1.
Daisy Bell
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Daisy Bell is a popular song, written in 1892 by Harry Dacre, with the well-known chorus, Daisy, Daisy / Give me your answer, do. / Im half crazy / all for the love of you, ending with the words, the song is said to have been inspired by Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, one of the many mistresses of King Edward VII. It is the earliest song sung using computer speech synthesis, as referenced in the film 2001. Daisy Bell was composed by Harry Dacre in 1892, as David Ewen writes in American Popular Songs, When Dacre, an English popular composer, first came to the United States, he brought with him a bicycle, for which he was charged import duty. His friend William Jerome, another songwriter, remarked lightly, Its lucky you didnt bring a bicycle built for two, otherwise youd have to pay double duty, Dacre was so taken with the phrase bicycle built for two that he soon used it in a song. That song, Daisy Bell, first became successful in a London music hall, tony Pastor was the first to sing it in the United States. Its success in America began when Jennie Lindsay brought down the house with it at the Atlantic Gardens on the Bowery early in 1892, the song was originally recorded and released by Dan W. Quinn in 1893. For example, the year the song was published, an answer chorus appeared. In 1961, an IBM704 at Bell Labs was programmed to sing Daisy Bell in the earliest demonstration of computer speech synthesis, microsofts personal assistant, Cortana, may sing the first line of Daisy when asked to sing a song. In the 2005 animated film Robots, the character Bigweld sings Daisy Bell briefly while Rodney repairs him, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for a 1961 episode of The Alvin Show and their album The Chipmunk Songbook. Nat King Cole sang a cover for his album Those Lazy-Crazy-Hazy Days of Summer, blur covered the song as a B-side on their single Sunday Sunday. Tin Hat recorded a rendition of the song for their album The Sad Machinery of Spring, with the same lyrics, jimmy Urine and Chantal Claret did a Hip-Hop rendition of the song for the YouTube series Pancake Mountain. On May 3,2014, an album composed entirely of covers of Daisy Bell entitled The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music, profits from the album went to the nonprofit Little Kids Rock. In the Doctor Who episode Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, Solomons robots sing the first line of the song when deactivated by the Doctor, in the 2015 TV series Scream, the song is sung by a serial killer. In the Sonic Boom episode, Dude, Wheres my Eggman, in season 12 of Midsomer Murders, episode 4, The Glitch, features this song, although the final line of the chorus is changed to be a bicycle made for two rather than built for two. In the Supernatural episode Thin Lizzie, the plays on an old record player during the murder of a couple at the beginning of the episode. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box 140, Item 090,1894 recording of Daisy Bell Page featuring a recording of Daisy Bell sung and played by IBM computers at Bell Laboratories in the early 1960s
2.
Mountain bike
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A mountain bike or mountain bicycle is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and these typically include suspension on the frame and fork, large knobby tires, more durable heavy duty wheels, more powerful brakes, and lower gear ratios needed for steep grades with poor traction. Mountain bikes are ridden on mountain trails, fire roads, logging roads, single tracks. These types of terrain commonly include rocks, washouts, ruts, loose sand, loose gravel, roots, Mountain bikes are built to handle this terrain and the obstacles that are found in it like logs, vertical drop offs, and smaller boulders. Each of these place different demands on the bike requiring different designs for optimal performance, MTB development has included an increase in suspension, typically up to 8 or 203mm, and gearing, up to 30 speeds, to facilitate both climbing and rapid descents. The original mountain bikes were modified heavy cruiser bicycles used for freewheeling down mountain trails, the sport became popular in the 1970s in Northern California, USA with riders using older single speed balloon tire bicycles to ride down rugged hillsides. Joe Breeze, a frame builder, used this idea. The 2006 documentary film, Klunkerz, A Film About Mountain Bikes, however, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that road bicycle companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials, such as M4 aluminium. The first production Mountain bike available was the 1979 Lawwill Pro Cruiser, one of the bikes that bridged the gap between BMX bikes and mountain bikes. The frame design was based on a frame that Don Koski fabricated from electrical conduit, mert Lawwill had Terry Knight of Oakland build the frames. The bikes sold for about $500 new and were made from 1979 though 1980. The first mass production mountain bike was the Specialized Stumpjumper, first produced in 1981. Mountain bikes can be divided into four categories based on configuration, Rigid, A bicycle with neither front nor rear suspension. Hard tail, A bicycle equipped with a fork. Soft tail, Having neither front nor rear suspension, as with a rigid and these designs are much more common in road bikes than mountain bikes. Dual or full suspension, A bicycle equipped with front and rear suspension. The front suspension is usually handled by a telescopic fork similar to that of a motorcycle, there are several different styles of mountain biking, usually defined by the terrain, and therefore bikes employed. Styles of mountain bike riding and mountain bikes have evolved rapidly in recent years leading to such as Freeride. Definitions for the most widely used terms are listed below, in the 1980s and early 1990s XC mountain bikes typically consisted of a lightweight steel hardtail frame with rigid forks
3.
Bicycle touring
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Bicycle touring means self-contained cycling trips for pleasure, adventure, and autonomy rather than sport, commuting, or exercise. Touring can range from single-to multi-day trips, even years, Tours may be planned by the participant or organised by a holiday business, a club, or a charity as a fund-raising venture. Historian James McGurn speaks of bets being taken in London in the 19th century for riders of hobby-horses – machines pushed by the rather than pedaled – outspeeding stagecoaches. One practitioner beat a four-horse coach to Brighton by half an hour, There are various accounts of 15 to 17-year-olds draisienne-touring around France in the 1820s. On 17 February 1869 John Mayall, Charles Spencer and Rowley Turner rode from Trafalgar Square, London, the Times, which had sent a reporter to follow them in a coach and pair, reported an Extraordinary Velocipede Feat. Three riders set off from Liverpool to London, a journey of three days and so more akin to modern cycle-touring, in March that same year. A newspaper report said, Their bicycles caused no little astonishment on the way, at some of the villages the boys clustered round the machines, and, where they could, caught hold of them and ran behind until they were tired out. Many enquiries were made as to the name of them queer horses, some called them whirligigs, menageries, between Wolverhampton and Birmingham, attempts were made to upset the riders by throwing stones. The New York Times spoke of quantities of flying like shuttles hither and thither. But while British interest had less frenzy than in the United States, the expansion from a machine that had to be pushed, or propelled through pedals on a small front wheel, made longer distances feasible. A rider calling himself A Light Dragoon told in 1870 or 1871 of a ride from Lewes to Salisbury, across southern England. The title of his book, Wheels and Woes, suggests a less than event-free ride but McGurn says it seems to have been an adventure, despite bad road surfaces, dust. John Foster Fraser and two set off round the world on safety bicycles in July 1896. He, Edward Lunn and F. H. Lowe rode 19,237 miles, through 17 countries, by 1878, recreational cycling was enough established in Britain to lead to formation of the Bicycle Touring Club, later renamed Cyclists Touring Club. It is the oldest national tourism organisation in the world, members, like those of other clubs, often rode in uniform. The CTC appointed an official tailor, the uniform was a dark green Devonshire serge jacket, knickerbockers and a Stanley helmet with a small peak. The colour changed to grey when green proved impractical because it showed the dirt, groups often rode with a bugler at their head to sound changes of direction or to bring the group to a halt. Confusion could be caused when groups met and mistook each others signals, the League of American Wheelmen in the U. S. was founded in Newport, Rhode Island on May 30,1880
4.
Luggage carrier
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A luggage carrier, also commonly called a rack, is a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached. This is popular with utility bicycles and touring bicycles, Bicycle luggage carriers may be mounted on the front or rear of a bicycle. The rear mount is more common, racks on the front are mostly reserved for utility and freight bicycles. A special type of front rack is a low rider which is used for bicycle touring. Bicycles may have eyelets, tapped with a thread, at the dropouts on the rear chainstays. Mounting a bike rack is possible without these eyelets, but requires additional hardware, a style of rack clamps only to the seatpost, does not require eyelets or additional hardware, but has a limited capacity. Luggage carriers can be mounted on recumbents and on folding bicycles, additionally, specialized or customized luggage carriers are often required on bicycles with disc brakes or full suspension. A common type of child seat designed for carrying an infant on a bicycle mounts to a luggage carrier. Some models of child seat are not attached to a carrier but are fixed to the seat tube. Some luggage carriers come in more than one size to accommodate different sized frames, a common variation is for there to be a different model for road bicycles and mountain bikes. Rear-mounted luggage carriers are designed and tested for a maximum load of 25 kg. For front-mounted carriers, a design load limit might be 2×10 kg. Most luggage carriers are not designed to withstand the weight of an adult person, Luggage carriers are commonly constructed from aluminum, steel, or some combination of the two. Components may consist of tubing, extrusions, or castings and they may be welded, riveted, or bolted together. Some bikes, depending on their use, may be built with an integrated luggage carrier. The Schwinn Phantom and many longtail bicycles, such as the Xtracycle incorporate a rear rack, panniers may be mounted to front and rear luggage carriers. Removable panniers hook onto the top edge of the carrier and then are held in place by a spring or elastic cord that hooks near the wheel axle at the bottom. Some luggage carriers have an extra, lower, rail to hang panniers on, in Europe it is common for rear racks to have a mounting point for a reflector or rear light
5.
Pannier
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A pannier /ˈpæniər/ is a basket, bag, box, or similar container, carried in pairs either slung over the back of a beast of burden, or attached to the sides of a bicycle or motorcycle. The term derives from a Middle English borrowing of the Old French panier, traditional panniers for animal transport are typically made of canvas, leather, or wicker. Modern panniers may be rectangular boxes of hard-sided plastic, panniers are loaded in such a manner as to distribute weight evenly on either side of the animal. For horse packing, and when carrying heavy loads on other animals they are supported by a pack saddle to distribute weight more evenly across the back of the animal. In some cases, additional items are placed on the back of the animal, there are many styles of bicycle panniers. Touring panniers are usually sold in pairs, intended to hold equipment for self-sustained tours over days or weeks. The most common setup is to use a pair of smaller panniers mounted on a low rider, commuters who bicycle have pannier options designed to hold laptop computers, files and folders, changes of clothes or shoes and lunches. There are also panniers that convert to backpacks or shoulder bags for easier carrying when not on a bicycle, since the movement against disposable shopping bags emerged, many panniers are made easily detachable from the bike, to allow using them for shopping bags. The first panniers designed specifically for bicycles were patented by John B. Wood of Camden, NJ, the modern bicycle pannier was invented by Hartley Alley of Boulder, CO, in 1971. Alley also designed a handlebar bag and other bicycle luggage that he manufactured, bicycle panniers are usually made of nylon or other synthetic fabric which can be stitched, or in the case of waterproof panniers, welded together. As bicycles are often ridden in the rain, many panniers are built to be water-repellent or waterproof by themselves, others include built-in rain-covers, or rain-covers are offered as accessories. The shape of the pannier may be enforced by a frame or stiffening panel made of plastic or metal to keep it in place. Panniers are usually built to attach to a rack or front rack already fitted to the bicycle. Removable panniers hook onto the top edge of the rack and are held in place by a latch or elastic mechanism. Motorcycle panniers are generally hard box containers with lids, made of metal or hard plastic, the panniers may be permanently fixed to the motorcycle or may be removable. Soft cases may be leather or fabric usually without permanent mountings and are often called saddlebags or throwovers
6.
Bicycle
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A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist, Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as childrens toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services. The basic shape and configuration of an upright or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and these have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycles invention has had an effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. The word bicycle first appeared in English print in The Daily News in 1868, to describe Bysicles and trysicles on the Champs Elysées, the word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a carriage. The design of the bicycle was an advance on the velocipede, Other words for bicycle include bike, pushbike, pedal cycle, or cycle. In Unicode, the point for bicycle is 0x1F6B2. The entity 🚲, in HTML produces
7.
Tricycle
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A tricycle, often abbreviated to trike, is a human-powered three-wheeled vehicle. Some tricycles, such as cycle rickshaws and freight trikes, are used for commercial purposes, especially in the world, particularly Africa. In the West, adult-sized tricycles are used primarily for recreation, shopping, unconventional designs such as recumbents have a lower centre of gravity so require less care. A three-wheeled wheelchair was built in 1655 or 1680 by a disabled German man, Stephan Farffler, since he was a watch-maker, he was able to create a vehicle that was powered by hand cranks. In 1789, two French inventors developed a vehicle, powered by pedals, They called it the tricycle. In 1818, British inventor Denis Johnson patented his approach to designing tricycles, in 1876, James Starley developed the Coventry Lever Tricycle, which used two small wheels on the right side and a large drive wheel on the left side, power was supplied by hand levers. In 1877, Starley developed a new vehicle he called the Coventry Rotary, starleys inventions started a tricycling craze in Britain, by 1879, there were twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel cycles. Produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over 120 different models produced by 20 manufacturers, the first front steering tricycle was manufactured in 1881 by The Leicester Safety Tricycle Company of Leicester, England, which was brought to the market in 1882 costing £18. They also developed a folding tricycle at the same time, Tricycles were used by riders who did not feel comfortable on the high wheelers, such as women who wore long, flowing dresses. In the UK, upright tricycles are sometimes referred to as barrows, many trike enthusiasts in the UK belong to the Tricycle Association, formed in 1929. They participate in day rides, tours, and time trials, massed start racing of upright tricycles is limited to one or two criteriums such as in Bungay, Suffolk, each year. A delta tricycle has one front wheel and two rear wheels, a tadpole tricycle has two front wheels and one rear wheel. Rear wheel steering is used, although this increases the turning circle. Some early pedal tricycles from the late 19th century used two wheels in tandem on one side and a driving wheel on the other. An in-line three-wheeled vehicle has two steered wheels, one at the front and the other in the middle or at the rear. Upright resembles a two-wheeled bicycle, traditionally diamond frame, or open frame, the rider straddles the frame in both delta and tadpole configurations. Steering is through a handlebar directly connected to the front wheel via a bicycle fork in delta. All non-tilting trikes have stability issues and great care must be used when riding a non tilting upright trike, the center of gravity is quite high compared to recumbent trikes
8.
Tandem
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Tandem is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The tandem harness allows additional animals to provide pulling power for a designed for a single animal. The English word tandem derives with a play from the Latin adverb tandem. Tandem seating may be used on a bicycle where it is alternative to sociable seating. Tandem can also be used generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together. The Messerschmitt KR200 was an example of a small automobile that used tandem seating. A tandem arrangement may also be used for cars parked in a residential garage, in heavy trucks tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by the distance between the axles, mechanically there are many configurations, either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem, usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a crew member to operate avionics such as radar. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem, a common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, the Grumman A-6 Intruder, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, Sukhoi Su-24 or the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each others actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor, the tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler, three Men In a Carriage Drawn by a Tandem Horse Team. Tandem Horse Teams Museum Victoria official site, illustration
9.
Sociable
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The Sociable or Buddy Bike or Side By Side Bicycle is a bicycle that supports two riders who sit side by side. This type of bicycle should not be confused with a tandem bicycle, the sociable is said by some to have been invented by Australian cyclist Hubert Opperman, although in its basic form it has been around for longer, since the end of the 19th century. It was originally marketed by the Punnett Cycle Company, historically it has been used as a courting bike, gentlemen would be able to spend time with young ladies in an activity that allowed proximity. There are currently no commercially available sociable two-wheelers, although there are plans in circulation by which a person with welding, there are some sociable three- and four-wheeled machines on the market, however. Outline of cycling Tandem bicycle A YouTube video of a Sociable in action, how to build your own Sociable. Patents US4,178, 008—Side by side bicycle— Robert C. Barrett
10.
Mikael Pedersen
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Mikael Pedersen was a Danish inventor much associated with the English town of Dursley. He is chiefly known today for the highly distinctive Pedersen bicycle and he was also musical, and although his primary trade was that of a smith, he was listed as a musician in the 1890 census. This separator was patented in 1878, Pedersens involvement was not noted, Pedersen subsequently worked on further refinements, leading to patents and considerable income. His refined version of the centrifuge is still in use today, the rights were bought by Koefoed and Hauberg in Copenhagen, and as part of an export drive they made contact with R A Lister and Company, of Dursley in Gloucestershire, England. Robert Ashton Lister suggested that Pedersen come to England to set up local assembly with parts shipped from Denmark, the separator was highly successful in the English market and Pedersen became rich, renting the largest house in Dursley and becoming prominent in society in the town. He formed a choir and took part in concerts, and set up a number of social and sporting groups. During a visit to his brother Hans Mathias in Denmark, Pedersen met and fell in love with a girl, Ingeborg Jensen,29 years his junior, bringing her back to Dursley in 1907. In 1908 she gave birth to their first child, a boy named Palnatoke, in Dursley, Pedersen set up manufacture of his unusual and ingenious cantilevered bicycle, which earned a small but devoted following. Unfortunately Pedersen lacked business acumen and was both profligate and prone to being cheated and he left Dursley unannounced when in his sixties, leaving his family behind, and Ingeborg subsequently returned to Denmark, marrying Jens Kristoffer Jensen, who adopted the children. Pedersen was spotted by a friend selling matches in London, and this was achieved in 1995, and the service was attended by over 300 people including the Bishop of Gloucester, representatives from the Danish Embassy and Pedersens grandchildren. The Ingenious Mr Pedersen, David Evans,1979, a version was due in 2006 under the title Mr Pedersen, A Man of Genius, from Tempus. The 1979 edition contains some basic drawings and explanations of various inventions, including bicycles, Town recalls pedal pioneer, Bristol Evening Post,28 October,2005 Town welcomes family of legendary inventor, Gazette Series,28 October,2005
11.
Pedersen bicycle
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The Pedersen bicycle, also called the Dursley Pedersen bicycle is a bicycle that was developed by Danish inventor Mikael Pedersen and produced in the English town of Dursley. Though never hugely popular, they enjoy a devoted following and are produced today. Their unusual frame is described as pure cross, was marketed as cantilever, variations include lightweight racing, tandem, and folding designs. Other Pedersen innovations include two and three-speed internally geared rear hubs, Pedersen received a patent in the United Kingdom for his bicycle in the early 1890s and constructed the first model out of wood. He formed the Pedersen Cycle Frame Co, ltd and when that fell into financial difficulties, production was continued by the Dursley Pedersen Cycle Co. The design was licensed to other manufacturers, and approximately 30,000 units were produced by the early 1920s. In 1978, Jesper Sølling resumed production in Copenhagen and has been followed by others, Pedersen wrote that he developed the hammock style seat first. It provides suspension from road imperfections with much less weight,4 ounces instead of 3 pounds of traditional leather, Pedersen then developed a frame, a truss assembled from several thin tubes, around his new seat design. He attributed his inspiration to the Whipple-Murphy bridge truss, the design initially did not support seat height adjustment, and even after some adjustability was added, required the manufacture of eight different sizes. The non-standard frame design would not accommodate a traditional front fork, Pedersen also received patents for a chainwheel and bottom bracket combination and lightweight pedals. Town recalls pedal pioneer, Bristol Evening Post,28 October 2005 Town welcomes family of legendary inventor, Gazette Series,28 October 2005 Pedersen Bicycle, Dursley Pedersen Cycles Pedersen Manufaktur Kalkhoff GbR Mikael Pedersen and The Dursley Pedersen Cycle Company
12.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
13.
Santana Cycles
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Santana Cycles is the worlds leading manufacturer of tandem bicycles. Santana was founded in 1976 by Bill McCready, an Associate Editor at Bicycling Magazine, in the 1970s Santana virtually re-invented the tandem, which had been in decline since the second world war. In 2002, Santana was described as the largest manufacturer of enthusiast level tandem bicycles, Santana manufactures its bike frames from cromoly steel, aluminum, titanium, and carbon fiber. Santana tandems are available for road and off-road use, including full suspension, list of bicycle manufacturers Outline of cycling Santana Cycles official Site
14.
Bicycle pedal
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The bicycle pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the bicycle. It provides the connection between the foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, pedals were initially attached to cranks connecting directly to the driven wheel. The safety bicycle, as it is today, came into being when the pedals were attached to a crank driving a sprocket that transmitted power to the driven wheel by means of a roller chain. Just as bicycles come in varieties, there are different types of pedals to support different types of cycling. Traditionally, platform pedals were pedals with a large flat area for the foot to rest on. One form of the platform pedal had a flat top area and flat bottom for use with toe clips. They were designed for comfort when using shoes with less than rigid soles. They typically had a smaller cutaway underside giving greater cornering clearance and they were often marketed as being more aerodynamic than conventional quill pedals. Attaching the shoes to the pedals gives the more control over the pedal movements. In mountain biking and BMX, platform pedals typically refer to any flat pedal without a cage, BMX riders typically use plastic pedals made of nylon, polycarbonate, or carbon reinforced plastic, although aluminum alloy, and magnesium are not uncommon pedal body materials. Mountain bikers tend to use aluminum or magnesium because of the use of metal studs to offer grip while the pedals are wet, muddy. BMXers tend to prefer platforms to cage pedals because they offer more support, cage pedals are more popular in the low end mountain bike range. In general, cage pedals are uncommon in all types of biking, platform pedals are available in a wide variety of types and prices, ranging from disposable plastic units used for test rides on new bicycles to high-end downhill models. Budget models may be made of steel or aluminum and incorporate reflectors for safer riding on streets at night, less expensive platform pedals are generally considered disposable and cannot be rebuilt when worn out. More expensive platform pedals for the bike market are available with replaceable metal traction pins. Lightweight pedals intended for Freeride and downhill cycling have been made from metals such as magnesium. Toe clips typically are not installed on this type of pedal because they are considered unsafe by some MTB
15.
Power (physics)
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In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy consumed per unit time, having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the SI system, the unit of power is the joule per second, known as the watt in honour of James Watt, another common and traditional measure is horsepower. Being the rate of work, the equation for power can be written, because this integral depends on the trajectory of the point of application of the force and torque, this calculation of work is said to be path dependent. As a physical concept, power requires both a change in the universe and a specified time in which the change occurs. This is distinct from the concept of work, which is measured in terms of a net change in the state of the physical universe. The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates. The power involved in moving a vehicle is the product of the force of the wheels. The dimension of power is divided by time. The SI unit of power is the watt, which is equal to one joule per second, other units of power include ergs per second, horsepower, metric horsepower, and foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or the required to lift 550 pounds by one foot in one second. Other units include dBm, a logarithmic measure with 1 milliwatt as reference, food calories per hour, Btu per hour. This shows how power is an amount of energy consumed per unit time. If ΔW is the amount of work performed during a period of time of duration Δt and it is the average amount of work done or energy converted per unit of time. The average power is simply called power when the context makes it clear. The instantaneous power is then the value of the average power as the time interval Δt approaches zero. P = lim Δ t →0 P a v g = lim Δ t →0 Δ W Δ t = d W d t. In the case of constant power P, the amount of work performed during a period of duration T is given by, W = P t
16.
Cadence (cycling)
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In cycling, cadence is the number of revolutions of the crank per minute, this is the rate at which a cyclist is pedalling/turning the pedals. Cadence is directly proportional to speed, but is a distinct measurement. Cyclists typically have a cadence at which they feel most comfortable, recreational and utility cyclists typically cycle around 60–80 rpm. According to cadence measurement of 7 professional cyclists during 3 week races they cycle about 90 rpm during flat and long group stages, during ∼15 km uphill cycling on high mountain passes they cycle about 70 rpm. Cyclists choose cadence to minimise muscular fatigue, and not metabolic demand, when cycling at 260 W, a pedal force was the lowest at 90 rpm, lower than at 60,75,105 or 120 rpm. It is primarily due to increase of inertia of the crank with increasing cadence, any particular cyclist has only a narrow range of preferred cadences, often smaller than the general ranges listed above. This in turn influences the number and range of gears which are appropriate for any particular cycling conditions, certain cyclocomputers are able to measure cadence, and relay the reading to the cyclist via a display, typically mounted on the bicycles handlebars. R. International SportMed Journal Retrieved 5 May 2015 Marsh, Anthony P, martin, J. C. & Spirduso, W. W.2001 Determinants of maximal cycling power, crank length, pedaling rate and pedal speed. Eur J Appl Physiol,84, 413-418
17.
Timing belt (camshaft)
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In an interference engine the timing belt or chain is also critical to preventing the piston from striking the valves. A timing belt is usually a toothed belt -- a drive belt with teeth on the inside surface, a timing chain is a roller chain. Most modern production engines use a timing belt or chain to synchronize crankshaft and camshaft rotation. Timing chains were common on production automobiles through the 1970s and 1980s, when timing belts became the norm, but timing chains have seen a resurgence in recent years. Timing chains are more durable than timing belts – though neither is as durable as direct gear drive – however, timing belts are lighter, less expensive. In the internal combustion engine application the timing belt or chain connects the crankshaft to the camshaft, a four-stroke engine requires that the valves open and close once every other revolution of the crankshaft. It has teeth to turn the camshaft synchronised with the crankshaft, in some engine designs the timing belt may also be used to drive other engine components such as the water pump and oil pump. Gear or chain systems are used to connect the crankshaft to the camshaft at the correct timing. However, gears and shafts constrain the relative location of the crankshaft, even where the crankshaft and camshaft are very close together, as in pushrod engines, most engine designers use a short chain drive rather than a direct gear drive. This is because gear drives suffer from frequent torque reversal as the cam profiles kick back against the drive from the crank, leading to excessive noise, fibre or nylon covered gears, with more resilience, are often used instead of steel gears where direct drive is used. Commercial engines and aircraft engines use steel gears only, as a fibre or nylon coated gear can fail suddenly, a belt or chain allows much more flexibility in the relative locations of the crankshaft and camshafts. Also, timing belts do not require lubrication, which is essential with a chain or gears. A timing belt is an application of a synchronous belt used to transmit rotational power synchronously. Timing belts are typically covered by metal or polymer timing belt covers which require removal for inspection or replacement, engine manufacturers recommend replacement at specific intervals. Indicators that the chain may need to be replaced include a rattling noise from the front of the engine. When an automotive timing belt is replaced, care must be taken to ensure that the valve, failure to synchronize correctly can lead to problems with valve timing, and this in turn, in extremes, can cause collision between valves and pistons in interference engines. This is not a unique to timing belts since the same issue exists with all other cam/crank timing methods such as gears or chains. Timing belts must be replaced at the recommended distance and/or time periods
18.
Paralympic Games
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There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
19.
Sighted guide
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A sighted guide is a person who guides a person with blindness or vision impairment. At the Paralympic Games there are various classifications of athletes with a visual impairment, rules are according to the International Blind Sports Association and the International Paralympic Committee. The sighted guides are such a close and essential part of the competition, that the athlete with an impairment and the guide are considered a team. At the Winter Paralympics there are three classifications of athletes with an impairment, B1 B2 B3. A sighted guide is required for B1 and B2, and optional for B3, nordic skiing, The guide can lead, follow, or ski next to the athlete with a visual impairment. The guide assists with voice instruction only, alpine skiing, The start must have an adequate space for the guide. Combined Downhill Giant slalom Slalom Super-G Athletics, In athletics the sighted guides can win a medal
20.
Cycling at the Summer Olympics
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Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics, at which a road race and five track events were held. Mountain bike racing entered the Olympic programme in Atlanta, GA,1996, followed by BMX racing in 2008. All events are speed races - there is no BMX freestyle or dirt jumping for example, womens cycling did not enter the Olympic programme until the road race at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Women have competed in events as well since 1988. However, women have shorter distances for some events, as of the 2016 Summer Olympics Cyclists who have won 6 or more Olympic medals. As of the 2016 Summer Olympics Cycling at the Summer Paralympics Cycling at the Youth Olympic Games List of Olympic venues in cycling Media related to Cycling at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Recumbent bicycle
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A recumbent bicycle is a bicycle that places the rider in a laid-back reclining position. Most recumbent riders choose this type of design for ergonomic reasons, on a traditional upright bicycle, the body weight rests entirely on a small portion of the sitting bones, the feet, and the hands. Most recumbent models also have an advantage, the reclined. A variant with three wheels is a recumbent tricycle, Recumbents can be categorized by their wheelbase, wheel sizes, steering system, faired or unfaired, and front-wheel or rear-wheel drive. Within these categories are variations, intermediate types, and even convertible designs – there is no standard recumbent, the rear wheel of a recumbent is usually behind the rider and may be any size, from around 16 inches to the 700c of an upright racing cycle. The front wheel is smaller than the rear, although a number of recumbents feature dual 26-inch, ISO571, ISO622. Larger diameter wheels generally have lower rolling resistance but a higher profile leading to air resistance. Another advantage of both wheels being the size is that the bike requires only one size of inner tube. One common arrangement is an ISO559 rear wheel and an ISO406 or ISO451 front wheel. The small front wheel and large rear wheel combination is used to keep the pedals and front wheel clear of each other, a pivoting-boom front-wheel drive configuration also overcomes heel strike since the pedals and front wheel turn together. PBFWD bikes may have dual 26-inch wheels or larger, steering for recumbent bikes can be generally categorized as over-seat or above seat steering, under-seat, or center steering or pivot steering. Chopper-style bars are seen on LWB bikes. USS is usually indirect — the bars link to the headset through a system of rods or cables, center steered or pivot steered recumbents, such as Flevobikes and Pythons, may have no handlebars at all. In addition, some such as the Sidewinder have used rear-wheel steer. They can provide good maneuverability at low speeds, but have been reported to be unstable at speeds above 25 mph. Most recumbents have the attached to a boom fixed to the frame. However, due to the proximity of the crank to the front wheel, front wheel drive can be an option, one style requires the chain to twist slightly to allow for steering. Another style, Pivoting-boom FWD, has the crankset connected to, in addition to the much shorter chain, the advantages to PBFWD are use of a larger front wheel for lower rolling resistance without heel strike and use of the upper body when sprinting or climbing
22.
Waltham, Massachusetts
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Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, and was an early center for the labor movement as well as a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The city is now a center for research and higher education, home to Brandeis University, the population was 60,636 at the census in 2010. Waltham is commonly referred to as Watch City because of its association with the watch industry, Waltham Watch Company opened its factory in Waltham in 1854 and was the first company to make watches on an assembly line. It won the medal in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The company produced over 35 million watches, clocks and instruments before it closed in 1957, as most would pronounce in the British way, Walthum, when people came to work in the mills from Nova Scotia, the pronunciation evolved. The local version became a phonetic sounding to accommodate French speakers who could not pronounce in the British way, Waltham was first settled in 1634 as part of Watertown and was officially incorporated as a separate town in 1738. The Waltham–Lowell system of production derives its name from the city and the founder of the mill. and the Lyman Estate, a 400-acre estate built in 1793 by Boston merchant Theodore Lyman. In 1857, The Waltham Model 1857, was a made by the American Watch Company in the city of Waltham, Massachusetts. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Waltham was home to the brass era automobile manufacturer Metz, another first in Waltham industrial history involves the method to mass-produce the magnetron tube, invented by Percy Spencer at Raytheon. During World War II, the magnetron tube technology was applied to radar, later, magnetron tubes were used as components in microwave ovens. Waltham was also the home of the Walter E. Fernald State School, the storied and controversial history of the institution has long been covered by local and at times, national media. Waltham is located at 42°22′50″N 71°14′6″W, about 11 miles north-west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, the city stretches along the Charles River and contains several dams. The dams were used to power mills and other endeavors in the early years of the industrial activity. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.6 square miles. As of the census in 2000, there were 59,226 people,23,207 households, there were 23,880 housing units at an average density of 1,880.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 98% White,4. 41% African American,0. 16% Native American,7. 29% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,3. 20% from other races, and 1. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 49% of the population. There were 23,207 households, of which 20. 3% included those under the age of 18,41. 3% were married couples living together,8. 9% were headed by a single mother, and 46. 3% were non-families
23.
The Goodies
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The Goodies are a trio of British comedians, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote for and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s, combining sketches, the three actors met each other as undergraduates at Cambridge University, where Brooke-Taylor was studying law, Garden was studying medicine, and Oddie was studying English. Their contemporaries included Graham Chapman, John Cleese, and Eric Idle, who became members of Monty Python. Brooke-Taylor and Cleese studied together and swapped lecture notes as they were law students, but at different colleges within the university. All three Goodies became members of the Cambridge University Footlights Club, with Brooke-Taylor becoming president in 1963, and Garden succeeding him as president in 1964. Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie were cast members of the 1960s BBC radio comedy show Im Sorry, Ill Read That Again, which also featured John Cleese, David Hatch and Jo Kendall, and lasted until 1973. Im Sorry, Ill Read That Again resulted from the 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Club revue A Clump of Plinths. After having its title changed to Cambridge Circus, the revue went on to play at West End in London, England, followed by a tour of New Zealand and Broadway in New York, US. They also took part in various TV shows with other people, Brooke-Taylor also took part in Marty. In 1968 Brooke-Taylor appeared with Cleese, Michael Palin and Graham Chapman in How to Irritate People, Garden and Oddie took part in Twice a Fortnight, before Brooke-Taylor, Garden, and Oddie worked on the late 1960s TV show Broaden Your Mind. The original BBC television series ran from November 1970 to February 1980 on BBC2, with 67 half-hour episodes, the series was created by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and originally co-written by all three, with Oddie providing the music for the show. Later episodes were co-written by Garden and Oddie and it was one of the first shows in the UK to use chroma key and one of the first to use stop-motion techniques in a live action format. Other effects include hand editing for repeated movement, mainly used to make animals talk or sing, in the series, the threesome travelled around on, and frequently fell off, a three-seater bicycle called the trandem. Their opponents were three members of the cast of The Liver Birds, Nerys Hughes, Elizabeth Estensen and Michael Angelis. They also presented the Christmas 1976 edition of Disney Time from the toy department of Selfridges store in London, however, after one half-hour Christmas special in 1981, and a six-part series in early 1982, the series was cancelled. In later interviews the cast suggest the reasons were economic. A special episode, which was based on the original 1971 Goodies Kitten Kong episode, was called Kitten Kong, Montreux 72 Edition, the Goodies won the Silver Rose in 1972 for this special episode at the Festival Rose dOr, held in Montreux, Switzerland. In the first episode of the series, The New Office
24.
Raleigh Bicycle Company
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The Raleigh Bicycle Company is a bicycle manufacturer based in Nottingham, England. Founded by Woodhead and Angois in 1885, who used Raleigh as their brand name, after being acquired by Frank Bowden, it became The Raleigh Cycle Company in December 1888, which was registered as a limited liability company in January 1889. By 1913, it was the biggest bicycle manufacturing company in the world, from 1921 to 1935, Raleigh also produced motorcycles and three-wheel cars, leading to the formation of the Reliant Company. The Raleigh division of bicycles is currently owned by the Dutch corporation Accell, in 2006, the Raleigh Chopper was named in the list of British design icons in the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum. The iconic bike appeared on a list which included Concorde, Mini, Jaguar E-Type, Aston Martin DB5, Supermarine Spitfire, World Wide Web, London tube map, Routemaster bus, in the spring of that year, they started advertising in the local press. The Nottinghamshire Guardian of 15 May 1885 printed what was possibly the first Woodhead, nearly two years later, the 11 April 1887 issue of The Nottingham Evening Post contained a display advertisement for the Raleigh ‘Safety’ model under the new banner ‘Woodhead, Angois, and Ellis. Russell Street Cycle Works. ’ William Ellis had recently joined the partnership, like Woodhead and Angois, Ellis’s background was in the lace industry. He was a lace gasser, a service provider involved in the bleaching and treating of lace, with premises in nearby Clare Street and Glasshouse Street. Thanks to Ellis, the works had now expanded round the corner from Raleigh Street into former lace works on the adjoining road. By 1888, the company was making about three cycles a week and employed around half a dozen men and it was one of 15 bicycle manufacturers based in Nottingham at that time. Bowden described how this led to him visiting the Raleigh works, ″In the early part of 1887, while looking for a specimen of the then new safety bicycle. In the autumn of the year, happening to pass through Nottingham. That visit led to Bowden replacing Ellis as the principal investor. He bought out William Ellis’s share in the firm and was allotted 5,000 £1 shares, while Woodhead and Angois between them held another 5,000 shares. In Frank Bowdens own lifetime, Raleigh publicity material stated that the firm was founded in 1888, thus, Raleighs 30th anniversary was celebrated in 1918. The December 1888 foundation date is confirmed by Nottinghamshire Archives. The company established by Bowden in December 1888 was still privately owned with unlimited public liability, in January 1889, it became the first of a series of limited liability companies with Raleigh in its name. It had a capital of £20,000, half of which was provided by Frank Bowden
25.
Bilenky Cycle Works
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Bilenky Cycle Works is an American handmade bicycle manufacturer located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. BCW has been featured in many publications, art shows. Most Bilenky frames are steel although titanium is being used with more frequency, Bilenky has installed tens of thousands of S&S couplers, both in their own bikes and other brands. Bilenky sponsors the Junkyard Cyclocross Race and co-sponsors the Philly Bike Expo, ultralite Classic Road - Road bike Tourlite Sport - a sport touring/randonneuring bike. Midlands Touring - a long wheelbase touring bike with low bracket, hedgehog - mountain bike MetroLuxe - city bike/commuter bike Tandems - Tandem bike Chuckwagon - cargo bike Viewpoint - a proprietary semi-recumbent tandem with independent stoker pedaling. Signature - offers hand finished, fillet brazing, or silver brazed hand-detailed lugs, artisan - one-of-a-kind metal work that distinguishes each frame as a unique creation with specifications as determined by the riders measurements, style, and intended use. Bilenky Cycle Works is located at 5319 N. 2nd St. Philadelphia, official website Company blog Video profile from North American Handbuilt Bicycle Show,2013
26.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
27.
Folding bicycle
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A folding bicycle is a bicycle designed to fold into a compact form, facilitating transport and storage. When folded, the bikes can be easily carried into buildings, on public transportation. Folding mechanisms vary, with each offering a combination of folding speed, folding ease, compactness, ride, weight, durability. The choice of model, apart from cost considerations, is a matter of resolving the various requirements, a quick easy fold. There are also bicycles that provide similar advantages by separating into pieces rather than folding, military interest in bicycles arose in the 1890s, and the French army and others deployed folding bikes for bicycle infantry use. In 1900, Mikael Pedersen developed for the British army a folding version of his Pedersen bicycle that weighed 15 pounds and had 24 inch wheels and it included a rifle rack and was used in the Second Boer War. In 1941, during the Second World War, the British War Office called for a machine that weighed less than 23 lb, in response, the Birmingham Small Arms Company developed a folding bicycle small enough to be taken in small gliders or on parachute jumps from aircraft. This British WWII Airborne BSA folding bicycle was rigged so that, when parachuted, the hinges were in front of the bottom bracket and in the corresponding position in front of the saddle, fastened by wing nuts. The peg pedals could be pushed in to avoid snagging and further reduce the space occupied during transit, the bicycle was used by British paratroopers, Commandos, and second-wave infantry units on the D-Day landings and at the Battle of Arnhem. The 1970s saw increased interest in the bike, and the popular Raleigh Twenty. It was, however, the early 1980s that can be said to have marked the birth of the modern, compact folding bicycle, with competing tiny-footprint models from Brompton and Dahon. Founded in 1982, by inventor and physicist Dr. David Hon and his brother Henry Hon, Dahon has grown to become the worlds largest manufacturer of folding bikes, with a two-thirds marketshare in 2006. Folding bikes generally come with a range of adjustments for accommodating various riders than do conventional bikes. The wheelbase of many folding designs is also similar to that of conventional, non-folding. Some manufacturers are producing folding bikes designed around folding systems that allow them to use 26 wheels, e. g. Dahon, KHS, Montague, advantages of smaller wheels include potential for more speed, quicker acceleration, greater maneuverability, and easier storage. For example, the A-bike is similar to the Strida but has tiny wheels, Bikes with smaller than 16 wheels are often called portable bicycles. These forgo the performance and easy ride benefits of their larger counterparts, nonetheless, regardless of how each bike folds, the result is easier to transport and store than a traditional bicycle. Half- or mid-fold Many folding frames follow the classic pattern of the safety bicycles diamond frame
28.
Small-wheel bicycle
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Small-wheel bicycles are adult bicycles that have wheels of 20 inch nominal diameter or less, which is smaller than the 26,27.5,29 or 700c sizes common on most full-sized adult bikes. While many folding bicycles are small-wheel bicycles, not all small-wheel bicycles can fold, some small-wheel bicycles neither fold nor separate, such as the Moulton, which comes in both fixed-frame and separable-frame versions. While BMX bikes also have 20 wheels, they are not normally categorised as small-wheel bikes, for general information on small-wheel folding bikes, please refer to the Folding bicycle and Portable bicycle articles. For specific manufacturers, follow the categories links, an early proponent of small-wheeled adult bicycles was Paul de Vivie, better known by his pen name Velocio. His approach was to use a tire of about 2.25 on a 20 rim. The man credited with being the father of modern bicycles is Alex Moulton who pioneered the field with his F-framed Moulton Bicycle in 1962. His original small-wheeled design notably featured full suspension, Raleigh introduced the RSW-16 as a direct competitor, but it lacked the suspension of the Moulton and compensated for this by using very wide 2-inch balloon tires. The RSW-16 Compact was a folding version, in 1968 Raleigh introduced the Raleigh Twenty, which later went on to become one of Raleighs biggest sellers. A large number of European manufacturers made U-frame small-wheeled and folding bicycles in the 1970s, for this reason, and in some cases for comic effect, they are used in some clown bicycles. Smaller wheels more faithfully follow the terrain, giving a ride on bumpy roads that are effectively smoothed by larger ones. It may be desirable for bicycles with wheels to also be fitted with some form of suspension to improve riding characteristics. Bicycles with small wheels normally have their gearing adjusted to provide the effective wheel radius as large ones. Smaller wheels tend to weigh less than larger ones, thus bringing the benefits of light wheels. Small wheels, all else being equal, have higher rolling resistance. On the other hand, they may have lower aerodynamic drag due to their smaller area, mechanical engineer Jobst Brandt on optimal wheel sizes
29.
Bicycle Torque Coupling
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An S and S Coupling also known as a Bicycle Torque Coupling or BTC is a coupling which enables bicycle frames to be separated into smaller pieces, usually to facilitate packing and transporting. They can be built into the frame by the manufacturer when the frame is originally assembled or they can be added to a frame after it is finished. A special spanner is available for tightening and loosening the couplers, the couplers are usually installed in the top tube and down tube of a single-rider diamond frame. This enables the bicycle to be boxed small enough to avoid the extra fee most airlines charge to check a bicycle as luggage and they can also be installed in tandem and recumbent frames. Santana manufactures a triplet that can be transformed into a tandem by simply removing the section of the frame. The couplers are available in steel, cromoly steel. The couplers come in different sizes, from 5/8 inch to 2 inches to match the frame tubing in which they are installed and they are light, about 8 oz. per pair, and as strong as uncoupled tubing. The couplers use a Hirth joint to resist torsion and it takes only a few minutes to separate the couplings. In order to support the ovalized tube Santana Cycles uses between the bottom bracket shells of their tandems, they have developed their own oval couplers
30.
Bicycle drivetrain systems
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Bicycle drivetrain systems are used to transmit power on bicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, unicycles, or other human-powered vehicles from the riders to the drive wheels. Most also include some type of a mechanism to convert speed, the history of bicycle drivetrain systems is closely linked to the history of the bicycle. Major changes in form have often been initiated or accompanied by advances in drivetrain systems. Several early drivetrains used straight-cut gears that meshed directly with other outside of the hub. Some bicycles have used a rear wheel, with different-sized sprockets on each side. To change gears, the rider would stop and dismount, remove the rear wheel, derailleur systems were first developed in the late 19th century, but the modern cable-operated parallelogram derailleur was invented in the 1950s. Draisine Penny-farthing Safety bicycle Bicycle drivetrain systems have developed to collect power from riders by a variety of methods. Most bicycle drivetrain systems incorporate a freewheel to allow coasting, but direct drive, the latter are sometimes also described as bicycle brake systems. Some human powered vehicles, both historical and modern, employ direct drive, examples include most Penny-farthings, unicycles, and childrens tricycles. Another interpretation of direct drive is that the rider pushes directly against the ground with a foot, as employed in balance bicycles, in 1991, a two-wheel drive bicycle was marketed under the Legacy name. It used a shaft and two bevel gears to transmit torque from the rear wheel, driven by a conventional bicycle chain with derailleurs. In 1994, Steve Christini and Mike Dunn introduced a drive option. Their AWD system, aimed at mountain bikers, comprises an adapted differential that sends power to the front wheel once the rear begins to slip, in the late 1990s, 2WD Dual Power mountain bikes were sold in Germany under the Subaru name. They used one belt to power from the rear wheel to the head tube, a small gearbox to allow rotation of the front fork. A cyclists legs produce power optimally within a narrow pedalling speed range, gearing is optimized to use this narrow range as best as possible. Bicycle drivetrain systems have developed to convert speed and torque by a variety of methods. Several technologies have developed to alter gear ratios. For example, a shaft-drive is usually accompanied by a hub gear, Bicycle gearing List of bicycle types Outline of cycling Additional alternatives not yet notable enough for their own article
31.
Jackshaft
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A jackshaft, also called a countershaft, is a common mechanical design component used to transfer or synchronize rotational force in a machine. A jackshaft is often just a stub with supporting bearings on the ends. In general, a jackshaft is any shaft that is used as a transmitting power from a driving shaft to a driven shaft. The oldest uses of the term appear to involve shafts that were intermediate between water wheels or stationary steam engines and the line shafts of 19th century mills. In these early sources from New England mills in 1872 and 1880, another 1872 author wrote Gear wheels are used in England to transmit the power of the engine to what is usually called the jack shaft. By 1892, the quotes were gone, but the use remained the same, the pulleys on the jackshafts of mills or power plants were frequently connected to the shaft with clutches. For example, in the 1890s, the room of the Virginia Hotel in Chicago had two Corliss engines and five dynamos, linked through a jackshaft. Clutches on the jackshaft pulleys allowed any or all of the dynamos to be driven by either or both of the engines, one of the first uses of the term jackshaft in the context of railroad equipment was in an 1890 patent application by Samuel Mower. In his electric-motor driven railroad truck, the motor was geared to a jackshaft mounted between the side frames, a sliding Dog clutch inside the jackshaft was used to select one of several gear ratios on the chain drive to the driven axle. Later railroad jackshafts were generally connected to the wheels using side rods. The term countershaft is somewhat older, in 1828, the term was used to refer to an intermediate horizontal shaft in a gristmill driven through gearing by the waterwheel and driving the millstones through bevel gears. An 1841 textbook used the term to refer to a shaft driven by a belt from the line shaft. The countershaft and the lathe spindle each carried cones of different-diameter pulleys for speed control, in 1872, this definition was given, The term countershaft is applied to all shafts driven from the main line when placed at or near the machines to be driven. Modern uses Modern jackshafts and countershafts are often hidden inside large machinery as components of the overall device
32.
Crankset
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It consists of one or more sprockets, also called chainrings or chainwheels attached to the cranks, arms, or crankarms to which the pedals attach. It is connected to the rider by the pedals, to the frame by the bottom bracket. The two cranks, one on side and usually mounted 180° apart, connect the bottom bracket axle to the pedals. Bicycle cranks can vary in length to accommodate different sized riders, crank length is measured from the center of the pedal spindle to the center of the bottom bracket spindle or axle. The larger bicycle component manufacturers typically offer crank lengths for adult riders from 165 mm to 180 mm long in 2.5 mm increments, a few small specialty manufacturers make bicycle cranks in a number of sizes smaller than 165 mm and longer than 180 mm. Some manufacturers also make bicycle cranks that can be adjusted to different lengths, however, very few scientific studies have definitively examined the effect of crank length on sustained cycling performance and the studies results have been mixed. Bicycle crank length has not been easy to study scientifically for a number of reasons, cyclists are typically more efficient pedalling cranks with which they have had an adaptation period. Several different formulas exist to calculate appropriate crank length for various riders, in addition to the riders size, another factor affecting the selection of crank length is the riders cycling specialty and the type of cycling event. However, the evolution of low rider torso positions to reduce aerodynamic drag for time trial racing. Unicycle cranks vary in length to accommodate different unicycle wheel sizes, as almost all unicycles are ungeared, crank length is a major factor in determining how much force is transmitted to the wheel. Larger wheel diameters require longer cranks, as do such as Mountain Unicycling, Trials, Street. These unicycles and disciplines commonly use cranks lengths greater than 125mm, for indoor unicycling such as freestyle or hockey, shorter cranks give a smoother pedaling motion and enable tighter turns without the pedal hitting the floor. Crank lengths of 100mm are common, although some riders use cranks as short as 79mm, as there is no chainwheel on a unicycle, both right and left cranks are identical, except for the pedal attachment thread in the left-hand crank, which is reverse threaded. Cranks are constructed of either an aluminum alloy, titanium, carbon fiber, chromoly steel, tubular steel cranks can be light and very strong, are usually found on bmx bikes, and are slowly finding their way to mountain bikes. Aluminum cranks may be cast, hot forged or cold forged, cold forging gives the metal additional strength, and the cranks can therefore be made lighter without increasing the risk of breakage. Shimano Hollowtech aluminum cranks are made by forging the main arms around a steel insert which is then withdrawn. They are then welded up before final machining, there are a variety of methods used to attach the cranks to the bottom bracket spindle. Older cranks use a pin, called a cotter, for attachment to the bottom bracket spindle
33.
Synchronization
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Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time, systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync, those which are not are asynchronous. Today, synchronization can occur on a basis through the GPS-enabled timekeeping systems. The invention of a marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, time signals in the form of a gun, flag. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railroad time, in some territories, sharing of single railroad tracks was controlled by the timetable. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, in electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal. In a different sense, electronic systems are synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from a certain perspective. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks, in the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition, synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves. Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people which are temporally aligned and this is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions and this sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation, self-esteem, compassion and altruistic behaviour and increase rapport. During arguments, synchrony between the pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors. This is known as interpersonal synchrony, there has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone, however. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, more research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony. Film synchronization of image and sound in sound film, synchronization is important in fields such as digital telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated
34.
Derailleur gears
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Although referred to as gears in the bike world, these bicycle gears are technically sprockets since they drive or are driven by a chain, and are not driven by one another. Modern front and rear derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain-guide that is operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the tube, handlebar stem. When a rider operates the lever while pedalling, the change in cable tension moves the chain-guide from side to side, for more information about the choice of particular gear ratios and sprocket sizes, see Bicycle gearing. Derailleur is a French word, spelled dérailleur in French, derived from the derailment of a train from its tracks and its first recorded use was 1930. At least one notable bicycle industry author has attempted to promote the anglicized spelling of derailer, as of 2013, however, neither Merriam-Webster nor the Oxford English Dictionary has an entry for derailer. Various derailleur systems were designed and built in the late 19th century, one example is the Protean two-speed derailleur available on the Whippet safety bicycle. The French bicycle tourist, writer and cycling promoter Paul de Vivie, some early designs used rods to move the chain onto various gears. However, these systems, along with the rod-operated Campagnolo Cambio Corsa were eventually superseded by parallelogram derailleurs, in 1937, the derailleur system was introduced to the Tour de France, allowing riders to change gears without having to remove wheels. Previously, riders would have to dismount in order to change their wheel from downhill to uphill mode, Derailleurs did not become common road racing equipment until 1938 when Simplex introduced a cable-shifted derailleur. In 1949 Campagnolo introduced the Gran Sport, a refined version of the then already existing, yet less commercially successful. In 1964, Suntour invented the rear derailleur, which let the jockey pulley maintain a more constant distance from the different sized sprockets. Once the patents expired, other manufacturers adopted this design, at least for their models. Before the 1990s many manufacturers made derailleurs, including Simplex, Huret, Galli, Mavic, Gipiemme, Zeus, Suntour, american manufacturer SRAM has been an important third, specializing in derailleurs for mountain bikes, and in 2006 they introduced a drivetrain system for road bicycles. The major innovations since then have been the switch from friction to indexed shifting, with friction shifting, the rider first moves the lever enough for the chain to jump to the next sprocket, and then adjusts the lever a slight amount to center the chain on that sprocket. An indexed shifter has a detent or ratchet mechanism which stops the gear lever, and hence the cable, indexed shifters require re-calibration when cables stretch and parts get damaged or swapped. On racing bicycles, 10-gear rear cassettes appeared in 2000, most current mountain bicycles have either two or three front chainrings with single ring front setups becoming increasingly popular. Most road bicycles have two chainrings, and touring bicycles commonly have three, in order to accomplish this second task, it is positioned in the path of the bottom, slack portion of chain. Sometimes the rear-derailleurs are re-purposed as chain tensioners for single-speed bicycles that cannot adjust chain tension by a different method, although variations exist, as noted below, most rear derailleurs have several components in common
35.
Bottom bracket
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The bottom bracket on a bicycle connects the crankset to the bicycle and allows the crankset to rotate freely. It contains a spindle that the crankset attaches to, and the bearings that allow the spindle, the chainrings and pedals attach to the cranks. The bottom bracket fits inside the bottom shell, which connects the seat tube, down tube. There is some disagreement as to whether the word axle or spindle should be used in particular contexts, the distinction is based on whether the axle/spindle is stationary, as that in a hub, or rotates, as that in a bottom bracket. American bicycle mechanic and author Sheldon Brown uses axle once and spindle four times in his bottom bracket glossary entry and this article uses spindle throughout for consistency. An old American term for bottom bracket is hanger and this is usually used in connection with Ashtabula cranks, alternatively termed one-piece cranks. In typical modern bikes, the bottom bracket spindle is separate from the cranks and this is known as a three-piece crankset. The cranks attach to the spindle via a common square taper, earlier three-piece cranks consist of a spindle incorporating bearing cones, a fixed cup on the drive side, an adjustable cup on the non-drive side, and loose bearings. Overhauling requires removing at least one cup, cleaning or replacing the bearings, reinstalling the spindle, the ‘Bayliss Wiley unit bottom bracket’ is a self-contained unit that fits into a plain, slightly larger-than-usual bottom bracket shell in a bicycle frame. It comprises a standard spindle and bearings in a cylinder with a slightly-modified bearing cup at each end. The cylinder, bearing and spindle are placed in the shell and held in place by the bearing cups, the Bayliss-Wiley Unit Bottom Bracket was introduced in the mid-1940s. It was fitted to various English lightweights through the 1950s and was used by Royal Enfield on its Revelation small wheeler in the mid-1960s, however, the unit bottom bracket was never popular and it had a reputation for being troublesome. A lack of positive location allowed it to rotate within the frame, contemporary users overcome the problem by fixing the unit in the frame using adhesive or a screw. Many modern bicycles use what is called a bottom bracket instead. Other designs are three piece, the spindle is separate, but the bearing cups incorporate cheaply replaceable standard cartridge bearing units. Either arrangement makes servicing the bottom bracket a simple matter of removing the old cartridge from the bottom bracket shell, cartridge bottom brackets generally have seals to prevent the ingress of water and dirt. The early Shimano LP bottom brackets from the 1990s had the cup on the drive side and used loose bearings inside, they could be dismantled and serviced much like cup. In general use, the three piece refers to the former design, with sealed bottom brackets being seen as the standard
36.
Bicycle handlebar
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Bicycle handlebar or bicycle handlebars refers to the steering mechanism for bicycles, the equivalent of a steering wheel. Handlebars are attached to a stem which in turn attaches to the fork. The first handlebars were solid bars of steel or wood, depending on the manufacturer, curved, moustache-shaped, drop handlebars became popular in the 1880s and were invented by Percy Stenton of Ardwick, Manchester. Whatton bars were developed in attempt to improve the safety of penny-farthings, handlebars made of wood, instead of steel, were used on safety bicycles to reduce weight in the 1890s. Although aluminum had been used to make bicycles as early as 1935, handlebars come in a variety of types designed for particular types of riding. Typical drop handlebars feature a central section attached to the stem, with each end curving first forwards and down. These are a popular type of handlebar, and their exact shape. Standard These classic racing handlebars, as used on road or track bicycles, the bars are designed with three basic parameters, reach, drop and width. They can be classified into three categories. Classic typically having a reach and a deep drop, Compact featuring shorter reach. Drop bars may have one or two longitudinal indentations so that the brake and shift cables protrude less when they are wrapped under the bar tape and they may also have a flattened top section. Track Track drop bars are a variation of bars designed for the riding positions of track bicycle racers. Track drops are characterized by large, sweeping ramps, effectively precluding the top and brake hood hand positions, but promoting the riders use of the ends, or hooks. Track bars are designed for use without brake levers, but recently experienced a surge in popularity on use with fixed gear bikes, and as such have been adapted to fit levers and hand positions. Ergo or anatomic The shape of the drop may be a simple, traditional curve and these bars may be described as ergo or anatomic. Randonneur Drop bars that rise slightly from the center in a shallow U, designed to be slightly more comfortable than a straight drop bar for bicycles used in Audax riding. Drop-in At one time, manufactures and racers experimented with drop-in bars that had an extension in toward the head tube at the rear end of the drops. This was intended to offer a more aerodynamic position, due to low and narrow placement of the hands, than just the drops
37.
Stem (bicycle part)
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The stem is the component on a bicycle that connects the handlebars to the steerer tube of the bicycle fork. Threadless, the stem clamps around the tube, which is not threaded. Somewhat counterintuitively, the term threadless derives not from whether the stem itself is threaded, Quill stems require a threaded headset of specific length for each bicycle model. Threadless stems require an unthreaded steerer tube, which may vary in length for each bicycle model. With the advent of threadless stems, manufacturers no longer need to provide a range of threaded forks for a given model, the steerer tubes are then cut to length to fit upon installation. Unthreaded forks often require less labor to swap than threaded forks, the older of the two handlebar stem styles, quill types have been largely displaced as the industry standard on sport bikes. However, they remain standard on the majority of utility bikes, regardless of price, as well as on less expensive sport bikes and higher-end retro bikes. The quill stem fits down into the inside of the top of the steerer tube to be held in place internally via either a wedge and bolt or a cone-shaped expander nut. With a quill stem, the tube does not protrude above the headset. The quill stem requires a fork that extends up through the headset. Threadless stems, the newer of the two styles, are popular and have displaced quill stems as the industry standard on sport bikes. Threadless stems feature a design where the stem clamps around the outside of the top of the fork steerer tube that protrudes above the headset. Threadless stems are commonly available in lengths up to about 130 millimeters, with threadless stems, a star-nut is driven down into the threadless steerer tube and held in place by two barbed flanges. The top cap bolts into, and pulls against, the star-nut, special adaptors may allow a threaded fork to receive a threadless stem. Threadless stems allow for the carbon fiber or aluminum alloy steerer tubes. Threadless stems can be changed with an allen wrench. The threadless stems centering can be adjusted without disturbing the handlebar height, threadless stems avoid the internal binding or seizing possible with a quill stems wedge or cone bolt. Quill advantages, Quill stems offer the ability to make adjustments to handlebar height
38.
Seatpost
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A bicycle seatpost, seatpin, saddlepole, saddle pillar, or saddle pin is a tube that extends upwards from the bicycle frame to the saddle. The amount that it extends out of the frame can usually be adjusted, seatposts can be made of steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, or aluminum wrapped in carbon fiber. Seatposts generally clamp directly onto saddle rails with which they must be compatible, while old or inexpensive seatposts slide into a separate clamp that then clamps the saddle rails. To attach it to the main frame, the seatpost is inserted into the seat tube. The seatpost is held in place by squeezing the top of the tube with a tightening ring until the tube firmly hugs the post where it leaves the frame. A hole for a pinch bolt may be built into the frame for this purpose, or a seat post clamp may be purchased separately. Whether integrated or separate, the seat post bolt can have a nut, can be an Allen bolt, or can include a quick-release mechanism. A quick-release allows easy height adjustment of the seat, though increases the risk of theft unless it is also used to detach the seat when parking. The size of the seatpost is dependent upon the dimensions of the seat tube of the bicycle frame. They come in diameters, lengths and offsets. Offset is the distance between the centerline of the seatpost tube, and the centerline of the clamp area, shims are often available to adapt a too-small seatpost to a too-large seat tube. Diameters range from 21.15 mm to 35 mm.27.2 is a size for road or mountain bicycles. However, with mountain bikes having thicker diameter alloy or carbon tubing. 25.4 mm is a size for BMX bikes. Lengths range from 75 mm to 430 mm. Mountain bike seatposts tend to be longer than road bicycle seatposts, offset or layback can range from 0 mm to 45 mm. A seatpost with offset is necessary when the seat angle of the frame is too steep to give the desired saddle setback. Conversely, an in line post may be required if the seat tube angle is too slack, some saddles, notably Brooks leather saddles, have relatively short rails, allowing less adjustment of setback, and changing the seatpost may be the only way to achieve the correct position. This type, usually found on bikes, less expensive bikes, or kids bikes, consists of a tube which may decrease in diameter for the last inch or so
39.
Bicycle wheel
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A bicycle wheel is a wheel, most commonly a wire wheel, designed for a bicycle. A pair is called a wheelset, especially in the context of ready built off the shelf performance-oriented wheels. Bicycle wheels are designed to fit into the frame and fork via dropouts. The first bicycle wheels followed the traditions of building, a wooden hub, a fixed steel axle, wooden spokes. A typical modern wheel has a hub, wire tension spokes. A hub is the part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell, the hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached. Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in the case of older designs, the axle is attached to dropouts on the fork or the frame. The axle can attach using a, Quick release - a lever and skewer that pass through a hollow axle designed to allow for installation, nut - the axle is threaded and protrudes past the sides of the fork/frame. Bolt - the axle has a hole with threads cut into it, thru axle - a removable axle with a threaded end that is inserted through a hole in one fork leg, through the hub, and then screwed into the other fork leg. Some axles have integrated cam levers that compress axle elements against the leg to lock it in place. Diameters for front thru axles include 20 mm,15 mm, most thru axles are found on mountain bikes, although some cyclocross and road bikes are using them. Thru axles repeatable locate the wheel in the fork or frame, unlike other axle systems, the thru axle is specific to the fork or frame, not the hub. Hubs/wheels do not include axles, and the axle is generally supplied with the fork or frame, female axle - hollow center axle, typically 14,15,17, or 20 mm in diameter made of chromoly and aluminum, with two bolts thread into on either side. This design can be stronger than traditional axles, which are commonly only 8 mm,9 mm,9.5 mm. Modern bicycles have adopted standard axle spacing, the hubs of front wheels are generally 100 mm wide fork spacing, road wheels with freehubs generally have a 130 mm wide rear wheel hub. Mountain bikes have adopted a 135 mm rear hub width, which allows clearance to mount a brake disc on the hub or to decrease the wheel dish for a more durable wheel, freeride and downhill are available with 150 mm spacing. The bearings allow the hub shell to rotate freely about the axle, most bicycle hubs use steel or ceramic ball bearings
40.
Spoke
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A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel, connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log that had split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke into their finished shape, a spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwrights work. The spoked wheel was invented to allow the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles, the earliest known examples are in the context of the Sintashta culture, dating to ca.2000 BC. Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the part of three centuries. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BC, the spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire wheels and rubber tires were invented. Spokes can be made of wood, metal, or synthetic fiber depending on whether they will be in tension or compression, the original type of spoked wheel with wooden spokes was used for horse-drawn carriages and wagons. In early motor cars, wooden spoked wheels of the type were normally used. In a simple wooden wheel, a load on the hub causes the wheel rim to flatten slightly against the ground as the lowermost wooden spoke shortens, the other wooden spokes show no significant change. They are also dished, usually to the outside of the vehicle, also, the dishing allows the wheel to compensate for expansion of the spokes due to absorbed moisture by dishing more. For use in bicycles, heavy wooden-spoked wheels were replaced by wheels with spokes made of tensioned, adjustable metal wires. These are also used in wheelchairs, motorcycles, and automobiles, some types of wheels have removable spokes that can be replaced individually if they break or bend. These include bicycle and wheelchair wheels, high quality bicycles with conventional wheels use spokes of stainless steel, while cheaper bicycles may use galvanized or chrome plated spokes. While a good quality spoke is capable of supporting about 225 kgf of tension, since bicycle and wheelchair wheel spokes are only in tension, flexible and strong materials such as synthetic fibers, are also occasionally used. Metal spokes can also be ovalized or bladed to reduce aerodynamic drag, a variation on the wire-spoked wheel was Tiogas Tension Disk, which appeared superficially to be a solid disk but was in fact constructed using the same principles as a normal tension-spoked wheel. Instead of individual spokes, a continuous thread of Kevlar was used to lace the hub to the rim under high tension. The threads were encased in a translucent disk for protection and some aerodynamic benefit, Wire spokes can be radial to the hub but are more often mounted tangentially to the hub
41.
Bicycle tire
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A bicycle tire is a tire that fits on the wheel of a bicycle, unicycle, tricycle, quadracycle, bicycle trailer, or trailer bike. They may also be used on wheelchairs and handcycles, especially for racing, Bicycle tires provide an important source of suspension, generate the lateral forces necessary for balancing and turning, and generate the longitudinal forces necessary for propulsion and braking. They are the second largest source, after air drag, of consumption on a level road. The modern detachable pneumatic bicycle tire contributed to the popularity and eventual dominance of the safety bicycle, the first bicycle tires were iron bands on the wooden wheels of velocipedes. These were followed by rubber tires on penny-farthings. The first patent for rubberized wheels was granted to Clément Ader in 1868, in an attempt to soften the ride, rubber tires with a hollow core were also tried. The first practical pneumatic tire was made by John Boyd Dunlop in 1887 for his sons bicycle, Dunlop is credited with realizing rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while retaining its resilience. This led to the founding of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co, by 1890, it began adding a tough canvas layer to the rubber to reduce punctures. Racers quickly adopted the pneumatic tire for the increase in speed it enabled, finally, the detachable tire was introduced in 1891 by Édouard Michelin. It was held on the rim with clamps, instead of glue, three main techniques for attaching a bicycle tire to a rim have been developed, clincher, wired and tubular. Clinchers originally did not have wire in the beads and the shape of the bead interlocked with a flange on the rim, however, this type of tire is no longer in general use and the term clincher has transferred to the modern wired-on tire. For the remainder of this article, the use of the word clincher will be assumed. In an attempt to provide the best attributes of both wired and tubular methods, tubular clinchers have also been offered, most bicycle tires are clincher for use with clincher rims. These tires have a wire or Kevlar fiber bead that interlocks with flanges in the rim. A separate airtight inner tube enclosed by the rim supports the tire carcass, an advantage of this system is that the inner tube can be easily accessed in the case of a leak to be patched or replaced. The ISO 5775-2 standard defines designations for bicycle rims and it distinguishes between Straight-side rims Crochet-type rims Hooked-bead rims Traditional wired-on rims were straight-sided. Various hook designs re-emerged in the 1970s to hold the bead of the tire in place and this allows higher air pressures than older wired-on tires. In these designs, it is the interlocking of the bead with the rim, not the tight fit or resistance to stretching of the bead, some tires are torus-shaped and attached to tubular rims with adhesive
42.
Cogset
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On a bicycle, the cogset or cluster is the set of multiple sprockets that attaches to the hub on the rear wheel. A cogset works with a derailleur to provide multiple gear ratios to the rider. Cogsets come in two varieties, freewheels or cassettes, of which cassettes are a newer development, although cassettes and freewheels perform the same function and look almost the same when installed, they have important mechanical differences and are not interchangeable. A freewheel consists of either a single sprocket or a set of sprockets mounted on a body which contains an internal ratcheting mechanism, threaded rear hubs were available in different thread patterns depending on the country of manufacture, French and British threads being the most common. Thread was adopted as the standard and is now known as B. S. C. It is a standardized right-hand thread onto which a standard freewheel is screwed and this allows different brands of freewheels to be mounted on different brands of hubs. This resulted in more flexing stress being placed on the axle, multiple speed freewheels were common on quality high end bikes until the late 1980s. The concept was copied by European freewheel manufacturers Regina and Maillard, today it is rare to find a freewheel on a new bicycle with more than seven speeds. Some new single-speed — especially BMX and utility bikes — and lower-end multi-geared bicycles continue to be manufactured, pedaling forces tighten a freewheel onto the hub, so no tool is required to install one. The ratcheting mechanism prevents the freewheel being loosened when the sprockets are turned counter-clockwise, a freewheel can be removed from the hub with one of the many specific freewheel removal tools that engages a spline or set of notches on the outboard end of the freewheel. Removal often requires considerable effort due to the torque that tightens the freewheel during pedaling. Future removal of a freewheel is facilitated by grease on the freewheel threads before installation, the entire cassette is held on the hub by means of a threaded lockring. Some cassette systems from the late 1980s and early 1990s use a small sprocket to hold on the larger splined sprockets. Cassettes resemble freewheels when installed, but are different when removed as they do not contain a freewheels internal ratcheting mechanism. The sprockets in a cassette are usually held together by three small bolts or rivets for ease of installation and these keep the sprockets and spacers in the correct order and position when they are removed from the freehub body. When the sprockets need to be replaced due to wear or the wishes to change gear ratios available, only the sprockets are replaced. Cassettes also allow the use of sprockets with fewer teeth, as in micro drive systems, the ratchet mechanism, known as the freehub body, is still replaceable on most hubs, but forms a structural part of the hub. Cassette systems have an advantage in that the drive-side axle bearing can be out near the frame
