1.
River mouth
–
A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Appalachian Mountains
–
The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃᵻnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻnz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Alabama
–
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
7.
Paulding County, Georgia
–
Paulding County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 142,324, Paulding County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in Georgias 14th congressional district, the Paulding County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Paulding County was created from Cherokee County by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on December 3,1832, in 1851, a portion of Paulding County was used to help create Polk County. Other portions of Paulding County were annexed to neighboring counties between 1832 and 1874, between 1850 and 1874, Paulding County was expanded through annexation of parts of Carroll, Cobb, Douglas, and Polk counties. The County is named after John Paulding, who was famous for the capture of the British spy Major John André in 1780 during the American Revolution, André was on a mission carrying secret papers from Benedict Arnold when he was captured. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 314 square miles. The Tallapoosa River originates in Paulding County, the southeastern portion of Paulding County, from just north of Hiram to north of Villa Rica, is located in the Middle Chattahoochee River-Lake Harding sub-basin of the ACF River Basin. Bartow County – north Cobb County – east Douglas County – southeast Carroll County – south Haralson County – southwest Polk County – west Dallas-Acworth Highway Ridge Road, connector in South Paulding that runs between SR92 and SR61 East Paulding Drive. Road formerly known as Dragstrip Road Goldmine Road, bill Carruth Parkway, formerly known as West Hiram Parkway, originally known as Egg Farm Road Bobo Road Macland Road. All of Macland Road west of S. R, the population density was 261 people per square mile. There were 29,274 housing units at a density of 93 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 59% White,6. 96% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 57% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. 1. 71% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,14. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.20. In the county, the population was out with 30. 70% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,38. 40% from 25 to 44,17. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 100.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $52,161, and the median income for a family was $56,039
8.
Lake Martin
–
Lake Martin is located in Tallapoosa, Elmore and Coosa counties in Alabama. It is a 44, 000-acre lake with over 750 miles of wooded shoreline, Lake Martin is a reservoir, formed by the construction of Martin Dam on the Tallapoosa River. The Martin Dam powerhouse is used to generate power for the Alabama Power Company. Construction on Martin Dam began in 1923 and was completed in 1926, originally known as Cherokee Bluffs for the geological formation upon which it was built, the dam was renamed in 1936 in honor of Thomas Martin, the then-president of Alabama Power Company. Alabama Power and Russell Lands own the majority of the shoreline, one of the largest man made lakes in the United States, Lake Martin is a popular recreation area for swimming, boating, water skiing, camping, and golfing. The Dixie Sailing Club operates on Lake Martin, many waterfront neighborhoods and luxury homes are located on Lake Martin. The cities of Alexander City, Dadeville, Jacksons Gap, since 2009, the lake hosts the annual AquaPalooza. Lake Martin includes many attractions, including eagles nest, sand beaches, restaurants, camping areas. Chimney Rock is located several hundred yards away, the formation which most people call Chimney Rock is Acapulco Rock, the area was the Tallapoosa River gorge before Martin Dam was built, and the water is more than 150 feet deep. The spot is visited by thousands of yearly, who park in front of The Rock to watch people climb up 60 feet. In July 2006, a teenager died after his jump from the rock, Lake Martin has become a weekend getaway for many families from around the South. Built in 1998, together with a guest/boathouse, the residence contains over 15,000 square feet. HealthSouth bought the home in late 2009 for $7.4 million as part of a $2.8 billion civil judgement against Scrushy for his fraudulent practices at HealthSouth from 1997 until 2003, many other CEOs from Birmingham and Atlanta have homes on the lake. Alabama has a lake of a name, the Logan Martin Lake on the Coosa River. Small islands are popular spots on Lake Martin, Chimney Rock Island - Chimney Rock Island has long been a landmark on Lake Martin. Its name came from a rock resembling a chimney that protrudes from the top of the island. Acapulco Rock Island - Acapulco Rock Island is adjacent to Chimney Rock Island at the Tallapoosa River Gorge and it is often mistaken for Chimney Rock. Doctors Island - So named because a group of doctors used the island as a camp to fish
9.
Alexander City, Alabama
–
Alexander City, known to locals as Alex City, is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States, with a population of some 14,875. It is known for Lake Martin with its 750 miles of wooded shoreline and 44,000 acres of crystal clear water, Lake Martin stands on the Tallapoosa River and offers boating, swimming, fishing, golfing, and camping. Many neighborhoods and luxury homes are located on the lake, the citys economy was traditionally based on the textile industry, but in recent times its economic base has become more diversified as textile jobs have gone elsewhere. Alexander City was incorporated in 1872 as Youngsville, after its founder James Young, in 1873, the Savannah and Memphis Railroad came to the city. The city was renamed in honor of the railroads President Edward Porter Alexander, on June 13,1902, at 1 pm, a fire broke out in the Alexander City Machine shop and destroyed much of the town. At the time, Alexander City did not have a system and all buildings, including the telegraph office, post office. The Southern Poverty Law Center reached a $680,000 settlement in March,2017, in its lawsuit against the Alabama city of Alexander, the settlement was for depriving 190 of its residents their rights to due process and the unlawful seizure of their property. Sheriff Robinson has even asked to resign by lawyers representing their client. Each one of the 190 individuals will receive $500 cash from the city for jailing them for being too poor to pay the fines imposed on them by the town, brooke is the SPLC’s deputy legal director. He added, “The shuttering of this modern-day debtors’ prison, along with the award, brings justice to many of the people who were unfairly targeted for being poor. ”A resident would receive a speeding ticket. If they were unable to pay, they were arrested, taken to jail, and forced to remain there. While in jail, they would earn $20 a day for just being in jail, each person was NOT allowed to go before a judge, nor to have a lawyer present to help in aid in their defense. Alexander City is located at 32°55′59″N 85°56′10″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 39.0 square miles, of which 38.8 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles is water. Alexander City is located on U. S. Route 280, Birmingham is 60 miles to the north, Auburn is 40 miles southeast and Montgomery is 50 miles south-southwest of Alexander City. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alexander City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. The micropolitan statistical area was removed in 2013 by the United States Office of Management, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,008 people,6,152 households, and 4,134 families residing in the city. The population density was 386.6 people per square mile, there were 6,855 housing units at an average density of 176.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 56% White,28. 37% Black or African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races
10.
Coosa River
–
The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U. S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about 280 miles long, around 90% of the Coosa Rivers length is located in Alabama. Coosa County, Alabama, is located on the Coosa River, the Coosa is one of Alabamas most developed rivers. Most of the river has been impounded, with Alabama Power, the dams produce hydroelectric power, but are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River. Native Americans had been living on the Coosa Valley for millennia before Hernando de Soto, the Coosa chiefdom was one of the most powerful chiefdoms in the southeast at the time. Over a century after the Spanish left the Coosa Valley, the British established strong trading ties with the Creek bands of the area around the late 17th century, much to the dismay of France. With a base in Mobile, Alabama, the French believed that the Coosa River was a key gateway to the entire South, the main transportation of the day was by boat. They wanted to control of both the Coosa and the Alabama rivers. In the early 18th century, almost all European and Indian trade in the southeast ceased during the tribal uprisings brought on by the Yamasee War against the Carolinas, after a few years, the Indian trade system was resumed under somewhat reformed policies. The conflict between the French and English over the Coosa Valley, and much of the southeast in general, continued. It was not after Britain had defeated France in the Seven Years War (also known as the French and this was stated in the Treaty of Paris signed by both nations in 1763. After the Fort Mims massacre near Mobile, General Andrew Jackson led American troops, along with Cherokee allies and this culminated in the Creek defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Even there the Creeks were encroached on by European-American settlers who had begun moving into their territory from the United States, finally, during the 1820s and 1830s the Creek, Cherokee, and virtually all the southeastern Indians were removed to Indian Territory. The Cherokee removal is remembered as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee capital city of New Echota was located on the headwater tributaries of the Coosa River, in Georgia, until the tribes removal. The Creek and Choctaw removals were similar to the Cherokee Trail of Tears, after the removals, the Coosa River valley and the southeast in general was wide open for American settlers. The first river town to form in the Coosa Basin was at the foot of the last waterfall on the Coosa River, settlers soon adopted the native name Wetumpka for this new community. The Coosa River was an important transportation route into the early 20th century as a waterway for riverboats along the upper section of the river for 200 miles south of Rome. However, shoals and waterfalls such the Devils Staircase along the rivers lowest 65 miles blocked the upper Coosas riverboats from access to the Alabama River and the Gulf of Mexico
"