The Tambov Rebellion of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War. The uprising took place in the territories of the modern Tambov Oblast and part of the Voronezh Oblast, less than 500 kilometres (300 mi) southeast of Moscow.

Tambov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Tambov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,091,994.