1.
Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island
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The Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in California. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, FCI Terminal Island is located at the entrance to Los Angeles Harbor, between San Pedro and Long Beach. The prison was opened at the end of Terminal Island, adjacent to a Coast Guard base, on June 1,1938, with 610 male. It consisted of a quadrangle surrounded by three cell blocks and cost $2 million to construct. In 1942, the U. S. Navy took control of the prison for use as a receiving station, the facility was deactivated by the Navy in 1950 and turned over to the state of California for use as a medical and psychiatric institution. The state returned control to the U. S. Bureau of Prisons in 1955 for conversion back to a low-to-medium security federal prison. The prison was coed, with female prisoners housed separately, until 1977, the prison was given increased barbed wire and armed guards in the early 1980s in an effort to dispel the facilitys Club Fed image. A corruption scandal rocked the prison in the early 1980s, resulting in the indictment of six employees on charges of bribes, cover-ups, marijuana sales to inmates, and other corruption. Those indicted included Charles DeSordi, the chief investigator of crimes. †Inmates released prior to 1982 are not listed on the Federal Bureau of Prisons website, all inmates are expected to maintain a regular job assignment, unless medically exempted. Many job assignments are controlled through a performance pay system, which provides monetary payment for work, UNICOR has a separate pay scale. Institutional maintenance jobs are usually the first assignment one will receive and these might include assignments to Food Service, as a unit orderly, or in a maintenance shop. However, a significant number of jobs are available in the Federal Prison Industries. There is a waiting list for factory employment, UNICOR employs and trains inmates through the operation of, and earnings from, the metal factory that produces high-quality metal products for the Federal government. One must obtain a GED for grade advancement and must participate in the Financial Responsibility Program to be employed in UNICOR, list of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States FCI Terminal Island
2.
Gerald Desmond Bridge
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The Gerald Desmond Bridge is a through arch bridge that carries four lanes of Ocean Boulevard from Interstate 710 in Long Beach, California, west across the Back Channel to Terminal Island. The bridge is named after Gerald Desmond, a prominent civic leader, prior to 1944, the only road access to Terminal Island was via Badger Avenue over the Henry Ford Bridge. The pontoon bridge was intended to last six months, but was not replaced until 1968,24 years after it had opened, depending on the level of the tide, road traffic had to descend 17 to 25 feet below the level on the shore. When marine traffic required the bridge to open, traffic delays of up to 15 minutes could occur, an estimate of seven people died after driving off the pontoon bridge. The 1968 through-arch bridge was designed by Moffatt & Nichol Engineers and was constructed by Bethlehem Steel as a replacement for the World War II-era pontoon bridge. Gerald Desmond served as City Attorney for Long Beach and played a significant role in obtaining tideland oil funds which helped finance the bridge that would bear his name. Desmond died in office at age 48 of kidney cancer, one year after Desmonds death in January 1964, ground-breaking for the construction of the new bridge occurred on October 19,1965, and it was completed in June 1968. Desmonds son, also named Gerald, sank the final golden bolt and it has a 527-foot-long suspended main span and a 155-foot vertical clearance spanning the Cerritos Channel. The western terminus of the bridge is on the east side of Terminal Island, the bridge separates the inner harbor of the Port of Long Beach from the middle harbor. At the time of its completion in 1968, traffic was projected to be modest, by some estimates, truck traffic across the bridge tripled in the years following the closure of the Long Beach NSY. Studies to widen the bridge were funded in 1987, Caltrans rated the structural sufficiency of the Desmond Bridge at 43 points out of possible 100 in 2007. Also, since the 1968 bridge roadway lacks emergency/breakdown lanes, multiple lanes would be shut down in the event of an accident, the Gerald Desmond Bridge became a barrier for large ships entering the Inner Harbor at Long Beach, with its restrictive 155-foot vertical clearance. This restrictive vertical clearance was cited as a factor in a drop in the Port of Long Beachs share of United States container imports. According to U. S. census data, the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles handled 32% of U. S. container imports in 2013, down from 39% in 2002. Port officials estimated that 10% of all cargo in the United States passed over the Desmond Bridge in 2004. In March 2012, the insufficient vertical clearance of the bridge prevented passage of the 12,562 TEU MSC Fabiola, the height restriction prevented the ship from docking at the Mediterranean Shipping Company dock, it docked at the Hanjin terminal instead. The 1968 steel arch bridge developed numerous issues, and the Port of Long Beach suggested it would be economical to replace the bridge. The new bridge will allow access to the port for the tallest container ships, for the bridge to be so tall, long approaches will be required to allow trucks to cross
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
6.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
7.
Wilmington, Los Angeles
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Wilmington is a neighborhood in the Los Angeles Harbor Region area of Los Angeles, California, covering 9.14 square miles. It is the site of Los Angeles Harbor College, Banning High School, Wilmington has six parks, including one on the waterfront. Wilmington dates its history back to a 1784 Spanish land grant and it became a separate city in 1863, and it joined the city of Los Angeles in 1909. Places of interest include the U. S. Army headquarters for Southern California, Wilmington shares borders with Carson to the north, Long Beach to the east, San Pedro to the south and west and Harbor City to the northwest. The percentages of people from birth through age 34 were among the countys highest, population was estimated at 54,512 in 2008. Wilmington is not considered very diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 0.245. In 2000, Latinos made up 86. 6% of the population, while whites were at 6. 4%, Asians at 4. 8%, blacks at 2. 6%, the $40,627 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city. Renters occupied 61. 5% of the units, with homeowners occupying the rest. In 2000 there were 1,524 military veterans, or 4. 6% of the population, the Port of Los Angeles district of Wilmington was included in the 1784 Spanish land grant of Rancho San Pedro. Known as New San Pedro from 1858 to 1863, it was subsequently named Wilmington by “Father of the Harbor” Phineas Banning after his Delaware birthplace. Wilson College, precursor to the University of Southern California, opened in Wilmington in 1874 as the first coeducational college west of the Mississippi. The City of Los Angeles annexed Wilmington in 1909, and today it, citizens of Wilmington were dubious that annexation would be in their best interests, fearing that it would shift economic activity out of their city and towards Los Angeles. Among these promises were that $10 million would be invested in improvements to the port, in the 1920s, William Wrigley Jr. built innovative housing in Wilmington that was dubbed the “Court of Nations. ”Wilmington is adjacent to the Wilmington Oil Field, discovered in 1932. It is the third largest oil field in the continental United States, consequently, there are at least 8 major refineries in the Wilmington area, many of them dating back to the original strike. During World War II the United States Military operated the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation in Wilmington, the LAPE was controlled by the San Francisco Port of Embarkation from its inception in 1942 until late 1943 when it became autonomous. The California Shipbuilding Corporation, famous for building victory ships during the war, drum Barracks Civil War Museum – U. S. Army headquarters for Southern California and the Arizona territory during the Civil War. The bright green THE DON neon sign atop a building once welcomed visitors entering the city. The Phillips 66 refinery in Wilmington is also home to the worlds largest jack-o-lantern, decorated annually since 1952, the jack-o-lantern draws 30,000 visitors annually
8.
Long Beach, California
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Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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San Pedro is a community within the city of Los Angeles, California. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909, the Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the industry to become primarily a working class community within the city of Los Angeles. The site, at the end of the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The peninsula, including all of San Pedro, was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American people for thousands of years, in other areas of the Los Angeles Basin archeological sites date back 8, 000–15,000 years. The Tongva believe they have been here since the beginning of time, once called the lords of the ocean, due to their mastery of oceangoing canoes, many Tongva villages covered the coastline. Their first contact with Europeans in 1542 with João Cabrilho, the Portuguese explorer who also was the first to write of them, chowigna and Suangna were two Tongva settlements of many in the peninsula area, which was also a departure point for their rancherias on the Channel Islands. Legend has it that the Native Americans blessed the land of Palos Verdes, the Tongva called the San Pedro area Chaaw. San Pedro was named for St. Peter of Alexandria, a bishop in Alexandria. His feast day is November 24 on the ecclesiastical calendar of Spain. Santa Catalina Island, named after Catherine of Alexandria, was claimed for the Spanish Empire the next day, on her feast day, in 1602–1603, Sebastián Vizcaíno officially surveyed and mapped the California coastline, including San Pedro Bay, for New Spain. The anglicized pronunciation, popularized by the English-speaking people of Midwestern America, is san-PEE-dro, european settlement began in 1769 as part of an effort to populate California, although trade restrictions encouraged more smuggling than regular business. Rancho San Pedro is the site of the first Spanish land grant in Alta California, the land was granted in 1784 by King Carlos III to Juan Jose Dominguez, a retired Spanish soldier who came to California with the Gaspar de Portolà expedition. When New Spain won its independence from the Spanish Empire and Alta California became part of Mexico, the restrictions were lifted. In 1888, the War Department took control of a tract of land next to the bay and this became Fort MacArthur in 1914 and was a coastal defense site for many years. Woodrow Wilson transferred 200 United States Navy ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1919 when tension arose between the United States and Japan over the fate of China. San Diego Bay was considered too shallow for the largest ships, local availability of fuel oil minimized transportation costs, and consistently good weather allowed frequent gunnery exercises off the nearby Channel Islands of California. The heavy cruisers of the Scouting Force were transferred from the Atlantic to San Pedro in response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, by 1934,14 battleships, two aircraft carriers,14 cruisers, and 16 support ships were based at San Pedro
11.
Port of Los Angeles
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The Port of Los Angeles, also called Americas Port, is a port complex that occupies 7,500 acres of land and water along 43 miles of waterfront and adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach. The port is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro and Wilmington neighborhoods of Los Angeles, a department of the City of Los Angeles, the Port of Los Angeles employs nearly 896,000 people throughout the LA County Region and 3.6 million worldwide. Around $1.2 billion worth of cargo comes in and out each day at the LA Port, the Ports Channel Depth is 53 feet. The port has 23 cargo terminals,270 deepwater berths,77 container cranes,9 container terminals, the LA Port imports furniture, footwear, electronics, automobile parts, and apparel. The Port exports wastepaper, cotton, resins, animal feed, the ports major trading partners are China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. S. In 1542, Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo discovered the Bay of Smokes, the south-facing San Pedro Bay was originally a shallow mudflat, too soft to support a wharf. Visiting ships had two choices, stay far out at anchor and have their goods and passengers ferried to shore, or beach themselves. That sticky process is described in Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana, phineas Banning greatly improved shipping when he dredged the channel to Wilmington in 1871 to a depth of 10 feet. The port handled 50,000 tons of shipping that year, after Bannings death in 1885, his sons pursued their interests in promoting the port, which handled 500,000 tons of shipping in that year. The Southern Pacific Railroad and Collis P. Huntington wanted to create Port Los Angeles at Santa Monica, however, the Los Angeles Times publisher Harrison Gray Otis and U. S. Senator Stephen White pushed for support of the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro Bay. The Free Harbor Fight was settled when San Pedro was endorsed in 1897 by a commission headed by Rear Admiral John C, with U. S. government support, breakwater construction began in 1899, and the area was annexed to Los Angeles in 1909. The Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners was founded in 1907, in 1912 the Southern Pacific Railroad completed its first major wharf at the port. During the 1920s, the port surpassed San Francisco as the West Coasts busiest seaport, in the early 1930s, a massive expansion of the port was undertaken with the construction of a breakwater three miles out and over two miles in length. In addition to the construction of this outer breakwater, a breakwater was built off Terminal Island with docks for seagoing ships. It was this improved harbor that hosted the events for the 1932 Summer Olympics. During World War II the port was used for shipbuilding, employing more than 90,000 people. In 1959, Matson Navigation Companys Hawaiian Merchant delivered 20 containers to the port, the opening of the Vincent Thomas Bridge in 1963 greatly improved access to Terminal Island and allowed increased traffic and further expansion of the port
12.
Port of Long Beach
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The Port of Long Beach, also known as the Harbor Department of the City of Long Beach, is the second-busiest container port in the United States, after the Port of Los Angeles, which it adjoins. Acting as a gateway for US–Asian trade, the port occupies 3,200 acres of land with 25 miles of waterfront in the city of Long Beach. The Port of Long Beach is located less than two miles southwest of downtown Long Beach and approximately 25 miles south of downtown Los Angeles, the seaport generates approximately US$100 billion in trade and employs more than 316,000 people in Southern California. San Pedro Breakwater was started in 1899 and over time was expanded to protect Port of Long Beach, the Port of Long Beach was founded on 800 acres of mudflats on June 24,1911, at the mouth of the Los Angeles River. In 1917, the first Board of Harbor Commissioners was formed to supervise harbor operations, due to the booming economy, Long Beach voters approved a $5 million bond to improve the inner and outer harbor in 1924. By 1926 more than one million tons of cargo were handled, the old Municipal Pier was rebuilt into the Municipal Wharf in 1925. In 1925 construction started on Pier A and Pier B, with opening of Pier A in 1930, in 1921, oil was discovered at the Long Beach Oil Field on and around Signal Hill. In 1932, the fourth-largest oil field in the United States, Wilmington Oil Field, was discovered, much of field was underneath Long Beach. The hundreds of oil wells from Wilmington Oil Field provided oil revenues to the City, the first offshore oil well in the harbor was brought online in 1937, shortly after the discovery that the oil field far extended into the harbor. In the mid-1930s, the port was expanded, largely due to the need to oil to foreign markets. The extraction of hundreds of millions of barrels of oil caused concern for subsidence, engineers and geologists were promptly assigned to the problem, building dikes for flood control at high tide. On July 3,1930 the Federal River and Harbor Act authorizes expanding the San Pedro Bay breakwater by 3. 5-mile completed in 1949, Long Beach became a home port for the The United States Navys Pacific Fleet in 1932. In 1940 the navy purchased 105 acres on Terminal Island built the Long Beach Naval Shipyard there, in 1946, after World War II, the Port of Long Beach was established as America’s most modern port with the completion of the first of nine clear-span transit sheds. Pier E was completed and Pier B was expanded to two times its size in 1949, pierpoint Landing completed on Pier F in 1948, becoming a large sport fishing spot. Concerns regarding subsidence increased until Operation Big Squirt, a water injection program, in 1971 Pier J expansion is complete with a 55-acre container and car import terminal, becoming Toyotas Western distribution center. In 1972 International Transportation Service completes a 52-acre container terminal on Pier J with a 1, 200-foot wharf, maersk Line Pacific completes on Pier G a 29-acre container terminal. Port of Long Beach is the largest container terminal in America, with the rapid expansion of the port pollution also increased. The Port of Long Beach instituted programs to prevent and control oil spills, contain debris, due to its efforts, the port was awarded the American Association of Port Authorities Environmental E Award
13.
Southern California Edison
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Southern California Edison, the largest subsidiary of Edison International, is the primary electricity supply company for much of Southern California, USA. It provides 14 million people with electricity across a territory of approximately 50,000 square miles. The northern part of the state is served by the Pacific Gas & Electric Company of San Francisco. The utility lost all of its natural gas-fired plants, which provided most of its electrical generation, the large, aging plants were bought by out-of-state companies such as Mirant and Reliant Energy, which allegedly used them to manipulate the California energy market. Southern California Edisons power grid is linked to PG&Es by the Path 26 wires that generally follow Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass, the interconnection takes place at a massive substation at Buttonwillow. PG&Es and WAPAs Path 15 and Path 66, respectively, from Buttonwillow north eventually connect to BPAs grid in the Pacific Northwest, there are several other interconnections with local and out-of-state utilities, such as Path 46. In addition, SCE operates a gas and water utility. SCE is the commercial provider of natural gas and fresh water service to Santa Catalina Island, including the city of Avalon. SCE operates the utilities under the names of Catalina Island Gas Company, Pacific Light and Power was one of the predecessor companies to SCE, along with Edison Electric, Mt. Whitney Power & Electric Co. California Electric Power Co. and others, in November,2014, Southern California Edison announced a partnership with Ice Energy to provide more efficient energy storage by freezing water at night when electricity is cheaper. The layoffs were questioned by members of the United States Senate, Southern California Edison agreed to a $650,000 settlement for the 2011 blackout with FERC and NERC. Southern California Edison allows its customer to obtain their electricity entirely from renewable sources by subscribing to a green rate. In 2006, Southern California Edison planned to secure 1,500 megawatts or more of power generated from new projects to be built in the Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm area. The contract, which more than doubles SCEs wind energy portfolio, envisions more than 50 square miles of parks in the Tehachapi region. The photovoltaic cells will cover 65,000,000 square feet of rooftops in southern California, in 2009, Southern California Edison entered into a contract with Solar Millennium to purchase solar thermal power up to 726 MW. Southern California Edison also entered into a contract with Stirling Energy Systems to buy electricity from a 500 megawatt,4,600 acre, solar power plant which was due to open in 2009. The purchase was canceled in late 2010, as changes in technology reduced the cost of photovoltaic-based solar power to below that of solar Stirling generated power and this would have been the first commercial application of the dish stirling system. In 2014 SCE had a mix of 23%
14.
Deadman's Island (San Pedro)
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Deadmans Island was one of two islands near San Pedro, Los Angeles, California in the 19th century. The land, sometimes referenced as Dead Mans Island, Isla Del Muerto, rattlesnake Island, the other islet in the area, became Terminal Island. French sea captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly visited the small islet on April 10,1827. On its highest point, he found the eyrie of a sea eagle with two eaglets, described as black with the part of the tail and the top of the head a yellowish white. From this description these were probably Bald eagles, in 1835, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. recorded in his personal narrative Two Years Before the Mast how he witnessed the brutal flogging of a shipmate by their captain in San Pedro Harbor. Dana wrote, Had it been a common burying-place it would have been nothing, the single body correlated well with the solitary character of everything around. It was the thing in California from which I could extract anything like poetry. Then, too the man had died far from home, without a friend near him. On October 8,1846, in a battle between U. S. soldiers and local Californios called the Battle of the Old Womans Gun and they were subsequently buried on Isla del Muertos, or as it was more commonly known, Deadmans Island. A whaling station existed on Deadmans Island. In March 1861 a right whale was caught, as well as five other whales during a two-week period—estimated to be worth $300 each, in 1862 twenty-five whales were caught — another source said this referred to the catch in 1861-62. In March 1862 alone six were caught in six days, a Captain Hart was in charge of the whaling station from 1860 to about 1862. Captain Henry Johnson, a whaler at San Diego, was a financial backer in the Deadmans Island operation, according to A. H. Clark, In 1866 a station existed for a short time on Dead Man’s Island, a circular rock rising in San Pedro Bay. This second operation only lasted one season,1865 to 1866, the comedy short Lonesome Lukes Wild Women starring Harold Lloyd was filmed on location on Deadmans Island. U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Deadmans Island
15.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
16.
Long Beach Assembly
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Long Beach Assembly was a Ford Motor Company assembly plant located in Long Beach, California that operated from 1930 through 1958. The address was 700 Henry Ford Avenue, Long Beach, in a region called Cerritos Channel on Terminal Island, a bridge called the Henry Ford Bridge is still located at the former plant site. The Ford Model A were the first vehicles to be built, the location was closed in late 1958 when underground subsidence caused by oil drilling left the facility unstable. The Los Angeles Assembly plant in Pico Rivera opened in late 1958, the location was one of several factories designed by architect Albert Kahn who was the chief architect for Ford factories all across the United States. Through 1948, the location built Lincoln, Mercury and Ford products that were distributed throughout the American Southwest, in 1948 an exclusive Lincoln-Mercury plant opened in Maywood, called Maywood Assembly. During the Second World War the location was used as a base by the United States Army Air Corps. During the Depression of the 1930s, the Long Beach Assembly plant manufactured trucks that were used to build Hoover Dam, the facility was briefly closed from December 1932 until February 1935. Ford closed down earlier Los Angeles Assembly plants that had been in operation since 1911, first, at 12th and Olive Streets and after 1914, at East Seventh Street, the factory that built Ford Model T is still standing, having been converted to apartment buildings. Ford Long Beach List of Southern California automobile plants
17.
Pico Rivera, California
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Pico Rivera is a city located in southeastern Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is situated approximately 11 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles, on the edge of the Los Angeles basin. The ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, as well as Los Angeles International Airport, are in close proximity, the 2010 census reported that the city had a population of 62,942. Facilitated by annexations, it has grown to approximately 9 square miles, Pico Rivera was founded in 1958, from the merger of the long-standing unincorporated communities of Pico and Rivera. Since the 1950s, it has both residential as well as industrial. It had a Ford Motor Company plant for years, Los Angeles Assembly. Pico Rivera lies below the Whittier Narrows, making it one of the “Gateway Cities”, in January 1958,56 percent of the electorate voted for incorporation. They approved a Council-Manager form of government, and the name “Pico Rivera” was established for the new city, five citizens were chosen from a slate of 24 candidates to serve as members of the first City Council, Pico Rivera officially became the 61st city in Los Angeles County. The north side of the city is home to the Pico Rivera Sports Arena, the community enjoys more than 120 acres committed to public recreational facilities. There are 18 athletic fields, two gymnasiums and four community centers, an executive golf course, skatepark and aquatic centers. In 1965, the Pico Rivera Municipal Golf Course was built for the enjoyment of not only its residents and golfers. The executive nine-hole course plays to a par 29 and measures 1,504 yards, the practice facilities include two putting greens and a covered driving range. Lighting throughout the course and driving range enables play and practice until 10,00 p. m. Funded by the U. S. Napolitano secured a $198,000 federal grant for the project, the fitness room has 18 exercise machines, a set of free weights and two 40-inch flat screen TVs. The activity room has a wall with a ballet bar. The billiard room, which is a part of the senior center, was relocated to larger quarters within the center. It now houses four new pool tables, the Pico Rivera Center,9200 Mines Avenue, opens from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. Monday through Thursday and 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. Friday. Pico Rivera is located at 33°59′20″N 118°5′21″W and it is bordered by Downey on the southwest, Santa Fe Springs on the southeast, Whittier on the east, City of Industry on the northeast, Montebello on the northwest, and Commerce on the west
18.
United States Navy Reserve
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The United States Navy Reserve, known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called Reservists, are enrolled in the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, the size of these centers varies greatly, depending on the number of assigned. They are intended mostly to administrative functions and classroom style training. However, some NOSCs have more training facilities, including damage control trainers. Because of this, NOSCs outside the concentration areas are also heavily tasked to provide personnel. This service provided to the community is one of the NOSCs top two priority missions. FTS, previously known as TAR, serve in all year round and provide administrative support to SELRES. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard, the IRR do not typically drill or train regularly, but can be recalled to service in a full mobilization. These personnel will drill for points but no pay and are not eligible for Annual Training with pay, however, they remain eligible for other forms of active duty with pay and mobilization. Reservists are called to duty, or mobilized, as needed and are required to sign paperwork acknowledging this possibility upon enrollment in the reserve program. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Reservists were mobilized to combat operations. The War on Terrorism has even seen the activation of a Reserve squadron, the VFA-201 Hunters, flying F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, which deployed on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, more than 52,000 Navy Reservists have been mobilized and deployed to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Reserve consists of 108,718 officers and enlisted personnel who serve in every state and territory as well as overseas as of September 2012. S. Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a navy was deemed too great. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794, a navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812. Though overwhelmed by a superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of Washington. Having fought against a power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy. By wars end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors, the latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men
19.
Joseph M. Reeves
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Joseph Mason Bull Reeves was an admiral in the United States Navy, who was an early and important supporter of U. S. Naval Aviation. Reeves retired in the mid-1930s but was recalled to duty during World War II to serve in high-level staff positions within the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. He retired again in December 1946 with the rank of full admiral, Joseph Mason Reeves was born on November 20,1872 in the village of Tampico, Illinois. He received an appointment in 1890 to attend the Naval Academy, Reeves graduated from the Academy in 1894. Upon graduation, Reeves was assigned to the cruiser USS San Francisco and he served in the battleship USS Oregon during the Spanish–American War, taking part in the action against Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topetes fleet at Santiago in June and July 1898. He served as the Academys Head Football Coach in 1907, guiding the team to a 9–2-1 record, following duties as ordnance officer on board the battleship USS New Hampshire, Reeves served as ordnance officer in the staff of the Commander in Chief, U. S. He followed this assignment to the Board of Inspection and Survey. In April 1913, Commander Reeves assumed command of the collier USS Jupiter, the ship was recommissioned in 1922 as USS Langley, the Navys first aircraft carrier. Detached from Jupiter in April 1914, he commanded the cruiser USS St. Louis and various other ships assigned to Oregon, June 1915. After the war, he served as Naval Attaché at Rome, Captain of the Mare Island Navy Yard at the end of that year, he commanded the battleship USS North Dakota, 1922–23, then attended the Naval War College at Newport. After completing his coursework, he spent a year as a member of the staff, upon completing his tour at the War College, Captain Reeves decided to enter the new world of Naval Aviation. In order to hold a command post, however, he needed to receive aviation training, like other older officers—notably, RADM William A. Moffett, Chief of the Navys new Bureau of Aeronautics—Reeves qualified as a Naval Aviation Observer rather than as a Naval Aviator. He received his qualification in 1925, and assumed the post of Commander, Aircraft Squadron, though a captain by rank, his position as squadron commander permitted him to fly a commodores pennant. His flagship was the experimental carrier USS Langley—his old ship, Jupiter, the wooden flight-deck was installed over the Langleys existing deck structures, giving the vessel the nickname of Covered Wagon. While in this command, Reeves worked hard to develop carrier aviation tactics, seeking to increase sortie rates and he proved these concepts by the success of his pilots and aircrew during the Navys annual fleet exercises. Reeves served on the Navys General Board, June 1929-June 1930, fifteen months later he became Senior Member of the Board of Inspection and Survey, Pacific Coast Section. Another tour at Mare Island followed and in June 1933 he became Commander, Battleships, Battle Force, in July, he was assigned as Commander, Battle Force, U. S. Fleet, with the rank of admiral. On February 26,1934, Admiral Reeves was designated Commander-in-Chief and he held this command until June 1936, when he was ordered to Washington, D. C. to serve on the General Board
20.
Long Beach Naval Shipyard
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The Long Beach NSY industrial area encompassed 119 acres of the total 214 acres owned. There were 120 permanent,39 semi-permanent, and 6 temporary buildings, there were 17 different shop work areas and 2,400,000 square feet of covered building space. The shipyard had three graving docks, and five industrial piers, there were 12,307 feet of ship berthing space. Crane capacity ranged from 25 short tons to 67 short tons, one of the large cranes at Long Beach NSY, YD-171, was nicknamed Herman the German based on its origin as a floating crane for the Kriegsmarine. It is a large self-propelled crane standing 374 feet tall with a capacity of 385 short tons. Herman the German was seized as a war prize following the end of World War II, Herman was dismantled and transported across the Atlantic through the Panama Canal to Long Beach, where it subsequently served at the Long Beach NSY from 1946 to 1996. Dry Dock 1 had plan dimensions of 143 by 1,092 feet, the total naval presence on Terminal Island included two installations, for a total of 1,095 acres on Terminal Island and 319 acres of off-base housing. Half to two-thirds of the area of the finished NSY was built on new fill, Navy presence on Terminal Island started in 1938. The Terminal Island Naval Dry Docks were authorized in June 1940, recreation facilities, personnel and shop buildings were ordered in February 1942, and work began on Drydocks 2 and 3 and several piers in April 1942. On February 9,1943, the Secretary of the Navy established the facilities as the US Naval Dry Docks, Roosevelt Base, California. Also in 1943, a barrack for Marines was built, work began on another approach pier, a 50 short tons drydock crane was erected, in 1944, work started on the pontoons destined to be used in a temporary bridge to Terminal Island. The pontoon bridge would not be removed until the opening of the Gerald Desmond Bridge in 1968, the name of this facility was changed to Terminal Island Naval Shipyard on November 30,1945. On November 15,1946, the adjoining Naval Station Long Beach was established, the shipyard was renamed to Long Beach Naval Shipyard in March 1948. During World War II, the dry docks provided routine and battle damage repairs to a parade of tankers, cargo ships, troop transports, destroyers. Peak employment of 16,091 civilian employees was reached in August 1945, the shipyard possessed complete design, engineering, combat systems, quality assurance, planning and public works capabilities to support its industrial work. Dry dock No.1 was designated the West Coast nuclear powered aircraft carrier emergency dry dock, Long Beach NSY was placed in an inactive status on June 1,1950. The Korean War began less than one month later, and the shipyard was reactivated on January 4,1951, through the years the shipyard accomplished several special projects in addition to its primary mission. These included support or scientific projects in conjunction with programs like POLARIS, POSEIDON, Long Beach NSY was evaluated under every round of Base Realignment and Closure for possible closure since the inception of the BRAC process in 1988
21.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
22.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
23.
Issei
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Issei is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to specify the Japanese people who were first to immigrate. Issei are born in Japan, their children born in the new country are referred to as Nisei, all of them come from the numbers one, two, three in the Japanese language, as Japanese numerals are ichi, ni, san. The character and uniqueness of the Issei is recognized in its social history, brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan, numbering an estimate of more than 1.5 million, more than that of the 1.2 million in the United States. The Issei Japanese Brazilians are an important part of ethnic minority in that South American nation. The first members of the Issei did not emigrate directly to the mainland United States, a large number of Japanese eventually settled in Hawaii. Emigration of Japanese directly to the United States began a little later in 1885, the earliest of these emigrated to San Francisco, and their numbers continually expanded in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Their purpose in moving to America was to gain advanced knowledge, both students and laborers were attracted by the image of America as a country that welcomes foreigners. When they first arrived in the U. S. they had not intended to live there permanently, within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different sociocultural referents, generational identity, and wartime experiences. The narrative of Issei Japanese-Canadians include post-Pearl Harbor experiences of uprooting, incarceration, among the approximately 80,000 Peruvians of Japanese descent, the Issei Japanese Peruvians comprise only a small number. Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was the Nisei son of Issei emigrants from Kumamoto, fujimoris political opponents tried unsuccessfully to prove that he was actually born in Japan—in which case he would have been Issei like his immigrant mother and father. Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have special names for each of their generations in North America and these are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation. The fourth generation is called Yonsei and the fifth is called Gosei, the Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious belief and practice, and other matters. The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment is the single, most significant factor which explains these variations in their experiences, attitudes, the term Nikkei was coined by a multinational group of sociologists and encompasses all of the worlds Japanese immigrants across generations. The collective memory of the Issei and older Nisei was an image of Meiji Japan from 1870 through 1911 and these differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other. In this context, the significant differences in experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the gaps which separated generational perspectives. In North America, since the victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The Nisei, their parents and their children are changing the way they look at themselves, there are just over one hundred thousand British Japanese, mostly in London. Unlike other Nikkei communities in the world, these Britons do not identify themselves in such terms as Issei, Nisei
24.
Executive Order 9066
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Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19,1942. The text of Executive Order 9066 were as follows, Executive Order No,533, as amended by the Act of November 30,1940,54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21,1941,55 Stat and this order shall not be construed as modifying or limiting in any way the authority heretofore granted under Executive Order No. Franklin D. Roosevelt The White House, February 19,1942, on March 9,1942, Roosevelt signed Public Law 503 in order to provide for the enforcement of his executive order. As a result, approximately 120,000 men, women, Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not incarcerated in the same way, the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Niihau notwithstanding. Japanese Americans and other Asians in the U. S. had suffered for decades from prejudice, laws preventing Asian Americans from owning land, voting, testifying against whites in court, and other racially discriminatory laws existed long before World War II. In early 1941, President Roosevelt secretly commissioned a study to assess the possibility that Japanese Americans would pose a threat to U. S. security. The report, submitted exactly one month before Pearl Harbor was bombed, found that, There will be no armed uprising of Japanese in the United States. For the most part, the Munson Report said, the local Japanese are loyal to the United States or, at worst, over two-thirds of the people of Japanese ethnicity interned—almost 70, 000—were American citizens. Many of the rest had lived in the country between 20 and 40 years, most Japanese Americans, particularly the first generation born in the United States, considered themselves loyal to the United States of America. No Japanese American citizen or Japanese national residing in the United States was ever guilty of sabotage or espionage. Americans of Italian and German ancestry were also targeted by these restrictions,11,000 people of German ancestry were interned, as were 3,000 people of Italian ancestry, along with some Jewish refugees. The interned Jewish refugees came from Germany, as the U. S. government did not differentiate between ethnic Jews and ethnic Germans, some of the internees of European descent were interned only briefly, while others were held for several years beyond the end of the war. Like the Japanese internees, these groups had American-born citizens in their numbers. A few members of ethnicities of other Axis countries were interned, over the spring of 1942, Bendetsen issued Western Defense Command orders for Japanese Americans to present themselves for removal. The evacuees were taken first to temporary assembly centers, requisitioned fairgrounds, as construction on the more permanent and isolated WRA camps was completed, the population was transferred by truck or train. These accommodations consisted of tar paper-walled frame buildings in parts of the country with bitter winters, the camps were guarded by armed soldiers and fenced with barbed wire. Camps held up to 18,000 people, and were small cities, with care, food
Terminal Island
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