1.
Beer
–
Beer is the worlds oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink, it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, the fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect, although this is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Beer is sold in bottles and cans, it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume, archaeologists speculate that beer was instrumental in the formation of civilisations. Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer, the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, a fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice, almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation. It is likely that many cultures, on observing that a liquid could be obtained from a source of starch. Bread and beer increased prosperity to a level that allowed time for development of other technologies, Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today, alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was an addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, the development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies. As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres, the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side, of beer are sold per year, the process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, a company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, however, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby
Beer
–
Schlenkerla Rauchbier being poured from a
cask
Beer
–
François Jaques: Peasants Enjoying Beer at Pub in Fribourg (Switz.) – (1923)
Beer
–
Egyptian wooden model of beer making in ancient Egypt,
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum,
San Jose, California
Beer
–
William Hogarth, Beer Street, 1751.
Brooklyn Museum
2.
Tea
–
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world, Tea originated in Southwest China, where it was used as a medicinal drink. It was popularized as a drink during the Chinese Tang dynasty. Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century, during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass the Chinese monopoly. The term herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile and these are sometimes called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant. The tea industry often uses the term fruit tea to refer to what are in fact fruit-flavored black teas. The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with a stroke as 荼. The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as chá in Mandarin, zo and dzo in Wu Chinese, there were other ancient words for tea, though ming is the only other one still in common use. Most Chinese languages, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of cha and these two pronunciations have made their separate ways into other languages around the world. Starting in the seventeen century, the Dutch played a dominant role in the early European tea trade via the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch borrowed the word for tea from Min Chinese, either through trade directly from Fujian or Formosa where they had established a port, or from Malay traders in Bantam, Java. The Dutch then introduced to other European languages this Min pronunciation for tea, including English tea, French thé, Spanish té and this pronunciation is also the most common form worldwide. The Portuguese adopted the Cantonese pronunciation chá, and spread it to India, the Korean and Japanese pronunciations of cha were borrowed into Korean and Japanese during earlier periods of Chinese history. A third form, the increasingly widespread chai, came from Persian چای chay, both the châ and chây forms are found in Persian dictionaries. English has all three forms, cha or char, attested from the 16th century, tea, from the 17th, however, the form chai refers specifically to a black tea mixed with honey, spices and milk in contemporary English. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated around the points of the lands of north Burma. Tea drinking may have begun in the Yunnan region during the Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to Shennong in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from the southwest of China. The earliest written records of tea come from China, in the Chronicles of Huayang, it was recorded that the Ba people in Sichuan presented tu to the Zhou king
Tea
–
Oolong tea being infused in a
gaiwan
Tea
–
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) from
Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Tea
–
Camellia sinensis
Tea
–
1885 illustration of
Xiamen (Amoy) by Edwin Joshua Dukes
3.
Drinking fountains in the United States
–
This is a list of drinking fountains in the United States. A drinking fountain, also called a fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap, the drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Creation of public drinking fountains was supported by the Temperance Movement, the Womans Christian Temperance Union, founded in 1874, sponsored Temperance fountains in towns and cities across the United States. Henry D. Cogswell, a dentist who made a fortune in San Francisco real estate, sponsored dozens of artistic fountains, a concurrent movement concerned with animal welfare resulted in the founding of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1866. One of its concerns was the difficulty of finding water for work horses in urban areas. Combination drinking fountains that provided a bubbler for people and a trough for horses. Privately-sponsored drinking fountains were often commissioned as works of art, sculptors such as Karl Bitter, Gutzon Borglum and Daniel Chester French, and architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted and Henry Hobson Richardson collaborated on them. These were frequently created as memorials to individuals, serving an ongoing utilitarian purpose as well as an artistic one, the National Humane Alliance donated more than 120 National Humane Alliance Fountains to communities all across the United States between 1903 and 1913. The fountains were the gift of philanthropist Herman Lee Ensign, the fountains were placed at busy intersections in cities all across the United States. The fountains were quarried on Vinalhaven which is an island off the coast from Rockland, the three level fountains had a top piece that included spigots in the shape of lions heads for humans, a larger circular bowl for horses, and lower bowls for dogs and cats. Derby, CT has a dedicated to the fountains that includes an interactive map of the United States with locations
Drinking fountains in the United States
–
Bagley Memorial Fountain
Drinking fountains in the United States
–
Water flows from the lions' mouths. Added to the
National Register of Historic Places in 1971.
Drinking fountains in the United States
–
Benson Bubbler
Drinking fountains in the United States
–
Burnside Fountain
4.
Hebe (mythology)
–
Hebe in ancient Greek religion, is the goddess of youth. She is the daughter of Zeus and Hera, Hebe was the cupbearer for the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, serving their nectar and ambrosia, until she was married to Heracles, her successor was the divine hero Ganymede. Another title of hers, for reason, is Ganymeda. She also drew baths for her brother Ares and helped Hera enter her chariot, Hebe was supposed to have the power to give eternal youth, and in art is typically seen with her father in the guise of an eagle, often offering a cup to him. This depiction is seen in classical engraved gems as well as later art, Hebe is the daughter of Zeus and Hera. In an alternative version, her mother became pregnant merely by eating a lettuce plant when dining with Apollo, in Euripides play Heracleidae, Hebe granted Iolaus wish to become young again in order to fight Eurystheus. Hebe had two children with Heracles, Alexiares and Anicetus, the name Hebe comes from Greek word meaning youth or prime of life. Juventus likewise means youth, as can be seen in such derivatives as juvenile, in art, Hebe is usually depicted wearing a sleeveless dress. The Phliasians, who lived near Sicyon, honored Hebe by pardoning supplicants, Hebe was also worshipped as a goddess of pardons or forgiveness, freed prisoners would hang their chains in the sacred grove of her sanctuary at Phlius. Most artists added an eagle, and a setting amid the clouds, in French there was a special term en Hébé for the costume. The personification appears in rococo, Grand Manner and Neoclassical styles, even some very aristocratic models allowed a degree of nudity, such as exposing a single breast, though this was often much greater in non-portrait depictions. François-Hubert Drouais painted Marie-Antoinette, when Dauphine, en Hébé in 1773, the bird was furious at being brought indoors to her studio and badly frightened her, though it looks relatively harmless in the painting. An entirely nude depiction by Ignaz Unterberger was a success in Vienna in 1795, and bought by Emperor Francis II for a large amount. In sculpture Hebe began to flourish as a slightly later. Antonio Canova sculpted four different versions of his statue of Hebe and this had no accompanying eagle, but including the bird was a challenge accepted by several later sculptors. An elaborate marble group with a naked Hebe and the eagle with wings outspread was started in 1852 by the elderly François Rude but unfinished by his death in 1855. Finished by his widow and another it is now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon and was popular in bronze versions. Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse produced another group, with the eagle perched above a sleeping Hebe
Hebe (mythology)
–
Hebe
Hebe (mythology)
–
Louise Henriette of Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans as Hebe by
Jean-Marc Nattier (1744)
Hebe (mythology)
–
Pierre Gobert, before 1744,
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, daughter of
the Regent, and
Duchess of Modena
Hebe (mythology)
–
Gavin Hamilton, 1767
5.
Union Square Park
–
The park is under the aegis of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Adjacent neighborhoods are the Flatiron District to the north, Chelsea to the west, Greenwich Village to the southwest, East Village to the southeast, many buildings of The New School are near the square, as are several dormitories of New York University. It features a wall sculpture and digital clock expelling bursts of steam. Among the heterogeneous assortment of buildings along the west side is the Decker Building, Union Square is noted for its impressive equestrian statue of U. S. A statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the southwest corner of the park was added in 1986, the 14th Street – Union Square New York City Subway station, served by the 456 <6> L N Q R W trains, is located under Union Square. In 1815, by act of the legislature, this former potters field became a public commons for the city. Ruggles obtained a lease on most of the surrounding lots from 15th to 19th Streets. In 1834 he convinced the Board of Aldermen to enclose and grade the square, then sold most of his leases, a fountain was built in the center of Union Square to receive water from the Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1842. The Everett House on the corner of 17th Street and Fourth Avenue was for one of the citys most fashionable hotels. In the early years of the park a fence surrounded the central oval planted with radiating walks lined with trees. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were called in to replant the park, the last of the neighborhoods free-standing private mansions, Peter Goelets at the northeast corner of 19th Street, made way for a commercial building in 1897. The Rialto, New York Citys first commercial district, was located in. It was called the Rialto after the district in Venice. The theater district gradually re-located northward, into less expensive and undeveloped uptown neighborhoods, thus, suppliers of props, costumes, wigs, scenery, and other theatrical necessities grew up around the new theatres. The park has historically been the start or the end point for political demonstrations. In the summer of 1864 the north side of the square was the site of a Sanitary Fair, Union Square has been a frequent gathering point for radicals of all stripes to make speeches or demonstrate. On September 5,1882, in the first Labor Day celebration, on March 28,1908, an anarchist set off a bomb in Union Square which only killed himself and another man. On August 21,1893, Emma Goldman took the stage at Union Square to make her Free Bread speech to a crowd of overworked garment workers
Union Square Park
–
Union Square
Union Square Park
–
Union Square in 1908
Union Square Park
–
George Washington (
Henry Kirke Brown, 1856) in the middle of
Fourth Avenue at
14th Street, c.1870
Union Square Park
–
The
statue in its current location in the middle of the park
6.
Adolf Donndorf
–
Adolf von Donndorf was a German sculptor. Adolf Donndorf was born in Weimar, the son of a cabinet-maker, starting in 1853 he was a student of Ernst Rietschel in Dresden. After Rietschels death in 1861 he and Gustav Adolph Kietz completed the Luther monument in Worms, Donndorf contributed several statues including standing figures of Reuchlin and Frederick the Wise, seated figures of Savonarola, Peter Waldo and the allegorical city of Magdeburg as well as reliefs. Adolf von Donndorf was a citizen of Weimar and Stuttgart and was ennobled in 1910 allowing him to add von to his name. A museum created in his honor in 1907 by the city of Weimar was destroyed at the end of World War II and his son Karl August Donndorf was also a sculptor and one of his fathers students. Adolf von Donndorf died in Stuttgart, equestrian statue of Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in Weimar, 1867–1875 Luther Monument on the Nikolaiplatz in Eisenach, 1889-1895. Figural group of mother and two children, Union Square Drinking Fountain also called the James Fountain, Union Square, New York City,1881. A standing draped female figure combining common iconic representations of Charity and of Temperance holds an infant and empties a ewer with her left hand, lion-mask spouts on the block base spit water into basins. New York, Dodd, Mead and Company
Adolf Donndorf
–
Equestrian statue of
Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Weimar, (1867-75)
Adolf Donndorf
–
James Fountain (1881)
7.
Temperance Fountain, Washington DC
–
This fountain was one of a series of temperance fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcoholic beverages. The fountain has four columns supporting a canopy on whose sides the words Faith, Hope, Charity. Atop this canopy is a heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. The inscription reads, PRESENTED BY DR, the message was to drink water, not whiskey, as there were so many saloons along the Avenue to tempt passersby. This was near the point between the Capitol and White House. For many years after National Prohibition, it sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store. In 1987, it was relocated about 100 feet north during the renewal by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation, the PADC created Indiana Plaza, and the Temperance Fountain swapped locations with the monument to the Grand Army of the Republic, which was considered historically more significant. The Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue, in April 1945, Sen. Sheridan Downey of California introduced a Senate resolution to remove the fountain, but, preoccupied with World War II, Congress ignored the resolution and it died in committee. The fountain is also the source of the name for the Cogswell Society, in 1984, it was placed on the Downtown Historic District National Register #84003901. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, and San Francisco. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, including the Temperance Fountain Kitsock, Greg. Alls well that ends with a drink to Cogswell
Temperance Fountain, Washington DC
–
Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain, Washington DC
–
Details of the Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain, Washington DC
–
Washington's Temperance Fountain (lower right corner) for years sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store, housed in the
Central National Bank Building.
8.
Henry D. Cogswell
–
Dr. Henry Daniel Cogswell was an American dentist and a crusader in the temperance movement. Cogswell and his wife Caroline also founded Cogswell College in San Jose, another campus in Everett, Washington was later dedicated in his honor. Born in Tolland, Connecticut, as a youth, he worked in the New England cotton mills and he became a dentist in Providence, Rhode Island at age 26. When the California Gold Rush started, the Cogswell family decided to go west, however, they did not do any mining themselves. Instead, he offered dentistry services to miners and invested in estate and mining stocks. A pioneer in his field, Cogswell designed the vacuum method of securing dental plates and was the first in California to perform an operation using chloroform. Cogswell believed that if people had access to drinking water they wouldnt consume alcoholic beverages. It was his dream to construct one temperance fountain for every 100 saloons across the United States and these drinking fountains were elaborate structures built of granite that Cogswell designed himself. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, San Jose, California, the concept of providing drinking fountains as alternatives to saloons was later implemented by the Womens Christian Temperance Union. These grandiose statues were not well received by the communities where they were placed, Washington, DCs Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts. In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell that sat in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900, the next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. However, when new sidewalks were laid in the early 2000s, Cogswell also designed the statue for his own tomb, a 400-ton granite tower, complete with fountains and statues of Hope, Faith, Charity and Temperance. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California, the diaries of Cogswell and his wife Caroline cover 37 years and are an unusually long and consistent record of busy personal and financial life in the western United States. They are kept at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, moffatt, The Intemperate Patronage of Henry D. Cogswell, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol.27, No. 2/3, pp. 123–143 Carol A. Grissom
Henry D. Cogswell
–
Henry D. Cogswell, ca. 1850-52
Henry D. Cogswell
–
Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894.
San Francisco Call.
Henry D. Cogswell
–
Temperance Fountain, Washington, D.C.
Henry D. Cogswell
–
Cogswell's tomb in Oakland
9.
Dolphin
–
Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals. They are a grouping within the order Cetacea, excluding whales and porpoises. The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae, Platanistidae, Iniidae, and Pontoporiidae, there are 40 extant species of dolphins. Dolphins, alongside other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged about 40 million years ago. Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m long and 50 kg Mauis dolphin to the 9.5 m and 10 t killer whale, several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the males are larger than females. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers, though not quite as flexible as seals, some dolphins can travel at 55.5 km/h. Dolphins use their conical shaped teeth to capture fast moving prey and they have well-developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water and is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, although dolphins are widespread, most species prefer the warmer waters of the tropic zones, but some, like the right whale dolphin, prefer colder climates. Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the killer whale, feed on large mammals, male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them, mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time. Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations, usually in the form of clicks, Dolphins are sometimes hunted in places like Japan, in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting. Besides drive hunting, they face threats from bycatch, habitat loss. Dolphins have been depicted in cultures worldwide. Dolphins occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the film series Free Willy, Dolphins are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks, but breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. The most common dolphins kept are killer whales and bottlenose dolphins, the name is originally from Greek δελφίς, dolphin, which was related to the Greek δελφύς, womb. The animals name can therefore be interpreted as meaning a fish with a womb, the name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus, which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word. The term mereswine has also historically been used, the term dolphin can be used to refer to, under the parvorder Odontoceti, all the species in the family Delphinidae and the river dolphin families Iniidae, Pontoporiidae, Lipotidae and Platanistidae
Dolphin
–
Bottlenose dolphin
Dolphin
–
Common dolphin
Dolphin
–
Bottlenose dolphin
Dolphin
–
Spotted dolphin
10.
Brass
–
Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc, the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. It is an alloy, atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. By comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin, however, bronze and brass may also include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon. The term is applied to a variety of brasses. Modern practice in museums and archaeology increasingly avoids both terms for objects in favour of the all-embracing copper alloy. It is also used in zippers, Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials. Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc, the relatively low melting point of brass and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard, the density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre. Today, almost 90% of all alloys are recycled. Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet, Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and recast into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of cutting fluid, aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of oxide to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent. Tin has an effect and finds its use especially in seawater applications. Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and tear resistant, to enhance the machinability of brass, lead is often added in concentrations of around 2%. Since lead has a melting point than the other constituents of the brass. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available surface area which in turn affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface and these effects can lead to significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content
Brass
–
Brass
die, along with zinc and copper samples.
Brass
–
Brass
lectern with an eagle. Attributed to
Aert van Tricht,
Limburg (Netherlands), c. 1500.
Brass
–
Microstructure of rolled and
annealed brass (400X magnification)
Brass
–
Brass sampling cock with stainless steel handle.
11.
Trough (food)
–
A manger, or trough, is a structure used to hold food to feed animals. The word manger originally referred to a feed-trough, but it may also be used to refer to a water-trough when this is not being used possibly because it is similar to an abreuvoir, mangers are generally found at stables and farmhouses. A manger is generally made of stone or wood or metal. Mangers are mostly used in livestock raising and they are also used to feed wild animals, e. g. in nature reserves. The word comes from the French manger, from Latin manducare
Trough (food)
–
Nativity at Night by
Geertgen tot Sint Jans, c. 1490, after a composition by
Hugo van der Goes of c. 1470. Sources of light are the infant Jesus, the shepherds' fire on the hill behind, and the angel who appears to them.
Trough (food)
–
Modern livestock trough near
Empire Ranch,
Arizona.
12.
Horse
–
H. O. R. S. E. is a form of poker commonly played at the high-stakes tables of casinos. It consists of rounds of cycling among, Texas Hold em, Omaha hi-low split-eight or better, Razz, Seven card Stud. H. O. R. S. E. is a limit game, however, in some tournament situations, the final table is no-limit hold em. C. H. O. R. S. E adds Chowaha or Crazy Pineapple to the mix and this is convenient at such team events as BARGE, when it helps to have as many flop games as stud games. T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. is another 8-Game Mix which includes more games than most other mixed poker games, pokerStars started offering this game in 2008. It consists of limit 2-7 Triple Draw, limit Texas hold em, limit Omaha Hi-Lo, limit Razz, limit Seven-card Stud, limit Seven card Stud Hi-Lo, no limit Texas hold em and pot limit Omaha. 10-Game, the latest variation on the poker games, overtook T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. in the extent of its game inclusion. Full Tilt Poker also offers the 9-Game, which includes all poker variants from the 10-Game with the exception of Badugi, a 12 Game Mix has also been proposed as a variation and as an extension to the 10-Game mix. A13 Game Mix can also be constructed by adding No Limit Holdem to the games of the 12 Game Mix, made its debut at the World Series of Poker in 2002 with a $2,000 buy-in. John Hennigan won the event, earning $117,320, tournament made its debut at the 2006 World Series of Poker. Chip Reese won the event, earning $1,716,000 for first place, after Reese died at the end of 2007, the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy was created in his honor. The trophy is awarded to the winner of the $50,000 championship event since the 2008 World Series of Poker. The $50,000 buy-in tournament returned for the 2007 WSOP, the $50,000 event, which awarded $2,276,832 to first place, was won by professional player Freddy Deeb. Events with $2,500 and $5,000 buy-ins were also on the 2007 WSOP program, the 2008 $50,000 H. O. R. S. E event was won by Scotty Nguyen, who received $1,989,120 for his victory. This was also the first time that the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy had been awarded to the winner of the competition, event was won by David Bach, for $1,276,802. World Championship event was replaced by The Poker Players Championship, with an identical buy-in, event, the final table was no-limit hold em. Michael Mizrachi won the first Players Championship and with it the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy, the 2010 WSOP also featured a new $10,000 H. O. R. S. E. Championship, joining already-existing events with $1,500 and $3,000 buy-ins
Horse
13.
Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.)
–
This fountain was one of a series of temperance fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcoholic beverages. The fountain has four columns supporting a canopy on whose sides the words Faith, Hope, Charity. Atop this canopy is a heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. The inscription reads, PRESENTED BY DR, the message was to drink water, not whiskey, as there were so many saloons along the Avenue to tempt passersby. This was near the point between the Capitol and White House. For many years after National Prohibition, it sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store. In 1987, it was relocated about 100 feet north during the renewal by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation, the PADC created Indiana Plaza, and the Temperance Fountain swapped locations with the monument to the Grand Army of the Republic, which was considered historically more significant. The Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue, in April 1945, Sen. Sheridan Downey of California introduced a Senate resolution to remove the fountain, but, preoccupied with World War II, Congress ignored the resolution and it died in committee. The fountain is also the source of the name for the Cogswell Society, in 1984, it was placed on the Downtown Historic District National Register #84003901. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, and San Francisco. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, including the Temperance Fountain Kitsock, Greg. Alls well that ends with a drink to Cogswell
Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.)
–
Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.)
–
Details of the Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.)
–
Washington's Temperance Fountain (lower right corner) for years sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store, housed in the
Central National Bank Building.
14.
San Francisco Call
–
The San Francisco Call was a newspaper that served San Francisco, California. Between December 1856 and March 1895 The San Francisco Call was named The Morning Call, in the period from 1863 to 1864 Mark Twain worked as one of the papers writers. In December of that year, Hearst merged The San Francisco Call with the Evening Post, on 29 August 1929, the newspaper name was changed again to the San Francisco Call-Bulletin, when the San Francisco Call & Post merged with the San Francisco Bulletin. In 1959 the San Francisco Call-Bulletin merged with Scripps-Howards San Francisco News becoming the News-Call Bulletin, in 1965 the paper merged with the San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, CA, at the Library of Congress Chronicling America Project, Images provided by, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA Browse Issues by Calendar, The Morning Call. San Francisco, CA, at the Library of Congress Chronicling America Project, Images provided by, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
San Francisco Call
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Cover of The San Francisco Call, December 21, 1902
San Francisco Call
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1911 advertisement for The San Francisco Call
15.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
16.
Gelett Burgess
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Frank Gelett Burgess was an artist, art critic, poet, author and humorist. He was the author of the popular Goops books, and he coined the term blurb, born in Boston, Burgess was raised among staid, conservative New England gentry. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a B. S. in 1887, after graduation, Burgess fled conservative Boston for the livelier bohemia of San Francisco, where he took a job working as a draftsman for the Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1891, he was hired by the University of California at Berkeley as an instructor of topographical drawing, in his right hand he holds a temperance pledge rolled up like a sausage, and the other used to contain a goblet overflowing with heavens own nectar. But wicked boys shattered the emblem of teetotalism with their pea-shooters, in response, numerous acts of minor vandalism had been inflicted upon the fountain. Four iron posts with ornate lamps at the top originally graced the corners of this example of temperance. Beer wagons heavy laden humped into the posts, shattered the stained-glass lamps, some of the lamps are canted over like a tipsy mans hat, and the whole group presents a most convivial aspect. The toppling incident took place in the hours of January 1,1894. The newspaper noted that no one professes to have knowledge of the perpetrators of the outrage, Burgess is now held in high regard at the University of California, Berkeley as a former professor and literary talent. A selection of his works and his papers are housed in the Bancroft Library on the Berkeley campus. Burgesss departure from the University became an opportunity to reconsider his professional aspirations, with a group of like-minded associates, he founded in 1895 a humorous little magazine entitled The Lark. The Lark began as a lark, but was successful than its makers intended. Before the official date, local publisher/bookseller William Doxey, intrigued by the first number. Volume 1, number 1 of the 16-page monthly appeared on May Day, May 1,1895, I never saw a purple cow I never hope to see one, But I can tell you, anyhow, Id rather see than be one. At first, the magazine was edited and written primarily by Burgess, for example, in volume 1, four of the other authors are Burgess writing under different names. Burgess was initially assisted by writer-artist Bruce Porter, the magazine soon attracted an eclectic group of contributors, who became known as Les jeunes. These included Porter Garnett, Carolyn Wells, Willis Polk, Yone Noguchi, local artists, including Ernest Peixotto, Florence Lundborg and Maynard Dixon, contributed illustrations and cover designs. Number 24 of The Lark was declared to be the last, by this point, Burgess had become thoroughly sick of The Purple Cow, and wrote the following Confession, and a Portrait Too, Upon a Background that I Rue in The Lark, number 24
Gelett Burgess
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Burgess circa 1910
Gelett Burgess
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The fountain after the incident. San Francisco Call.
Gelett Burgess
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The 1895 issue of The Lark in which Burgess's "Purple Cow" first appeared
Gelett Burgess
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The original "Purple Cow," from 1895
17.
University of California at Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
University of California at Berkeley
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View, from Memorial Glade, of Sather Tower (The Campanile), the center of UC Berkeley. The ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus.
University of California at Berkeley
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Seal of the University of California, Berkeley
University of California at Berkeley
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UC Berkeley Students participate in a one-day Peace Strike opposing U.S. involvement in World War II. April 19, 1940
University of California at Berkeley
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Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and
Mount Tamalpais.
18.
Ben Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
Ben Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin
Ben Franklin
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Franklin's birthplace on
Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts
Ben Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin (center) at work on a
printing press. Reproduction of a Charles Mills painting by the
Detroit Publishing Company.
Ben Franklin
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Deborah Read Franklin (c. 1759). Common-law wife of Benjamin Franklin
19.
Washington Square (San Francisco)
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Washington Square is a park in the North Beach district of San Francisco, California, and is one of the city’s first parks, established in 1847. It is bordered by sidewalk cafes and restaurants such as Mamas, the Square is a natural community gathering place with a long history. Festivals, free nights and other special events are hosted there throughout the year. Washington Square Park, now the heart of North Beach, has many things over the years. Juana Briones grew potatoes and raised here, before Jasper O’Farrell laid out San Francisco’s street grid in 1847. Later, neglected by the city, it was used as an unofficial dump bordering a cemetery, improvements came slowly, but by the 1860s, it was used for Fourth of July celebrations, and later the square hosted Columbus Day celebrations and Italian festivals. Originally, it was a rectangle, all the way to Powell Street. But in 1873-1875, the City built Columbus Avenue, then known as Montgomery, the Base of the statue is a Temperance fountain donated in 1879 by Temperance crusader Henry D. Cogswell The tiny park at Powell Street, is now named Marini Plaza. Frank Marini is mentioned often in Alessandro Baccari’s book, “Saints Peter and Paul, ‘The Italian Cathedral’ of the West, 1884-1984. ”Marini was a civic benefactor, participating in the work of the Salesian groups at the Church of Saints Peter. He was a sponsor of the club, to help troubled immigrant boys who had little English speaking ability. He was a fundraiser to pay off the debt for building the church and he gave the money to build a gymnasium at St. Francis Church, on Vallejo Street, for the church-sponsored basketball teams. Washington Square was a place of refuge for many fires on Telegraph Hill and it was home for a year for some 600 people who lived in wooden barracks and Army tents after the 1906 earthquake and fire. In the 1950s, a coalition of community groups, the Committee to Beautify Washington Square, spearheaded the effort to redesign the square, eliminating the paths that criss-crossed the park. Lawrence Halprin and Douglas Baylis put Lombardy poplar trees in the center of a grassy expanse encircled by paths lined with benches, many chapters in Richard Brautigans 1967 novel Trout Fishing in America take place in Washington Square. Director Don Siegel features the church and the square in scenes from the 1971 movie, the church, and nearby Dante Building, are the setting of sniper attacks by the Scorpio Killer. The park and surrounding area is featured in the 2000 film. Washington Square | San Francisco Recreation and Park Parks in San Francisco List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Washington Square (San Francisco)
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Washington Square Park
Washington Square (San Francisco)
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Cathedral in Washington Square
Washington Square (San Francisco)
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Washington Square Park with church in background
Washington Square (San Francisco)
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Washington Square Park (eastern side)
20.
Rockville, Connecticut
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Rockville is a census-designated place and a village of the town of Vernon in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 7,474 at the 2010 census, incorporated as a city in 1889, it has been consolidated with the town of Vernon since 1965. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 1.8 square miles. In 1726, Samuel Grant traded his farm in Bolton for 500 acres in the part of Bolton. This included the area which is now known as Rockville and for about the next century it was a nameless village, a prominent feature of the area is the Shenipsit Lake, or The Snip as it is currently affectionately called by the residents. The Snip feeds the Hockanum River which cascades 254 feet over 1.5 miles, the river was used by the farmers for a grist mill, a saw mill, an oil mill and even a distillery starting around 1740. Francis McLean had partnered previously with some others in the Warburton Mill in Talcottville, the Rock was a natural dam of solid stone that made a high falls on the Hockanum River. In what is now the center of Rockville, he dammed up the Hockanum River and built a powered mill known as the Rock Mill. By 1823 his mill was in full operation, the new mill was 80 by 30 feet, and its product was blue and blue-mix satinet. In 1826 power looms were introduced, the mill attracted people to this area and by 1836 the population grew to 440 consisting of 61 families including 89 children under the age of 10. Mail service was once a day by stagecoach from Vernon Center. In order to have their own post office the town needed a permanent name, the following were some of the recommendations for naming the town. Thus, Rockvillle became the official name and it was not until 1842, however, that Rockville actually acquired its own post office. Most of Rockville has been designated as part of the Rockville Historic District, the district is roughly bounded by Shenipsit Street, Davis Avenue, West Street and South Street was added in 1984 to the National Register of Historical Places. The district includes 842 buildings and one other structure and it includes examples of Greek Revival, Late Victorian, and Classical Revival architecture. The historic district includes 842 buildings and one other structure over 550 acres, the Kellogg House had been used by the State Department of Children and Families to house troubled youth under a contract with Community Solutions, Inc. This arrangement ended on May 2,2006 after a history of documented mismanagement by both agencies. The facility is now used for adult transitional housing, elm Street, Park Street, and one block of Prospect Street surround a small town park named Talcott Park
Rockville, Connecticut
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Downtown Rockville from
Fox Hill in 2015
Rockville, Connecticut
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George Maxwell Memorial Library, photograph from 2006
Rockville, Connecticut
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Hockanum Manufacturing Co., ca. 1909
Rockville, Connecticut
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George Maxwell Memorial Library, postcard mailed in 1911
21.
Dubuque, Iowa
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Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ is the county seat of Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, located along the Mississippi River. In 2013, its population was 58,253, making it the tenth-largest city in the state This city lies at the junction of Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin and it serves as the main commercial, industrial, educational, and cultural center for the area. Geographically, it is part of the Driftless Area, a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation and it is one of the few large cities in Iowa with hills, and a tourist destination featuring the citys unique architecture and river location. It is home to five institutions of education, making it a center for culture. Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing, but the economy grew rapidly, by 2005, the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth, ranking as the 22nd fastest-growing economy in the US. Alongside industry, the city has large health care, education, tourism, publishing, the first permanent settler in what is now Dubuque was Quebecois pioneer Julien Dubuque, who arrived in 1785. In 1788, he received permission from the Spanish government and the local Meskwaki of American Indians to mine the rich lead deposits. Control of Louisiana and Dubuques mines shifted briefly back to France in 1800, then to the United States in 1803, following the Louisiana Purchase. The Meskwaki continued to mine with full support of the U. S. Government until 1830, the current City of Dubuque was named after Julien Dubuque, settled at the southern end of a large flat plain adjacent to the Mississippi River. The city was chartered in 1833, located in unorganized territory of the United States. The region was designated as the Iowa Territory in 1838, and was included in the newly created State of Iowa in 1846, after the lead resources were exhausted, the city became home to numerous industries. Dubuque became a center for the industry because of its proximity to forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Also important were boat building, brewing, and later, the railroad industry, between 1860 and 1880, Dubuque was one of the 100 largest urban areas in the United States. Iowas first church was built by Methodists in 1834, since then, Iowans have followed a variety of religious traditions. Beginning in the century and into the early 20th century, thousands of poor German. The citys large Roman Catholic congregations led to its designation as the seat of the newly established Archdiocese of Dubuque, numerous convents, abbeys, and other religious institutions were built. The ethnic German and Irish descendants maintain a strong Catholic presence in the city, nicholas E. Gonner, a Catholic immigrant from Pfaffenthal in Luxembourg, founded the Catholic Publishing Company of Dubuque, Iowa. Early in the 20th century, Dubuque was one of sites of a brass era automobile company, in this case Adams-Farwell, like most others
Dubuque, Iowa
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Downtown Dubuque, Iowa, Oct 2008
Dubuque, Iowa
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Seal
Dubuque, Iowa
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Logo
Dubuque, Iowa
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Saint Mary's, one of 11 Catholic churches in Dubuque.
22.
Washington Park, Dubuque
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Washington Park is a small public, urban park located in Downtown Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The park encompasses a city block, bordered on the north by West 7th Street, on the west by Bluff Street, on the south by West 6th Street. The park is located between the citys post office and the Dubuque Museum of Art and it was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and it was included as a contributing property in the Cathedral Historic District in 1985. The block where Washington Park is located today was one of the original 35 blocks plotted out by surveyor G. W. Harrison in 1833 when the city was founded, from the beginning, the land was set aside for public use. The first church and first jail in Iowa were located on this land, in 1857, the area was designated as Washington Park. In 1877, the Dubuque City Council had all the buildings on the torn down. Shrubs and flowers were planted, walkways were established, and a 40-foot -high Oriental gazebo was built on the grounds for $200 and this gazebo, which was built by local architects Fridolin Heer and Edward Eaescher, was widely viewed as one of the finest pavilions in the area. On August 24,1877, approximately 2,000 people attended the dedication of the park. In 1878, a drinking fountain was erected in the park. The city paid for half the cost, with the remaining covered by private donations. A statue of Dr. Henry Cogswell was placed on top of this drinking fountain, Cogswell had promised the city that he would donate a statue for the fountain. When the statue was uncovered for the first time, it turned out to be a statue of Cogswell, the statue remained in place until 1900, when a group of vandals pulled the statue down and buried it under what would be a new sidewalk. The following day, the new sidewalk was poured which entombed the object, the water fountain was gone by 1912, however, the statue is rumoured to still be buried under a sidewalk at the park. Public events at the square over the years included Buffalo Bill Codys Authentic Wild West Show performing in 1896, by the beginning of the 20th century, the gazebo was gone. Later, during the 1970s, the park underwent a $60,000 restoration, new trees, flowers, and shrubs were planted. New lights crafted to look like antique gas lamps were placed in the park, a new steel 3/4 size replica of the original gazebo built by Bradley Iron Works was placed on the site. This restoration was possible by the Dubuque Jaycees who made a large financial contribution to the City of Dubuque. Also the Dubuque Jaycees had put together a time using a donated grave vault
Washington Park, Dubuque
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Washington Park
23.
Simon Benson
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Simon Benson was a noted Norwegian-born American businessman and philanthropist who made his mark in the city of Portland, Oregon. Simon Benson was born Simon Iversen, in Norway, one of seven children in the Berger Iversen family and his eldest brother Jon immigrated to the United States in 1861, followed by his sister Mathea in 1865. In 1867, his parents and the rest of the family also followed – landing first in New York City, Simon Iversen was 16 when he arrived in the United States. After arriving in the United States, the family had taken out naturalization papers, changed their name to Benson. Benson first went to work as a hand and later worked in logging camps. At the age of 24, he opened a store in Lynxville. It did well until it was destroyed by three years later. Then 27, he was broke and now had a wife, Esther Searles. Having heard about all the timber there was in the Northwest and with his working in the woods and sawmills of Wisconsin, he moved his family to Portland. Simon had two children with Esther, Alice and Caroline, before Esther died in 1891 after a long fight with tuberculosis. In 1894 Simon married Pamelia Loomis by whom she had two children, Gilbert and Chester. He introduced a number of changes to Northwest logging, including the steam engine which replaced the oxen that had previously been used to haul logs. He later built the famous Benson seagoing rafts which could carry up to six million feet of timber. In 1898, he moved his family and his business back to Portland. The family lived in a house for two years until Benson decided to build a new home at the corner of SW 11th. This is the known as the Simon Benson House. It houses a center and is home to the PSU Alumni Association. Now a wealthy man, Bensons interests expanded beyond the timber industry, in 1912, he began building a fine hotel because he felt it was needed in Portland to attract tourists and more commerce to the city
Simon Benson
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Simon Benson
Simon Benson
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One of many "
Benson Bubblers " in downtown Portland
24.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
Portland, Oregon
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Clockwise: View of Portland with
Mount St. Helens in background; downtown cityscape;
Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall;
Pioneer Courthouse;
Mt. Tabor Reservoir; Skyline Memorial Gardens
Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
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Pioneer Courthouse, 1886
Portland, Oregon
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Portland waterfront in 1898
25.
Benson Bubbler
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Benson Bubblers are iconic bronze drinking fountains named after businessman and philanthropist Simon Benson, mostly located in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 1912, Benson donated $10,000 for the purchase and installation of 20 fountains, in the 1970s, the Benson family requested that the bubblers only be installed within specific boundaries of Downtown Portland so as not to diminish the uniqueness of them. Also commonly known simply as Benson fountains, additional bubblers replicating the style have been cast. Construction of the Portland Transit Mall in 1976–77 included the addition of 15 new Benson fountains, according to the Portland Water Bureau,52 true Benson Bubblers, each of which supports four bowls, can be found throughout downtown. Two bubblers exist outside of Downtown Portland, in 1965, the City of Portland gifted one to its sister city Sapporo, Japan. The other was installed at the Maryhill Museum of Art near Maryhill, Washington, by special request from Sam Hill, Portland also features 74 single-bowl variations. Combined, the fountains normally pour out close to 100,000 gallons of drinking water per day every day of the year, bronze and brass ornamental work Drinking fountains in the United States Fountains in Portland, Oregon Temperance fountain Benson Bubbler brochure and map Larson, Zeb
Benson Bubbler
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One of the many "Benson Bubblers" in downtown Portland, Oregon
26.
Clapham Common
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Clapham Common is a large triangular urban park in Clapham, south London. Originally common land for the parishes of Battersea and Clapham, it was converted to parkland under the terms of the Metropolitan Commons Act 1878 and it is 220 acres of green space, with three ponds and a Victorian bandstand. It is overlooked by large Georgian and Victorian mansions and nearby Clapham Old Town, holy Trinity Clapham, an 18th-century Georgian church overlooking the park, is important in the history of the evangelical Clapham Sect. Half of the park is within the London Borough of Wandsworth, originally common land for the parishes of Battersea and Clapham, William Hewer was among the early Londoners to build adjacent to it. Samuel Pepys, the diarist, died at Hewers house in 1703, some later residents were members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical reformers, including Lord Teignmouth and Henry Thornton, the banker and abolitionist. J. M. W. Turner painted View on Clapham Common between 1800 and 1805, showing that even though the common had been drained, it remained quite a wild place. The common was converted to parkland under the terms of the Metropolitan Commons Act in 1878, as London expanded in the 19th century, Clapham was absorbed into the capital, with most of the remaining palatial or agricultural estates replaced with terraced housing by the early 1900s. During World War II, storage bunkers were built on the Battersea Rise side of the common, Clapham Common was the venue for one of the earliest known cricket events when a series of ten-a-side matches was held there on Monday,1 April 1700. The participants were all gentlemen though others could attend as spectators, classification of the event is uncertain, though it must presumably be viewed as a minor event given the limited social status of the participants, the relatively low stakes and the ten-a-side teams. It is nevertheless the earliest known organised match in Surrey, the earliest definite mention of cricket in the county was the 1597 court case in Guildford, half of the common is within the London Borough of Wandsworth and half within the London Borough of Lambeth. The roads surrounding the fall within the SW4 post code. Clapham Common is in the Clapham Common electoral ward, in 2010, residents of the Clapham Common ward elected two Conservative Councillors & one Lib Dem Councillor. In 2014, residents of the Clapham Common ward elected 3 Conservative Councillors and this was the first time the Conservatives had taken control of the Clapham Common ward since the 1960s. Clapham Common has a range of sporting facilities, including a track, bowling green, cricket, football, rugby and Australian rules football pitches. The park contains three ponds, two of which are historical features, and a more modern paddling pool known as Cock Pond, eagle Pond and Mount Pond are used for angling and contain a variety of species including carp to 20 lb, roach, tench and bream. Eagle Pond was extensively refurbished in 2002 when it was drained, landscaped and replanted to provide a better habitat for the fish it contained. Long Pond has a tradition of use for model boating. Holy Trinity Church is close to the side of the park
Clapham Common
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Clapham Common
Clapham Common
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View on Clapham Common by
J. M. W. Turner (1800-1805)
Clapham Common
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A 270 degree panoramic view of Clapham Common
Clapham Common
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Clapham Common bandstand after renovation in 2006
27.
Temperance movement in the United Kingdom
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The Temperance movement in the United Kingdom originated as a mass movement in the 19th century. Before this, though there were published against drunkenness and excess. The term teetotal is derived from a speech by Richard Turner, Livesey opened the first temperance hotel in 1833 and the next year founded the first temperance magazine, The Preston Temperance Advocate. The British Association for the Promotion of Temperance was established by 1835, in 1838, the mass working class movement for universal suffrage, Chartism, included a current called temperance chartism. In 1847, the Band of Hope was founded in Leeds and this hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the Sale of Beer Act 1854 which restricted Sunday opening hours had to be repealed, in 1859 a prototype prohibition bill was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons. One of the most active advocates of temperance was Dr. Norman Shanks Kerr and he promoted the treatment of inebriates and held that inebriety was a disease, not a vice, and that it should be treated accordingly. In 1884, in response to the inadequacy of the Habitual Drunkards Act of 1879, he founded the Society for the Study, the society still exists as the Society for the Study of Addiction. The temperance movement received an unexpected boost due to state intervention when the Liberal government passed the Defence of the Realm Act in 1914 at the beginning of the First World War. According to the provisions of this act pub hours were licensed, at the same time, there were secular temperance organisations connected to the labour movement. An example would be the Scottish Prohibition Party, founded by a communist temperance activist called Bob Stewart, there was a Marxist offshoot called the Prohibition and Reform Party, which later became part of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920. In the end, the example of the complete failure of Prohibition in America put paid to any remote chance that the temperance lobby would succeed in achieving its aims in the UK. The former Manchester City F. C. football stadium Maine Road took its name from a street that had been renamed Maine Road by members of the Temperance Movement and they selected the name as a result of the 1853 Maine law. Early on, various Nonconformist groups, notably the Methodists, Quakers and The Salvation Army, in Wales Lady Llanover, motivated by Calvinistic Methodists teachings, closed all the public houses on her estate and was an outspoken critic of the evils of drink. The Church of England Temperance Society, which had roots in the Anglo-Catholic tradition was founded in 1862, the League of the Cross was a Catholic total abstinence organisation founded in 1873 by Cardinal Manning. In 1876 the British Womens Temperance Association was formed to persuade men to stop drinking, from 1880 to 1882 the cause of abstinence was revived by the Gospel Temperance or Blue Ribbon movement, based in America. They sent a member named Richard Booth to promote their cause in England through mass meetings held up, in 1884 the National Temperance Federation, associated with the Liberal Party was founded
Temperance movement in the United Kingdom
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Band of Hope Banner located in
the village of Constantine in Cornwall supporting temperance.
28.
Public house
–
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
Public house
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A
thatched country pub, The Williams Arms, near
Braunton,
North Devon, England
Public house
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A city pub,
The World's End,
Camden Town, London
Public house
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The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by
Henry Singleton)
Public house
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Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in
St Albans, Hertfordshire, which holds the
Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England
29.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Queen Victoria
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Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen Victoria
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Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Queen Victoria
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Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Queen Victoria
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Self-portrait, 1835
30.
Esher
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Esher /ˈiːʃər/ is a town in Surrey, England, to the east of the River Mole. Esher is an suburb of London, and with Esher Commons at its southern end. Esher has a commercial high street and is otherwise suburban in density, with varying elevations, few high rise buildings. Esher covers an area, between 13 and 15.4 miles southwest of Charing Cross. In the south it is bounded by the A3 Portsmouth Road which is of motorway standard. Esher is bisected by the A307, historically the Portsmouth Road, Esher railway station connects the town to London Waterloo. Sandown Park Racecourse is in the town near the station, in the south, Claremont Landscape Garden owned and managed by the National Trust, once belonged, as their British home, to Princess Charlotte and her husband Leopold I of Belgium. Accordingly, the town was selected to have a fountain by Queen Victoria and has an adjacent Diamond Jubilee column embossed with a relief of the monarch and topped by a statue of Britannia. Unite, the union, trains representatives at its Esher Place centre, Esher lay within the Saxon feudal division of Elmbridge hundred. Its domesday assets were,14 hides,6 ploughs and 2 acres of meadow and it rendered £6 2s 0d per year to its feudal overlords. In the 16th century King Henry VIII annexed several of the manors to the Honour of Hampton Court to form a hunting ground. Eshers town slowly grew as a stop on the London–Portsmouth road that was later numbered the A3. Clive of India built the Claremont mansion and this became a royal residence used by Queen Victoria. In 1841 Esher had 1261 inhabitants across 2,075 acres, Queen Victoria lent Claremont to the exiled French King Louis-Philippe and his consort Queen Marie-Amelie after the revolution of 1848. C. M. G. Who was later created 1st Viscount DAbernon, george Harrison of the Beatles had a house in Esher, during the 1960s. The other Beatles were regular visitors to the house, and Harrisons primitive home recording studio, Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees also owned a house called The Firs in Esher, during 1970s-2004 and sold after his death. This is where the hit single Juliet was written and recorded by Maurice & Robin for brother Robins solo album project in the 1980s. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, placed the murder of character, Mr. Garcia, in and around Esher in his Sherlock Holmes mystery
Esher
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The Diamond Jubilee statue Esher High Street
Esher
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Apartments in Esher
Esher
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Claremont House, in the town close to the upper end of the High Street in the south
31.
Temperance Fountain (Washington, DC)
–
This fountain was one of a series of temperance fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcoholic beverages. The fountain has four columns supporting a canopy on whose sides the words Faith, Hope, Charity. Atop this canopy is a heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. The inscription reads, PRESENTED BY DR, the message was to drink water, not whiskey, as there were so many saloons along the Avenue to tempt passersby. This was near the point between the Capitol and White House. For many years after National Prohibition, it sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store. In 1987, it was relocated about 100 feet north during the renewal by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation, the PADC created Indiana Plaza, and the Temperance Fountain swapped locations with the monument to the Grand Army of the Republic, which was considered historically more significant. The Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue, in April 1945, Sen. Sheridan Downey of California introduced a Senate resolution to remove the fountain, but, preoccupied with World War II, Congress ignored the resolution and it died in committee. The fountain is also the source of the name for the Cogswell Society, in 1984, it was placed on the Downtown Historic District National Register #84003901. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, and San Francisco. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, including the Temperance Fountain Kitsock, Greg. Alls well that ends with a drink to Cogswell
Temperance Fountain (Washington, DC)
–
Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain (Washington, DC)
–
Details of the Temperance Fountain
Temperance Fountain (Washington, DC)
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Washington's Temperance Fountain (lower right corner) for years sat in front of the Apex Liquor Store, housed in the
Central National Bank Building.
32.
Tompkins Square Park temperance fountain
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Tompkins Square Park is a 10. 5-acre public park in the Alphabet City portion of East Village, Manhattan, New York City. The square-shaped park, bounded on the north by East 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by East 7th Street, and on the west by Avenue A, is abutted by St. Tompkins Square Park is named for Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice President of the United States under President James Monroe and he had overseen some early drainage in the locality in connection with minor fortifications in the War of 1812. The park was opened in 1850, in 1857, immigrants protesting unemployment and food shortages were attacked by police. In 1863 the deadly Draft Riots occurred in the park, on January 13,1874, the Tompkins Square Riot occurred in the park when police crushed a demonstration involving thousands of workers. The riot marked an era of labor conflict and violence. The riot occurred in the midst of the Panic of 1873, workers movements throughout the United States had been making demands of the government to help ease the strain of the depression. Organizations rejected offers of charity and instead had asked for public programs that would provide jobs for the masses of unemployed. In 18775,000 people fought with the National Guard when they amassed to hear Communist revolutionary speeches, on April 7,1897, a rabbi was arrested for not obtaining a permit for the performance of Birkat Hachama, a Jewish ritual done once every 28 years. In the middle 19th century the Square included a parade ground for drilling the New York National Guard. The modern layout of the park by Robert Moses in 1936 is said to be intended to divide and that tradition was rekindled as the park became the nursery of demonstrations against the Vietnam War in the 1960s. By the 1980s Tompkins Square Park had become for many New Yorkers synonymous with the increased social problems. The park at that time was a area that contained encampments of homeless people. In August 1988, a riot erupted in the park when police attempted to clear the park of homeless people,38 people were injured. Much of the violence was videotaped and clips were shown on local TV news reports, a punk rock festival has been held in the park in the years since, in commemoration of the event. The park had become a symbol of the problems in the city, against that backdrop, Daniel Rakowitz shocked the neighborhood in 1989 when he murdered Monika Beerle, dismembered her, made a soup out of her body and served it to the homeless in the park. Rakowitz, nicknamed The Butcher of Tompkins Square, was not guilty by reason of insanity. From June 3,1991 to July 25,1992, the park was closed to the public for restoration, but also to keep out the homeless and in attempt to calm tensions
Tompkins Square Park temperance fountain
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The park's entrance is at East 7th and
Avenue A, and it has been the heart of the neighborhood since it opened.
Tompkins Square Park temperance fountain
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"Salt Meadows" in a British map of 1776
Tompkins Square Park temperance fountain
–
Snow in February 2008
Tompkins Square Park temperance fountain
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People relaxing and sunbathing on the park's central knoll
33.
San Francisco temperance fountain
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Dr. Henry Daniel Cogswell was an American dentist and a crusader in the temperance movement. Cogswell and his wife Caroline also founded Cogswell College in San Jose, another campus in Everett, Washington was later dedicated in his honor. Born in Tolland, Connecticut, as a youth, he worked in the New England cotton mills and he became a dentist in Providence, Rhode Island at age 26. When the California Gold Rush started, the Cogswell family decided to go west, however, they did not do any mining themselves. Instead, he offered dentistry services to miners and invested in estate and mining stocks. A pioneer in his field, Cogswell designed the vacuum method of securing dental plates and was the first in California to perform an operation using chloroform. Cogswell believed that if people had access to drinking water they wouldnt consume alcoholic beverages. It was his dream to construct one temperance fountain for every 100 saloons across the United States and these drinking fountains were elaborate structures built of granite that Cogswell designed himself. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, San Jose, California, the concept of providing drinking fountains as alternatives to saloons was later implemented by the Womens Christian Temperance Union. These grandiose statues were not well received by the communities where they were placed, Washington, DCs Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts. In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell that sat in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900, the next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. However, when new sidewalks were laid in the early 2000s, Cogswell also designed the statue for his own tomb, a 400-ton granite tower, complete with fountains and statues of Hope, Faith, Charity and Temperance. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California, the diaries of Cogswell and his wife Caroline cover 37 years and are an unusually long and consistent record of busy personal and financial life in the western United States. They are kept at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, moffatt, The Intemperate Patronage of Henry D. Cogswell, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol.27, No. 2/3, pp. 123–143 Carol A. Grissom
San Francisco temperance fountain
–
Henry D. Cogswell, ca. 1850-52
San Francisco temperance fountain
–
Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894.
San Francisco Call.
San Francisco temperance fountain
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Temperance Fountain, Washington, D.C.
San Francisco temperance fountain
–
Cogswell's tomb in Oakland
34.
Wallace fountain
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They are named after the Englishman Richard Wallace, who financed their construction. A great aesthetic success, they are recognized worldwide as one of the symbols of Paris, a Wallace Fountain can be seen outside the Wallace Collection in London, the gallery that houses the works of art collected by Sir Richard Wallace and the first four Marquesses of Hertford. During the Franco-Prussian War, Paris went through difficult times, the city was quickly rebuilt, despite the ravages it had suffered. In less than ten years, it was transformed, with new buildings, additionally, philanthropy was in fashion among the wealthy bourgeoisie, who financed numerous good works in order to uphold their image. Among these philanthropists, Sir Richard Wallace was one of the most eclectic, having inherited a large fortune from his father in August 1870, he decided that all Parisians should profit from it, which made him popular. Wallaces devotion led him to remain in his Parisian villa even as the city was besieged, rather than take refuge on one of his palatial estates, to be in Paris when he was needed. He founded a hospital, where he personally welcomed victims of the bombings and distributed supplies and he remained faithful to his adopted nation, France, and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Of his numerous contributions to Parisian heritage, the best known today are the fountains which bear his name. As a result of the siege of Paris and the Commune episode, many aqueducts had been destroyed, because of this, most of the poor had to pay for water. It was therefore safer to drink beer or other alcoholic beverages, the temptation to take to liquor was strong among the lower classes, and it was considered a moral duty to keep them from falling into alcoholism. Even today, when water and hygiene are not a problem for the majority of Parisians, the poor are not the only beneficiaries of these installations. Even if the aim of the fountains was to people of modest means to have access to drinking water. Anyone passing by, rich or poor, may quench his thirst, there was already a programme of constructing temperance fountains in both the United States and in the United Kingdom. Not only did the fountains accomplish Wallaces philosophy of lending a hand to those in need, Richard Wallace designed the fountains himself and intended them to be beautiful as well as useful. The fountains had to meet strict guidelines, Height, They had to be tall enough to be seen from afar. Form, Both practical to use and pleasing to the eye, price, Affordable enough to allow the installation of dozens. Materials, Resistant to the elements, easy to shape, the locations, as well as the color, were quickly decided upon by the city government. Wallace created two different models, which were followed by two models, so, in all, there were four types of Wallace fountains varying in such properties as height
Wallace fountain
–
A Wallace fountain located in the
Montmartre district of Paris
Wallace fountain
–
Sir Richard Wallace caricatured as a Wallace fountain, by Georges Lafosse published in Le Trombinoscope
Wallace fountain
–
The four caryatids
35.
The Hartford Courant
–
The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U. S. state of Connecticut, and is often recognized as the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. It reports regional news with a chain of bureaus in smaller cities, beginning in 2000, it was owned by Tribune Company, which later combined the papers management and facilities with those of Tribune-owned WTIC-TV in Hartford. In 2014, the newspapers were spun off to corporate parent Tribune Publishing, the Connecticut Courant began as a weekly on October 29,1764, started by Thomas Green. The word courant, borrowed from the French, was a name for English-language newspapers. The daily Hartford Courant traces its existence back to the weekly, thereby claiming the title Americas oldest continuously published newspaper, joseph Roswell Hawley, a leading Republican politician and former governor of the state, in 1867 bought the newspaper, which he combined with the Press. Under his editorship, this became the most influential newspaper in Connecticut, emile Gauvereau became a reporter in 1916, and the managing editor in 1919. His energetic and often sensational news policies affronted Charles Clark, the owner, Clark fired him when he refused to stop a series of stories about the exploitation of fake medical diplomas. Herbert Brucker was the most prominent editor in the 20th century, the Courant was purchased in 1979 by Times Mirror, the Los Angeles Times parent company. The first years of ownership are described by a former Courant reporter in a book titled Spiked. One criticism was that the new owners were interested in awards. A series of articles about sexual abuse by the head of a worldwide Catholic order, published since February 1997, in 2000, Times Mirror and the Courant became part of the Tribune Company, one of the worlds largest multimedia companies. Ironically, along the way, the Courant also acquired the Valley Advocate group of alternative weeklies started by two disgruntled Courant staff members in 1973, under new ownership, it is co-owned with two local television stations, Fox affiliate WTIC-TV and The CW affiliate WCCT-TV. The Courant is the most recent American newspaper to win the Society for News Designs Worlds Best Designed Newspaper award. In late June 2006, the Tribune Co. announced that Courant publisher Jack W. Davis Jr. would by replaced by Stephen D. Carver, vice president and general manager of Atlanta, Ga. TV station WATL. In March 2009, Tribune replaced Carver with Richard Graziano, who was given a role as Courant publisher. Shortly after that, the Courants two highest ranking editors were let go, after 2010, Courant has offered early retirement and buyout packages to reduce staff as it continues to experience declines in advertising revenue. There have also been layoffs and reduction in pages, newsroom staff peaked in 1994 at close to 400 staff, down to 175 staff by 2008, and 135 staff in 2009
The Hartford Courant
The Hartford Courant
–
Hartford Courant
The Hartford Courant
–
Courant building on State Street (about 1900)
The Hartford Courant
–
The current building of the Hartford Courant Co.
36.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
37.
Washington City Paper
–
The Washington City Paper is a U. S. alternative weekly newspaper serving the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area. It was started in 1981 by Russ Smith and Alan Hirsch, for its first year it was called 1981. The name was changed to City Paper in January 1982 and in December 1982 Smith and Hirsch sold 80% of it to Chicago Reader, in 1988, Chicago Reader, Inc. acquired the remaining 20% interest. In July 2007 both the Washington City Paper and the Chicago Reader were sold to the Tampa-based Creative Loafing chain, in 2012, Creative Loafing Atlanta and the Washington City Paper were sold to SouthComm Communications. The City Paper is distributed on Thursdays, its circulation in 2006 was 85,588. The papers editorial mix is focused exclusively on news and arts. Michael Schaffer was named editor in April,2010, two months after Erik Wemple resigned to run the new local startup TBD, amy Austin, the longtime general manager, was promoted to publisher in 2003. The owner of the Washington Redskins Daniel Snyder filed a lawsuit against the City Paper for a story that portrayed him in a negative light. Also published are several syndicated features, Savage Love, by Dan Savage The Straight Dope, by Cecil Adams Washington City Paper Ink Well Crosswords Washington D. C
Washington City Paper
Washington City Paper
–
Type
