1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Ludwig II of Bavaria
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Ludwig II was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886. He is sometimes called the Swan King or der Märchenkönig and he also held the titles of Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, and Duke in Swabia. He succeeded to the throne aged 18, two years later Bavaria and Austria fought a war against Prussia, which they lost. However, in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Bavaria sided with Prussia against France and he commissioned the construction of two lavish palaces and the Neuschwanstein Castle, and was a devoted patron of the composer Richard Wagner. Ludwig spent all his royal revenues on these projects, borrowed extensively and this extravagance was used against him to declare him insane, an accusation which has since come under scrutiny. Today, his architectural and artistic legacy includes many of Bavarias most important tourist attractions, born in Nymphenburg Palace, he was the elder son of Maximilian II of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach, and his wife Princess Marie of Prussia. His younger brother, born three years later, was named Otto, like many young heirs in an age when kings governed most of Europe, Ludwig was continually reminded of his royal status. King Maximilian wanted to both of his sons in the burdens of royal duty from an early age. Ludwig was both extremely indulged and severely controlled by his tutors and subjected to a regimen of study. There are some who point to these stresses of growing up in a family as the causes for much of his odd behavior as an adult. Ludwig was not close to either of his parents, King Maximilians advisers had suggested that on his daily walks he might like, at times, to be accompanied by his future successor. The King replied, But what am I to say to him, after all, my son takes no interest in what other people tell him. Later, Ludwig would refer to his mother as my predecessors consort and he was far closer to his grandfather, the deposed and notorious King Ludwig I, who came from a family of eccentrics. Ludwigs childhood years did have happy moments and he lived for much of the time at Castle Hohenschwangau, a fantasy castle his father had built near the Alpsee near Füssen. It was decorated in the Gothic Revival style with frescoes depicting heroic German sagas. The family also visited Lake Starnberg, as an adolescent, Ludwig became close friends with his aide de camp, Prince Paul, a member of Bavarias wealthy Thurn und Taxis family. The two young men together, read poetry aloud, and staged scenes from the Romantic operas of Richard Wagner. The friendship ended when Paul became engaged in 1866, during his youth Ludwig also initiated a lifelong friendship with his cousin, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, later Empress of Austria
3.
German Universities Excellence Initiative
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It is the result of lengthy negotiations between the federal government and the German states. Since almost all German universities are public, and therefore mainly paid by taxes and generally egalitarian, however, the Excellence Initiative aims to strengthen some selected universities more than others in order to raise their international visibility. The initiative is conducted by the German Research Foundation together with the German Council of Science, more than 30 universities in total received funding. 2nd line of funding, The creation of thirty so-called Clusters of Excellence, annually, these clusters will receive around 6.5 million euros each to fund their work. 3rd line of funding, The selection of 11 Universities of Excellence, particularly this third line of funding has drawn appreciable international attention, both in academia and media. Altogether 2.7 billion euros of additional funds will be distributed over the five years. The German Council of Science and Humanities is responsible for the line of funding. These funds are to be available in the first instance for the universities and these universities are commonly referred to by the media as elite universities. As in 2006 and 2007, also other universities were awarded for special clusters of excellence, the funding for a future concept does often, but not necessarily result in a superior overall budget compared to other German universities. For example, due to its size, the University of Constance is despite this additional means. Federal Education Minister Annette Schavan said following the ceremony, The excellence initiative is writing scientific history. Research at German universities finds itself on a successful, international course, source, Federal Ministry of Education Whether the Excellence Initiative has had a positive effect is currently a matter of debate. A report by the WZB Berlin Social Science Centre indicates that the failed to create more diverse education options
4.
TU9
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TU9 German Institutes of Technology e. V. is an association of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest technical universities in Germany. The current president of TU9 is Prof. Dr. Hans Jürgen Prömel, two members of TU9, RWTH Aachen and TU Munich, are selected as Germanys Universities of Excellence for two consecutive funding periods of 2007 -2012 and 2012 -2017. Two other members, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and TU Dresden, are chosen as Germanys Universities of Excellence for one period of 2007 -2012 and 2012-2017, TU9 was established in 2003 as an informal consortium of those Institutes of Technology in Germany which were established before 1900. Founding president of TU9 is Horst Hippler, also president of the University of Karlsruhe, the incorporated society TU9 German Institutes of Technology e. V. was solemnly founded on January 26,2006 at TU Braunschweig. Its head office is in Berlin, associated especially through their core subjects, the engineering sciences, the members of TU9 pay attention particularly to the public perception of topics with high relevance to these sciences. This includes analysis of statistics about third-party funds and the description of the importance of the TU9 universities concerning graduates
5.
Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly
6.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
7.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
8.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
9.
Freising
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Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the Freising district, with a total population of 45,227. The city is located north of Munich at the Isar river and its also the first recorded place of a European tornado. Freising is one of the oldest settlements in Bavaria, gaining importance by becoming a religious center in the early Middle Ages. It was and still is the center of an important diocese, even though archaeological finds show that the area was settled in the Bronze Age, no proof has been found yet to suggest a continuous settlement until the 8th century Frigisinga. Saint Corbinian settled at a shrine that existed at Freising in 724. He was the forerunner of the diocese of Freising, established after his death by Saint Boniface, according to his Vita by Bishop Arbeo he ordered a bear to carry his luggage over the Alps after it had killed his packhorse. The saddled bear is still the symbol of the city, displayed in the coat of arms, though the seat of the diocese was moved to Munich in 1821, including the elevation to an arch-diocese, Freising has remained the seat of diocese administration until today. 764-783 Bishop Arbeo founded a library and scriptorium at the abbey, the settlement started to become a religious center. The mortal remains of Pope Alexander I are said to have transferred to Freising in 834. In 996 Freising received city rights from Emperor Otto III, in 1159 the romanesque cathedral was constructed. In the secularization of 1803, the Roman Catholic Church lost most of its properties, the Lord Mayor of Freising is Tobias Eschenbacher. The majority of seats in the city council are held by the so-called Free Voters, the Bavarian General and War Minister Benignus Ritter von Safferling was born in Freising. dioezesanmuseum-freising. de Bavarian state library Pictures of Freising
10.
Technische Hochschule
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A Technische Hochschule is a type of university focusing on engineering sciences in Germany. Previously, it existed in Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands. In the 1970s and the 1980s, the Technische Hochschule emerged into the Technische Universität or Technische Universiteit, since 2009, several German universities of applied sciences were renamed to Technische Hochschulen. Today, Universitäten as well as other Hochschulen call themselves Technische Hochschule for historical reasons, however, a Technische Hochschule with the status of a Universität is regarded as a Technische Universität despite the name. Since the Middle Ages, higher institutions in Europe were called a university only if a certain classical canon of subjects encompassing philosophy, medicine, law. This change of status was accompanied by a spectrum of academic disciplines. Starting in 2009, several German universities of applied sciences with a technical focus have changed their names to Technische Hochschule, examples include Teknillinen korkeakoulu in Espoo, Tampereen teknillinen korkeakoulu and Lappeenrannan teknillinen korkeakoulu. Similarly to German speaking countries, most of them changed their name to teknillinen yliopisto. However, Teknillinen korkeakoulu retained its old name until it merged with two universities to form the current Aalto University. TU9 German Institutes of Technology e. V
11.
Robert Vorhoelzer
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Robert Vorhoelzer was a German architect. Bavarian architect Robert Vorhoelzer belongs to the classical modernist school of architecture that is otherwise rather underrepresented in Bavaria, most of his works were built when Vorhoelzer was Oberbaurat of the Bavarian postal administration. Together with Robert Poeverlein he founded the Bayerische Postbauschule, in the early stages of his work, such as at the post office Penzberg or the post office on Ismaninger Straße in Munich, the influence of the Heimatstil was dominant. But later Vorhoelzer built many modern and functional buildings in the style of Neue Sachlichkeit, the harmonious integration of his buildings in the surrounding urban landscape proves Vorhoelzers ability as a city planner. In particular, the appearance of the Arnulfstraße in Munich owns much to the numerous Vorhoelzer buildings, in 1930, Robert Vorhoelzer has been appointed professor at the Technical University of Munich. On the eve of World War II, Vorhoelzer emigrated to Turkey, after the war, he retrieved his chair, but in 1947 he has been suspended again for six months after Nazi allegations concerning the date of the Turkish exile. In the post-war debate on the reconstruction of Munich, Vorhoelzer pointed out that parts of the city had been in need of rehabilitation even before the war and he called for a radical new development plan, in which Flachbauten low-rise and high-rise buildings played an important part. He also had been ahead of his times in his request to discuss the reconstruction in public, in 1952, Vorhoelzer retired and two years later, he died at the age of 70 years after an operation. His last major work was the parish church of St. Joseph in Dingolfing. For this hall-type church, he applied motives that were present in the church Giesinger Mary Queen of Peace. Robert Vorhoelzer in the German National Library catalogue Robert Vorhoelzer at the archINFORM database, architekten-Portrait Die TU München zur Bedeutung Vorhoelzers
12.
Neutron source
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A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons. Neutron source devices are used in physics, engineering, medicine, nuclear weapons, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry, certain isotopes undergo spontaneous fission with emission of neutrons. The most commonly used spontaneous fission source is the radioactive isotope californium-252, Cf-252 neutron sources are typically 1/4 to 1/2 in diameter and 1 to 2 in length. The price of a typical Cf-252 neutron source is from $15,000 to $20,000, Neutrons are produced when alpha particles impinge upon any of several low atomic weight isotopes including isotopes of beryllium, carbon and oxygen. Typical emission rates for alpha reaction neutron sources range from 1×106 to 1×108 neutrons per second, as an example, a representative alpha-beryllium neutron source can be expected to produce approximately 30 neutrons for every one million alpha particles. The useful lifetime for these types of sources is highly variable, the size and cost of these neutron sources are also comparable to spontaneous fission sources. Usual combinations of materials are plutonium-beryllium, americium-beryllium, or americium-lithium, gamma radiation with an energy exceeding the neutron binding energy of a nucleus can eject a neutron. Two examples and their products, 9Be + >1.7 Mev photon →1 neutron +2 4He 2H + >2. This group of devices use a field to heat a plasma to fusion conditions. Various applications from a hobby enthusiast scene up to commercial applications have developed, traditional particle accelerators with hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium ion sources may be used to produce neutrons using targets of deuterium, tritium, lithium, beryllium, and other low-Z materials. The number of neutrons released by each fission event is dependent on the substance, nuclear fission which takes place within in a reactor produces very large quantities of neutrons and can be used for a variety of purposes including power generation and experiments. Nuclear fusion, the combining of the isotopes of hydrogen. Small scale fusion systems exist for purposes at many universities and laboratories around the world. None are yet used as neutron sources, inertial confinement fusion has the potential to produce orders of magnitude more neutrons than spallation. A spallation source is a source in which protons that have been accelerated to high energies hit a target material. For most applications, a neutron flux is better. Amateur fusion devices, like the fusor, generate only about 300000 neutrons per second, commercial fusor devices can generate on the order of 109 neutrons per second, which corresponds to a usable flux of less than 105 n/. Large neutron beamlines around the world achieve much greater flux, reactor-based sources now produce 1015 n/, and spallation sources generate greater than 1017 n/
13.
Rudolf Diesel
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Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine and his mysterious death. Diesel was the subject of the 1942 film Diesel, Diesel was born in Paris, France in 1858 the second of three children of Elise and Theodor Diesel. His parents were Bavarian immigrants living in Paris, Theodor Diesel, a bookbinder by trade, left his home town of Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1848. He met his wife, a daughter of a Nuremberg merchant, in Paris in 1855, Rudolf Diesel spent his early childhood in France, but at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, his family was forced to leave, as were many other Germans. At the age of 14, Diesel wrote a letter to his parents saying that he wanted to become an engineer, after finishing his basic education at the top of his class in 1873, he enrolled at the newly founded Industrial School of Augsburg. Two years later, he received a scholarship from the Royal Bavarian Polytechnic of Munich, which he accepted against the wishes of his parents. One of Diesels professors in Munich was Carl von Linde, Diesel was unable to graduate with his class in July 1879 because he fell ill with typhoid. While waiting for the next date, he gained practical engineering experience at the Gebrüder Sulzer Maschinenfabrik in Winterthur. Diesel became the director of the plant one year later, in 1883, Diesel married Martha Flasche, and continued to work for Linde, gaining numerous patents in both Germany and France. As he was not allowed to use the patents he developed while an employee of Lindes for his own purposes and he first worked with steam, his research into thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency leading him to build a steam engine using ammonia vapour. During tests, however, the engine exploded and almost killed him and he spent many months in a hospital, followed by health and eyesight problems. Diesel understood thermodynamics and the theoretical and practical constraints on fuel efficiency and he knew that as much as 90% of the energy available in the fuel is wasted in a steam engine. His work in design was driven by the goal of much higher efficiency ratios. After experimenting with a Carnot Cycle engine, he developed his own approach, eventually, he obtained a patent for his design for a compression-ignition engine. In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of compression, from 1893 to 1897, Heinrich von Buz, director of MAN AG in Augsburg, gave Rudolf Diesel the opportunity to test and develop his ideas. Rudolf Diesel obtained patents for his design in Germany and other countries and he was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1978. In the evening of 29 September 1913, Diesel boarded the post office steamer Dresden in Antwerp on his way to a meeting of the Consolidated Diesel Manufacturing company in London. He took dinner on board the ship and then retired to his cabin at about 10 p. m. leaving word to be called the morning at 6,15 a. m
14.
Claude Dornier
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Claude Honoré Désiré Dornier born in Kempten im Allgäu was a German airplane builder and founder of Dornier GmbH. His legacy remains in the named after him, including the 12-engine Dornier Do X flying boat. The son of a French wine importer and his German wife, Claude Dornier was born in Bavaria where he grew up and attended school, Dornier then moved to Munich, where he graduated in 1907 from the Technical University. As a young engineer Dornier first worked on strength calculations at Nagel Engineering Works in Karlsruhe, Dornier received the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt for outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering in 1959. His son, Claudius Dornier Jr. was also an aircraft designer, Dornier D. I Windsock Mini datafile #12. Dornier - Die Chronik des ältesten deutschen Flugzeugwerks, friedrichshafen, Germany, Walter Biering GmbH. p.78. The Development of Dornier Landplanes, 1914-1918, cross and Cockade Great Britain Journal
15.
Walther von Dyck
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Walther Franz Anton von Dyck, born Dyck and later ennobled, was a German mathematician. He is credited with being the first to define a mathematical group and he laid the foundations of combinatorial group theory, being the first to systematically study a group by generators and relations. Von Dyck was a student of Felix Klein, and served as chairman of the commission publishing Kleins encyclopedia, von Dyck was also the editor of Keplers works. He promoted technological education as rector of the Technische Hochschule of Munich, von Dyck is the son of the Bavarian painter Hermann Dyck. OConnor, John J. Robertson, Edmund F. Walther von Dyck, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, Walther von Dyck at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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Hans Fischer
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Fischer was born in Höchst on Main, now a city district of Frankfurt. His parents were Dr. Eugen Fischer, Director of the firm of Kalle & Co, Wiesbaden, and Privatdozent at the Technical High School, Stuttgart and he went to a primary school in Stuttgart, and later to the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Wiesbaden, matriculating in 1899. He read chemistry and medicine, first at the University of Lausanne and he graduated in 1904, and in 1908 he qualified for his M. D. He worked first at a Medical Clinic in Munich and then at the First Berlin Chemical Institute under Emil Fischer and he returned to Munich in 1911 and qualified as lecturer on internal medicine one year later. In 1913 he became a lecturer in physiology at the Physiological Institute in Munich, in 1916 he became Professor of Medical Chemistry at the University of Innsbruck and from there he went to the University of Vienna in 1918. From 1921 until his death he held the position of Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Technical University of Munich, of special importance was his synthesis of bilirubin and haemin. He received many honours for this work, and received the Nobel Prize in 1930, the lunar crater Fischer was named after him in 1976. Fischer married Wiltrud Haufe in 1935 and he committed suicide in Munich in despair over the destruction of his institute and his work during the last days of World War II. 1002/ange.19500620102. Bickel, M H, Gesnerus,58, pp. 215–9, PMID11810971 Stern, A J, Hans Fischer, Ann. 206, pp. 752–61, Bibcode, 1973NYASA.206. 752S, doi,10. 1111/j. 1749-6632.1973. tb43252. x, PMID4584221 Watson, C J, Reminiscences of Hans Fischer and his laboratory, Perspect. 8, pp. 419–35, PMID5323649 Kämmerer, H, a reminiscence on the 80th anniversary of his birth, Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift,103, pp. 2164–6, PMID14036988
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Ernst Otto Fischer
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Ernst Otto Fischer was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry. He was born in Solln, near Munich and his parents were Karl T. Fischer, Professor of Physics at the Technical University of Munich, and Valentine née Danzer. He graduated in 1937 with Abitur, before the completion of two years compulsory military service, the Second World War broke out, and he served in Poland, France, and Russia. During a period of leave, towards the end of 1941 he began to study chemistry at the Technical University of Munich. Following the end of the War, he was released by the Americans in the autumn of 1945 and resumed his studies, graduating in 1949. that the structure postulated by Pauson, shortly after he published the structural data of ferrocene, the sandwich structure of the η5 compound. He was appointed a lecturer at the TU in 1955 and, in 1957, professor and then, in 1959, in 1964 he took the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the TU. In 1964, he was elected a member of the Mathematics/Natural Science section of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and he lectured across the world on metal complexes of cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, arenes, olefins, and metal carbonyls. In the 1960s his group discovered a metal alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes, overall he published about 450 journal articles and he trained many PhD and postdoctoral students, many of whom went on to noteworthy careers. He has received awards including, in 1973 with Geoffrey Wilkinson. He died on 23 July 2007 in Munich, at the time of his death, Fischer was the oldest living German Nobel laureate. He was succeeded by Manfred Eigen, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 and is nine years younger than Fischer was, elschenbroich, A. Salzer ”Organometallics, A Concise Introduction” from Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Mediator between chemical worlds, aesthete of sciences, and man of Bavaria, Ernst Otto Fischer, Über Cycopentadien-Komplexe des Eisen und des Kobalts
18.
Robert Huber
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Robert Huber ForMemRS is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate. He was born 20 February 1937 in Munich where his father and he was educated at the Humanistisches Karls-Gymnasium from 1947 to 1956 and then studied chemistry at the Technische Hochschule, receiving his diploma in 1960. He stayed, and did research into using crystallography to elucidate the structure of organic compounds, in 1971 he became a director at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry where his team developed methods for the crystallography of proteins. In 1988 he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry jointly with Johann Deisenhofer, the information provided the first insight into the structural bodies that performed the integral function of photosynthesis. This insight could be translated to understand the complex analogue of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria which is essentially the same as that in chloroplasts of higher plants. In 2006, he took up a post at the Cardiff University to spearhead the development of Structural Biology at the university on a part-time basis, since 2005 he has been doing research at the Center for medical biotechnology of the University of Duisburg-Essen. Huber was one of the editors of the Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry In 1977 Huber was Awarded the Otto Warburg Medal. In 1988 he was awarded the Nobel Prize and in 1992 the Sir Hans Krebs Medal, Huber was elected a member of Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts, in 1993 and Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1999. His certificate of election reads, Huber is married with four children
19.
Carl von Linde
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Carl Paul Gottfried Linde was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered a refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and these breakthroughs laid the backbone for the 1913 Nobel Prize in physics. He was knighted in 1897 as Ritter von Linde, born in Berndorf, as the son of a minister, Linde was expected to follow in his fathers footsteps, but took another direction entirely. In 1861, he started a course in engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, where his teachers included Rudolf Clausius, Gustav Zeuner and Franz Reuleaux. In 1864, he was expelled before graduating for participating in a student protest, Linde stayed only a short time before moving first to Borsig in Berlin and then to the new Krauss locomotive factory in Munich, where he worked as head of the technical department. Von Linde married Helene Grimm in September 1866, their marriage lasted 53 years, in 1868 Linde learned of a new university opening in Munich and immediately applied for a job as a lecturer, he was accepted—at the age of 26—for the position. He became a professor of mechanical engineering in 1872. In 1870 and 1871, Linde published articles in the Bavarian Industry, Lindes first refrigeration plants were commercially successful, and development began to take up increasing amounts of his time. In 1879, he gave up his professorship and founded the Gesellschaft für Lindes Eismaschinen Aktiengesellschaft, now Linde AG, in Wiesbaden, after a slow start in a difficult German economy, business picked up quickly in the 1880s. The efficient new refrigeration technology offered big benefits to the breweries, in addition to the breweries, other uses for the new technology were found in slaughterhouses and cold storage facilities all over Europe. In 1890, Linde moved back to Munich where he took up his professorship once more, in 1895, Linde first achieved success, and filed for patent protection of his process. In 1901, Linde began work on a technique to obtain oxygen and nitrogen based on the fractional distillation of liquefied air. By 1910, coworkers including Carls son Friedrich had developed the Linde double-column process and he then obtained oxygen and nitrogen from the liquid air by slow warming. In 1897, Linde was appointed to the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown, in addition to Lindes technical and engineering abilities, he was a successful entrepreneur. He formed many successful partnerships in Germany and internationally, working effectively to exploit the value of his patents and knowledge through licensing arrangements. In 1906, Linde negotiated a stake in Brins Oxygen Company in exchange for rights to Lindes patents in the UK and other countries, and held a board position until 1914. Linde also formed the Linde Air Products Company in the USA in 1907, from around 1910 Linde started transferring responsibility for the companys operation to his sons Friedrich and Richard and to his son-in-law Rudolf Wucherer. He continued with supervisory board and advisory duties until his death, carl von Linde died in Munich in November 1934 at the age of 92
20.
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
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Heinz Maier-Leibnitz was a German physicist. He made contributions to nuclear spectroscopy, coincidence measurement techniques, radioactive tracers for biochemistry and medicine and he was an influential educator and an advisor to the Federal Republic of Germany on nuclear programs. During World War II, Maier-Leibnitz worked at the Institute of Physics of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, after the war, he spent a year working in North America, after which he returned to the Institute of Physics. In 1952, he assumed the Chair for Technical Physics and directorship of the Laboratory for Technical Physics at the Technische Hochschule München and he became a leader in establishing and building centers which used nuclear reactors as neutron sources for research. The first was the Research Reactor Munich, which was the seed for the entire Garching research campus of the Technische Hochschule München. The second was the German-French project to construct a high-flux neutron source and found the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France and his leadership also helped establish the Physics Department at the Technische Hochschule München. He was a signatory of the Göttingen Manifest, in his honor, the German Research Foundation annually awards six scientists with the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis. The research reactor Forschungsreaktor München II is officially named Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Maier-Leibnitz studied physics at the Universität Stuttgart and the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. He received his doctorate in 1935, from the University of Göttingen, under the Nobel Laureate James Franck and Georg Joos – Franck had emigrated from Germany in 1933 and his successor was Joos. Maier-Leibnitz was in the field of physics, and he discovered metastable, negative helium ions. Maier-Leibnitz worked on spectroscopy, electron-gamma-ray coincidence measurements, radioactive tracers. In the early years of World War II, Maier-Leibnitz first served in the German air defense, in 1942, he returned to continue his work with Bothe, who, since 1939, had been a principal in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranverein. After World War II, due to the ravages of war, Maier-Leibnitz, Kurt Starke, and other younger colleagues of Bothe left for employment in North America. Maier-Leibnitz left in the spring of 1947, when his contract expired in the spring of 1948, he returned to again work for Bothe. Maier-Leibnitz continued to work on spectroscopy and radioactive tracers in biochemistry. He also took up the study of positron annihilation in solids and this became the nucleus of the Maier-Leibnitz school for nuclear solid state physics. The far-sightedness of Maier-Leibnitz led to reorganization and expansion of physics at the Technische Hochschule München, riehl was an authority on the purification of uranium, and he greatly contributed to bringing about the construction of a new research tool at the Technische Hochschule München. Through the initiative and leadership of Maier-Leibnitz, the Forschungsreaktor München was built in Garching bei München and this reactor, popularly called the Atomei, based on its characteristic shape, was built in 1956 and became operational in 1957
21.
Walther Meissner
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Fritz Walther Meissner was a German technical physicist. Meissner was born in Berlin to Waldemar Meissner and Johanna Greger and he studied mechanical engineering and physics at the Technical University of Berlin, his doctoral supervisor being Max Planck. He then entered the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Berlin, from 1922 to 1925, he established the worlds third largest helium-liquifier, and discovered in 1933 the Meissner effect, damping of the magnetic field in superconductors. One year later, he was called as chair in physics at the Technical University of Munich. After World War II, he became the president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, in 1946, he was appointed director of the academys first low temperature research commission. Laboratories were located in Herrsching am Ammersee until 1965, when they were moved to Garching, meißner lived alone with his two dogs for the last several years of his life. Meißner died in Munich in 1974
22.
Willy Messerschmitt
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Wilhelm Emil Willy Messerschmitt was a German aircraft designer and manufacturer. He was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Baptist Ferdinand Messerschmitt and his second wife, probably Messerschmitts single most important design was the Messerschmitt Bf 109, designed in 1934 with the collaboration of Walter Rethel. The Bf 109 became the most important fighter in the Luftwaffe as Germany rearmed prior to World War II. To this day, it one of the most-produced warplanes in history, with some 34,000 built. His firm also produced the first jet-powered fighter to enter service — the Messerschmitt Me 262, as a young man, Messerschmitt befriended German sailplane pioneer Friedrich Harth. Harth joined the German army in 1914 and while he was away at war, Messerschmitt continued work on one of Harths designs, in 1917, Messerschmitt himself signed up for military service. Following the war, the two were reunited and continued to work together while Messerschmitt commenced study at the Munich Technical College, the S8 glider they designed and built together in 1921 broke a world duration record and they went into partnership for a while running a flying school. The same year, the first plane designed by Messerschmitt flew — the S9 glider. During 1923 Harth and Messerschmitt had an out and went their separate ways. At first, Messerschmitt built sailplanes, but within two years had progressed via motor gliders to small powered aircraft - sports and touring types. These culminated in the Messerschmitt M17 and Messerschmitt M18 designs, which Messerschmitt sold to BFW in 1927 and these were followed by the Messerschmitt M20 light transport in 1928, which proved a disaster for BFW and Messerschmitt himself. Two Deutsche Luft Hansa M20s were involved in serious crashes very soon after purchase, and this caused a serious cashflow problem for the company and led to its bankruptcy in 1931. The M20 crashes also created a powerful enemy for Messerschmitt in the person of Erhard Milch, nevertheless, only the ties that Messerschmitt had formed with leading Nazis Rudolf Hess and Hermann Göring saved him from sharing the fate of Milchs other great enemy, Hugo Junkers. When Milch learned of this, he publicly denounced Messerschmitt as a traitor, probably due to Croneiss intervention, no further action was taken. The establishment of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium by the Nazi government in 1933, headed by Milch, led to a resurgence in the German aircraft industry, the following year, Messerschmitt would incorporate many advanced design features of this aircraft into the Bf 109 fighter. On 11 July 1938, Messerschmitt was appointed chairman and managing director of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke and this same year, the company began work on what would eventually become the Me 262, and of the Messerschmitt Me 210, planned as successor for the Bf 110. Following World War II, Messerschmitt was tried by a court for using slave labor. After two years in prison, he was released and resumed his position as head of his company and he designed the later Helwan HA-300, a light supersonic interceptor, for the Egyptian air forces
23.
Franz von Soxhlet
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Franz Ritter von Soxhlet was a German agricultural chemist from Brno. He invented the Soxhlet extractor in 1879 and in 1886 he proposed pasteurization be applied to milk, Soxhlet is also known as the first scientist who fractionated the milk proteins in casein, albumin, globulin and lactoprotein. Furthermore, he described for the first time the present in milk. He was the son of a Belgian immigrant and he gained a PhD at Leipzig in 1872. In 1879 he became a professor of chemistry at the Technical University of Munich. The Milk Question, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,1913, band, Marie – Spannagel Rudolf, Wien 2005 Herzfeld, Franz von Soxhlet †. In, Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie Vol.51,1926, pp. 501–502, theodor Henkel, Franz von Soxhlet zum Gedächtnis. In, Süddeutsche Molkerei-Zeitung Vol.46,1926, pp. 493–494
24.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
25.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
26.
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich is a public research university located in Munich, Germany. The University of Munich is among Germanys oldest universities, in 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in his as well as the universitys original founders honour. Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn, pope Benedict XVI was also a student and professor at the university. The LMU has recently been conferred the title of university under the German Universities Excellence Initiative. LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population, in the semester of 2015/2016. Of these,8,671 were freshmen while international students totalled 7,812 or almost 15% of the student population, the university was founded with papal approval in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt, with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who became bishop of Chiemsee. In the period of German humanism, the universitys academics included names such as Conrad Celtes, the theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits, the Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university. At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the Enlightenment, in 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilianv IV Joseph moved the university to Landshut, due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig Maximilian University in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms sought to modernize the rather conservative. In 1826, it was moved to Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian. They were dubbed the Nordlichter and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them, in the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the worlds leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion, from 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became the first woman in Germany to earn the Habilitation, during the Third Reich, academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943 the White Rose group of anti-Nazi students conducted their campaign of opposition to the National Socialists at this university, the university has continued to be one of the leading universities of West Germany during the Cold War and in the post-reunification era
27.
Rechts der Isar Hospital
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The Rechts der Isar Hospital is a hospital in the Haidhausen district of Munich, Germany. It was founded in 1834, with 36 beds, as the Haidhauser Armen- und Krankenanstalt in a coffee house, and was later run by Catholic nuns. When Haidhausen was incorporated to the City of Munich, it was renamed Krankenhaus rechts der Isar, in 1967 it became the hospital of the Technical University of Munich and was reorganized to a public institution of its own right in 2003. Today it is considered one of Bavarias finest medical institutions and it incorporates more than 30 clinics and departments, plus eleven institutes and several inter-disciplinary centers. In 2011 the hospital had a total of 1,091 regular beds, in addition,220,607 ambulant treatments were carried out. 1,200 students attend medical faculty at TUM / Rechts der Isar, the hospital gained global attention in June 2008, when a team of about 40 doctors successfully transplanted two complete arms to a man who lost his own in an accident. The procedure has enabled the patient to move and use the hands, in Britain, the hospital is best known for being the place where the survivors of the Munich Air Disaster on 6 February 1958 were treated. The other 16 injured people survived and most made a recovery from their injuries. The chief surgeon who saved the lives of many of the injured, since 2003, the clinic has been an independent public institution. Parts of this article were translated from the German Wikipedia article of 4 February 2008, Rechts der Isar Website in English
28.
National University of Singapore
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The National University of Singapore is an autonomous university in Singapore. Founded in 1905, it is the oldest institute of learning in Singapore, as well as the largest university in the country in terms of student enrolment. NUS is a research-intensive, comprehensive university with an entrepreneurial dimension, NUS is ranked as Asias top university in both the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2016. According to the latest 2016 QS World University Rankings, NUS is placed 12th in the world, NUS also fared well in the 2016–17 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, coming in 24th in the world and 1st in Asia. NUSs main campus is located in South-West Singapore adjacent to Kent Ridge, the Bukit Timah campus houses the Faculty of Law, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and research institutes, while the Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore is located at the Outram campus. Tan, who was the first president of the Straits Chinese British Association, managed to raise 87,077 Straits dollars, on 3 July 1905, the medical school was founded, and was known as the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School. In 1912, the school received an endowment of $120,000 from the King Edward VII Memorial Fund. Subsequently, on 18 November 1913, the name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII Medical School, in 1921, it was again changed to the King Edward VII College of Medicine to reflect its academic status. In 1928, Raffles College was established to promote arts and social sciences at tertiary level for Malayan students, two decades later, Raffles College was merged with the King Edward VII College of Medicine to form the University of Malaya on 8 October 1949. The two institutions were merged to provide for the education needs of the Federation of Malaya. In 1960, the governments of then Federation of Malaya and Singapore indicated their desire to change the status of the divisions into that of a national university. Legislation was passed in 1961 establishing the former Kuala Lumpur division as the University of Malaya while the Singapore division was renamed the University of Singapore on 1 January 1962, the National University of Singapore was formed with the merger of the University of Singapore and Nanyang University in 1980. This was done in part due to the desire to pool the two institutions resources into a single, stronger entity, and promote English as Singapores main language of education. The original crest of Nanyang University with three intertwined rings was incorporated into the new coat-of-arms of NUS, NUS began its entrepreneurial education endeavours in the 1980s, with the setting up of the Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship in 1988. In 2001, this was renamed the NUS Entrepreneurship Centre, NUS has a semester-based modular system for conducting courses. It adopts features of the British system, such as small group teaching, students may transfer between courses within their first two semesters, enrol in cross-faculty modules or take up electives from different faculties. NUS has 16 faculties and schools, including a Music Conservatory, NUS has been ranked among the best in the Asia by two international ranking systems, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The QS World University Rankings 2016–17 ranked NUS 12th in the world and 1st in Asia, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016–17 placed NUS at 24th in the world and 1st in Asia, while its 2015–16 reputation rankings placed it at 24th globally
29.
Nanyang Technological University
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The Nanyang Technological University is an autonomous university in Singapore. NTU is consistently ranked amongst the worlds best universities in all of the major college, in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, NTU was ranked 13th in the world and 2nd in Asia. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings, NTU was also ranked 2nd in Asia, additionally, it has been recognised as the worlds top young university for 3 consecutive years by the QS young university rankings. NTU is a comprehensive and research-intensive university, with over 33,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students, the University is organized into eight colleges and schools. NTU is also home to several institutions including the National Institute of Education. The universitys main campus covers 200 hectares of land, making it the largest university campus in Singapore, the primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore, along 50 Nanyang Avenue. NTU also has two campuses, one in Novena and another at one-north. In 1956, prior to Singapores independence from the British, Nanyang University was established, Nanyang University merged with the National University of Singapore in 1980. A new university—the Nanyang Technological Institute —was formed to take over Nanyang Universitys campus in 1981, Nanyang Technological Institute was set up on 1 August 1981 with a charter to train three-quarters of Singapore’s engineers. When NTI started in 1982, it had a student population of 582 in three engineering disciplines – civil and structural, electrical and electronic, and mechanical and production engineering. By 1990, the undergraduate student population had grown to 6,832. The first two students were admitted in 1986. Three engineering schools were added, and the School of Accountancy from the National University of Singapore was transferred to NTI in 1987, a school of applied science was also started. In 1991, NTI merged with the National Institute of Education to form the Nanyang Technological University, the alumni rolls of the former Nanyang University were transferred to NTU in 1996. Historically, Nanyang Technological University admitted students jointly with the National University of Singapore, students made only one application and they would be accepted by either university. In 2004, the joint admission ended and students could apply separately to both universities as both began to distinguish themselves. NTU became autonomous in 2006 and stands as one of the two largest public universities in Singapore today, NTUs primary campus is the 200-hectare Yunnan Garden Campus which is situated adjacent to the town of Jurong West. The campus grounds were donated by the Singapore Hokkien Association to Nanyang University
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