Temple of Literature, Hanoi
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Văn Miếu, literally translated as Temple of Literature, is a temple dedicated to Confucius in Hanoi, northern Vietnam. The temple was founded and first built in 1070 at the time of Emperor Lý Thánh Tô
Khuê Văn Các was built in 1805 and is a symbol of Hanoi.
Thiên Quang ("Heaven Light") Well, also known as Literature Well
A military mandarin, a provincial chief and a prefect in solemn audience costume at the Văn Miếu temple in 1915, Autochrome by Léon Busy for The Archives of the Planet
A civil mandarin at the Văn Miếu temple .
The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam was a civil service examination system for selecting civil officials. Established in 1075 under the Lý dynasty and lasting until 1919 under the Nguyễn
The civil service examination (1895) being administered. Exam invigilators are seen overseeing the testing.
A private class at a home in Vietnam (1895). The students studying are sitting on a sập.
A private class at a home in Vietnam.
A class during the Nguyễn dynasty. The children are being taught chữ Hán (Chinese characters).