1.
River mouth
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A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Appalachian Mountains
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The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃᵻnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻnz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
7.
Paulding County, Georgia
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Paulding County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 142,324, Paulding County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in Georgias 14th congressional district, the Paulding County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Paulding County was created from Cherokee County by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on December 3,1832, in 1851, a portion of Paulding County was used to help create Polk County. Other portions of Paulding County were annexed to neighboring counties between 1832 and 1874, between 1850 and 1874, Paulding County was expanded through annexation of parts of Carroll, Cobb, Douglas, and Polk counties. The County is named after John Paulding, who was famous for the capture of the British spy Major John André in 1780 during the American Revolution, André was on a mission carrying secret papers from Benedict Arnold when he was captured. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 314 square miles. The Tallapoosa River originates in Paulding County, the southeastern portion of Paulding County, from just north of Hiram to north of Villa Rica, is located in the Middle Chattahoochee River-Lake Harding sub-basin of the ACF River Basin. Bartow County – north Cobb County – east Douglas County – southeast Carroll County – south Haralson County – southwest Polk County – west Dallas-Acworth Highway Ridge Road, connector in South Paulding that runs between SR92 and SR61 East Paulding Drive. Road formerly known as Dragstrip Road Goldmine Road, bill Carruth Parkway, formerly known as West Hiram Parkway, originally known as Egg Farm Road Bobo Road Macland Road. All of Macland Road west of S. R, the population density was 261 people per square mile. There were 29,274 housing units at a density of 93 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 59% White,6. 96% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 57% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. 1. 71% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,14. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.20. In the county, the population was out with 30. 70% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,38. 40% from 25 to 44,17. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 100.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $52,161, and the median income for a family was $56,039
8.
Lake Martin
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Lake Martin is located in Tallapoosa, Elmore and Coosa counties in Alabama. It is a 44, 000-acre lake with over 750 miles of wooded shoreline, Lake Martin is a reservoir, formed by the construction of Martin Dam on the Tallapoosa River. The Martin Dam powerhouse is used to generate power for the Alabama Power Company. Construction on Martin Dam began in 1923 and was completed in 1926, originally known as Cherokee Bluffs for the geological formation upon which it was built, the dam was renamed in 1936 in honor of Thomas Martin, the then-president of Alabama Power Company. Alabama Power and Russell Lands own the majority of the shoreline, one of the largest man made lakes in the United States, Lake Martin is a popular recreation area for swimming, boating, water skiing, camping, and golfing. The Dixie Sailing Club operates on Lake Martin, many waterfront neighborhoods and luxury homes are located on Lake Martin. The cities of Alexander City, Dadeville, Jacksons Gap, since 2009, the lake hosts the annual AquaPalooza. Lake Martin includes many attractions, including eagles nest, sand beaches, restaurants, camping areas. Chimney Rock is located several hundred yards away, the formation which most people call Chimney Rock is Acapulco Rock, the area was the Tallapoosa River gorge before Martin Dam was built, and the water is more than 150 feet deep. The spot is visited by thousands of yearly, who park in front of The Rock to watch people climb up 60 feet. In July 2006, a teenager died after his jump from the rock, Lake Martin has become a weekend getaway for many families from around the South. Built in 1998, together with a guest/boathouse, the residence contains over 15,000 square feet. HealthSouth bought the home in late 2009 for $7.4 million as part of a $2.8 billion civil judgement against Scrushy for his fraudulent practices at HealthSouth from 1997 until 2003, many other CEOs from Birmingham and Atlanta have homes on the lake. Alabama has a lake of a name, the Logan Martin Lake on the Coosa River. Small islands are popular spots on Lake Martin, Chimney Rock Island - Chimney Rock Island has long been a landmark on Lake Martin. Its name came from a rock resembling a chimney that protrudes from the top of the island. Acapulco Rock Island - Acapulco Rock Island is adjacent to Chimney Rock Island at the Tallapoosa River Gorge and it is often mistaken for Chimney Rock. Doctors Island - So named because a group of doctors used the island as a camp to fish
9.
Alexander City, Alabama
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Alexander City, known to locals as Alex City, is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States, with a population of some 14,875. It is known for Lake Martin with its 750 miles of wooded shoreline and 44,000 acres of crystal clear water, Lake Martin stands on the Tallapoosa River and offers boating, swimming, fishing, golfing, and camping. Many neighborhoods and luxury homes are located on the lake, the citys economy was traditionally based on the textile industry, but in recent times its economic base has become more diversified as textile jobs have gone elsewhere. Alexander City was incorporated in 1872 as Youngsville, after its founder James Young, in 1873, the Savannah and Memphis Railroad came to the city. The city was renamed in honor of the railroads President Edward Porter Alexander, on June 13,1902, at 1 pm, a fire broke out in the Alexander City Machine shop and destroyed much of the town. At the time, Alexander City did not have a system and all buildings, including the telegraph office, post office. The Southern Poverty Law Center reached a $680,000 settlement in March,2017, in its lawsuit against the Alabama city of Alexander, the settlement was for depriving 190 of its residents their rights to due process and the unlawful seizure of their property. Sheriff Robinson has even asked to resign by lawyers representing their client. Each one of the 190 individuals will receive $500 cash from the city for jailing them for being too poor to pay the fines imposed on them by the town, brooke is the SPLC’s deputy legal director. He added, “The shuttering of this modern-day debtors’ prison, along with the award, brings justice to many of the people who were unfairly targeted for being poor. ”A resident would receive a speeding ticket. If they were unable to pay, they were arrested, taken to jail, and forced to remain there. While in jail, they would earn $20 a day for just being in jail, each person was NOT allowed to go before a judge, nor to have a lawyer present to help in aid in their defense. Alexander City is located at 32°55′59″N 85°56′10″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 39.0 square miles, of which 38.8 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles is water. Alexander City is located on U. S. Route 280, Birmingham is 60 miles to the north, Auburn is 40 miles southeast and Montgomery is 50 miles south-southwest of Alexander City. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alexander City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. The micropolitan statistical area was removed in 2013 by the United States Office of Management, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,008 people,6,152 households, and 4,134 families residing in the city. The population density was 386.6 people per square mile, there were 6,855 housing units at an average density of 176.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 56% White,28. 37% Black or African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races
10.
Coosa River
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The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U. S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about 280 miles long, around 90% of the Coosa Rivers length is located in Alabama. Coosa County, Alabama, is located on the Coosa River, the Coosa is one of Alabamas most developed rivers. Most of the river has been impounded, with Alabama Power, the dams produce hydroelectric power, but are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River. Native Americans had been living on the Coosa Valley for millennia before Hernando de Soto, the Coosa chiefdom was one of the most powerful chiefdoms in the southeast at the time. Over a century after the Spanish left the Coosa Valley, the British established strong trading ties with the Creek bands of the area around the late 17th century, much to the dismay of France. With a base in Mobile, Alabama, the French believed that the Coosa River was a key gateway to the entire South, the main transportation of the day was by boat. They wanted to control of both the Coosa and the Alabama rivers. In the early 18th century, almost all European and Indian trade in the southeast ceased during the tribal uprisings brought on by the Yamasee War against the Carolinas, after a few years, the Indian trade system was resumed under somewhat reformed policies. The conflict between the French and English over the Coosa Valley, and much of the southeast in general, continued. It was not after Britain had defeated France in the Seven Years War (also known as the French and this was stated in the Treaty of Paris signed by both nations in 1763. After the Fort Mims massacre near Mobile, General Andrew Jackson led American troops, along with Cherokee allies and this culminated in the Creek defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Even there the Creeks were encroached on by European-American settlers who had begun moving into their territory from the United States, finally, during the 1820s and 1830s the Creek, Cherokee, and virtually all the southeastern Indians were removed to Indian Territory. The Cherokee removal is remembered as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee capital city of New Echota was located on the headwater tributaries of the Coosa River, in Georgia, until the tribes removal. The Creek and Choctaw removals were similar to the Cherokee Trail of Tears, after the removals, the Coosa River valley and the southeast in general was wide open for American settlers. The first river town to form in the Coosa Basin was at the foot of the last waterfall on the Coosa River, settlers soon adopted the native name Wetumpka for this new community. The Coosa River was an important transportation route into the early 20th century as a waterway for riverboats along the upper section of the river for 200 miles south of Rome. However, shoals and waterfalls such the Devils Staircase along the rivers lowest 65 miles blocked the upper Coosas riverboats from access to the Alabama River and the Gulf of Mexico
11.
Montgomery, Alabama
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Montgomery /mɒntˈɡʌməri/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, as of the 2013 Census, Montgomery has a population of 201,332. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham, and is the 115th largest in the United States, the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536. It is the fourth-largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas, the city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. In February 1861, Montgomery was selected as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, until the seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia, in May of that year. During the mid-20th century, Montgomery was a center of events and protests in the Civil Rights Movement, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Two ships of the United States Navy have been named after the city, Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects. It was one of the first cities in the nation to implement Smart Code Zoning, prior to European colonization, the east bank of the Alabama River was inhabited by the Alibamu tribe of Native Americans. The Alibamu and the Coushatta, who lived on the west side of the river, were descended from the Mississippian culture. This civilization had numerous chiefdoms throughout the Midwest and South along the Mississippi and its tributaries and its largest location was at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois east of St. Louis. The historic tribes spoke mutually intelligible Muskogean languages, which were closely related, present-day Montgomery is built on the site of two Alibamu towns, Ikanatchati, meaning red earth, and Towassa, built on a bluff called Chunnaanaauga Chatty. The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama were Hernando de Soto and his expedition, the next recorded European encounter occurred more than a century later, when an English expedition from Carolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area was James McQueen and he married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Their mixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had a system of property and descent. The children were considered born into their mothers clan. In 1785, Abraham Mordecai, a war veteran from a Sephardic Jewish family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west in the tidal plain. By the time Mordecai arrived, Creek had migrated into and settled in the area, as they were moving away from Cherokee, when her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14 Creek War, she joined them in removal to Indian Territory. Mordecai brought the first cotton gin to Alabama, the Upper Creek were able to discourage most European-American immigration until after the conclusion of the Creek War
12.
Wetumpka, Alabama
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Wetumpka is a city in and the county seat of Elmore County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 6,528, in the early 21st century, Elmore County, long a rural area, became one of the fastest-growing counties in the state. The city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, Wetumpka identifies as The City of Natural Beauty. Among the notable landmarks are the Wetumpka crater and the Jasmine Hill Gardens, with a replica of the Temple of Hera of Olympia. Historic downtown Wetumpka was developed on both sides of the Coosa River, and Fort Toulouse was built near it, the word Wetumpka is derived from the Native American phrase we-wau tum=cau. The Name Wetumpka is a historic Creek place word meaning rumbling waters and it could be heard for miles before the construction of Walter Bouldin Dam, and Jordan Damn. The Creek named Wetumka, Oklahoma, after their village after being forced west to Indian Territory. He had Fort Toulouse constructed on the Coosa River in 1714,4 miles above the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers at the Creek village of Taskigi, bienville selected this area as a strategic locale for a fortification. The French traded at Wetumpka and garrisoned Fort Toulouse until 1763, after Britain was defeated in the American Revolutionary War, it ceded the territory east of the Mississippi River to the United States in 1783. In 1798 the US made this part of the Mississippi Territory, after cessions from the states of Georgia. Between 1800 and 1812, pioneers began to arrive and encroach on the lands of the Southeast Indian tribes, several Scots and Irish traders, such as McGillivray and Weatherford, had earlier married into the Creek matrilineal aristocracy and claimed vast land grants. In addition, in 1811, the Shawnee chief Tecumseh of the upper Northwest appealed to the Creek to join his Western Confederacy to try to drive out and exterminate the European settlers. When the U. S. declared war on Britain in June 1812, the Upper Creek lost the assistance of the British, upon receiving the news of the massacre at Fort Mims, whose refugees included many Lower Creek, American settlers appealed for government help. General Andrew Jackson led a militia with members from Tennessee, Mississippi, the path the militia traveled became known as Jacksons Trace. Jacksons forces won a victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. He moved on to Fort Toulouse, where he directed its repair, during his absence, the site was renamed Fort Jackson in his honor. Jackson made the fort his headquarters during the War of 1812, after the war, many of Jacksons Tennessee militia returned home, collected their families and belongings, and brought them back to settle near the fort. Settlers, mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas, flooded into the land that the Creeks had been forced to abandon
13.
Elmore County, Alabama
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Elmore County is a county of the State of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 79,303 and its name is in honor of General John A. Elmore. Elmore County is part of the Montgomery, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area, Elmore County was established on February 15,1866, from portions of Autauga, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Montgomery counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 657 square miles. Interstate 65 U. S. Highway 82 U. S, the population density was 106 people per square mile. There were 25,733 housing units at a density of 41 per square mile. 1. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,8. 80% from 18 to 24,32. 10% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 102.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $41,243, and the median income for a family was $47,155. Males had an income of $32,643 versus $24,062 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,650, about 7. 40% of families and 10. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 20% of those under age 18 and 11. 30% of those age 65 or over. In the late 1990s voters voted to pass a mandatory fee for volunteer fire services. All citizens pay this same fee regardless of valuation of the property or income levels, as of the census of 2010, there were 79,303 people,28,301 households, and 21,003 families residing in the county. The population density was 128 people per square mile, there were 32,657 housing units at an average density of 49.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 2% White,20. 0% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. 2. 7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
14.
Alabama River
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The Alabama River, in the U. S. The course of the Alabama is very meandering and its width varies from 50 to 200 yards, and its depth from 3 to 40 feet. Its length as measured by the United States Geological Survey is 318.5 miles, the river crosses the richest agricultural and timber districts of the state. Railways connect it with the regions of north-central Alabama. After the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, the tributary of the Alabama is the Cahaba River. The channel of the river has been improved by the federal government. The Alabama is navigable throughout the year, the river played an important role in the growth of the economy in the region during the 19th century as a source of transportation of goods. The river is used for transportation of farming produce, however, it is not as important as it once was due to the construction of roads. Discovered in 1712, the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa rivers were central to the homeland of the Creek Indians before their removal by United States forces to the Indian Territory in the 1830s, the Edmund Pettus Bridge crosses the Alabama River near Selma. The bridge was the site of a civil rights march in 1965, the Alabama River has three lock and dams between Montgomery and the Mobile River. The Robert F. Henry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 236.2, the Millers Ferry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 133.0, and the Claiborne Lock & Dam is located at river mile 72.5. List of Alabama rivers Tallapoosa River Coosa River Mobile River South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region Allrefer. com Alabama, a river formed by the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers
15.
Electricity generation
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Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers, the other processes as transmission, distribution, energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power, the fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. This method is used today, electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire. Central power stations became practical with the development of alternating current power transmission, using power transformers to transmit power at high voltage. Electricity has been generated at central stations since 1882, the use of power-lines and power-poles have been significantly important in the distribution of electricity. There are seven fundamental methods of transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy. Static electricity, form the physical separation and transport of charge and it was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators. In Electromagnetic induction, a generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy into electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity and is based on Faradays law and it can be experimented by rotating a magnet within closed loops of a conducting material. Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in mechanical energy forces a generator to rotate. Almost all electrical power on Earth is generated with a turbine, driven by wind, water, there are many different methods of developing mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power. Most electric generation is driven by heat engines, the combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine currently generates about 80% of the power in the world using a variety of heat sources. Power sources include, Steam Water is boiled by coal burned in a power plant. Nuclear fission heat created in a nuclear reactor creates steam, less than 15% of electricity is generated this way. Natural gas, turbines are directly by gases produced by combustion. Combined cycle are driven by steam and natural gas
16.
Alabama Power
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It is one of four U. S. utilities operated by the Southern Company, one of the nations largest generators of electricity. Alabama Power is an investor-owned, tax-paying utility, and the second largest subsidiary of Southern Company, more than 78,000 miles of power lines carry electricity to customers throughout 44,500 square miles. Alabama Power is the largest taxpayer in Alabama, if the company was a stand-alone entity, it would be the largest company headquartered in Alabama by revenue and would rank #448 on the Fortune 500 in 2015. In addition to generating electricity, the surrounding the plants offer recreational opportunities for Alabama residents. In 1999 the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Alabama Power under the Clean Air Act, in 2006, the EPA announced that Alabama Power had agreed to spend more than $200 m to upgrade pollution controls as a partial settlement of this action. The settlement did not include claims regarding five coal-fired plants and those claims proceeded to trial, and Alabama Power prevailed. However, the Southern Environmental Law Center has stated that they intend to appeal the ruling, SELC was involved in a case against Duke Energy that was appealed to the Supreme Court in 2006. Alabama Power Headquarters Building Atkins, Leah Rawl, developed for the Service of Alabama - The Centennial History of the Alabama Power Company 1906-2006. Putting Loafing Streams To Work-The Building of Lay, Mitchell, Martin, tuscaloosa, Alabama, The University of Alabama Press. Alabama Power website Southern Company website Alabama Power Company on encyclopediaofalabama. org
17.
Southern Company
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Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with offices also located in Birmingham. The company is currently the second largest utility company in the U. S. in terms of customer base, through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in nine states. Southern Company’s regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120, 000-square-mile territory with 27,000 miles of distribution lines, Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and 162nd on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U. S. corporations. It has more than 500,000 shareholders and has traded since September 30,1949. Southern Company subsidiaries are building the first new units in the U. S. S. Four retail electric companies, Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, Mississippi Power, Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U. S. Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states, Southern Company owns the following companies, Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham. Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama, Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta. Serves all of Georgia, except four mostly rural counties, Gulf Power - operating company, based in Pensacola, Florida. Serves most of the Florida Panhandle, Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport. Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, in 1926, it merged with Georgia Power. In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, the new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies. However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. Four of the Southern companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, a new holding company, Southern Company was incorporated in Delaware on November 9,1945, and moved to Georgia in 1950. The year 1949 saw Southern Company’s first full year of operation, in 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy. In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary, in January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc. began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents. On April 2,2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation, another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the systems nuclear power plants
18.
Muscogee
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The Muscogee, also known as the Creek and the Creek Confederacy, are a group of related Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands. Originally from Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida, Muscogee people were relocated in the early 19th century to Indian Territory, Alabama, Louisiana. Their languages, Muscogee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki, belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the Muscogean language family, the Muscogee are descendants of the Mississippian culture peoples, who built earthwork mounds at their regional chiefdoms located throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. Early Spanish explorers encountered ancestors of the Muscogee when they visited Mississippian-culture chiefdoms in the Southeast in the mid-16th century, the Muscogee were the first Native Americans considered to be civilized under George Washingtons civilization plan. The result was a weakening of the Creek Nation and the ceding of Creek lands to the US. During the Indian Removal of the 1830s, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory, at least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or Paleo-Indians lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were hunter-gatherers who pursued a range of animals, including the megafauna. During the time known as the Woodland period, from 1000 BCE to 1000 CE, locals developed pottery, the Mississippian culture arose as the cultivation of maize from Mesoamerica led to population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional chiefdoms, stratified societies developed, with hereditary religious and political elites, and flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500 CE. The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the builders of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee, Georgia. They may have related to the Tama of central Georgia. At the time the Spanish made their first forays inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, many centers of the Mississippians were already in decline. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages. After Cabeza de Vaca, a castaway who survived the ill-fated Narváez expedition, returned to Spain, Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. De Soto, convinced of the riches, wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, from 1540–1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and Georgia, and then westward into the Alabama and Mississippi area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee Native Americans, de Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in the Americas, as the de Soto expeditions brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. The Battle of Mabila was a point for the de Soto venture, the battle broke the back of the Spanish campaign
19.
Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
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Horseshoe Bend National Military Park is a U. S. national military park managed by the National Park Service that is the site of the last battle of the Creek War on March 27,1814. General Andrew Jacksons Tennessee militia, aided by the 39th U. S, infantry Regiment and Cherokee and Lower Creek allies, finally crushed Upper Creek Red Stick resistance during the Battle of Horseshoe Bend at this site on the Tallapoosa River. Jacksons decisive victory at Horseshoe Bend broke the power of the Creek Nation, over 800 Upper Creeks died defending their homeland. This was the largest loss of life for Native Americans in a battle in the history of United States. On August 9,1814, the Creeks signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson, official site, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
20.
National Military Park
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The designation applies to sites where historic battles were fought on American soil during the armed conflicts that shaped the growth and development of the United States. There are 11 National Battlefields, nine National Military Parks, four National Battlefield Parks, the National Park Service does not distinguish among the four designations in terms of their preservation or management policies. In 1890, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park was the first such site created by Congress, originally these sites were maintained by the War Department, but were transferred to the National Park Service on August 10,1933. The different designations appear to represent Congressional attitudes at the time of authorization of each individual site, only Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, which is small, still bears that designation, others have since been redesignated. As with all areas in the National Park System, these battle sites are automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places
21.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
22.
Whitewater kayaking
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Whitewater kayaking is the sport of paddling a kayak on a moving body of water, typically a whitewater river. Whitewater kayaking can range from active, moving water, to demanding, paddling on rivers, lakes and oceans is as old as the Stone Age. The raft, the catamaran, the canoe and the kayak evolved depending on the needs and environment of the indigenous peoples in different parts of the world. The modern day kayak most likely originated about 8,000 years ago along the Siberian coast line by the Yupik and then transformed from the canoe, via the Aleut and Inuit. The first boats made were hard to sink because they contained inflated seal bladders, the Greek, Herodotus, 484-425 BC, wrote in his travel diaries about boats with which merchandise was brought from Armenia to Babylon. The boats were made of a framework that was covered with animal skins. Mules hauled the precious skins back to Armenia, the Russian, Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff, reported from his trip around the world on the ease and elegance of paddling Eskimo kayaks/canoes. In 1866 he published the book A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, the timing was right and the book became a resounding success. 1905, Alfred Heurich, a student from Leipzig, Germany, invented the Faltboot. Heurich went on to paddle over 100,000 km on rivers,1907, Alfred Klepper, a master seamster from Rosenheim, bought the patent, improved the rigidity with a lever system and started production. The design made it not only suitable for whitewater but also easy to travel with, World War I stopped any progress. 1920s, boating on WW with Folboats developed, boaters flocked to rivers and lakes by train or bus. During that time, the Austrian, Edi Hans Pawlata reinvented the Eskimo roll,1927, Franz von Alber, and then, Klaus and Arndt von Rautenfeld, claimed to have independently developed a roll with their sea kayaks. Early 1930s, Walter Frentz, Herbert Rittlinger and a handful of others became pioneers and advocates of WW kayaking with documentaries,1933, Adolf Hitler started to dissolve kayak clubs. They did not serve his plan and the impact on the sport was devastating, World War II brought the paddle sport to a total halt. 1946/48, Depending on the region, the Allies gradually lifted the ban on travel in Germany. Paddle clubs were allowed to form. 1952, Walter Frentz, published an inspiring book In den Schluchten Europas that gained popularity, the book was based on his river trips prior to World War II
23.
Tallapoosa, Georgia
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Tallapoosa /tæləˈpuːsə/ is a city in Haralson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,170 at the 2010 census, Tallapoosa, incorporated in 1860, is located in Haralson County, in northwest Georgia, approximately 80 kilometers west of Atlanta, just north of Interstate 20 and east of the Alabama state line. Its geographic coördinates are 33°45′N 85°17′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.5 square miles, of which 7.4 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water. The Scientific American of May 31,1890, featured a cover story on Tallapoosa. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,789 people,1,187 households, the population density was 375.6 people per square mile. There were 1,334 housing units at a density of 179.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 18% White,6. 63% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 90% Asian,0. 07% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 32% of the population. 32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95. In the city, the population was out with 24. 7% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 81.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,938, and the median income for a family was $37,401. Males had an income of $34,102 versus $21,130 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,302, about 12. 8% of families and 19. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 0% of those under age 18 and 26. 9% of those age 65 or over. Tallapoosa is home to recreational and cultural opportunities for residents and visitors, the Tallapoosa Historical Society keeps the unique multiregional history of the city alive through publications, fairs, performances and meetings. The following are listed by the city, foxwoods - Wedding and Social venue Old Academy Grounds - Historic home great for weddings and social events. Tally Mountain Golf Course - Serene rolling hills golf course featuring 18 holes with a lake, pool is open in the summer. West Georgia Museum of Tallapoosa - An authentic museum created by residents that includes re-creations of Tallapoosas businesses. Historic District Walking Tour - View the beauty of yesterdays architecture on this in-city pedestrian trail that begins behind the Tallapoosa library, helton Howland Memorial Park - Picnic Pavilion that is free to rent, multiple picnic tables, horseshoes, authentic military vehicles and equipment on display
24.
Hydroelectricity
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Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16. 6% of the total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013, China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants, the average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U. S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a source of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical-, by the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well, in 1878 the worlds first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power an arc lamp in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No.1 near Niagara Falls in the U. S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power station, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30,1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, by 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the U. S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U. S. alone, at the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors, by 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land, as the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century, Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dams initial 1,345 MW power station was the worlds largest hydroelectric station in 1936
25.
Auburn University
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Auburn University is a public research university in Auburn, Alabama, United States. Auburn was chartered on February 1,1856, as East Alabama Male College, in 1872, under the Morrill Act, it became the states first public land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. In 1892, it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama, in 1960, its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university. In 1964, under Federal Court mandate, AU admitted its first African American student, Auburn is among the few American universities designated as a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research center. The Alabama Legislature chartered the institution as the East Alabama Male College on February 1,1856 and its first president was Reverend William J. Sasnett, and the school opened its doors in 1859 to a student body of eighty and a faculty of ten. Auburns early history is linked with the Civil War and the Reconstruction-era South. Classes were held in Old Main until the college was closed due to the war, the campus was a training ground for the Confederate Army, and Old Main served as a hospital for Confederate wounded. It sits today on the next to Samford Hall. The school reopened in 1866 after the end of the Civil War, in 1872, control of the institution was transferred from the Methodist Church to the State of Alabama for financial reasons. Alabama placed the school under the provisions of the Morrill Act as a land-grant institution and this act provided for 240,000 acres of Federal land to be sold to provide funds for an agricultural and mechanical school. As a result, in 1872 the school was renamed the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, under the Acts provisions, land-grant institutions were also supposed to teach military tactics and train officers for the United States military. In the late 19th century, most students at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama were enrolled in the program, learning military tactics. Each county in the state was allowed to nominate two cadets to attend the free of charge. The universitys original curriculum focused on engineering and agriculture and this trend changed under the guidance of William Leroy Broun, who taught classics and sciences and believed both disciplines were important for growth of the university and the individual. In 1892, two events occurred, women were admitted to the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. Eventually, football replaced polo as the sport on campus. The college was renamed the Alabama Polytechnic Institute in 1899, largely because of Brouns influence, on October 1,1918, nearly all of Alabama Polytechnic Institutes able-bodied male students 18 or older voluntarily joined the United States Army for short-lived military careers on campus. The student-soldiers numbered 878, according to API President Charles Thach, the vocational section was composed of enlisted men sent to Auburn for training in radio and mechanics
26.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
27.
R.L. Harris Dam
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R. L. Harris Dam is a hydroelectric dam in Clay County, Alabama, the fourth of four such dams on the Tallapoosa River. R. L. Harris Lake, also known as Lake Wedowee, was impounded April 20,1983 and named for Rother L. Judge Harris, the lake covers 10,600 acres with 271 miles of shoreline and a maximum capacity of 426,000 acre-feet. The nearest town is Wedowee, Alabama, the Harris hydropower facility has two generation units with a combined 135-megawatt generating capacity. It is an excellent recreational lake with fishing opportunities for bass, spotted bass, bluegill and other sunfish, crappie, catfish, striped bass, hybrid. Alabama Power maintains six public access sites on the lake
28.
Tallassee, Alabama
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For the Overhill Cherokee village in Tennessee, see Tallassee. Tallassee is a city on the Tallapoosa River, located in both Elmore and Tallapoosa counties in the U. S. state of Alabama, at the 2010 census the population was 4,819. It is home to a hydroelectric power plant at Thurlow Dam operated by Alabama Power Company. Tallassee is part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area and they were mound builders, who created massive earthwork mounds as structures for political and religious purposes. They relied greatly on fishing and riverway trading at their major sites, Talisi was a town of the Coosa Province of the Mississippian culture, it was visited in 1540 by Hernando de Soto and his expedition through the Southeast. Later it was occupied by the historic Creek people, the Tallassee area was the location of the Creek capital city, Tuckabatchee, as well as the location of the seven sacred plates. Tensions first broke out as a war among the Creek. Trying to intercept a Red Sticks party who were bringing back arms thought to be purchased from the Spanish in Florida, the Creek band ultimately defeated the soldiers. Osceola is believed to have born in Talisi, to a mixed-race Creek mother. He was among those Creek who migrated to Florida after the Creek War and he became a prominent leader who continued resistance to US forces and settlement. The Creek Wars were marked by raids, civilian massacres. The last major battle was at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 on the banks of the Tallapoosa River, led by then-General Andrew Jackson, a coalition of militia from Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia, federal troops, Lower Creek, and Cherokee crushed the outnumbered and out-gunned Red Sticks. Jackson counted the conflict as among his politically strategic victories, it increased his popularity for later election to the presidency and his future policies of Indian removal. After their defeat, many Creek migrated to Indian Territory, while some went into hiding with other resistant Indians in the Southeast, including the Cherokee, the Creek who relocated from the Tuckabatchee area named a new settlement Talisia in Indian Territory. It was later known as Tulsa, Oklahoma, in June 1864 the Confederate army moved the Richmond Carbine Factory from Virginia to an old Tallassee cotton mill. During the course of the American Civil War, the town of Tallassee was never attacked by Union forces, the Tallassee Armory was the only Confederate one not destroyed during the war. Early in the morning of November 30,2009, the historic Hotel Talisi was heavily damaged by a fire, the hotel, closed since 2008, was purchased by a group of seven investors in the fall of 2009. It was renovated and had been reopened for a month, the fire destroyed the hotel and a consignment shop next door
29.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
30.
Largemouth bass
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The largemouth bass is a freshwater gamefish in the sunfish family, a species of black bass native to North America. The largemouth bass is the fish of Georgia, Mississippi, and Indiana, the state freshwater fish of Florida and Alabama. The upper jaw of a largemouth bass extends beyond the margin of the orbit. In comparison to age, a bass is larger than a male. The largemouth is the largest of the basses, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of 29.5 in. The fish lives 16 years on average, the juvenile largemouth bass consumes mostly small bait fish, scuds, small shrimp, and insects. Adults consume smaller fish, shad, snails, crawfish, frogs, snakes, salamanders, bats and even small birds, mammals. It also consumes younger members of larger species, such as pike, catfish, trout, walleye, white bass, striped bass. Prey items can be as large as 50% of the body length or larger. Studies of prey utilization by largemouths show that in weedy waters, less weed cover allows bass to more easily find and catch prey, but this consists of more open-water baitfish. With little or no cover, bass can devastate the prey population, fisheries managers must consider these factors when designing regulations for specific bodies of water. Adult largemouth are generally apex predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by animals while young. Notably in the Great Lakes Region, Micropterus salmoides along with other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasive round goby. Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently and this feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. Note that it is illegal to use Neogobius melanostomus as bait in the Great Lakes Region, largemouth bass are keenly sought after by anglers and are noted for the excitement of their fight. The fish will become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species. Anglers most often fish for bass with lures such as plastic worms, jigs. A recent trend is the use of large swimbaits to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenile rainbow trout in California, fly fishing for largemouth bass may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials
31.
Spotted bass
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The spotted bass, also called spotty, or spots in various fishing communities, is a species of freshwater fish of the sunfish family of the order Perciformes. One of the basses, it is native to the Mississippi River basin and across the Gulf states. Its native range extends into the western Mid-Atlantic states and it has introduced into western North Carolina. It has also introduced to southern Africa, where it has become established in some isolated waters. It is often mistaken for the similar and more common largemouth bass, a convenient way to distinguish between a largemouth bass and a spotted bass is by the size of the mouth. A spotted bass will resemble a bass in coloration but will have a smaller mouth. M. punctulatus can reach a length of almost 64 cm. It can reach an age of at least seven years and it is noted for the rows of dark spots below the lateral line, which give it its common name. Preferring cool and warm mountain streams and reservoirs with rocky bottoms, the spotted bass feeds on insects, crustaceans, frogs, annelid worms, and smaller fish. In 2010, the community officially recognized a separate subspecies of spotted bass, native to the Tallapoosa and Coosa Rivers. This species is known as the Alabama spotted bass and known locally as the Coosa spotted bass. The Alabama spotted is highly prized as a gamefish and average size is larger than the more common Kentucky spotted bass. The current record spotted bass, caught in pine Flat Lake, California, many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass is often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short. The spotted bass also has black spots below the lateral line unlike either the large or smallmouth bass. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ft. Spotted bass seem to segregated by habitat type from closely related species such as the large
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Bluegill
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The bluegill is a species of freshwater fish sometimes referred to as bream, brim, or copper nose. It is a member of the sunfish family Centrarchidae of the order Perciformes and it is native to North America and lives in streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds. It is commonly found east of the Rockies and it usually hides around, and inside, old tree stumps and other underwater structures. It can live in deep or very shallow water, and will often move back and forth. Bluegills also like to find shelter among water plants and in the shade of trees along banks, bluegills can grow up to 12 inches long and about 4 1⁄2 pounds. They have very distinctive coloring, with blue and purple on the face and gill cover, dark olive-colored bands down the side. The fish are omnivores and will eat anything they can fit in their mouth and they mostly feed on small aquatic insects and fish. The fish play a key role in the chain, and are prey for muskies, walleye, trout, bass, herons, kingfishers, snapping turtles. The bluegill is the fish of Illinois. The bluegill is noted for the spot that it has on the posterior edge of the gills. The sides of its head and chin are a shade of blue. It usually contains 5–9 vertical bars on the sides of its body and it has a yellowish breast and abdomen, with the breast of the breeding male being a bright orange. The bluegill has three spines, ten to 12 anal fin rays, six to 13 dorsal fin spines,11 to 12 dorsal rays. They are characterized by their deep, flattened bodies and they have a terminal mouth, ctenoid scales, and a lateral line that is arched upward anteriorly. The bluegill typically ranges in size from four to 12 inches. The largest bluegill ever caught was four pounds,12 ounces in 1950, the bluegill is most closely related to the orangespotted sunfish and the redear sunfish, but different in a distinct spot at or near the base of the soft dorsal fin. Today they have introduced to almost everywhere else in North America, and have also been introduced into Europe, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Asia, South America. Bluegills have also found in the Chesapeake Bay, indicating they can tolerate up to 1. 8% salinity
33.
Crappie
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The crappies are a genus, Pomoxis, of North American freshwater fish in the sunfish family Centrarchidae. Both species in this genus are popular pan fish, the genus name Pomoxis derives from the Greek πώμα and οξύς. The common name, derives from the Canadian French crapet, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family, other names for crappie are papermouths, strawberry bass, speckled bass or specks, speckled perch, crappie bass, calico bass, sac-a-lait and Oswego bass. They have diverse diets, however, including zooplankton, insects, by day, crappie tend to be less active and will concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed during dawn and dusk, by moving into open water or approaching the shore, the Pomoxis species are highly regarded pan fish and are often considered to be among the best-tasting freshwater fish. Because of their diets, crappie may be caught in many ways, including casting light jigs, trolling with minnows or artificial lures, using small spinnerbaits. Crappies are also popular with ice-fishers, as they are active in winter, the current all-tackle fishing world record for a black crappie is 2.25 kg and for a white crappie is 2.35 kg. Angling for crappie is popular throughout much of North America, anglers who employ the Spider Rigging method may choose from among many popular baits. Some of the most popular are plastic jigs with lead jig heads, many anglers also chum or dump live bait into the water to attract the fish to bite their bait. Crappies are also targeted and caught during the spawning period by fly fishermen. A commercial fishery for crappies existed at Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee until 2003 and it was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies. By information from International Game Fish Association IGFA the most outstanding records, Black crappie is a 5-pound fish caught April 21,2005, by John R. Horstman from a private lake in Missouri. USA on April 21,2006 that weighed 2.26 kg White crappie is a 5-pound fish caught July 31,1957, USA on July 31,1957 that weighed 2.35 kg Pomoxis. The Sunfishes-A Fly Fishing Journey of Discovery, americas Favorite Fishing, A Complete Guide to Angling for Panfish
34.
Catfish
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Catfish are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. There are armour-plated types and there are also naked types, neither having scales, despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbel. Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull, Catfish are of considerable commercial importance, many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the species, particularly the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish are nocturnal, but others are crepuscular or diurnal, extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except Antarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another, Catfish are most diverse in tropical South America, Asia and Africa with one family native to North America and one family in Europe. More than half of all species live in the Americas. They are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar, Australia and they are found in freshwater environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water. Representatives of at least eight families are hypogean with three families that are also troglobitic, one such species is Phreatobius cisternarum, known to live underground in phreatic habitats. Numerous species from the families Ariidae and Plotosidae, and a few species from among the Aspredinidae and Bagridae, are found in salt water. In the United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of names, such as mud cat, polliwogs. These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname chucklehead, while in state or region. Representatives of the genus Ictalurus have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting, however, the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters, and have only increased the ecological pressure on native European fauna. Walking catfish have also introduced in the freshwaters of Florida. Flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages, pterygoplichthys species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established feral populations in many warm waters around the world. In general, they are buoyant, which means that they will usually sink rather than float due to a reduced gas bladder. Catfish have a variety of shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened ventrum to allow for benthic feeding. A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate as well as serving as a hydrofoil
35.
Striped bass
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It has also been widely introduced into inland recreational fisheries across the United States. Striped bass found in the Gulf of Mexico are a separate strain referred to as Gulf Coast striped bass. The striped bass is the fish of Maryland, Rhode Island, and South Carolina, and the state saltwater fish of New York, New Jersey, Virginia. The history of the striped bass fishery in North America dates back to the Colonial period, many written accounts by some of the first European settlers describe the immense abundance of striped bass, along with alewives, traveling and spawning up most rivers in the coastal Northeast. The striped bass is a member of the Moronidae family in shape, having a streamlined. Common mature size is 8 to 40 pounds, the largest specimen recorded was 124 pounds, netted in 1896. Striped bass are believed to live for up to 30 years, the maximum length is 1.8 m. The average size is about 67–100 cm and 4. 5–14.5 kg, striped bass are native to the Atlantic coastline of North America from the St. Lawrence River into the Gulf of Mexico to approximately Louisiana. They are anadromous fish migrate between fresh and salt water. Spawning takes place in fresh water, striped bass have also been introduced into waters in Ecuador, Iran, Latvia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey, primarily for sport fishing and aquaculture. The spawning success of striped bass has been studied in the San Francisco Bay-Delta water system, at levels as low as 200 mg/l TDS, an observable diminution of spawning productivity occurs. They can be found in lakes, ponds, streams, and this pressure on their food source was putting their own population at risk due to the population of prey naturally not coming back to the same spawning areas. In Canada, the province of Quebec designated the striped bass population of the Saint Lawrence as extirpated in 1996, analysis of available data implicated overfishing and dredging in the disappearance. In 2002, a program was successful. Striped bass spawn in water, and although they have been successfully adapted to freshwater habitat. Four important bodies of water with breeding stocks of striped bass are, Chesapeake Bay, Massachusetts Bay/Cape Cod, Hudson River, many of the rivers and tributaries that emptied into the Atlantic, had at one time, bred stock of striped bass. One of the largest breeding areas is the Chesapeake Bay, where populations from Chesapeake, stocking of striped bass was discontinued at Lake Mead in 1973 once natural reproduction was verified. Striped bass have also been hybridized with white bass to produce hybrid striped bass also known as wiper, whiterock bass, sunshine bass, palmetto bass and these hybrids have been stocked in many freshwater areas across the US
36.
White bass
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The white bass, silver bass, or sand bass is a freshwater fish of the temperate bass family Moronidae. It is the fish of Oklahoma. White bass are distributed widely across the United States, particularly in the Midwest and they are very abundant in Pennsylvania and the area around Lake Erie. White bass have also found in rivers that flow to the Mississippi. Native to many habitats, they have been introduced in many different waters around the United States. They were also introduced to Manitoba starting in the 1960s. The species main color is silver-white to pale green and its back is dark, with white sides and belly, and with narrow dark stripes running lengthwise on its sides. It has large, rough scales and two dorsal fins, the more anterior dorsal fin is much harder and appears to have spines on them. Although these are not true spines, this type of fin is called a spinous ray, the more posterior of the two dorsal fins is much softer, and is thus called a soft-ray. Because the vertebrae do not extend into the tail, the bass has what is called a homocercal tail. The body is deep and compressed laterally, most grow to a length between 10 and 12 inches, though they can reach 17 inches or more. Because the dorsal and ventral portions of the its tail angle inward toward a point to create a clear angle, the tail is said to be notched. The record size for white bass caught on fishing tackle is 6 pounds 13 ounces shared by fish caught in 1989 in Orange Lake, Orange, Virginia and they have four main taxa in their diet, calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, daphnia, and leptodora. When not frightened, they will bite readily at live bait such as worms, only the largest fish will feed on other fish, and as the summer season progresses, there is an overall trend towards eating fewer fish. Fish that are able to accumulate lipids over the summer are better able to survive cold winters, when looking at midwestern white bass, particularly in South Dakota, diet overlap occurs between the bass and the walleye. As seasons progress through the summer and fall, the amount of diet overlap decreases as a result of both fish increasing in length, white bass inhabit large reservoirs and rivers. When mating in the spring, they are often found in shallow rivers, creeks. White bass are found in high densities in the segment of rivers
37.
Lineville, Alabama
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Lineville is a city in Clay County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 2,395, Native Americans were the first to inhabit the area now known as Lineville. The Creek Indian War of 1813, however, resulted in their removal, the first white settlers in the area were William and Thomas Lundie. Their settlement became known as Lundies Cross Roads after a trading post opened in the 1830s to serve pioneers and miners searching for gold. In 1856, Lundies Cross Roads became known as County Line, probably for the Baptist Church, founded in 1848, also in 1856, a post office was established in County Line, schools were consolidated and corn and cotton became cash crops. The Town of Lineville was built on what was at time the dividing line between Talladega and Randolph Counties, hence the name, Lineville. Some years later the church was moved a distance and a house was built on the left side of the public road near the residence of the late Thomas H. Harris. The present new building was built in 1915 and 1916, with the first service held on March 1st,1916, with prayer and thanksgiving service conducted by J. H. Ingram. One of the newest attractions in Clay County in the 1920s, was the chicken business and this was something new, but it did gradually got the attention of the local farmers. He was now fully in the business, and named it Goodwill Poultry Farm. The Civil War saw some 56 area men interred in the Old Lineville Cemetery, by the end of the war, Confederate money had become useless and the area suffered hardships. The towns name was changed to Lineville in 1870 when it became the temporary seat of government for Clay County. The press came to Lineville in 1884, in 1898, Lineville was incorporated, graphite mining became a major industry and National Bank began operating there. A secondary college opened in Lineville in 1891 with H. J. Willingham, president, in 1907 the first railroad began operating in Lineville, the timber and lumber industry expanded, and mandated high schools opened. Lineville received water and electricity in 1917, the Lineville water tank is listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage. Lineville is located northeast of the center of Clay County at 33°1845.122 North, 85°459.274 West. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.0 square miles, of which 9.0 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles. Lineville was named for its location on what was then the border between Talladega and Randolph counties, alabamas highest point, Mount Cheaha, is located 18 miles north of Lineville on Alabama Highway 49
38.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
39.
Heflin, Alabama
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Heflin is a city in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 3,480, the city is the county seat of Cleburne County. Heflin was first settled in 1882 as a station on the line from Atlanta. The town quickly grew and was incorporated in 1886, until 1905, the County Seat of Cleburne County had been located at Edwardsville. In 1905, an election was held to move the county seat from Edwardsville to Heflin, the election results favored Heflin and were appealed to and upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court on July 1,1906. Heflin is located at 33°3837.514 North, 85°3457.724 West. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.0 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,480 people,1,384 households, the population density was 216.9 people per square mile. There were 1,531 housing units at a density of 93.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 3% White,9. 4% Black or African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 1% Asian,1. 0% from other races,2. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was out with 22. 6% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,24. 9% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.5 years, for every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,821, and the median income for a family was $37,050. Males had an income of $41,932 versus $25,714 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,909, about 15. 6% of families and 22. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 5% of those under age 18 and 15. 9% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,002 people,1,218 households, the population density was 254.0 people per square mile. There were 1,330 housing units at a density of 112.5 per square mile
40.
Buchanan, Georgia
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Buchanan is a city in Haralson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 941 at the 2000 census, the city is the county seat of Haralson County. Locally, the name is pronounced Buck-HAN-uhn. Buchanan was founded in 1856 as seat of the newly formed Haralson County and it was named for United States President James Buchanan. Buchanan was incorporated as a town in 1857 and as a city in 1902, Buchanan is located at 33°48′6″N 85°11′1″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 941 people,345 households, the population density was 638.6 people per square mile. There were 380 housing units at a density of 257.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 14% White,11. 37% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 11% Asian,0. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 53% of the population. 33. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was out with 22. 8% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $23,269, and the median income for a family was $26,964. Males had an income of $24,205 versus $16,458 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,821, about 20. 5% of families and 22. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 4% of those under age 18 and 19. 8% of those age 65 or over. The Haralson County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of four schools, a middle school. The district has 231 full-time teachers and over 3,766 students
41.
Wedowee, Alabama
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Wedowee is a town in Randolph County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 823, up from 818 in 2000, the city is the county seat of Randolph County. It was initially incorporated in 1836, but its charter lapsed by the late 19th century, Randolph County High School is located in Wedowee. Wedowee, which means old water in the Creek language, was named after a Muscogee Creek Indian chief and this area was historically occupied by the Muscogee Creek people. Following Indian Removal of the Creek in the 1830s to Indian Territory in a relocation forced by the US government and it became the county seat of Randolph County in 1835. The county was developed for the cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop, with labor primarily done by enslaved African Americans, since the late 20th century, Lake Wedowee was created by the impoundment of the Tallapoosa River. This has enhanced the tourist drawing power of the town, also known as the R. L. Harris Reservoir, the lake draws thousands of visitors to Wedowee every year. Wedowee is located on the Piedmont Plateau and considered part of the Appalachians foothills, Wedowee is located at 33°18′31″N 85°29′8″W. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has an area of 3.5 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 818 people,337 households, the population density was 233.4 people per square mile. There were 378 housing units at a density of 107.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 68. 70% White,30. 20% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 49% Asian,0. 24% from other races,0. 12% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.95. In the town, the population was out with 21. 8% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $26,136, and the median income for a family was $37,292. Males had an income of $24,250 versus $22,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,638, about 17. 1% of families and 20. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 7% of those under age 18 and 21. 4% of those age 65 or over
42.
Dadeville, Alabama
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Dadeville is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 3,230, up from 3,212 in 2000, the city is the county seat of Tallapoosa County. Dadeville was named for Major Francis Langhorne Dade, who died in the Seminole War in Florida in 1835, the town was granted a charter in 1837 and was first incorporated in 1858. It lost its charter during the Civil War, and was incorporated a second time in 1878, Dadeville has been the Tallapoosa County seat since 1838. Dadeville was home to the Graefenberg Medical Institute, Alabamas first medical school, attempts to revive the school after the war failed, and the building burned in 1873. Completion of the Thomas Wesley Martin Dam on the Tallapoosa River in 1926, wickles Pickles is based in Dadeville. Dadeville is located at 32°49′55″N 85°45′51″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.0 square miles, all land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Dadeville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,212 people,1,122 households, the population density was 200.7 people per square mile. There were 1,278 housing units at a density of 79.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 53. 24% White,45. 08% Black or African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 37% from other races,0. 81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $25,266, and the median income for a family was $31,512. Males had an income of $24,500 versus $20,781 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,178, about 18. 1% of families and 19. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 6% of those under age 18 and 21. 7% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,230 people,1,217 households, the population density was 201.9 people per square mile
43.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
44.
Alapaha River
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The Alapaha River /əˈlæpəhɑː/ is a 202-mile-long river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico, the Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a Yupaha village they encountered after they left Apalachee, the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee. Another reference to a village of Atapaha so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River. In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border. A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle. During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville. Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River, in Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward. The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course, during periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately 2.3 miles downstream from Jennings, Florida is a river sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole and it is located at 30. 5855009°N83. 0528016°W /30.5855009, -83.0528016. A short distance away from the Devils Dens, the Dead River enters into the Alapaha River and it is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. A few more miles downstream is a sinkhole known as the Dead River Sink or the Siphon. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwanee River. During a period of low rainfall over 11 miles of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on Alapaha River as the streams name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also known as
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