1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
4.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
5.
Record labels owned by James Brown
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Over the course of his career James Brown owned and operated several different record labels, which he used primarily to release his own productions of artists associated with his revue. Brown founded his first label, Try Me Records, in 1963 under the auspices of Syd Nathans King Records and it ceased operations in the wake of Browns 1964 contract dispute with King. Brownstone Records, founded in 1970, was a joint venture between Brown and his associate in the music business Henry Stone. It was established as an outlet for recordings by members of Browns revue who King had declined to record, such as former Famous Flames member Bobby Byrd, the label released eleven singles in 1970 and 1971 before it was superseded by People Records. People Records, Browns most successful and prolific label, was founded in 1971, like its predecessors, People was used to release recordings by performers associated with the James Brown Revue, including Lyn Collins, Bobby Byrd, Sweet Charles and the J. B. s. It also recorded some musicians who did not regularly perform with Brown, Brown himself appeared in a supporting role on many People releases, playing organ or contributing backing vocals. Initially distributed by King, People was acquired by Polydor on July 1,1971 when Brown signed with that label. Unlike Browns previous labels, it was successful for a while, it released a number of charting singles. People eventually folded in 1976, concomitant with the dissolution of the J. B. s, the labels output was later anthologized in a series of three CDs released by Polydor titled James Browns Funky People. A year prior to the founding of Browns People label, there was another People Records that was founded and run by former Motown Records producer William Mickey Stevenson, are You Ready for Star Time. Sweet Soul Music, Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, James Brown, The Godfather of Soul. List of record labels Page on Brownstone Records at Discogs People Records discography at Discogs Radio show on the history of People Records including most of the labels releases
6.
Checker Records
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Checker Records is an inactive record label that was started in 1952 as a subsidiary of Chess Records in Chicago, Illinois. The label was founded by the Chess brothers, Leonard and Phil, the label released recordings by mostly African American artists and groups. Checkers releases cover a range of genres including blues, rhythm and blues, doo-wop, gospel, rock and roll. The label was discontinued in 1971 following GRTs consolidation of the Chess catalogs, as with Cadet and Chess, the labels catalog is now owned by Universal Music Group and releases from the Checker catalog are released by Geffen Records and Chess. Due to the recent expansion of Chess Records, as well as to achieve greater airplay for singles, the Chess brothers opened up a subsidiary label named Checker. The first 45/78 rpm single released by the label was Slow Caboose b/w Darling, Lets Give Love a Chance by Sax Mallard and his Orchestra, which was released as Checker 750 in April 1952. The labels most popular artist, in the early years, was Little Walter. Among those ten was Juke which topped the charts and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008, Checker released several singles by well-established blues artists such as Elmore James, Arthur Big Boy Crudup, and Memphis Minnie, none of which sold well. On March 2,1955, the Chess brothers recorded their first rock and roll artist, from this session came Bos self-titled debut single on Checker, which topped the R&B charts and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998. Another one of Bo Diddleys Checker singles, Who Do You Love. was inducted in 2010, in 1957, Checker cracked into the rockabilly market with Dale Hawkins, who had a crossover hit with Susie Q, although he could not repeat the singles success. In 1958, Checker released its first 12 33⅓ rpm LP record, the Best of Little Walter, which was released as Checker LP-1428
7.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
8.
James Brown
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James Joseph Brown was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and bandleader. The creator of music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance. In a career spanned six decades, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown began his career as a singer in Toccoa, Georgia. He joined an R&B vocal group, the Gospel Starlighters, in which he was the lead singer. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as Papas Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You and Its a Mans Mans Mans World. During the late 1960s he moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms, by the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J. B. s with records such as Get Up Sex Machine and The Payback. He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit Say It Loud – Im Black, Brown continued to perform and record until his death from congestive heart failure in 2006. Brown recorded 16 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts and he also holds the record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart which did not reach number one. Brown has received honors from many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in Joel Whitburns analysis of the Billboard R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, James Brown is ranked as number one in The Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on the music magazine Rolling Stones list of its 100 greatest artists of all time, Rolling Stone has also cited Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Brown was born on May 3,1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie and 22-year-old Joseph Joe Gardner Brown, in a small wooden shack. Browns name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, Jr. however, his first and he later legally changed his name to remove Jr. His parents were black, in his autobiography, Brown stated that he also had Chinese and Native American ancestry. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina. They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five and his family first settled at one of his aunts brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt, Browns mother later left the family after a contentious marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out in the streets and he managed to stay in school until the sixth grade
9.
Wand Records
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Wand Records was started by Florence Greenberg in 1961 as a subsidiary of Scepter Records. Artists on Wand Records included The Isley Brothers, The Kingsmen, Mel Wynn & the Rhythm Aces, in 1976, Greenberg retired from the business and sold her record labels to Springboard International. When Springboard went bankrupt, Gusto Records acquired the catalog, the Kingsmen acquired full ownership of their Wand catalog in court from Gusto for nonpayment of royalties. Some artists to have one-off releases include Benny Gordon with Gonna Give Her All The Love I Got, and it is believed by some that this may be a completely different singer who happened to have the same name. J. Thomas The Next Five List of record labels The Scepter/Wand Story Wand Album Discography at bsnpubs. com Wand Singles Discography at globaldogproductions. com
10.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
11.
Ain't No Mountain High Enough
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Aint No Mountain High Enough is an R&B/soul song written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson in 1966 for the Tamla label, a division of Motown. The composition was first successful as a 1967 hit single recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, the song became Ross first solo number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award. The song was written by Ashford and Simpson prior to joining Motown, british soul singer Dusty Springfield wanted to record the song but the duo declined, hoping it would give them access to the Detroit-based label. As Valerie Simpson later recalled, We played that song for her but wouldnt give it to her and we felt like that could be our entry to Motown. Nick called it the golden egg, Dusty recorded a similar verse melody in Im Gonna Leave You on Dusty. The original 1967 version of Aint No Mountain High Enough was a top twenty hit, according to record producers, Terrell was a little nervous and intimidated during recording because she did not rehearse the lyrics. Terrell recorded her vocals alone with producers Harvey Fuqua and Johnny Bristol, Aint No Mountain peaked at number nineteen on the Billboard pop charts, and went to number three on the R&B charts. This original version of Aint No Mountain, produced by Fuqua and Bristol, was a care-free, danceable and its success led to a string of more Ashford/Simpson penned duets. The Gaye/Terrell version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999, Diana Ross & The Supremes recorded a version of Aint No Mountain High Enough which was more faithful to the Terrell-Gaye original version as a duet with The Temptations. That song was a cut from a joint LP released by Motown Records in 1968 on the two superstar groups, titled the Supremes Join The Temptations. In late 1969, after the Top 20 success of her first solo single, Reach Out and Touch, Ashford, initially, Ross was apprehensive, but was convinced to make the recording. Motown chief Berry Gordy did not like the record upon first hearing it and he hated the spoken-word passages and wanted the song to begin with the climactic chorus/bridge. Ross version of Aint No Mountain High Enough rose up to one on both the pop and R&B singles charts. Ross received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and this version is in the key of C minor. Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1968 album The Promise of a Future, in 1981, American Disco band Inner Life from Salsoul Records released their version, which topped #20 on US Dance Chart. The Boys Town Gang formed a medley of the two songs Remember Me and Aint No Mountain High Enough in 1981, the single was a club hit. Australian singer Jimmy Barnes released an album of covers titled Soul Deep in 1991. This cover reached #28 in Australia in 1992, the song is performed over the credits to the 1993 film Sister Act 2, Back in the Habit
12.
Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing
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Aint Nothing Like the Real Thing is a 1968 single released by American R&B/soul duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, on the Tamla label in 1968. The B-side of the single is Little Ole Boy, Little Ole Girl from the duos United LP, in the UK Aint Nothing Like the Real Thing reached number 34. Aint Nothing Like the Real Thing is ranked as the 57th biggest US hit of 1968, christians 1986 live album release Live At Six Flags features Aint Nothing Like the Real Thing in medley with Dont Worry Baby and I Go to Pieces. Aint Nothing Like the Real Thing was recorded by UK singer Elton John,1975, The Dynamic Superiors - album Pure Pleasure. Soap stars Tammin Sursok and Michael Graziadei performed & recorded the song for their show The Young and the Restless
13.
You're All I Need to Get By
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Youre All I Need to Get By is a song recorded by the American R&B/soul duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell and released on Motown Records Tamla label in 1968. It was the basis for the 1995 single Ill Be There for You/Youre All I Need to Get By from Method Man and Mary J. Blige. Written by real-life couple Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, it one of the few Motown recordings of the 1960s that was not recorded with the familiar Motown sound. Given its global appeal, it also reached #19 on the British singles charts in late 1968, Ashford and Simpson produced Ross version as well. Aretha Franklin recorded this song for her 1971 compilation album, Arethas Greatest Hits and it peaked at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot Soul Singles chart. The Angels released a version in 1974 as the B-side of the single Papas Side Of The Bed, tony Orlando & Dawns version became the third to reach the U. S. Top 40, peaking at #34 in 1975 and they also reached #13 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams recorded the song for their duet album Thats What Friends Are For and it peaked at #47 on the Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the Hot Soul Singles Chart, and #45 on the UK Singles Chart. Gloria Gaynor recorded a version for Gloria Gaynors Park Avenue Sound. Natalie Appleton and Bootsy Collins recorded this song in 2000 and it features on the soundtrack of the movie Honest directed by Dave Stewart, michael McDonald recorded this song for his second album of Motown covers, 2004s Motown Two. In 2007, The James Taylor Quartet recorded instrumental version for the album Dont Mess with Mr. T, James Taylor Quartet Plays Motown Kidda uses a line of this song for his 2008 single Under The Sun. D. C. rapper Wale samples this in the song The Remake of a Remake off of his critically acclaimed Mixtape About Nothing, with singer Tawiah singing the female vocals. My Morning Jacket performed the song during their New Years Eve concert at Madison Square Garden on December 31,2008, actresses Telma Hopkins and Valarie Pettiford performed the song together in an episode of UPNs Half and Half. In 2012, Christine Anu covered the song on her album, Rewind, the song has been covered on the BET commercial in 2012 with the new slogan We Got You was shown from the retrospective moments. Jacob Artist and Melissa Benoist sang this song on Season 4 of Glee for the Valentines Day episode I Do. Irene Grandi and Stefano Bollani sang a piano and vocal cover during the fourth Episode of the musical show Limportante è avere un piano on the Italian TV channel Rai 1, sampled a portion of it for his song My Downfall on his Life After Death album. On the first season of American Idol, winner Kelly Clarkson sang this song during Motown week, on the sixth season finale, American Idol Winner Jordin Sparks sang it as a duet with second-season winner Ruben Studdard. Seventh season American Idol runner-up David Archuleta performed this song on Star Search final, eighth season contestant Von Smith performed it in the third week of semifinals
14.
World Boxing Association
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The World Boxing Association is the oldest and one of four major organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the IBF, WBC and WBO. The WBA awards the WBA world championship title at the professional level, by 1975, a majority of votes were held by Latin American nations, and the organization headquarters were moved to Panama. After being located during the 1990s and early 2000s in Venezuela, the World Boxing Association can be traced back to the original National Boxing Association, organized in the United States in 1921. The first bout it recognized was the Jack Dempsey–Georges Carpentier Heavyweight Championship bout in New Jersey, the NBA was formed by representatives from thirteen American states, including Sam Milner, to counterbalance the influence that the New York State Athletic Commission wielded in the boxing world. The NBA and the NYSAC sometimes crowned different world champions in the same division and it also did not conduct purse bids or collect sanctioning fees. Gilberto Mendoza from Venezuela was the President of the WBA since 1982 until his death in 2016, in the 1990s, the WBA moved its central offices from Panama City, Panama, to Caracas, Venezuela. In January 2007, it returned its offices to Panama, in 2014 the WBA approved the creation of the WBA Oceania based in Brisbane, Australia. The WBA Oceanias inaugural Committee is President Francisco Martinez, Vice President Damon Locantro, Secretary Derek Milham, the WBA has been plagued with charges of corruption for years. In a 1981 Sports Illustrated article, a WBA judge claimed that he was influenced by the WBA president to support certain fighters, the same article also discussed a variety of bribes paid to WBA officials to obtain title fights or rankings with the organization. In a 1982 interview, the promoter Bob Arum claimed that he had to pay off WBA officials to obtain rankings for his fighters. This particular practice has come under scrutiny, as several boxing experts consider it a means for the organization to gain more sanctioning fees within each division, the WBA continued ranking Ali Raymi in its flyweight rankings in 2015, despite the fact that he was dead. Ali Raymi was ranked Number 6 at the time of his death, the WBA recognises the title holders from the WBC, WBO, and IBF organisations. The WBA refers to a champion who holds two or more of these titles in the weight class as a Super Champion, Unified Champion. This applies even if the WBA title is not one of the held by the Undisputed Champion. As a result, the WBAs official list of champions will often show a WBA Super World Champion, a WBA champion may be promoted to Super Champion without winning another organizations title, Chris John, Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Anselmo Moreno are examples. The WBA will also promote their titlist to a Super champion when he defends his title five times
15.
Ernie Terrell
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Ernest Ernie Terrell was an American professional boxer who competed from 1957 to 1973. He held the WBA heavyweight title from 1965 to 1967, and was one of the heavyweights of his era. Terrell was the brother of The Supremes early 1970s lead singer Jean Terrell. In the 1960s, Jean sang with his group Ernie Terrell & the Heavyweights, in his early career, Terrell defeated some good contenders, including Cleveland Williams, Zora Folley, and future Light Heavyweight champion Bob Foster. But hes best remembered for his challenge to World Heavyweight Champion Muhammad Ali, on February 6, Ali was scheduled to fight WBA champion Ernie Terrell on March 29, but Terrell backed out and Ali won a 15-round decision against substitute opponent George Chuvalo. World Boxing Association matched Terrell and Eddie Machen for the vacant crown, Terrell defeated Machen to win the belt on March 5,1965. He held it until February 6,1967 when he lost to Muhammad Ali, during this time, most in the boxing world continued to recognize Ali as the legitimate champion, since he had not lost his championship in a boxing match. The WBAs rival, the World Boxing Council, had continued to recognize Ali as champion. During his reign as WBA Champion, Terrell defended the title twice, beating Doug Jones, in February 1967, Ali and Terrell met to end the debate about who was the legitimate heavyweight champion. Before the bout, Terrell repeatedly called Ali by his birth name and he said later that he had known Clay for years in the amateurs and hadnt gotten used to calling him another name. Ali took offense to this, and vowed he would punish Terrell, for his part, Ali further stoked the prefight ill will by labeling Terrell an Uncle Tom nigger who is going to get his ass whupped. Ali won a lopsided 15-round decision, reclaiming the undisputed championship, to an opponent he was apparently content not merely to defeat, but also to belittle and humiliate. The fight is recounted by the film Ali starring Will Smith, Terrell lost an upset 12-round decision later in 1967 in the WBA Heavyweight Tournament which was organized after Ali was stripped of his title in April 1967. He left the sport for three following the loss, but returned in 1970, winning seven consecutive fights before losing to Chuck Wepner by decision. In 55 professional fights, Terrell earned a record of 46 wins, nine losses, after retiring from boxing in 1973 following a knockout loss to Jeff Merritt, he began a career as a record producer in Chicago, in the city where he had attended Farragut Career Academy. Terrell ran unsuccessfully for alderman of Chicagos 34th ward in 1987 and he finished second in the primary but lost to Lemuel Austin in a runoff. Terrell died on December 16,2014 in a hospital at Evergreen Park and he had been suffering from dementia. Even the champ doesnt feel safe, Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago, October 25,2009, professional boxing record for Ernie Terrell from BoxRec
16.
Muhammad Ali
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Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated figures of the 20th century. From early in his career, Ali was known as an inspiring, controversial, Cassius Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his slave name, to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement. He was eventually arrested, found guilty of draft evasion charges, Alis actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation. Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century and he remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion, having won the title in 1964,1974, and 1978. Between February 25 and September 19,1964, Ali reigned as the heavyweight champion. He is the boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times. Nicknamed The Greatest, he was involved in historic boxing matches. Notable among these were the first Liston fight, the Fight of the Century, Super Fight II, the Thrilla in Manila versus his rival Joe Frazier, and The Rumble in the Jungle versus George Foreman. At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking, Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight, as a musician, Ali recorded two spoken word albums and a rhythm and blues song, and received two Grammy Award nominations. As an actor, he performed in films and a Broadway musical. Additionally, Ali wrote two autobiographies, one during and one after his boxing career, as a Muslim, Ali was initially affiliated with Elijah Muhammads Nation of Islam and advocated their black separatist ideology. He later disavowed the NOI, adhering initially to Sunni Islam and later to Sufism, after retiring from boxing in 1981, Ali devoted his life to religious and charitable work. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinsons syndrome, which his doctors attributed to boxing-related brain injuries, as the condition worsened, Ali made limited public appearances and was cared for by his family until his death on June 3,2016, in Scottsdale, Arizona. Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. was born on January 17,1942, in Louisville and he had a sister and four brothers
17.
Barber
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A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave mens and boys hair. A barbers place of work is known as a shop or a barbers. Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse, in some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns and they were also influential in helping shape male identity. In previous times, barbers performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures. In modern times, the barber is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in mens hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers, in the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location. Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws, for example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In Australia, the term for a barber is hairdresser, barber is only a popular title for mens hairdressers. Most would work in a hairdressing salon, the barbers trade has a long history, razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals, priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς, in an agora which also served as a gathering for debates. Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, the barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars, some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks. Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century as African American businesses that helped to develop African American culture and economy
18.
Unsung (TV series)
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Unsung is an hour-long music documentary program that airs on TV One. Each episode usually begins with an artists upbringing and family, painting a picture of the issues driving them in their music career. Themes of escaping the hard life of the streets and experiencing physical abuse, as well as signs of musical genius and those interviewed in this segment of the show typically are relatives and friends, although some celebrities may be interviewed if the episodes subject is a group. The next stage highlights the pinnacle of the artists fame with the perks and these facts qualify the group for an episode of Unsung. As of 2010, Unsung has enjoyed growth, particularly in African-American households. After four seasons, Unsung won an NAACP Image Award in the Outstanding Information Series or Special category, others nominated in this category for 2011 were Anderson Cooper 360° and Washington Watch with Roland Martin. One aspect of note to the Unsung series is the sense of closure given to both the fans and the families of the artists who have died, as in the case of Roger Troutman of Zapp. Recording artist Stephanie Mills has gone on record as not being a fan of the show, in October 2013, TV One announced Unsung would receive a spin-off titled Unsung Hollywood, to premiere on February 26,2014. Unsung Hollywood focuses on actors and comedians, as well as prominent films, the second season of Unsung Hollywood premiered on February 11,2015. Subjects of Unsung Hollywood have included episodes on, Pam Grier, Robin Harris, dick Gregory, Redd Foxx, A Different World, Sheryl Underwood, Vivica A. Fox, Richard Roundtree and others. In October 2015, TV One announced another spin-off under the Unsung franchise, Unsung Films will feature made-for-TV movies/biopics addressing some of Unsungs most intriguing artists. Miki Howard - Love Under New Management, The Miki Howard Story premiered on the network on June 12,2016, deBarge - All This Love, The Debarge Family Story will premiere during the 2016-2017 television season. Official website Unsung at the Internet Movie Database
19.
Tammy and the Bachelor
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Tammy and the Bachelor is a 1957 romantic comedy film and is the first of the four Tammy films. It stars Debbie Reynolds as Tambrey Tammy Tyree, Walter Brennan as Grandpa Dinwitty and it was adapted from the 1948 novel Tammy Out of Time by Cid Ricketts Sumner. Tambrey Tammy Tyree is a girl living in a houseboat in Mississippi with her Grandpa. She runs around barefoot, dreaming of life outside of the swamp, and talking to her best friend, Nan, one day in the swamp, Tammy and her grandfather locate the wreckage of a plane the grandfather had heard crash and discover the unconscious body of Peter Brent. Tammy and her grandfather help Peter recover at their home, during which time Tammy falls in love with Peter. However, he must return to his own home, but tells the grandfather that, if anything happened to the grandfather, Tammy would be welcome to come, several weeks later, Tammys grandfather is arrested for making moonshine. With no one else to stay with, Tammy sets off for Brentwood Hall and she arrives during a dance rehearsal and sees Peter with his friends. Tammy learns that Peter is busy with Brentwood #6, an experimental tomato he is growing in hopes of making Brentwood Hall self-sustaining once again. After Tammy finally tells everyone that her grandfather isnt actually dead, however, Peter and his Aunt Renie convince Tammy to stay, leading her to sing of her love for Peter. Peters love interest drops by Brentwood Hall and her uncle wants Peter to stop experimenting with tomatoes and offers him a deal to come to work with him in the advertising business. That week is also Pilgrimage Week, which includes a ball, Renie gives Tammy the dress Peters great-grandmother wore. Mrs. Brent and Renie suggest that Tammy pretend to be Great-Grandmother Cratchett for the evening, at the Ball that night, Tammy tells a story for the guests, and enchants everyone, even Mrs. Brent. That night, a storm hits Brentwood Hall and destroys all of the Brentwood #6s. The next morning, Peter announces that he is going to accept the advertising offer, Peter realizes he loves Tammy, finds Tammys grandfather, and returns to the houseboat, where he kisses her. Its naive sentimentality has proved an irresistible target for parody, most notably in Stan Frebergs Madison Ave. Werewolf, When I hold your sweet, Reynolds placed second for a Golden Laurel for Top Female Comedy Performance. The film itself was awarded third place for a Golden Laurel for Top Comedy, additionally, Reynoldss single version of the films title song became an across-the-music-charts #1 hit 45 release, on Coral Records
20.
The Shirelles
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The Shirelles were an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early 1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Shirley Owens, Doris Coley, Addie Micki Harris, founded in 1957 for a talent show at their high school, they were signed by Florence Greenberg of Tiara Records. Their first single, I Met Him on a Sunday, was released by Tiara, after a brief and unsuccessful period with Decca, they went with Greenberg to her newly formed company, Scepter Records. Working with Luther Dixon, the rose to fame with Tonights the Night. After a successful period of collaboration with Dixon and promotion by Scepter, with seven top 20 hits, afterwards, they were unable to maintain their previous popularity. The Shirelles have been described as having a naive schoolgirl sound that contrasted with the themes of many of their songs. Several of their hits used strings and baião-style music and they have been credited with launching the girl group genre, with much of their music reflecting the genres essence. Their acceptance by white and black audiences, predating that of the Motown acts, has been noted as reflecting the early success of the Civil Rights Movement. Two of their songs, Will You Love Me Tomorrow and Tonights the Night, were selected by Rolling Stone on its list of the greatest songs of all time. The group that became the Shirelles was formed in 1957 by four teenage girls from Passaic, New Jersey. The founding members, Shirley Owens, Doris Coley, Addie Micki Harris, after several months of avoiding Greenberg and telling her that they were not interested in singing professionally, they were booked to Tiara. That year, they released their first song, I Met Him on a Sunday, after success, it was licensed to Decca Records for national broadcast. The song was influenced by doo-wop, but infused with pop melodies. C and their first single produced with Dixon, Tonights the Night, was released in 1960 and peaked at #39. The success of Tonights the Night led to the girls being booked to perform with major artists, such as Etta James and Little Richard. Tonights the Night was later used as the song for the 1961 album Tonights the Night. After the success of their singles, the Shirelles became frequent guests of Murray the K, in 1963 Dixon left Scepter, which presaged a tailing-off of the number of the Shirelles singles to chart. However, they carried on performing and recording, dionne Warwick replaced Owens and Coley, who took leave to marry their fiancés, in concerts and the group continued to record material. That year, their song Foolish Little Girl reached the pop/R&B Top 10, however, later in 1963 they learned that the trust, holding their royalties, that they were supposed to receive from Scepter on their 21st birthdays, did not exist
21.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
22.
The Famous Flames
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The Famous Flames were an American rhythm and blues vocal group founded in Toccoa, Georgia, in 1953 by Bobby Byrd. James Brown began his career as a member of the Famous Flames, emerging as the singer by the time of their first professional recording, Please, Please, Please. Altogether, they performed on 12 songs that reached the Billboard R&B and pop charts, in addition to being featured on numerous albums and they appeared in the films T. A. M. I. Show and Ski Party as well as on television programs. Members of the Flames also contributed as songwriters and choreographers, in 2012 the Flames were retroactively inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame alongside Brown. On their Rock & Roll Hall of Fame page, they are described as a group of singers, performers and dancers that created the complementary elements of one of the greatest stage shows of all time. The Famous Flames are sometimes identified as James Browns band. The band was billed separately as the James Brown Band, James Brown began singing with the R&B group the Cremona Trio while growing up in Toccoa, Georgia. In 1949, Brown, then sixteen, was sent to a detention center after committing several offenses of armed robbery. While at the center, he formed a group called the Swanees. The band made their own instruments, including a comb and paper, a washtub bass and this led to Browns first nickname, Music Box. In 1952, Browns reform school baseball team played another team that featured Bobby Byrd, shortly after, Byrd and his family offered to be Browns sponsors for an early prison release. Brown was paroled on June 14,1952, on the condition he not return to his hometown, in response, Brown moved into Byrds parents home in Toccoa, finding work as a dishwasher and also trying short careers as a boxer and semi-professional baseball pitcher. Around this time, Byrd had formed the vocal group, the Starlighters. Within a year, the wanted to perform R&B but was afraid of being confronted by church leaders for singing the Devils music. This led the group to perform R&B under the name The Avons, after deciding to focus primarily on R&B, they retired the Starlighters and performed in the South Carolina and Georgia areas as the Avons. However, when the failed to get a recording deal they disbanded. Later in 1954, the Avons faced a tragedy when Troy Collins died in a car accident, Byrd asked Brown to replace Collins
23.
Jimmy Radcliffe
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James Jimmy Radcliffe was an American soul singer, composer, arranger, conductor and record producer. James Radcliffe was born in New York City, the song was a minor hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1965, reaching #40. Radcliffe did not live enough to see this recording achieve cult status. Long plagued by a problem, he had a kidney removed in 1973. He died in hospital the same year on July 27, leaving his wife, Judy, Radcliffes vocal abilities earned him the distinction of being referred to as The Soul of The Brill Building Sound. Burt Bacharach and Hal David had him record songs for Gene Pitney, as would Ellie Greenwich, gloria Shayne enlisted his help to get Burl Ives and Arthur Prysock covers. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Scott English and Claus Ogerman were among his clients, Radcliffe, Dionne Warwick, and Dee Dee Warwick provided backing vocals on The Drifters Sweets for My Sweet recording, 1961). 1776 went on to become a 1969 Tony Award winning Broadway show that inspired a 1972 feature film and this Time Tomorrow would be issued as the B-side of Montgomerys Chess/Checker single, If I Would Marry You. Radcliffe recorded with Montgomery a duet version of If I Would Marry You, the unreleased duet, and the other two unreleased songs from the sessions, were released on Come on And See Me, a double collection of Terrells recordings. One Bert Berns, Carl Spencer and Jimmy Radcliffe collaboration that did make the pop charts in 1963 was the song My Block, recorded by The Chiffons. In 1964, after a meeting with Martin Luther King Jr, in a Harlem supper club, Radcliffe was inspired and composed his ballad of freedom, unreleased at the time, until the 2008 issue Where There Smoke Theres Fire, the track featured Radcliffe playing the vibes. Radcliffe was self-taught on the guitar, piano, bass, vibes and drums, beginning in 1965, Radcliffe was the first African-American performing artist to write, produce and sing commercial jingles for the advertising industry. By the time of his death om 1973, he had worked on two hundred television and radio commercials. Radcliffes recordings have appeared in such as Radley Metzgers 1967s Carmen Baby. Gerald Pottertons Tiki Tiki wherein he was backed by Cissy Houston, eves Bayou, The Tenants starring Snoop Dogg and Dylan McDermott, the 2006 romantic drama Something New starring Sanaa Lathan and Simon Baker and 2010s Soulboy a film about Northern soul. A part of Radcliffes career often overlooked was his work as a songwriter, record producer, during his 14 years as a Brill Building, Tin Pan Alley songwriter, his songs were recorded by numerous recording artists in varying styles of music. In the early 1960s, Radcliffe was recognized for his songs about growing, striving and surviving the realities of living in Harlem. The poignant evocative storytelling of songs like Three Rooms With Running Water, My Block, Deep in the Heart of Harlem, J. and Amazon Studios The Man In The High Castle
24.
University of Pennsylvania
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The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
25.
Jerry Butler
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Jerry Butler, Jr. is an American soul singer and songwriter. He is also noted as being the lead singer of the famed R&B vocal group the Impressions, as well as a 1991 Rock. Butler is also an American politician and he serves as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, having first been elected in 1985. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chairs the Health and Hospitals Committee, Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi in 1939. The mid-1950s had a impact on Butlers life. He grew up poor, having lived in Chicagos Cabrini–Green housing complex, music and the church provided solace from the poverty of the slums he lived in, and difficulties of a predominantly segregated society. He performed in a choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers. Mayfield, a player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, Butlers younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerrys band, until his death in 2015. Butler co-wrote the song For Your Precious Love and wanted to record a disc, looking for recording studios, the Impressions, auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released For Your Precious Love in 1958 and it became The Impressions first hit and gold record. Butler was dubbed the Iceman by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods and he co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the song Ive Been Loving You Too Long in 1965. His 1969 Moody Woman release became a Northern Soul favourite and featured at number 369 in the Northern Soul Top 500, Butler released two successful albums, The Ice Man Cometh and Ice on Ice. The Ice Man Cometh garnered Butler three Grammy nominations and he collaborated on many of his successful recordings with the Philadelphia-based songwriting team, Gamble and Huff. With Motown, in 1976 and 1977, Butler produced and co-produced two albums, Suite for the Single Girl and It All Comes Out in My Song, subsequently, Butler and Wilson produced an album with Dee Dee Sharp-Gamble with Philadelphia International. In 1981 with Breaking and Entering / Easy Money, from Sharp-Gambles album Dee Dee, Butler continues to perform while serving as a Cook County Board Commissioner since the 1980s. As Cook County Commissioner, Butler voted to uphold a historic 2008 Cook County sales tax increase, as a result, the Chicago Tribune encouraged people to vote against him in the 2010 elections
26.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
27.
Berry Gordy
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Berry Gordy Jr. is an American record producer and songwriter. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries, Berry Gordy Jr. was born to the middle-class family of Berry Gordy II, who had relocated to Detroit from Oconee in Washington County, Georgia, in 1922. The first Berry Gordy was the son of a plantation owner in Georgia. Berry Gordy, Sr. was lured to Detroit by the job opportunities for black people offered by the automotive businesses. He developed his interest in music by writing songs and opening the 3-D Record Mart, in 1957 Wilson recorded Reet Petite, a song Gordy had co-written with his sister Gwen and writer-producer Billy Davis. It became a modest hit, but had success internationally, especially in the UK. Wilson recorded six more songs co-written by Gordy over the two years, including Lonely Teardrops, which topped the R&B charts and got to number 7 in the pop chart. Berry and Gwen Gordy also wrote All I Could Do Was Cry for Etta James at Chess Records, Gordy reinvested the profits from his songwriting success into producing. In 1957, he discovered the Miracles and began building a portfolio of successful artists, in 1959, with the encouragement of Miracles leader Smokey Robinson, Gordy borrowed $800 from his family to create an R&B record company. Originally, Gordy wanted to name the new label Tammy Records, however, that name was taken, and he chose the name Tamla Records. The company began operating on January 21,1959, Come to Me by Marv Johnson was issued as Tamla 101. United Artists Records picked up Come to Me for national distribution, as well as Johnsons more successful follow-up records such as You Got What It Takes, co-produced and co-written by Gordy. His next release was the only 45 ever issued on his Rayber label, the record did not sell well and is now one of the rarest issues from the Motown stable. Berrys third release was Bad Girl by the Miracles, the first release on the Motown record label, Bad Girl was a solid hit in 1959 after Chess Records picked it up. Barrett Strongs Money initially appeared on Tamla and then charted on Gordys sisters label, Anna Records, the Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14,1960. In 1960, Gordy signed a singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling labels first star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits You Beat Me to the Punch, Two Lovers. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes Please Mr. Postman made it to the top of both charts, Gordys gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Initially the studio, over Gordys objections, rejected Williams after several screen tests, however, Gordy, known for his tenacity, eventually prevailed, and the film established Williams as a major movie star
28.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
29.
The Isley Brothers
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The Isley Brothers are an American musical group originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, originally a vocal trio consisting of brothers OKelly Isley, Jr. Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley. The group has cited as having enjoyed one of the longest, most influential. Alongside a fourth brother, Vernon, the group performed gospel music until Vernons death a few years after its formation, initially a modest charted single, the song eventually sold over a million copies. Influenced by gospel and doo-wop music, the group experimenting with different musical styles incorporating elements of rock. The inclusion of younger brothers Ernie Isley and Marvin Isley, for the next full decade, they recorded top-selling albums including The Heat Is On and Between the Sheets. The six-member lineup of the band splintered in 1983, with Ernie, Marvin, eldest member OKelly died in 1986 and Rudolph and Ronald released a pair of albums as a duo before Rudolph retired for life in the Christian ministry in 1989. Ronald re-formed the group two years later in 1991 with Ernie and Marvin, five later in 1996, Marvin Isley left the group due to complications of diabetes. The remaining duo of Ronald and Ernie accomplished mainstream success with the albums Eternal and Body Kiss, with the former album spawning the top twenty hit, as of 2016, the Isley Brothers continue to perform under the lineup of Ronald and Ernie. The Isley Brothers have had four Top 10 singles on the United States Billboard chart, sixteen of their albums charted in the Top 40. Thirteen of those albums have been certified gold, platinum or multi-platinum by the RIAA. The brothers have been honored by several institutions including being inducted to the Rock. Five years later, they were inducted to Hollywoods Rockwalk and in 2003, were inducted to the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. The Isley Brothers originally came from Cincinnati, Ohio, and were raised at the citys Lincoln Heights suburb, patterning themselves after groups such as Billy Ward and his Dominoes and the Dixie Hummingbirds, the brothers began performing together in 1954. Eventually they landed a spot on Ted Macks Amateur Hour where they won the competition, with Vernon on lead vocals, the quartet soon began touring all over the eastern US regions performing in a variety of churches. When Vernon was thirteen, he was killed after a car struck him as he was riding his bike in his neighborhood, eventually convinced to regroup, the brothers decided to record popular music and left Cincinnati for New York in 1957 with their parents blessings. With Ronnie assuming the lead position in the group, the group got into contact with Richard Barrett. The songs were only regional hits, however, by 1959, the group landed a recording deal with RCA Records. The original version of the peaked at 47 on the Billboard Hot 100
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This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)
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This Old Heart of Mine is a song by The Isley Brothers from 1966 that was a hit for them during their brief tenure on Motowns Tamla label. Featuring Ronald Isley on lead vocal, This Old Heart of Mine peaked at twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. In the UK, the song reached number 47 in April 1966. Written by Motowns main songwriting team Holland–Dozier–Holland alongside Sylvia Moy, This Old Heart of Mine, produced by Brian Holland, the single was the groups only major hit while on Motown, whom they left in 1969 to restart their own T-Neck label. Tammi Terrell also recorded and released the song as a part of her Irresistible album released in January,1969, the song was prominently featured in an episode of the hit 1980s show Moonlighting and was one of the tunes included on the shows hit soundtrack. Lead vocals by Ronald Isley Background vocals by OKelly Isley, Jr, the later version was produced by Bernard Edwards and Trevor Horn and was released on Warner Records. This Old Heart of Mine is the single by Dutch girl group Luv. It is the last record involving the line-up including Marga Scheide, Carina Lemoine, the 1991 album Sincerely Yours and the singles released from it were far from being hit records, though the female pop formation was frequently invited to perform live at clubs and discos. Because of the lack of success, Luv and RCA Records/BMG ended their legal relationship. The trio later signed a contract with the Dutch label JAM for the release of one single in 1992, Luvs rendition of this Motown hit failed to top the charts. This attempt to cover a song from the Holland-Dozier-Holland repertoire is not the first one for Scheide, in 1983, she recorded as a solo artist a Supremes medley that was aired on Black American radio stations despite its disappointing record sales. Soon after promoting This Old Heart of Mine, the group disbanded, one year later, the original formation reunited and returned to the Dutch albums and singles charts. Soul group The Impressions released their song Cant Satisfy in 1966, nevertheless, Cant Satisfy became a Top 20 R&B hit for the group, peaking at #12, as well as a favored record on the Northern Soul scene. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
31.
The Temptations
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The Temptations are an American vocal group known for their success with Motown Records during the 1960s and 1970s. Known for their choreography, distinct harmonies, and flashy wardrobe, having sold tens of millions of albums, the Temptations are one of the most successful groups in music history. As of 2015, the Temptations continue to perform with one member, Otis Williams. Featuring five male vocalists and dancers, the formed in 1960 in Detroit. In 1964, Bryant was replaced by David Ruffin, who was the lead vocalist on a number of the groups biggest hits, including My Girl, Aint Too Proud to Beg, and I Wish It Would Rain. Ruffin was replaced in 1968 by Dennis Edwards, with whom the group continued to record hit records such as Cloud Nine, the groups lineup has changed frequently since the departures of Kendricks and Paul Williams from the act in 1971. Over the course of their career, the Temptations have released four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and fourteen R&B number-one singles, and their material has earned them three Grammy Awards. The Temptations were the first Motown recording act to win a Grammy Award - for Cloud Nine in 1969 -, six of the Temptations were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. Three classic Temptations songs, My Girl, Just My Imagination, the Temptations were also ranked at number 68 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Artists of all time. Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams started singing together in church as children, by their teenage years, they formed a doo-wop quartet in 1955 with Kell Osborne and Wiley Waller, naming themselves the Cavaliers. After Waller left the group in 1957, the trio left Birmingham to break into the music business. The group settled in Detroit where they changed their name to the Primes under the direction of Milton Jenkins, the Primes soon became well known around the Detroit area for their meticulous performances. Jenkins later created a group, The Primettes, later known as the Supremes. Kendricks was already seen as an idol in the Detroit area while Williams was well received for his baritone vocals. Texas teenager Otis Williams moved to Detroit as a youngster to be with his mother, by 1958, Williams was the leader of a vocal group named Otis Williams and the Siberians. The group included Elbridge Al Bryant, James Pee-Wee Crawford, Vernard Plain, the group recorded a song, Pecos Kid for a label run by radio deejay Senator Bristol Bryant. Shortly after its release, the changed its name to The El Domingoes. Following this, Montgomery native Melvin Franklin replaced Arthur Walton as bass vocalist and Franklins cousin, Detroit-born Richard Street, signing with Johnnie Mae Matthews Northern Records, the group had their name changed again to The Distants
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David Ruffin
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David Eli Ruffin was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of The Temptations during the groups Classic Five period as it was later known. He was the voice on such famous songs as My Girl. Known for his raspy and anguished tenor vocals, Ruffin was ranked as one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2008. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with The Temptations, fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, I heard a strength my own voice lacked. Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin in the unincorporated community of Whynot, Mississippi,15 miles from Meridian. He was the third son of Elias Eli Ruffin, a Baptist minister. Ruffin, Rita Mae Ruffin, and Jimmy L. Ruffin, Ruffin also had another sister, who died in infancy. David Ruffins parents were natives of Mississippi. His father Eli worked as a driver at numerous lumber mills. Elis parents had moved from Alabama to Mississippi, because of the circumstances of living after the American Civil War. Prior to living in Alabama, David Ruffins great grandparents, John Ruffin and Clara Ruffin, had moved from Bertie County, John Ruffin was a Civil War Veteran, fighting with the 14th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment. Ruffins father was strict and at times violently abusive, Ruffins mother died ten months after his birth in 1941, and his father married Earline, a schoolteacher, in 1942. Ruffin sang in the choir at Mount Salem Methodist Church, talent shows, in 1955, at the age of 14, he left home under the guardianship of a minister and went to Memphis, Tennessee, with the purpose of pursuing the ministry. At 15, Ruffin went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, with the jazz musician Phineas Newborn, Sr. There, they played at the Fifty Grand Ballroom and Casino. Ruffin continued to sing at talent shows, worked with horses at a jockey club and he also sang with The Soul Stirrers briefly after the departure of Johnnie Taylor. After some of his singing idols such as Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson had left gospel music and gone secular, after moving to Detroit with the Bushes, Ruffin recorded his first released record with the songs You and I b/w Believe Me. These songs were recorded at Vega Records and released under the name Little David Bush, Ruffin would later recall how he initially recorded a different kind of music, strongly influenced by the smoother pop and R&B of the time, when he first recorded in Detroit for Vega. In 1957, Ruffin met Berry Gordy, Jr. then a songwriter with ambitions of running his own label
33.
Mary Wells
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Mary Esther Wells was an American singer who helped to define the emerging sound of Motown in the early 1960s. She was one of Motowns first singing superstars, Mary Esther Wells was born near Detroits Wayne State University on May 13,1943, to a mother who worked as a domestic, and an absentee father. One of three children, she contracted spinal meningitis at the age of two and struggled with partial blindness, deafness in one ear and temporary paralysis, during her early years, Wells lived in a poor residential Detroit district. By age 12, she was helping her mother with house cleaning work and she described the ordeal years later, Daywork they called it, and it was damn cold on hallway linoleum. Misery is Detroit linoleum in January—with a half-froze bucket of Spic-and-Span, Wells used singing as her comfort from her pain and by age 10 had graduated from church choirs to performing at local nightclubs in the Detroit area. However, a tired Gordy insisted Wells sing the song in front of him, impressed, Gordy had Wells enter Detroits United Sound Systems to record the single, titled Bye Bye Baby. Wells early Motown recordings reflected a rougher R&B sound than the style of her biggest hits. Wells became the first Motown female artist to have a Top 40 pop single after the Mickey Stevenson-penned doo-wop song, I Dont Want to Take a Chance, hit No.33 in June,1961. In the fall of that year, Motown issued her first album and released a third single, when that record bombed, Gordy set Wells up with the Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson. Nevertheless, Wells early hits as one of the few female solo acts did make her the labels first female star. Wells teaming with Robinson led to a succession of hit singles over the two years. Their first collaboration, 1962s The One Who Really Loves You, was Wells first smash hit, peaking at No.2 on the R&B chart, the song featured a calypso-styled soul production that defined Wells early hits. Motown released the similar-sounding You Beat Me to the Punch a few months later, the song became her first R&B No.1 single and peaked at No.9 on the pop chart. The success of You Beat Me to the Punch helped to make Wells the first Motown star to be nominated for a Grammy Award when the received a nod in the Best Rhythm & Blues Recording category. In late 1962, Two Lovers became Wells third consecutive single to hit the Top 10 of Billboards Hot 100, peaking at No.7 and this helped to make Wells the first female solo artist to have three consecutive Top 10 singles on the pop chart. The track sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc, Wells success at the label was recognized when she became a headliner during the first string of Motortown Revue concerts, starting in the fall of 1962. The singer showcased a rawer stage presence that contrasted with her softer R&B recordings and you Lost the Sweetest Boy was one of the first hit singles composed by the successful Motown songwriting and producing trio of Holland–Dozier–Holland, though Robinson remained Wells primary producer. Wells and Robinson also recorded a duet titled I Want You Round, in 1964, Wells recorded My Guy
34.
Kim Weston
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Kim Weston is an American soul singer, and Motown alumna. In the 1960s, Weston scored hits with the songs Love Me All the Way and Take Me in Your Arms, born Agatha Nathalia Weston in Detroit, Michigan, she was signed to Motown in 1961, scoring a minor hit with Love Me All the Way. Her biggest claim to fame was singing the classic hit It Takes Two with Marvin Gaye in 1966 and her recording of the Black National Anthem, Lift Every Voice. It was the success of It Takes Two that caused Motown to partner Gaye with Tammi Terrell, Weston left Motown in 1967 and later sued the label over disputes about royalties. She and her then-husband William Mickey Stevenson both went to MGM Records, Weston cut a couple of singles for MGM, I Got What You Need, and Nobody, which went largely unnoticed due to lack of airplay and promotion. She made an album for the label, This Is America and this was released as a single and featured in the movie Wattstax. All the money from the single was donated to the United Negro College Fund and she recorded several more albums for various labels, Stax/Volt among them, and also made an album of duets with Johnny Nash. None of these charted, and Weston reportedly relocated to Israel. Weston made a guest appearance on The Bill Cosby Show, in episode #50 in March 1971. Along with many former Motown artists, she signed with Ian Levines Motorcity Records in the 1980s, releasing the single Signal Your Intention and it was followed by the album Investigate, which included some re-recordings of her Motown hits as well as new material. A second album for the label, Talking Loud, was never released, for the Record, Women of Motown Chafets, Zeev, Devils Night, And Other True Tales of Detroit Kim Weston at the Internet Movie Database
35.
Your Precious Love
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Your Precious Love is a popular song that was a 1967 hit for Motown singers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. The song was written by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, and produced by Harvey Fuqua, the doo-wop styled recording features background vocals by Fuqua, Gaye, Terrell and Bristol, and instrumentals by The Funk Brothers with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The song peaked at #5 on Billboard Pop Singles chart, #2 on Billboards R&B Singles chart, the song was later sampled by Gerald Levert on the song, Your Smile, on his 2002 album, The G Spot. In 1984, father Neil Sedaka and daughter Dara Sedaka reached the Billboard Top 15 of the Adult Contemporary chart with their version of the song. Japanese pop star Seiko Matsuda recorded the song for her 1996 English language album Was It the Future, a version by DAngelo and Erykah Badu was released on the High School High soundtrack album in 1996, as well as featured on the 1999 tribute album Marvin Is 60. There was also an a cappella arrangement of the song by Cedric the Entertainer and Avant figures in a gag sequence in the 2004 MGM film Barbershop 2, Back in Business. Another remake is the version that was recorded by Peter Cox of Go West and Easther Bennett of Eternal, sarah Connor recorded the song as an overdubbed duet with Marvin Gaye on her 2007 album Soulicious. Fantasia Barrino included a sample of the song on Collard Greens, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
36.
If I Could Build My Whole World Around You
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If I Could Build My Whole World Around You is a popular song recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell in 1967 and released in December 1967. The duos vocals go back and forth as they described what could be if either was able to build a world around their loved one and it was one of few songs that set the duo apart from other R&B duos of the time. In time, this song among other legendary duets by the two soul icons would become the landmark for R&B duets to this day. The song was one of the few songs that was written by someone other than Ashford & Simpson. Marc Broussard covered this song for his 2007 album SOS, Save Our Soul, swedish Pop Idol winner Agnes Carlsson covered this song with Erik Hassle in 2009 for her UK debut album Dance Love Pop. All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
37.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
You may listen to Tammi Terrell & Marvin Gaye sing "Ain't no Mountain High Enough" on YouTube
