1.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Sailor
–
A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance. The term bluejacket may be used for British or US Navy enlisted sailors, the Bluejackets Manual is the basic handbook for United States Navy personnel. 700,000 of the worlds mariners come from the Philippines, the term seaman is frequently used in the particular sense of a sailor who is not an officer. Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ships crew can generally be divided into four categories, the deck department, the engineering department, the stewards department. Officer positions in the department include but are not limited to, master and his chief, second. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the department are able seaman. With some variation, the mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the officer in case of medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea, Marine engineering staff also deal with the hotel facilities on board, notably the sewage, lighting, air conditioning and water systems. Engineering staff manage bulk fuel transfers, from a barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task. Engineering staff are required to have training in firefighting and first aid, additional duties include maintaining the ships boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play a key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers, other possible positions include motorman, machinist, electrician, refrigeration engineer and tankerman. A typical stewards department for a ship is a chief steward, a chief cook. All three positions are filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, the steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. A chief stewards duties may overlap with those of the assistant, the chief cook
3.
Circumnavigation
–
Circumnavigation means to travel all the way around the entire planet, or an island, or continent. This article is concerned with circumnavigation of the Earth, the first known circumnavigation of Earth was the Magellan-Elcano expedition, which sailed from Seville, Spain, in 1519 and returned in 1522 after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The word circumnavigation is a formed from the verb circumnavigate, from the past participle of the Latin verb circumnavigare. If a person walks completely around either Pole, they cross all meridians, the trajectory of a true circumnavigation forms a continuous loop on the surface of Earth separating two halves of comparable area. A basic definition of a global circumnavigation would be a route which covers roughly a great circle, in practice, people use different definitions of world circumnavigation to accommodate practical constraints, depending on the method of travel. The first single voyage of global circumnavigation was that of the ship Victoria and it was a Castilian voyage of discovery, led initially by Ferdinand Magellan between 1519 and 1521, and then by the Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano from 1521 to 1522. It then continued across the Pacific discovering a number of islands on its way, Elcano and a small group of 18 men were actually the only members of the expedition to make the full circumnavigation. However, traveling west from Europe, in 1521, Magellan reached a region of Southeast Asia, Magellan thereby achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history. In 1577, Elizabeth I sent Francis Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas, Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboard Pelican, which Drake renamed Golden Hind mid-voyage. In June 1579, Drake landed somewhere north of Spains northern-most claim in Alta California, Drake completed the second circumnavigation of the world in September 1580, becoming the first commander to lead an entire circumnavigation. For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done by Ulysses S. Grant, became possible in the 19th century, however, it was later improvements in technology and rising incomes that made such trips relatively common. The nautical global circumnavigation record is held by a wind-powered vessel. It can be seen that the route roughly approximates a great circle, in yacht racing, a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in a non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible. The second map on the shows the route of the Vendée Globe round-the-world race in red. It can be seen that the route does not pass through any pairs of antipodal points and it is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, since the advent of world cruises in 1922, by Cunards Laconia, thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin in New York City or Southampton, routes vary, either travelling through the Caribbean and then into the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal, or around Cape Horn. From there ships usually make their way to Hawaii, the islands of the South Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, then northward to Hong Kong, South East Asia, and India
4.
Global Positioning System
–
The Global Positioning System is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. The GPS system operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, the GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, however, the US government can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War. The U. S. Department of Defense developed the system and it became fully operational in 1995. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A, getting of The Aerospace Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics Laboratory are credited with inventing it. Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes, in 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a denial of access. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system and Chinas BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, special and general relativity predict that the clocks on the GPS satellites would be seen by the Earths observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day than the clocks on the Earth. The GPS calculated positions would quickly drift into error, accumulating to 10 kilometers per day, the relativistic time effect of the GPS clocks running faster than the clocks on earth was corrected for in the design of GPS. The Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkinss Applied Physics Laboratory, decided to monitor Sputniks radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the Doppler effect, the Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required. The next spring, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem — pinpointing the users location and this led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system. In 1959, ARPA also played a role in TRANSIT, the first satellite navigation system, TRANSIT, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour, in 1967, the U. S. Navy developed the Timation satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based OMEGA navigation system, based on comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy, during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded and it is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time
5.
Radio direction finder
–
A radio direction finder is a device for finding the direction, or bearing, to a radio source. The act of measuring the direction is known as direction finding or sometimes simply direction finding. RDF is widely used as a navigation system, especially with boats. For aerial use, where the horizon may extend to hundreds of kilometres, higher frequencies can be used, an automatic direction finder, often capable of being tuned to commercial AM radio transmitters, is a feature of almost all modern aircraft. For the military, RDF systems are a key component of intelligence systems. The ability to locate the position of a broadcaster has been invaluable since World War I. It is estimated that the UKs advanced huff-duff systems were directly or indirectly responsible for 24% of all U-Boats sunk during the war, modern systems often used phased array antennas to allow rapid beam forming for highly accurate results. These are generally integrated into an electronic warfare suite. Several distinct generations of RDF systems have used over time. Early systems used mechanically rotated antennas that compared signal strengths in different directions, modern systems use the comparison of phase or doppler techniques which are generally simpler to automate. Modern pseudo-Doppler direction finder systems consist of a number of small antennas fixed to a circular card, early British radar sets were also referred to as RDF, which was a deception tactic. However, the terminology was not inaccurate, the Chain Home systems used separate omnidirectional broadcasters, the earliest experiments in RDF were carried out in 1888 when Heinrich Hertz discovered the directionality of an open loop of wire used as an antenna. When the antenna was aligned so it pointed at the signal it produced maximum gain and this meant there was always an ambiguity in the location of the signal, it would produce the same output if the signal was in front or back of the antenna. Later experimenters also used dipole antennas, which worked in the sense, reaching maximum gain at right angles. RDF systems using mechanically swung loop or dipole antennas were common by the turn of the 20th century, prominent examples were patented by John Stone Stone in 1902 and Lee de Forest in 1904, among many other examples. By the early 1900s, many experimenters were looking for ways to use this concept for locating the position of a transmitter, early radio systems generally used medium wave and longwave signals. Methods of performing RDF on longwave signals was a area of research during the 1900s and 1910s. Antennas are generally sensitive to only when they have a length that is a significant portion of the wavelength
6.
Sea trial
–
A sea trial is the testing phase of a watercraft. It is also referred to as a cruise by many naval personnel. It is usually the last phase of construction and takes place on open water, sea trials are conducted to measure a vessel’s performance and general seaworthiness. Testing of a speed, maneuverability, equipment and safety features are usually conducted. Usually in attendance are technical representatives from the builder, governing and certification officials, successful sea trials subsequently lead to a vessel’s certification for commissioning and acceptance by its owner. Although sea trials are commonly thought to be conducted only on new-built vessels, in new vessels, they are used to determine conformance to construction specifications. On commissioned vessels, they are used to confirm the impact of any modifications. Sea trials can also refer to a short test trip undertaken by a buyer of a new or used vessel as one determining factor in whether to purchase the vessel. Sea trials are fairly standardized using technical bulletins published by ITTC, SNAME, BMT and they involve demonstrations and tests of the ships systems and performance. The ships heading is adjusted to have the wind and tide as close to bow-on as possible, the vessel is allowed to come to speed and the speed is continuously recorded using differential GPS. The trial will be executed with different speeds including service and maximum speed, the ship is then turned through 180° and the procedure is followed again. This reduces the impact of wind and tide, the final Trials Speed is determined by averaging all of the measured speeds during each of the runs. This process may be repeated in various sea states, the trial begins once the order to Execute Crash Stop is given. At this point the propulsion machinery is set to full-astern and the helm is put hard-over to either port or starboard, the speed, position and heading are continuously recorded using differential GPS. The final time to stop track line, drift and advance are all calculated, the trial may be repeated at various starting speeds. The fuel flow, exhaust and cooling temperatures and ships speed are all recorded. Maneuvering trials involve a number of trials to determine the maneuverability and these include a direct and reverse spiral manoeuvres, zig-zag, and lateral thruster use. Seakeeping trials were used exclusively for passenger ships but now used in a variety of vessels, involves measurements of ship motions in various sea states followed by a series of analyses to determine comfort levels, likelihood of sea sickness and hull damage
7.
Contessa 26
–
Rigged as a masthead sloop, with a deep keel and a hull-mounted rudder, the Contessa 26 was launched in 1966 and early boats proved to be very successful racers, including long-distance events. Jeremy Rogers went on to produce the classic Contessa 32 and this idea effectively spawned a competition organised by the Swedish Sailing Association in 1940 that attracted 58 entries. Sometimes named the VW of the seas, the Folkboat concept was the same as Porsches Volkswagen, in 1942 the Folkboat was as much a creation of the century of the common man as the bicycle. Its one of the most popular designs of all time and Loibner says there are more than 4,000 still around, with her graceful lines, acutely raked transom and easily handled rig, she proved almost as fast as a Dragon, and considerably more seaworthy. The Contessa 26 was first manufactured by Jeremy Rogers in Lymington, the Rogers boat works built approximately 350 Contessa 26s from 1966 to 1977, after which the moulds were sold to Chris Carrington of Maclan Marine, Lymington, who produced a few more during 1977/8. Another set of moulds was shipped to Canada, where they were built until 1990 under licence by J. J. Taylor & Sons Ltd. of Toronto. J. J.1972 Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race Richard Clifford completed in Shamaal, taking 38 days,1974 Round Britain Richard Clifford with David Barrie as crew sailed Shamaal ll to 14th place out of 61 starters, after 25 days and 20 hours of racing. 1976 Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race David Sutcliffe skippered St Anne of St Donat’s to a 43rd-place finish in a time of 44 days and 3 hours. In the same race Richard Clifford sailed Shamaal II, finishing in 33 days and 12 hours to take 18th place in the J Class and these latter two sailed in the J. J. Taylor built Canadian version of the 26. Norwegian couple Henrik Nor-Hansen and Nina Kristin Nilsen are currently undertaking a circumnavigation in their Jeremy Rogers 1976 Contessa, australian Nick Jaffe sailed singlehanded in his Jeremy Rogers 1972 Contessa 26 named Constellation, to Sydney, Australia. He set off from Monnikendam, the Netherlands on the 17th of September 2007, thomas Höckne did two single-handed circumnavigations in a Jeremy Rogers Contessa 26 named Tai Fun. The first lasted between 1981 and 1985, and went via the Panama Canal and the Cape of Good Hope, the second lasted from 1987 to 1998, via the same general route. Both started and ended in Helsingborg Sweden, “Tai Fun” had no inboard engine. org
8.
Corinth, Vermont
–
Corinth /kəˈrɪnθ/ is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,461 at the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 48.5 square miles, of which 48.5 square miles is land and 0.04 square mile is water. The Waits River flows through northeastern Corinth, tim Burtons film Beetlejuice was filmed in East Corinth. East Corinth is one of the most photographed New England foliage scenes, local services include a general store, movie rental store, post office, doctors office, library, and ball field. Corinth comprises seven villages—East Corinth, West Corinth, South Corinth, Corinth Center, Corinth Corners, Cookeville and it has two zip codes -05039 and 05040. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,461 people,535 households, the population density was 30.1 people per square mile. There were 728 housing units at a density of 15.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 77% White,0. 21% African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 03% of the population. 16. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.02. In the town, the population was out with 28. 1% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 4% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $32,198, and the median income for a family was $33,646. Males had an income of $29,964 versus $23,646 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,431, about 7. 1% of families and 10. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 2% of those under age 18 and 7. 7% of those age 65 or over
9.
Vermont
–
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
10.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
11.
Zac Sunderland
–
Zachary Tristan Zac Sunderland is an American former sailor who was the first person under the age of 18 to sail solo around the world. Sunderland completed his trip after 13 months and 2 days at sea on July 16,2009 at age 17, the record was previously held by Australian David Dicks, and was surpassed on August 27,2009 by Michael Perham of England. Sunderland is the youngest American to complete a circumnavigation, surpassing Brian Caldwell, however, Sunderlands record was not recognized by Guinness World Records, or by the World Sailing Speed Record Council. In 2010, one of Sunderlands younger sisters, Abby Sunderland and she was forced to call off her attempt after her boat was damaged in a storm in the Indian Ocean. In 2011, Sunderland and his father Laurence participated in the 19th season of The Amazing Race and they ended up in 6th place out of 11 teams and were the sixth team eliminated in Copenhagen, Denmark. The oldest of Marianne and Laurence Sunderlands eight children, Sunderlands first home was a 17-metre Tradewind sailboat and his family sailed in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and Mexico. His shipwright father bought a 51 feet Aleutian and the made a three-year cruise of Californias Channel Islands, Baja California. When Sunderland decided to attempt the circumnavigation, he purchased a 36-foot Islander for $6,000, with his fathers assistance, he retrofitted the boat for the trip. Sunderland planned to complete his voyage in April 2009 with a time of 18 months. He continued his schooling while sailing, saying, I have all my books with me, I have one more year to finish at high school and I have to send back my tests to my mom. Shes going to them and make sure I am doing well. Sunderland departed from Marina del Rey on June 14,2008, the Intrepid featured logos of Shuman’s RealSweet, Mastronardi’s Sunset Produce, and his sponsor Produce for Kids, promoting healthy eating and produce consumption for children. Sunderland initially planned to make 15 to 30 stops around the world, due to some minor work needed to be done on the boat, and the desire to reprovision, he re-routed to Hawaii. On July 11, Zac made his first stop at Emerald Bay, Catalina Island before heading on to Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Waikiki and he then headed towards the Marshall Islands, on July 16,2008. On August 4,2008, Marshall Islands President Litokwa Tomeing formally welcomed and congratulated Sunderland in the Presidents Office on Majuro, I remember one time I went with my parents on a 26- or 27-foot canoe and we sailed from Wotje to Arno. The U. S. Ambassador to the Marshall Islands, Clyde Bishop, Sailing from Majuro, Sunderland reached Darwin, Australia on September 18,2008, with a faulty bilge pump and fuel problems forcing him a stop in Papua New Guinea. Sunderland had his first encounter with pirates on October 7 after leaving Darwin,250 km off the Indonesian coast, in the Indian Ocean near Cocos Islands, he encountered a large 60–70-foot wooden fishing boat without flags. The pirates, after shadowing the Intrepid for some time, eventually lost interest and sped off, Sunderland endured 25-knot winds and 10-foot seas for more than 24 hours on October 13
12.
Michael Perham
–
Michael Perham is an English sailor and adventurer from Potters Bar. In 2007 at the age of 14 he became the youngest person in the world to successfully sail across the Atlantic Ocean single-handedly, in 2009 at the age of 17 he became the youngest person to sail around the world solo. Perhams second record surpassed that of Zac Sunderland, an older 17-year-old American, Perham was educated at Chancellors School, a state comprehensive foundation school, in the village of Brookmans Park in Hertfordshire. That voyage ended when he sailed into Nelsons Dockyard in Antigua at 14,00 GMT after a 3500-mile voyage and his father crossed the Atlantic at the same time in a separate boat. On 15 November 2008, Perham began his solo non-stop circumnavigation around the world from Gunwharf Quays in Portsmouth, England, in his chartered Open 50 yacht and he had to sell the vessel he used on his previous record attempt to raise money for the new record attempt. The journey was planned to take four and a half months, in fact he completed it on 27 August 2009. Perham was 16 when he began the journey, and turned 17 on 16 March 2009, if Perhams trip had gone wholly to plan, he would have been competing for the unassisted non-stop record, which is a different record than the assisted sailing record. However, multiple problems with the autopilot required that repairs be made in lengthy stopovers in Lisbon, by March 2009 Perham had decided to aim for the record of the youngest solo circumnavigation, though he continued to make a continuous passage without use of his engine. The decision to accept assistance along the way, along with winter conditions. Money raised from the voyage was to be donated to Save the Children, Perham took the record from Zac Sunderland, an American who completed his journey in July 2009 at the age of 17 years,7 months. However, Sunderlands record was not recognized by Guinness, Perham and Sunderland met unexpectedly in Cape Town, South Africa, in February 2009, along with Minoru Saito, a Japanese sailor who is the oldest person to circumnavigate the world solo. The record was challenged by younger sailors. Jessica Watson from Australia has done a solo voyage, completed 15 May 2010. Abby Sunderland from the USA departed on 23 January 2010, on a similar to Perhams. She used a boat, planned non-stop, but had to make stops for repairs - however, after a demasting it was announced that she would be giving up her attempt. The 16-year-old Laura Dekker from The Netherlands became the youngest solo-round-the-world sailor and she finished in Sint Maarten on 21 January 2012. Perham has subsequently written a book about the journey, called Sailing the Dream, Perham officially crossed the finishing line at 09,47,30 local time on 27 August 2009. He was escorted across the line by HMS Mersey, a Royal Naval helicopter, Perhams official homecoming reception and press conference was at Gunwharf Quays in Portsmouth on 29 August 2009, where he was met by friends, family and Vendée Globe yachtsman Tony Bullimore
13.
Jessica Watson
–
Jessica Watson, OAM is an Australian sailor who completed a southern hemisphere solo circumnavigation at the age of 16. Departing Sydney on 18 October 2009, Watson headed north-east crossing the equator in the Pacific Ocean before crossing the Atlantic and she returned to Sydney on 15 May 2010, three days before her 17th birthday. In recognition of her achievement Watson was named the 2011 Young Australian of the Year, and she currently resides in Buderim, Queensland. Watson was born in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, the second of four children of New Zealander couple Roger and Julie Watson, who moved to Australia in 1987, she has dual Australian and New Zealander citizenship. She has a sister and younger brother and sister. All four took sailing lessons as children, and the family went on to live on board a 16-metre cabin cruiser for five years, later they lived on a purpose-built double decker bus for some time. When Watson was eleven and they were living on the boat, her mother read Jesse Martins book Lionheart. This led to Watson forming the ambition, at age twelve, Watson had been planning to complete a solo non-stop and unassisted circumnavigation since at least early 2008. Officially announced in May 2009, the journey was expected to take eight months with a distance of 23,000 nautical miles. Watsons planned circumnavigation route was to start and end at Sydney, in accordance with the definitions for circumnavigations set out by the International Sailing Federations WSSRC, the equator must be crossed, this crossing was carried out near Kiritimati. However, the WSSRC criteria also stipulate that a global circumnavigation must have a distance of 21,600 nautical miles. Watsons journey did not meet this requirement, Watson arrived back in Sydney Harbour at 1,53 pm, Saturday 15 May 2010. The Los Angeles Times reported Watsons reason for her journey, I wanted to challenge myself, and yes, I wanted to inspire people. I hated being judged by my appearance and other peoples expectations of what a girl was capable of. Its no longer just my dream or voyage, every milestone out here isnt just my achievement, but an achievement for everyone who has put so much time and effort into helping getting me here. After the journey she continued a relationship with Michael Perham, the continuing youngest circumnavigator and they met during a stop he made in Australia during his circumnavigation, and they had several phone conversations during her journey. Watson has also seen with Australias youngest ever federal politician. Jessicas mother insists they are just friends, and that Jessicas schedule—which takes her around the country, Watson has written a book about her experience, True Spirit published by Hachette Australia
14.
Laura Dekker
–
Laura Dekker is a Dutch sailor. In 2009, she announced her plan to become the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe single-handed, a Dutch court stepped in, owing to the objections of the local authorities, and prevented Dekker from departing while under shared custody of both her parents. In July 2010, a Dutch family court ended this arrangement. Dekker successfully completed the solo circumnavigation in an 11. 5-metre two-masted ketch, arriving in Simpson Bay, Dekker was born in the city of Whangarei, New Zealand, during a seven-year sailing trip by her parents. Her father, Dick Dekker, is Dutch and her mother, Dekker has Dutch, German, and New Zealand citizenship. She lived with her father after the separation of her parents, Dekker spent the first five years of her life at sea, and sailed often with her father after the familys return to the Netherlands. She has owned several boats, all named Guppy, the first was an Optimist she received for her sixth birthday, and which she promptly learned to sail solo, initially accompanied by her father on a windsurfer. For her eighth birthday, she received the book Maiden Voyage and it was just at the 7 m limit below which Dutch law imposes on captains under the age of 16. Sailing it often, she christened this boat Guppy as well, in the summer of 2007, she took it on a more ambitious 6-week sailing tour of the Wadden Sea, accompanied by her dog Spot. Over the following winter, Dekker searched for her own Hurley 700 and this boat was also christened Guppy, and she spent her entire 2008 summer vacation aboard it, cruising around the Netherlands. Over the following year, she began preparing herself and Guppy for open ocean sailing. In March, her father told her to some experience with the open sea by first sailing to England. This was intended to discourage her, the currents, rough weather. She spent the eight weeks preparing Guppy for that trip. On the evening of Friday,1 May, at the beginning of a 12-day school vacation and she sailed to the coast and arrived in Maassluis Saturday afternoon. Early Sunday morning, she set out across the Channel, docking in Lowestoft, she e-mailed word of her success from a local library. Local authorities requested her father to come and accompany her on her return voyage and her father responded that she could sail back by herself. Local authorities instead placed her in a home until he came to retrieve her
15.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
16.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
17.
Yacht racing
–
Yacht racing is a form of sport involving yachts and larger sailboats, as distinguished from dinghy racing. It is composed of multiple yachts, in competition, racing around a course marked by buoys or other fixed navigational devices or racing longer distances across open water from point-to-point. It can involve a series of races when buoy racing or multiple legs when point-to-point racing, the sporting element in the word lies in the derivation of jaght from the root jaghen, which means to hunt, chase or pursue…. The formal racing of boats is believed to have started with sailboats in the Netherlands some time in the 17th century, soon, in England, custom-built racing yachts began to emerge and the Royal Yacht Squadron was established in 1815. In 1661 John Evelyn recorded a competition between Katherine and Anne, two large royal sailing vessels both of English design, …the wager 100-1, the race from Greenwich to Gravesend and back. One of the vessels was owned, and sometimes steered, by Charles II, in 1782 the Cumberland Fleet, a class of sailing vessel known for its ability to sail close to the wind, were painted racing up the Thames River with spectators viewing from a bridge. Much like today, this obsession with sailing close to the wind with speed, in the nineteenth century most yacht races were started by allotting starting positions to the competitors. Buoys were laid in a line, to which the competitors attached their yachts by means of spring ropes. The yachts were required to all the sails forward of the main mast on deck until the starting signal was given. The Yacht Racing Association was founded in 1875 by Prince Batthyany-Strattman, Captain J. W. Hughes, the Y. R. A. wrote standardised yacht racing rules which included the Flying Start used today. Bringing yacht racing to the forefront of life, the Americas Cup was first raced in 1851 between the New York Yacht Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron. Subsequently, the Cup races were conducted, usually every 3–4 years, based on an issued by one club to the current Cup holder. As yacht racing became more prevalent, and yacht design more diverse, it was necessary to establish systems of measurements and time allowances due to the differences in boat design. Longer yachts are inherently faster than shorter ones, therefore, in the interests of fairness, as a result, both ratings and “one-design” competition were developed. Ratings systems rely upon some formulaic analysis of very specific yacht-design parameters such as length, sail area, displacement. During the 1920s and through the 1970s the Cruising Club of America established a formula by which most racing/cruising boats were designed during that period, most popular family-oriented cruising sailboats will have a rating filed with a local chapter of the PHRF. The most prevalent handicap rating systems today are the ORC, ORR, IRC, and the PHRF. Many countries organise their own handicap systems which do not take account the size, weight, or sail area of the yacht
