tarlton went to work for Jerrold, helping to construct most of the systems built by that company in the 1950s. Tarlton was also responsible for training many of the operators of cable systems in the 1950s. In 2003, Tarlton was inducted in the Cable Television Hall of Fame for his building the first widely publicized cable television company in America
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Satellite television
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A direct-broadcast satellite is a type of artificial satellite which usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home reception. The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television or direct-to-home television and these services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country. Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, in 1977, the ITU adopted an international BSS Plan under which each country was allocated specific frequencies at specific orbital locations for domestic service. Over the years, this plan has been modified to, for example, accommodate new countries, increase coverage areas, at present, numerous countries have brought into use their BSS Plan allocations. By contrast, the term DTH can apply to similar services transmitted over a range of frequencies transmitted from satellites that are not part of any internationally planned band. The term DBS is often used interchangeably with DTH to cover both analog and digital video and audio services received by relatively small dishes, a DBS service usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country. In certain regions of the world, especially in North America, DBS is used to refer to providers of subscription satellite packages, the second commercial DBS service, Sky Television plc, was launched in 1989. Sky TV started as a four-channel free-to-air analogue service on the Astra 1A satellite, by 1991, Sky had changed to a conditional access pay model, and it launched a digital service, Sky Digital, in 1998, with analogue transmission ceasing in 2001. Since the DBS nomenclature is used in the UK or Ireland. News Corporation has a 32% stake in BSkyB, PrimeStar began transmitting an analog service to North America in 1991, and was joined by DirecTV, in 1994. At the time, DirecTVs introduction was the most successful consumer electronics debut in American history, although PrimeStar transitioned to a digital system in 1994, it was ultimately unable to compete with DirecTV, which required a smaller satellite dish and could deliver more programming. DirecTV purchased PrimeStar in 1999 and moved all of that subscribers to DirecTV equipment. In 2008, Liberty Media Corporation purchased News Corporations controlling interest in DirecTV, in 1996, EchoStars Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTVs primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under, astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system. Dominion Video Satellite Inc. s Sky Angel launched on a platform in the United States in 1996, with its DBS service geared toward the faith. It grew from six to 36 television and radio channels of entertainment, Christian-inspirational programming. Dominion, under its corporate name Video Satellite Systems Inc. Sky Angel, although a separate and independent DBS service, used the satellites, transmission facilities
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Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country
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Reality television
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It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, an early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28, which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols. These shows and a number of others became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries, Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television, Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word reality, Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s, queen for a Day was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts, debuting in 1948, Allen Funts hidden camera show Candid Camera broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors, in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959. The radio series Nightwatch tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, the series You Asked for It incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the period, titled the Up Series, episodes include 7 Plus Seven,21 Up. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot, however, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman, Another precursor may be considered Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom which aired from 1963 through 1988. This show featured zoologist Marlin Perkins traveling across the globe and illustrating the variety of animal life on the planet. Though mostly a travelogue, it was popular in syndication and new episodes were produced through the eighties. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family going through a divorce, unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style
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NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
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NASA TV
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NASA TV is the television service of the United States government agency NASA. It is broadcast by satellite with a simulcast over the Internet, NASA TV is also available on a few broadcast television stations. The network was created in the early 1980s to provide NASA managers and engineers with real-time video of missions. NASA has operated a service since the beginning of the space program for archival purposes. The satellite link uses the DVB-S system for transmission, the Media Channel is dedicated to broadcast news organizations and other members of the press, featuring press release video, interviews, mission press conferences and other services. The final is the Space Operations Channel, an internal, encrypted feed for NASA spaceflight operations, a high definition simulcast feed of the Public Channel was launched on July 19,2010. The Education Channel was discontinued in 2016, with its programming merged into the main Public Channel, NASA TV carries a variety of regularly scheduled, pre-recorded educational and public relations programming 24 hours a day on its various channels. Live ISS coverage and related commentary is aired in hour-long segments throughout the day, the network also provides an array of live programming, such as 24-hour coverage of Space Shuttle missions, ISS events, press conferences and rocket launches. Under existing CRTC rules, a cable or satellite provider had to offer a minimum amount of programming from companies owned and operated by Canadians, NASA has used external companies to provide streaming services for internet viewers, both embedded into NASAs website and through streams branded by those companies. The variety of stream formats used have varied with the technology and with the popularity of formats, including RealMedia, QuickTime, Windows Media. As of 2011, NASA has entered agreements with Ustream to provide high definition streaming of NASA TV and high definition cameras aboard the International Space Station, archives of press conferences, NASA Social events, and other events are also made available via UStream. Other NASA TV programs and events are archived via the NASA TV YouTube channel, in 2009, NASA TV received two Emmy Awards
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Financial News Network
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The Financial News Network was a finance and business news television network that operated throughout the United States during the 1980s. The channel was bought by and merged with CNBC in 1991, Financial News Network was founded in 1981 by two men, Rodney Buchser, who had been general manager of KWHY in Los Angeles, and Dr. Glen H. Taylor. The ticker ran across the third of the screen, with stock prices on the top band. After the first year of programming the SEC permitted just a twenty-minute delay, KWHY was the first West Coast TV station to offer daily market news accompanied by a digital stock ticker crawl at the bottom of the screen. Los Angeles traders and investors could stay on top of action without subscribing to an expensive stock quotation service. Computers at that time could not keep up with the full stock feed and as such, the first fully automated stock ticker to appear on television was in 1996 on the CNNfn network. In its early years, FMS Direct produced infomercials and direct response television spots which more often not, ran on FNN. FNN received its early private financing from Biotech Capital Corporation, which changed its name to Infotechnology. Biotech Capital was also one of the few publicly held Business Development Companies - governed by the Business Company Development Act of 1980. In 1981, shortly before its Initial Public Offering, led by the Paulson Investment Company, Mr. Taylor, then the Chairman, the networks principal audience were small investors. Merrill Lynch was one of the private investors in FNN. At first, the channel aired only during daytime hours on a mix of broadcast stations, over-the-air affiliates included, KSCI, Los Angeles WATL, Atlanta WPWR-TV, Chicago KJTV, Amarillo KNXV, Phoenix WSWS, Columbus, Georgia KTWS, Dallas WKID, Miami/Ft. WPTT-TV, Pittsburgh KAUT-TV, Oklahoma City WSTG-TV, Providence KGCT-TV, Tulsa KIDY, San Angelo In 1985, FNN severed ties with its broadcast stations, at night, it added SCORE, a mini-network that aired sports events and news. Also airing in the hours was Venture, a series of long-form speeches by business leaders, and TelShop. In the late 1980s, Infotechnology Inc, at its height, FNN was available on 3,500 cable systems, reaching a potential audience of 35 million homes across the country. FNN moved into newly built modern TV studios and production facilities in the Wang building in Los Angeles, in 1990—only months after beginning its biggest advertising campaign ever—FNN fell prey to two of the main topics of its broadcasts, a financial scandal and an accounting dispute. During that years audit, the auditor, Deloitte & Touche, discovered irregularities on the part of its chief financial officer. The irregularities were serious enough that Deloitte said its 1989 audit couldnt be relied upon, FNN launched an internal investigation and discovered what it called evidence of unauthorized payments that Bolen made to himself
40.
The New Detectives
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The New Detectives, Case Studies in Forensic Science is a documentary true crime television show that aired two to three different cases in forensic science per episode. Episode reruns currently air on the Discovery Channel, TLC, the Investigation Discovery network, before the series was canceled, the show also aired on The History Channel in the United States and Canal D, Court TV, and Botswana TV in Canada. A version of the series was broadcast on the British Channel Five, under the name Murder Detectives, the New Detectives centers on murders that are committed in North America and the forensics used to convict the murderers of their crimes. The New Detectives shows reenactments and dramatizations of events surrounding a murder, real-file footage is shown on occasion. The series was narrated by Gene Galusha from 1996 to 2005, anthony Zuiker, the creator of CSI, Crime Scene Investigation got the idea for the show from The New Detectives. In a talk at the International Mystery Writers Festival in June 2008 and he said he was about to go out to play basketball with some friends when his first wife asked him to stay in and watch The New Detectives on the Discovery Channel. I decided to stay, and that changed everything, timeless Media Group has released the first four seasons of The New Detectives on DVD in Region 1. The FBI Files The New Detectives at the Internet Movie Database The New Detectives at TV. com
