1.
The United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Republic of Hawaii
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The Territory of Hawaii was formally established as part of the U. S. on June 14,1900. The Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown in 1893 in a revolt against a Queen who rejected the constitution then in effect. American officials immediately recognized the new government and U. S, marines landed to protect American citizens during the upheaval. The Queens supporters charged their presence frightened the Queen and thus enabled the revolution, in 1887, members of the Reform Party of Hawaii forced the King to accept a new constitution limiting the monarchs constitutional power as defined by the Constitution of 1864. The Constitution of 1887, also called the Bayonet Constitution for the used to secure the kings approval, was enacted without legislative approval. In 1893 a coup détat against the monarch was carried out by more than 1,000 armed local men who were led by sugar planters. There was no bloodshed as the armed force did not resist. A temporary Provisional Government of Hawaii was formed by the Committee of Safety, the leaders of the coup, who had strong economic ties with the United States wanted to join the United States, in part to avoid import taxes. Annexation was delayed by two petitions with over 20,000 signatures representing over half of the Native Hawaiian population, the Queen herself took up residence in Washington to lobby for her restoration. President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat opposed to American expansion, sent an investigator who wrote the Blount Report, the report concluded that Minister Stevens had manipulated and orchestrated the revolt. Cleveland decided that the United States should restore the Queen, he asked for Doles resignation, however, the U. S. Senate held hearings regarding the Morgan Report, undermining the Blount Reports claims. Public opinion in the United States favored annexation, in May 1894 the U. S. President Cleveland thereupon dropped the issue, leaving the Republic of Hawaii to fend for itself. The Provisional Government convened a convention and established the Republic of Hawaiʻi on July 4,1894. The president of Hawaii was the head of state and head of government. The constitution provided that the term of office would be six years. The President had the authority to legislation, which could be overridden by two-thirds majority in both houses of the legislature, and he was also commander-in-chief of the military. The President appointed, subject to the confirmation of the Senate, Cabinet members were considered usurers of both houses of the Legislature, they could participate in proceedings, but could not vote as they were not elected members of the Legislature. If the presidency became vacant, the Minister of Foreign Affairs could serve as Acting President until the Legislature voted to elect a successor, article 23 of the 1894 Constitution specifically named Sanford B. Dole as the republics first President
3.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
4.
Johnston Atoll
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Johnston Atoll, also known as Kalama Atoll to Native Hawaiians, is an unincorporated territory of the United States currently administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Public entry is only by special-use permit from the U. S. Fish, for nearly 70 years, the atoll was under the control of the American military. These activities left the area environmentally contaminated and remediation and monitoring continue, the Johnston Atoll is a deserted 1,300 ha atoll in the North Pacific Ocean located about 750 nmi southwest of the island of Hawaii and is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The atoll, which is located on a coral platform, has four islands. Johnston Island and Sand Island are both enlarged natural features, while Akau and Hikina are two artificial islands formed by coral dredging, the four islands compose a total land area of 2.67 square kilometres. Due to the tilt, much of the reef on the southeast portion has subsided. But even though it not have an encircling reef crest. The climate is tropical but generally dry, northeast trade winds are consistent and there is little seasonal temperature variation. With elevation ranging from sea level to 5 m at Summit Peak, the first Western record of the atoll was on September 2,1796 when the Boston-based American brig Sally accidentally grounded on a shoal near the islands. The ships captain, Joseph Pierpont, published his experience in several American newspapers the following year giving a position of Johnston. However, he did not name or lay claim to the area, the islands were not officially named until Captain Charles J. Johnston of the Royal Naval ship HMS Cornwallis sighted them on December 14,1807. In the following years, an occasional vessel stopped, but generally one look was enough. The Guano Islands Act, enacted on August 18,1856, was legislation passed by the U. S. Congress that enabled citizens of the U. S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. In 1858 William Parker and R. F. Ryan, chartered the schooner Palestine specifically to find Johnston Atoll and they located guano on the atoll in March 1858 and they proceeded to claim the island. By 1858, Johnston Atoll was claimed by both the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii, in June 1858, Samuel Allen, sailing on the Kalama, tore down the U. S. flag and raised the Hawaiian flag renaming the atoll Kalama. The larger island was renamed Kalama Island, and the smaller island was called Cornwallis. Returning on July 27,1858, the Captain of the Palestine again hoisted the American flag, the same day, the atoll was declared part of the domain of King Kamehameha IV. On this visit however the Palestine left two crew members on the island to gather phosphate, however, later that year King Kamehameha revoked the lease granted to Samuel Allen when the King learned that the atoll had been claimed previously by the United States
5.
Seal of Hawaii
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The Great Seal of the State of Hawaii was designated officially by Act 272 of the 1959 Territorial Legislature and is based on the territorial seal. Modifications to the seal included the use of the words State of Hawaii at the top and 1959 within the circle. Provisions for a seal for the state of Hawaii was enacted by the Territorial Legislator, the passage of the Admission Act in 1959, admitted Hawaii as the 50th State of the United States of America on August 21,1959. The seal of the Territory of Hawaiʻi was the same as the seal of the republic, the 1901 Territorial Legislature authorized the modified republic seal as the Seal of the Territory of Hawaii. The seal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi had the words Republic of Hawaii at the top, the year 1894 signified the date that the republic was established. The Great Seal of the State of Hawaii is circular in shape, the Hawaii state seal represents Hawaiis nation. In the center of the seal is a shield which is quartered. The first and fourth quarters display the white, red, the second and third quarters are on a yellow field with a white Puloʻuloʻu, or kapu sticks with tapa-covered balls on the end. In the center of the shield is a green escutcheon with a five-pointed yellow star in the center. On the left side is Kamehameha I, standing in the attitude as represented by the statue in front of Aliiolani Hale. His cloak and helmet are in yellow, Kamehameha Is figure is in proper. Kamehameha I unified the Hawaiian Islands into a united kingdom. On the right side is goddess Liberty also wearing a Phrygian cap and she is holding Ka Hae Hawaiʻi in her right hand that is partly unfurled. A rising sun irradiated in gold surrounded by the legend State of Hawaii,1959 on a scroll in black lettering, the state motto, Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono is on the scroll on the seals bottom in gold lettering. Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono is roughly translated into English as The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness. The motto was adopted by the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1843 and was used in an address by King Kamehameha III at ceremonies following the return of his kingdom from the British. After Kamehameha III notified London of the actions, Admiral Richard Darton Thomas returned sovereignty back to the King. The motto is also featured in Israel Kamakawiwooles song Hawaii 78 and is used on the Hawaii state quarter, below the heraldic shield, the bird phoenix has it wings outstretched arising from flames
6.
Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
7.
Organized incorporated territory
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Organized incorporated territories are territories of the United States that are both incorporated and organized. There have been no such territories since Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states in 1959, through most of U. S. history, regions that were admitted as U. S. states were, prior to admission, territories or parts of territories of this kind. As the United States grew, the most populous parts of the territory would achieve statehood. The remainder frequently kept at least some of the structure of the old legal entity. Some territories existed only a time before becoming states, while others remained territories for decades. The shortest-lived was Alabama Territory at two years, while New Mexico Territory and Hawaii Territory both lasted more than 50 years, of the current 50 US states,31 were at one time or another part of a U. S. territory. The exceptions include, the original Thirteen Colonies, Kentucky and West Virginia, Maine, California, common regional names such as Louisiana Purchase, Indian Territory, and Oregon Country were never formally organized as territories. Since 1959, there have no incorporated U. S. territories formally organized by an Organic Act. All current U. S. territories except Palmyra Atoll are unincorporated, while the District of Columbia functions similarly to an organized incorporated territory, it is governed by entirely different provisions of the United States Constitution as a federal district. The following territories within the United States were officially organized by Congress with an Organic Act on the first date listed, each was admitted as a US state on the second date listed. Often, larger outlying portions of an organized territory were not included in the new state, for maps, see Territorial evolution of the United States
8.
List of Governors of Hawaii
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The Governor of the State of Hawaii is the head of the executive branch of Hawaiis state government, and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Of the seven governors of the state, two have been elected to three terms, three have been elected to two terms, and two have been elected to one term. No state governor has yet resigned or died in office, nor did any territorial governor die in office, George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U. S. state. The current governor is David Ige, who took office on December 1,2014, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898. It was organized into Hawaii Territory in 1900, and admitted as a state in 1959, the Republic had only one president, Sanford B. Dole, who later was the first territorial governor, between 1893 and 1894, Hawaii was under the Provisional Government of Hawaii, with no formal leader. Before 1893, Hawaii was a monarchy, see list of monarchs of Hawaii, Hawaii Territory was organized on June 14,1900, remaining a territory for 59 years. Twelve people served as governor, appointed by the President of the United States. Hawaii was admitted to the Union on August 21,1959, since then, there have been seven governors. The governor is elected to a four-year term commencing on the first Monday in the December following the election, the lieutenant governor is elected for the same term and, since 1964, on the same ticket as the governor. The 1978 constitutional convention established a limit of two consecutive terms for both offices. Parties Democratic Republican Six of Hawaiis governors, four when it was a territory, Sanford Dole was President of Hawaii before the country was annexed and made a territory, which he then governed. One territorial governor served as a Delegate from Hawaii Territory. Senator from Hawaii, and a Governor of American Samoa, one state governor also served as a delegate, and another represented the state in the U. S. House. There are five living former governors, the oldest being George Ariyoshi, the most recent death of a former governor was that of William F. Quinn, who died on August 28,2006. The most recently serving governor to have died was John A. Burns
9.
Sanford B. Dole
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Sanford Ballard Dole was a lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic and territory. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization and destruction of Hawaiian government, after the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as President of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaiis annexation by the United States. Dole was born April 23,1844 in Honolulu to Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine in the United States and his father was Daniel Dole principal at Punahou School and mother was Emily Hoyt Ballard. His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth, Dole was named after his uncle, Sandford K. Ballard, who was a classmate of his fathers at Bowdoin College who died in 1841. He was nursed by a native Hawaiian, and his father remarried to Charlotte Close Knapp in 1846, in 1855 the family moved to Kōloa on the island of Kauaʻi, where they operated another school. Dole attended Punahou school for one year, and then Williams College in 1866–1867 and he worked in a law office in Boston for another year, and although he never attended law school, he received an honorary LL. D. degree from Williams in 1897. In December 1880 he was commissioned as a Notary Public in Honolulu, Dole won the 1884 and 1886 elections to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom as a representative from Kauaʻi. In addition, the new Constitution minimized the power of the Monarch in favor of more influential governance by the cabinet, Dole and other lawyers of American descent drafted this document, which became known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28,1887, after Kalākauas death, his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani appointed him to her Privy Council on August 31,1891. The monarchy ended on January 17,1893 after the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii organized by many of the actors involved in the 1887 revolt. Although Dole declined to officially be part of the Committee of Safety on January 14 and his cabinet included James A. King as minister of the interior, William Owen Smith as attorney general, and banker Peter Cushman Jones as minister of finance. Dole acted as minister of foreign affairs himself until February 15,1894, later Samuel Mills Damon would serve as minister of finance. With Grover Clevelands election as President of the United States, the Provisional Governments hopes of annexation were derailed for a time, indeed, Cleveland tried to directly help reinstate the monarchy, after an investigation led by James Henderson Blount. On November 16,1893, Albert Willis presented the Queen with Clevelands request that she grant amnesty to the Revolutionists in return for reinstatement, the Queen refused, and, according to Willis, demanded capital punishment for those involved. Queen Liliuokalani wrote in her book Hawaiis Story by Hawaiis Queen, the Provisional Government held a constitutional convention and on July 4,1894, established the Republic of Hawaii. Lorrin A. Thurston declined the presidency of the republic, Dole would serve as the first and only president from 1894 to 1898. Dole in turn appointed Thurston to lead an effort in Washington, DC. Dole was successful as a diplomat – every nation that recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii also recognized the republic, Doles government weathered several attempts to restore the monarchy, including an attempted armed rebellion, the January 24,1895 counter-revolution
10.
William F. Quinn
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William Francis Quinn was the Governor of the Territory of Hawaii from 1957 to 1959 and the first Governor of the State of Hawaii from 1959 to 1962. Originally appointed to the office by President Dwight D. Quinn appeared as a guest panelist on the television program Whats My Line and he was the recipient of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, a papal knighthood conferred by Pope John Paul II. Quinn was born in Rochester, New York on July 13,1919 and his family moved to St. Louis, Missouri during his youth, where he attended prep school at St. Louis University High School and college at Saint Louis University, graduating in 1940. Quinn entered Harvard Law School, but only finished after his stint in the military and he graduated cum laude in 1947. He served in Hawaii in naval intelligence during World War II, upon his discharge from service, he settled permanently in Honolulu, Hawaii. Quinn involved himself in politics and ran for the Hawaii Territorial Senate in 1956. Quinn worked closely with Congressional Delegate John A. Burns on the Hawaii Statehood Commission, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Quinn Governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1957. In 1959, he defeated Burns to win the new states first gubernatorial election, in 1961, Governor Quinn was grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. During the 1962 gubernatorial election, Quinn faced Burns in a rematch, in 1976, Quinn ran for the United States Senate, an election he lost to Spark Matsunaga. Quinn married Nancy Ellen Witbeck and the couple had seven children and they were members of the Portlock Road Association. He was president of Dole Pineapple Company from 1965 to 1972, Quinn lectured, occasionally traveled on the public speaking circuit serving as a Republican elder statesman, and spent time with his family in Hawaii. A devout Catholic, he was the recipient of a knighthood in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. He was an actor and singer in the Honolulu Light Opera. His most notable role was in the 1940s production of Brigadoon, in March 2006, Quinn was injured in a fall and never fully recovered. He died on August 28,2006, and is buried at National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, no Ordinary Man William Francis Quinn His Role in Hawaiis History
11.
Thomas H. Green
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Thomas Henry Green was an American military officer with the rank of Major general, who served as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from 1945 to 1949. Thomas Henry Green was born on April 22,1889, in Cambridge, Green attended the Boston University and received a Bachelor of Law degree in 1915. He practiced law in Boston for some time and his military career began back in February 1913, when he enlisted in the Massachusetts National Guard as a Private in troop A, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry. Green served with his guard unit on Mexican Border in 1916 and was also commissioned a Second lieutenant of cavalry in the Regular Army. During World War I, Green was promoted to the rank of Major. He participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive as a battalion commander, after the war, Green attended the George Washington University and received a Master of Laws degree in 1923. Subsequently, he served as Assistant Judge Advocate of the 2nd Corps at Governors Island, in 1939, Green was appointed a Chief of Patent Section in Military Affairs Section, Washington D. C. He was assigned to Fort Shafter, Hawaii, in August 1940 as Judge Advocate of the Hawaiian Department, Green was a Lieutenant Colonel at the time of the 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. He was than appointed an Executive officer to the Military Governor of Hawaiian Islands, emmons, and stayed in this capacity until 1943. Green was promoted to the rank of Brigadier general on May 24,1942, following his service in Hawaii, he was transferred to the Washington, D. C. where he was appointed a Judge Advocate General, deputy of JAG, major general Myron C. In this capacity, he was responsible for Military Justice and later also for Civil Justice and he served in this capacity until December 1945, when major general Cramer was retired and Green replaced him. Green was also promoted to the rank of Major General on December 1,1945, Green served as JAG until November 30,1949, when he finally retired from the Army. He was replaced by major general Ernest M. Brannon, for his service during World War II, major general Green received a Army Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster and five Army Commendation Medals. After retirement from the Army, Green worked as Professor of Law, Major general Thomas Henry Green died on March 27,1971, at the age of 81 years. He is buried together with his wife Ruth Tuthill Green at Indian Mound Cemetery in Moravia, Major general Thomas H. Green received some decorations for his military service. Here is his ribbon bar, Martial Law in Hawaii, The Papers of Major General Thomas H. Green, Judge Advocate Generals Corps, U. S. Army
12.
Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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They prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevens to call in the U. S. Marines to protect American interests, an action that effectively buttressed the rebellion, the revolutionaries established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which finally occurred in 1898. The Kamehameha Dynasty was the monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872. On July 6,1846, U. S. Secretary of State John C, calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, afforded formal recognition of Hawaiian independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalakaua, sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cooks arrival in 1778. The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauai in 1835, William Hooper leased 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands, sugar had completely altered Hawaiis economy. American influence in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners demanding a say in Kingdom politics and this was driven by missionary religion and the economics of the sugar industry. Pressure from these foreign born politicians was being felt by the King, during the 1850s, the U. S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U. S. and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity. The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U. S. while still maintaining the Kingdoms sovereignty, in 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal died in the U. S. Senate. American control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States and he showed the two U. S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs, many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctors advice, his health declined swiftly, the legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch. The new ruler was pressured by the U. S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy, in 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help gain support for a new treaty. Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island, after the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres of farm land to 125,000 acres in 1891. At the end of the reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal. On January 20,1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor, shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887. They drafted their own constitution on July 6,1887, the new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua
13.
Incorporated territory
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Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions directly overseen by the United States federal government. These territories are classified by whether they are incorporated and whether they have a government through an Organic Act passed by the U. S. Congress. Currently, the United States has sixteen territories, five of which are inhabited, Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the U. S. Virgin Islands. They are classified as unincorporated territories and they are organized, self-governing territories with locally elected governors and territorial legislatures. Each also elects a member to the U. S. House of Representatives. Eleven territories are small islands, atolls and reefs, spread across the Caribbean and Pacific, the status of some are disputed by Colombia, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, and the Marshall Islands. The Palmyra Atoll is the territory currently incorporated. Historically, territories were created to govern newly acquired land while the borders of the United States were still evolving, other territories administered by the United States went on to become independent countries, such as the Philippines, Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Palau. Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959, currently, the United States has sixteen territories, five of which are permanently inhabited, Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, United States Virgin Islands and American Samoa. The 11 uninhabited territories administered by the Interior Department are Palmyra Atoll, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, while claimed by the US, Navassa Island, Wake Island, Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank are disputed. Territories have always been a part of the United States, by Act of Congress, the term United States, when used in a geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. Since political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986, they too are treated as a part of the U. S, an Executive Order in 2007 includes American Samoa as U. S. geographical extent duly reflected in U. S. State Department documents. Approximately 4 million islanders are U. S. citizens, about 32,000 U. S. non-citizen nationals live in American Samoa, under current law among the territories, only persons born in American Samoa and Swains Island are non-citizen U. S. nationals. American Samoans are under the protection of the U. S. with freedom of U. S. travel without visas. The five inhabited U. S. territories have local voting rights and protections under U. S. courts, pay some U. S. taxes, depending on the congress, they may also vote on the floor in the House Committee of the Whole. S. Every four years, the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their candidates at conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. The citizens there, however, do not vote in the election for U. S. President. S. Incorporated territories are considered a part of the United States
14.
Organic Act
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An Organic Act, in United States law, is an Act of the United States Congress that establishes a territory of the United States or an agency to manage certain federal lands. In the absence of a law an territory is classified as unorganized. The first such act was the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787 by the U. S. Congress of the Confederation. The Northwest Territory covered more than 260,000 square miles and included all of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin. The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 incorporated Washington, D. C. the Organic Act for the Territory of New Mexico was part of the Compromise of 1850, passed September 9,1850. Primarily concerned with slavery, the act organized New Mexico as a territory, with including the areas now embraced in New Mexico, Arizona. Territorial organic acts have included, in chronological order), Areas now part of a U. S. state or D. C and it has since been superseded by the Constitution of Puerto Rico. The Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States of 1936 established a government for the U. S. Virgin Islands, the Guam Organic Act of 1950, transferred Guam to the United States Department of the Interior as an unincorporated territory. The Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1954 repealed and replaced the previous Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, the Philippines, The Philippine Organic Act, creation of an elected Philippine Assembly. The Jones Law, replaced the 1902 act in 1916 and created a fully elected Philippine Legislature
15.
Martial law
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It is usually imposed temporarily when the government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, such incidents may occur after a coup détat, when threatened by popular protest, to suppress political opposition, or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of natural disasters, however, most countries use a different legal construct. Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan as well as the Southern Reconstruction following the U. S. Civil War. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal, the Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people and it would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in Australian history. Brunei has been under a law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 known as the Brunei Revolt and was put down by British troops from Singapore. e. The military does not administer justice, which remains in the hands of the courts, the Act has been invoked three times, During World War I, World War II, and the October Crisis of 1970. In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act, during the colonial era, martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during the invasion of Canada by the army of the American Continental Congress in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the territory of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections and it was imposed until April 27,1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4,1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne, in Egypt, a State of Emergency has been in effect almost continuously since 1967. Following the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat in 1981, state of emergency was declared, Egypt has been under state of emergency ever since, the Parliament has renewed the emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006, but after the Dahab bombings in April of that year, state of emergency was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was an extension to June 2010. In May 2010, the state of emergency was extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to Terrorism. Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation, under martial law the source of power is not the people, not the parliament, not the constitution, not a Holy Text, but solely the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The military issued in its announcement the end of the State of Emergency as soon as order is restored in Egypt. Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the power to declare a State of Emergency
16.
Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii)
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The Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution that took place in the Hawaiian Archipelago consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience. The strikes by the Isles labor workers demanded similar pay and benefits to their Mainland counterparts, the strikes also crippled the power of the sugarcane plantations and the Big Five Oligopoly over their workers. Historically Hawaii has had a dominant-party system since the 1887 revolution, the 1887 Bayonet Constitution took most of the power away from the monarchy and allowed the Republican Party to dominate the legislature. Beside a brief change of power to the Home Rule Party following annexation, the industrialist Republicans formed a powerful sugar oligarchy, the Big Five. During the controversial Kahahawai murder and trial Republicans displayed their power by reducing the 10-year sentence for manslaughter to one hour, many felt the trial was failure of justice from political forces. But this was not the case of the government’s abuse of power. Among the unhappy residents of Hawaii was John A. Burns, Burns founded a movement by collecting support from the impoverished sugar plantation workers. He also restored strength to the divided and weak Democratic Party of Hawaii, the Hilo Longshoremen led by Jack Kawano began unified strikes in the 1930s. The Hilo Longshoremen merged with the ILWU, and Jack Wayne Hall was sent to Hawaii, among these unified strikes was the disastrous 1938 strike in Hilo against the Inter-Island Steamship Company. During World War II striking was put on hold as the members dedicated their efforts towards the war, in 1944 the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii put their support behind the Democratic Party, since it became apparent that Burns and his movement wanted to empower the working class. This meeting in 1944 has been considered the beginning of the movement, the movement became known as the Burns Machine. After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy by the legislature the members were not restrained in industrializing the Islands, forming plantations, economic inequality increased, largely caused by the hyper-concentration of wealth among the planters. The next generation of workers were children of the immigrant workers, born in Hawaii, many immigrant workers were denied citizenship but could live and work in the islands under contract. They also had gone to school children from the other ethnic camps and sometimes intermarried them. After the meeting in 1944 Jack Hall began organizing these workers in a strike campaign known as the March Inland for better working conditions. After the war, Burns was able to support from Japanese American veterans of the 100th. He encouraged the veterans to become educated under the G. I, bill and to run for public office. Daniel Inouye, who would become a very prominent US senator, is considered the first of the veterans he recruited and was a prominent member of the movement, Hall and Kawanos strikes resumed after the war
17.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
18.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
19.
Hawaii Admission Act
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Statehood became effective on August 21,1959. Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States, prior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States. In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a territory under the administration of the United States. Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were Alaska Territory, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Out of a population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters,140,000 votes were cast. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands, of the approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. The acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy, many Native Hawaiians in Hawaii protested against statehood. There was a fear of establishing a state that was governed by an ethnic minority, lawmakers questioned the American patriotism of Hawaii residents. John A. Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the campaign and place more emphasis on the resistance to statehood in the islands. The reasons why Hawaii did not achieve statehood, say, ten years one could without much exaggeration say sixty years ago—lie not in the Congress. The most effective opposition to statehood has always originated in Hawaii itself, for the most part it has remained under cover and has marched under other banners. Such opposition could not afford to disclose itself, since it was so decidedly against the interests, Burns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that Communist Party sympathizers controlled Hawaii were blatant lies. Burns worked especially hard with the southern Democrats, led by Lyndon Johnson, upon leaving her seat as delegate from Hawaii, Elizabeth P. Farrington said, Of course, Lyndon Johnson was no friend of statehood. Farrington added, There were 22 times when he voted against us and he did everything he could, because he was representing the Southern racial opposition. She claimed Johnson had a fear that Hawaii would send representatives and senators to Congress who would oppose segregation, Kamokila Campbell testified at Iolani Palace in front of a small crowd of 600 to frequent applause. In 1947 Kamokila Campbell opened the Anti-Statehood Clearing House, where she sent “anti-statehood information, reports and arguments to congress. The State of Hawaiis territory was defined thus in the Act, An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union USC48 Ch 3, S.3 HAWAII
20.
Palmyra Atoll
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Palmyra Atoll is one of the Northern Line Islands, located almost due south of the Hawaiian Islands, roughly one-third of the way between Hawaii and American Samoa. The nearest continent is almost 5,400 kilometres to the northeast, the atoll is 4.6 sq mi, and it is located in the equatorial Northern Pacific Ocean. Its 9 mi of coastline has one known as West Lagoon. It is an unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as an incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The atoll consists of a reef, two shallow lagoons, and some 50 sand and reef-rock islets and bars covered with vegetation—mostly Coconut palms, Scaevola. The islets of the atoll are mostly connected, sand Island and the two Home Islets in the west and Barren Island in the east are not. The largest island is Cooper Island in the north, followed by Kaula Island in the south, average annual rainfall is approximately 175 in per year. Daytime temperatures average 85 °F year round, Palmyra is an incorporated territory of the United States, meaning that it is subject to all provisions of the U. S. Constitution and is permanently under American sovereignty, however, since Palmyra is also an unorganized territory, there is no Act of Congress specifying how Palmyra should be governed. Palmyra has no permanent residents, however, in 2004 accommodations were built to support a number of temporary inhabitants. The only relevant federal law simply gives the President the authority to administer Palmyra as directed, the issue of the governing of Palmyra is generally a moot point, since there is no permanent population remaining there, nor any reason to think that there will be in the future. Palmyra is the only unorganized incorporated territory of the United States, Cooper Island and ten other land parcels in this atoll are owned by The Nature Conservancy, Inc. which manages them as a nature reserve. The southwesternmost islets, including Home, are owned by descendants of former Palmyra owner Henry Ernest Cooper, the rest of Palmyra is federal land and waters under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For all other purposes, Palmyra is counted as one of the U. S, there is no current economic activity on Palmyra other than paid ecotourism visits and sport fishing by Nature Conservancy donors. Most of the roads and causeways there were built during World War II, All of these are now unserviceable and overgrown with bushes and grass, and most have washed-away gaps. There is a 2, 000-yard -long, unpaved, airstrip on Cooper Island that was built for the Palmyra Island Naval Air Station before, a construction program in 2004 erected several two-person bungalows and showers for the temporary residents. Fresh water is collected from the roof of a building in this area. The communal buildings of the area on the western coast of Cooper Island consist of about half a dozen buildings next to the only sea dock
21.
Midway Atoll
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Midway Atoll is a 2. 4-square-mile atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at 28°12′N 177°21′W. As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia, Midway Atoll is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States. Midway continues to be the island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii. Unlike the other Hawaiian islands, Midway observes Samoa Time, which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii, for statistical purposes, Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing 590,991.50 acres of land and water in the area, is administered by the United States Fish. The refuge and most of its area are part of the larger Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Until 1993, the atoll was the home of the Naval Air Facility Midway, the Battle of Midway, which was fought between June 4 and 6,1942, was one of the most important battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II. The United States Navy defeated a Japanese battle group marking a point in the war in the Pacific Theater. USAAF aircraft based at the original Henderson Field on Eastern Island joined the attack against the Japanese fleet, approximately 40 to 60 people live on the atoll, which includes staff of the US Fish and Wildlife Service and contract workers. At present, visitation to the atoll is only for business reasons as the tourism program has been suspended due to budget cutbacks. In 2012, the last year that the program was in operation,332 people made the trip to Midway. Tours focused on both the ecology of Midway as well as its military history. The economy is derived solely from governmental sources and tourist fees, nearly all supplies must be brought to the island by ship or plane, though a hydroponic greenhouse and garden supply some fresh fruits and vegetables. As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia, and lies almost halfway around the world longitudinally from Greenwich and it is near the northwestern end of the Hawaiian archipelago, about one-third of the way from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Tokyo, Japan. Midway Atoll is less than 140 nautical miles east of the International Date Line, about 2,800 nautical miles west of San Francisco, and 2,200 nautical miles east of Tokyo. Midway Atoll is part of a chain of islands, atolls. It consists of a barrier reef and several sand islets. The two significant pieces of land, Sand Island and Eastern Island, provide a habitat for millions of seabirds
22.
Kingman Reef
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It is the northernmost of the Northern Line Islands and lies 36 nautical miles northwest of the next closest island, and 930 nautical miles south of Honolulu. The reef encloses a lagoon up to 270 feet deep in its western part, the total area within the outer rim of the reef is 29 sq mi. There are two strips of dry land composed of coral rubble and giant clamshells on the eastern rim with areas of 2 and 1 acre having a coastline of 2 miles. The highest point on the reef is less than 5 feet above sea level and it has no natural resources and supports no economic activity. Kingman Reef has the status of a territory of the United States, administered from Washington. The atoll is closed to the public, for statistical purposes, Kingman Reef is grouped as part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. In January 2009, Kingman Reef was designated a national monument. The Island also has a flag, the pre-20th century names Danger Reef, Caldew Reef, Maria Shoal and Crane Shoal refer to this atoll, which by then was entirely submerged at high tide. Thomas Hale Streets described its state in the 1870s, when it had, hardly, as yet, assumed the distinctive features of an island. It is entirely under water at high tide, and but a few coral heads project here and there above the surface at low water, in the course of time, however, it will undoubtedly be added to the. Kingman Reef was discovered by the American Captain Edmund Fanning of the ship Betsey on June 14,1798, Captain W. E. Kingman described it on November 29,1853. Kingman Reef was claimed in 1860 by the United States Guano Company and this claim was made under by the Guano Islands Act of 1856 although there is no evidence that guano existed or was ever mined on Kingman Reef. On December 29,1934, the US Navy assumed jurisdiction over Kingman Reef, the lagoon was used in 1937 and 1938 as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways flying boats. Pan Am wanted to expand flights into the Pacific and include Australia, in 1935 it was decided that the lagoon at Kingman Reef was suitable for overnight stops en route from the U. S. to New Zealand via Samoa. Kingman Reef became the stopover to and from Pago Pago, American Samoa, a supply ship, the North Wind, was stationed at Kingman Reef to provide fuel, lodging, and meals. The S42B Pan American Clipper II, piloted by Captain Edwin Musick, several successful flights followed, but the flight on January 11,1938 ended in tragedy. Shortly after the early morning take off from Pago Pago, bound for New Zealand, the right outboard engine had developed an oil leak and the plane burst into flames while dumping fuel, there were no survivors. As a result of the tragedy, Pan Am ended flights to New Zealand via Kingman Reef, a new route was established in July 1940 by way of Canton Island and New Caledonia
23.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
24.
Newlands Resolution
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It was written by and named after United States Congressman Francis G. Newlands. In 1897 President of the United States William McKinley signed the treaty of annexation for Hawaii, after the failure, Hawaii was annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution. It was approved on July 4,1898 and signed on July 7 by William McKinley, in August of the same year, a ceremony was held on the steps of ʻIolani Palace to signify the official transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States. The Newlands Resolution established a commission to study which laws were needed in Hawaii. The commission included, Territorial Governor Sanford B, dole, Senators Shelby M. Cullom and John T. Morgan, Representative Robert R. Hitt and former Hawaii Chief Justice and later Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear. The commissions final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year, Congress raised objections that establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii would lead to the admission of a state with a non-white majority. On July 12,1898, the Joint Resolution passed and the Hawaiian Islands was annexed by the United States and this allowed duty-free trade between the islands and the mainland, and made the existing American military presence permanent. The creation of the Territory of Hawaii was the step in a long history of dwindling Hawaiian sovereignty. Debate between anti-sovereignty and sovereignty activists still exists over the legality of the acquisition of Hawaiian land under the United States constitution, maine took place in Cuba in February,1898. That bombing triggered the Spanish–American War, which caused events to soon force the annexation issue. President Benjamin Harrison submitted a treaty to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States Senate for ratification, in 1897, the treaty was blocked due to lobbying by Hawaiian public officials and a petition from native Hawaiians. Only 46 out of 90 senators voted in favor of the resolution, Hawaiian Organic Act, approved in 1900 by Congress to adopt a form of government for the new territory, in supplement of the Newlands Resolution. Debating American exceptionalism, empire and democracy in the wake of the Spanish-American War Osborne, Thomas J
25.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
26.
Liliuokalani
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Liliʻuokalani, was a composer of Hawaiian music, an author, and the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She reigned from January 29,1891, until the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17,1893 and she was born on September 2,1838, in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. Her parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, but she was hānai at birth to Abner Pākī and she was raised with the family of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, founder of the Kamehameha Schools. Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School, she and her siblings and she married American-born John Owen Dominis, who later became the Governor of Oahu. The couple had no children but adopted several. After the accession of her brother, Kalākaua to the throne as monarch in 1874, she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince, in 1877, after her younger brother Leleiohoku IIs death, she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne. During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, she represented her brother as an envoy to the United Kingdom. Liliʻuokalani became monarch on January 29,1891, after her brothers death, during her reign, she attempted to draft a new constitution which would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised. Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy on January 17,1893, the overthrow was backed by the landing of U. S. Marines under John L. Stevens, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself, after the failed 1895 Wilcox Rebellion, the government of the Republic of Hawaii placed the former Queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace. Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation to United States, but with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen, Liliʻuokalani died at her residence Washington Place in Honolulu on November 11,1917. According to Hawaiian custom, she was named after an event linked to her birth, at the time she was born, Kuhina Nui Elizabeth Kīnaʻu had developed an eye infection. She named the child using the words, liliʻu, loloku, walania, upon her baptism by Reverend Levi Chamberlain, she was given the Christian name Lydia. From her biological parents, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both her mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms. Liliʻuokalani referred to her line as the Keawe-a-Heulu line after her mothers line. The third surviving child of a family, her biological siblings included, James Kaliokalani, David Kalākaua, Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike. She, along with her siblings, was hānai to other family members, the Hawaiian custom of hānai is an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike. She was given at birth to Abner Pākī and his wife Laura Kōnia, as a young child she would spend much of her time with Bernice Pauahi, the Pākīs birth daughter
27.
Committee of Safety (Hawaii)
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The Committee of Safety, formally the Citizens Committee of Public Safety, was a 13-member group of the Annexation Club. The goal of this group was to achieve annexation of Hawaiʻi to the United States. S, the Committee of Safety originated from a leadership group when members of the Missionary Party began to run as Independent Party candidates. For the elections of 1884 the Missionary Party strictly ran all candidates as Independent Party candidates, to ensure that Missionaries were on the Independent ticket the “Committee of Nine” was formed April 16,1883, to assume the leadership position of the Independent Party. The Committee of Nine were staunchly loyal to the Missionary Party, having social, the Independent Party won 13 seats and was the minority party in the Hawaii legislature. For the following elections of 1886 the committee reconvened, this time calling themselves the “Committee of Thirteen” due to the change in members and their intent was to make the Independent Party the majority party in the legislature. At the end of the elections the Independents won ten seats, in January 1887 the Committee of Thirteen formed a secret society called the Hawaiian League. No official records were kept, but Lorrin A. Thurston drafted the groups constitution, the group was headed by an executive committee of lawyers and businessmen mostly of non-aboriginal non-indigenous naturalized United States citizens. Membership grew through the year, including some German and British citizens, although the politicians changed the name of their party from Missionary to Reform, many wanted to become part of the United States, not just reform the monarchy. This was why the Hawaiian League was also called the Annexation Club, the Hawaiian League came into control of the Honolulu Rifles. Made of about 200 armed local men, who fought under the command of enthusiastic annexationist Volney V. Ashford, in June 1887, the Hawaiian League used the Rifles to force King Kalākaua to enact the Bayonet Constitution which limited his power. After Queen Liliʻuokalani came to power in 1891, she attempted to power to the throne. This caused the group to act again, the conspirators stated goals were to depose the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaiis annexation to the United States. On January 16, the Marshal of the Kingdom Charles B. Wilson was tipped off to the imminent planned coup, Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13 member Committee of Safety, and put the Kingdom under martial law. After a failed negotiation with Thurston, Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation, Wilson and Captain of the Royal Household Guard, Samuel Nowlein, had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen. The Revolution ignited on January 17 when a policeman was shot, the Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the conspirators and stop the coup before it could begin. The Rifles garrisoned Aliiolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace, as these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu. Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of U. S. sailors to land on the Kingdom and take up positions at the U. S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16,1893. 162 sailors and Marines aboard the USS Boston in Honolulu Harbor came ashore well-armed, the sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served to intimidate royalist defenders
28.
Lorrin A. Thurston
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Lorrin Andrews Thurston was a lawyer, politician, and businessman born and raised in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, and owned other enterprises, from 1906 to 1916 he and friends lobbied with national politicians to create a National Park to preserve the Hawaiian Volcanoes. He was born on July 31,1858 in Honolulu, Hawaii and his father was Asa Goodale Thurston and mother Sarah Andrews. On his fathers side he was grandson of Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston, on his mothers side, he was also the grandson of another early missionary, Lorrin Andrews. His father was speaker of the house of representatives of the Kingdom of Hawaii but died when Lorrin was only a year and he then moved to Maui with his mother. He was fluent in the Hawaiian language and gave himself the Hawaiian nickname Kakina, in 1872, he attended Punahou School, then known as Oahu College, where he played baseball with the sons of Alexander Cartwright. He was expelled shortly before graduation, after working as a translator for a law firm and clerk at the Wailuku Sugar Company, he attended law school at Columbia University. He returned to Honolulu in 1881 and became partners in a law firm with William Owen Smith and he married Margaret Clarissa Shipman in February 1884. They had a son Robert Shipman Thurston on February 1,1888, Margaret died in childbirth on May 5,1891. On April 5,1894, Lorrin Thurston married Harriet Potter of Saint Joseph and they had a daughter Margaret Charter in 1895, and a son Lorrin Potter Thurston in 1900. Lorrin Andrews Thurston died on May 11,1931, in 1919, Robert Thurston married Evelyn M. Scott, and Margaret Carter married William Twigg-Smith. Lorrin Thurston was influential in both the arena and the business world of Hawaii. He followed his father and became a member of the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1886, the Missionary Party would change its name to the Reform Party in 1887, as it grew to include business owners. In July 1887 Thurston authored what is called the Bayonet Constitution because it was imposed under threat by the Honolulu Rifle Company militia and it limited the executive power of the monarch King Kalākaua. Thurston became the powerful Interior Minister, with Englishman William Lowthian Green as minister of finance, voting rights and membership of the legislature were based on property ownership, resulting in effective control by wealthy Americans and Europeans. He served in the cabinet until June 17,1890 when he was replaced by Charles N. Spencer, queen Liliʻuokalani became monarch in 1891 and tried to recover power with a new constitution. In 1892 Thurston led the Annexation Club, later adopting the more dramatic title Committee of Safety, in 1893 the Committee of Safety was supported by the U. S. Military in an overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and the resulting Provisional Government of Hawaii was controlled by Thurstons committee, Thurston headed the commission sent to Washington, DC to negotiate with Benjamin Harrison for American annexation
29.
Provisional Government of Hawaii
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The Provisional Government of Hawaii, abbreviated P. G. was proclaimed after the coup détat on January 17,1893, by the 13 member Committee of Safety under the leadership of Sanford B. It usurped the Kingdom of Hawaii after the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani as a government until the Republic of Hawaii was established on July 4,1894. Following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, the forces behind the established the Provisional Government. The provisional government sent a commission including Lorrin A. Thurston to the United States, at the same time Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani was in Washington D. C. to campaign for the monarchist side and against the coup, which she decried as illegal. President Grover Cleveland opposed the idea of annexation, being an anti-imperialist himself, after commissioning the official Blount Report, he stated that the U. S. had unlawfully used military force and called for the reinstatement of Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the findings of this committee were submitted, Cleveland reiterated his position, following the overthrow of the monarchy a military was formed on January 27,1893, and put under the command of Colonel John Harris Soper. This military consisted of four companies, three national companies and one regular army company. The regulars were D company made up, like B Company, from the Honolulu Rifles, after Hawaii was annexed becoming the Territory of Hawaii in 1898, the companies entered the Army National Guard system and became part of the Hawaii Army National Guard. Under the new administration the Government was made more restrictive, including denying citizenship to Chinese immigrants, the Hawaii Department of Education drove the Hawaiian language to near extinction in favor of English. They also restricted voting from 14,000 under the Bayonet Constitution to 4,000 people, James Henderson Blount would comment on this disproportion of voters and population in his report Blount Report. One group proposed the assumption of power of Princess Kaʻiulani while a body formed by the Committee of Safety could act as a regency government, with the physical absence of the princess from the islands, the proposal was immediately struck down. The Provisional Government was dealt a blow when United States President Benjamin Harrison. Grover Cleveland, an anti-imperialist, assumed the presidency and right away worked to stop the treaty of annexation, just a month before Cleveland became president, Lorrin A. Thurston had struck a deal with Congress as it prepared to ratify a treaty of annexation. Cleveland, having heard the appeals of Princess Kaʻiulani on behalf of her aunt, withdrew the treaty. Cleveland appointed James Henderson Blount of Macon, Georgia, as Commissioner Paramount and his chief mission was to investigate the overthrow of Liliuokalanis government. Blount concluded in his report that the overthrow had utilized the aid of the John L. Stevens, on the basis of Blounts report, Cleveland sent Albert Sydney Willis of Kentucky to Honolulu as Minister to Hawaii with secret instructions. Willis, initially rebuffed by the queen, obtained Liliuokalanis promise to grant an amnesty after a considerable delay. Taking the demand at face value, on December 23,1893, John Tyler Morgan, an expansionist pro-annexation Senator from Alabama, chaired the commission
30.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
31.
Cartoon
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A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
32.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century. Mahan was born on September 27,1840, at West Point, New York, to Dennis Hart Mahan and Mary Helena Okill Mahan, daughter of John Okill, Mahans middle name honors the father of West Point, Sylvanus Thayer. Mahan attended Saint James School, an Episcopal college preparatory academy in western Maryland and he then studied at Columbia for two years, where he was a member of the Philolexian Society debating club. Against the better judgment of his father, Mahan then entered the Naval Academy, in 1865, he was promoted to lieutenant commander, and then to commander, and captain. As commander of the USS Wachusett he was stationed at Callao, Peru, while in actual command of a ship, his skills were not exemplary, and a number of vessels under his command were involved in collisions, with both moving and stationary objects. He had an affection for old square-rigged vessels rather than the smoky, noisy steamships of his time, in 1885, he was appointed as a lecturer in naval history and tactics at the Naval War College. Before entering on his duties, College President Rear Admiral Stephen B, Luce pointed Mahan in the direction of writing his future studies on the influence of sea power. During his first year on the faculty, he remained at his home in New York City researching and writing his lectures. Though he was prepared to become a professor in 1886, Luce was given command of the North Atlantic Squadron, there, in 1888, he met and befriended future president Theodore Roosevelt, then a visiting lecturer. Mahan stressed the importance of the individual in shaping history and extolled the values of loyalty, courage. Mahan sought to resurrect Horatio Nelson as a hero in Britain and used his biography as a platform for expressing his views on naval strategy. Mahan was criticized for so strongly condemning Nelsons love affair with Lady Emma Hamilton, Mahan struck up a friendship with pioneering British naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton, the pair maintaining the relationship through correspondence and visits when Mahan was in London. Mahan was later described as a disciple of Laughton, but the two were at pains to distinguish each others line of work. Laughton saw Mahan as a theorist while Mahan called Laughton the historian, Mahans views were shaped by 17th-century conflicts between the Dutch Republic, England, France and Spain, and by the nineteenth-century naval wars between France and Great Britain. British naval superiority eventually defeated France, consistently preventing invasion and an effective blockade, Mahan emphasized that naval operations were chiefly to be won by decisive battles and blockades. In the 19th-century United States, emphasis on controlling seaborne commerce was radical, Mahans emphasis on sea power as the crucial fact behind Britains ascension neglected the well-documented roles of diplomacy and armies. Furthermore, Mahans theories did not explain the success of terrestrial empires, Mahans framework derived from Antoine-Henri Jomini, and emphasized strategic locations, as well as quantifiable levels of fighting power in a fleet. Control of the sea could be achieved not by destruction of commerce, Mahan contended that with a command of the sea, even if local and temporary, naval operations in support of land forces could be of decisive importance
33.
Francis Newlands
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Francis Griffith Newlands was a United States Representative and Senator from Nevada. Newlands also founded the neighborhoods of Chevy Chase, Washington, D. C. and Chevy Chase, an avowed white supremacist, Senator Newlands argued publicly for racial restrictions on immigration and repealing the 15th Amendment. Newlands was born in Natchez, Mississippi, on August 28,1846, to Jessie and James Newlands, sources vary as to whether Newlands was born in 1846 or 1848. Newlands was the fourth of five children and his father, trained as a physician in Edinburgh, died in 1851. Newlands was raised in Illinois and Washington, D. C, in 1867, he went to Yale University. In 1869, he graduated from Columbian College, which is now George Washington University Law School and he was admitted to the bar in 1869. In 1901, he received an honorary M. A. degree, in 1870, Newlands moved to San Francisco, California. He married Clara Adelaide Sharon, the daughter of Nevada senator William Sharon, Newlands helped William Sharon to reopen the Bank of California, and supervised the management of the Palace Hotel, San Francisco. When Newlands’ wife died, he inherited the Sharon estate, Newlands married Edith McAllister and moved to Nevada in 1888. On June 23,1888, Newlands chartered the Rock Creek Railway for a single-track streetcar, Newlands and his partners purchased over 1,700 acres and formed the Chevy Chase Land Company in 1890. Between 1890 and 1892, the Land Company built two bridges, constructed five miles of road, and laid tracks along the road. The Rock Creek Railway opened in 1892, Newlands created the Chevy Chase Springs Hotel, and a lake which powered an electric generating plant for the railway. Chevy Chase Lake was created by damming Coquelin Run, in 1894, an amusement park was created on the lake. Newlands ensured the community included schools, churches, country clubs, an infrastructure featuring tree-lined streets, a water supply, groceries and daily purchases were brought from Washington, D. C. on the railway at no charge to residents. In 1893, Newlands began to subdivide the San Francisco property in Burlingame, California, he inherited, beginning with the Burlingame Country Club, the following year, he added the Burlingame train station. Newlands represented Nevada in the United States House of Representatives from 1893 to 1903 as a member of the Silver Party, in 1898, he created the Newlands Resolution, which annexed the Republic of Hawaii, creating a new territory. He supported a federal role in conservation and pushed for federal funding of western arid land irrigation projects. He helped pass the Reclamation Act of 1902, also called the Newlands Act, Newlands entered the United States Senate in 1903 as a Democrat
34.
Flag of Hawaii
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The flag of the state of Hawaii is the official flag symbolizing Hawaii as a U. S. state. The same flag had previously been used by the kingdom, protectorate, republic. It is the only U. S. state flag to feature the flag of a country which is the Union flag of the United Kingdom. The canton of the flag of Hawaii contains the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, the field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes, symbolizing the eight major islands. Other versions of the flag have only seven stripes, probably representing the islands with the exception of Kahoʻolawe or Niʻihau. The color of the stripes, from the top down, follows the sequence, white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, the colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Hawaiis flag 11th in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state, there are various accounts of the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One relates how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, probably a Red Ensign, subsequent visitors reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. This explains why the flag of Hawaii was a deliberate hybrid of the two nations flags. In 1816, Kamehameha commissioned his own flag to avoid this conflict and it was probably designed by one of the commanders of the Royal Hawaiian Navy, former officers of the British Royal Navy, who advised Kamehameha, based on a form of the British naval flag. There is debate as to the designer, some credit Alexander Adams. It was very similar to the flag of the British East India Company in use about this time which had only red, Captain Adams used this flag for the first time on a Hawaiian trade mission to China in 1817. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red-white-blue, there may have been possibly different versions of the flag with different numbers of stripes and colors. The number of stripes also changed, originally, the flag was designed with seven or nine horizontal stripes. The latter arrangement was adopted and is used today, in 1990, Governor of Hawaii John Waihee proclaimed July 31 to be Ka Hae Hawaii Day, the Hawaiian Flag Day. It has been celebrated each year since then, the flag used by the governor of Hawaii is a red and blue bi-color. In the middle of the eight white stars appears the name of the state in all capital letters, during the time Hawaii was a United States territory, the letters in the middle of the flag were TH, which stood for Territory of Hawaii. List of Hawaii state symbols Seal of Hawaii Constitutional Provisions for the Display of Ka Hae Hawaii Hawaii at Flags of the World
35.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
36.
Jim Crow
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
37.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
38.
Hawaiian Organic Act
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141, enacted April 30,1900, was an Organic Act enacted by the United States Congress to establish the Territory of Hawaii and to provide a Constitution and government for the territory. The Act was in force until August 21,1959, when the territory was admitted to the Union as a State, the Island of Hawaii was first inhabited by Polynesians who arrived in canoes and spread to the other Hawaiian islands. After the contact by the British explorer James Cook the islands became known and Europeans came. The French government was interested with the islands and wanted to establish Catholicism, the Kingdom of Hawaii became more influenced by the United States which set up trade relations with the Kingdom. After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893, the new Republic of Hawaii government lobbied for annexation by the United States, annexation was approved by president William McKinley and Hawaii became part of the United States on July 7,1898. The United States government decided the new territory should establish a government under the Organic Act under the supervision of the legislature, the Act stated that Honolulu on the island Oahu would be the capital of the Territory of Hawaii. Certain offices that the Republic of Hawaii once supported would be abolished and replaced, all laws in effect in the Republic of Hawaii would continue. Suits will be under the name of the Territory of Hawaii, finally the act stated that any contracts made since August 12,1898 will be nullified and terminated since they are no longer legal binding according to the United States Congress. Section 67 of the Act came under SCOTUS reference during World War II with regard to what martial law actually allowed, elections would be held on the second Tuesday of November, but the governor can make a special request 30 days in advance for an earlier election. If a person from either the Hawaii House of Representatives or Hawaii Senate is assaulted, detained or harmed and this also applies if the person violates or threatens any member of any house. Members of either house will be paid $1000 for each session to which they attend. Is responsible for payments from the United States Treasury. A bonus will be paid to any member who travels any distance for their general session of 20 cents per mile, a final bonus of $500 will be paid to any member who wishes to participate in any special session. Any member of the Senate or House of Representatives found guilty disorderly behavior or neglect of duty can be censured or impeached, any member can be pardoned for any words that he may have said during a general session. Any member can also be pardoned of any crime while he is away on their respective house sessions, unless the crime includes any form of treason, felony, the Senate had 25 members, having a four-year term. When a member of the Senate dies or resigns, an election or a general election will appoint a new member to replace him. The United States Senate created six senatorial districts, First District- The part of the Island of Hawaii known as Puna, Hilo, second District- The second district consist of Kaʻū, Kona, and Kohala. Third District- The islands of Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, fourth District- Part of the island of Oahu, lying east and south of Nuʻuanu Street and Pali Road
39.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
40.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
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George R. Carter
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George Robert Carter was the second Territorial Governor of Hawaii, serving from 1903 to 1907. He was born December 28,1866 in Honolulu and his mother was Sybil Augusta Judd, daughter of Gerrit P. Judd, and his father was businessman Henry Alpheus Peirce Carter. Carter was educated at Fort Street School in Honolulu, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and he married Helen Strong, daughter of Eastman Kodak president Henry A. They had four children, Elizabeth, Phoebe, a daughter who died on June 17,1903, after Yale, Carter spent time serving an apprenticeship with Seattle National Bank. In 1895 Carter returned to Hawaiʻi to become the cashier of C, brewer & Co. where his father had been a senior partner from 1862 to 1874. From 1898 to 1902, he helped organize and manage the Hawaiian Trust Company, in addition, he served as a director for Bank of Hawaii, C. Carter was elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate from Oahu in 1901, while a territorial senator, he was sent to Washington as an unofficial agent to discuss territorial matters with President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt eventually appointed him Secretary of the Territory in 1902, and then Territorial Governor in 1903, in 1905, during Carters administration, the current system of county governments was created, the five county governments took effect on January 1,1906. After his retirement and until his death on February 11,1933 in Honolulu, Hawaii, Carter was a member of the Hawaiian Historical Society and engaged in historical research, collecting valuable books and documents. In 1922, Carter donated his collection to the Hawaiian Mission Childrens Society and he was buried in Oahu Cemetery. George R. Carter at Find a Grave Descendants of Thomas Hastings website Descendants of Thomas Hastings on Facebook
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Walter F. Frear
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Walter Francis Frear was a lawyer and judge in the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii, and the third Territorial Governor of Hawaii from 1907 to 1913. Frear was born October 29,1863 in Grass Valley, California and his mother was Frances Elmira Foster. The family returned to Honolulu in 1870, where his father was pastor of the Fort Street Church until 1881 and he graduated from Punahou School in 1881, Yale with a B. A. in 1885, and Yale law school in 1890. On August 1,1893 he married Mary Emma Dillingham, the daughter of industrialist Benjamin Dillingham and they had two daughters, Virginia and Margaret. He was appointed as judge on January 1,1893 by Queen Liliʻuokalani. On March 7,1893 he was promoted to serve on the Supreme Court of the Provisional Government, after the death of Albert Francis Judd, on July 5,1900 he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of what was then the Territory of Hawaii. Frear was appointed Governor after George R. Carter by President Theodore Roosevelt on August 15,1907, alfred S. Hartwell replaced him as Chief Justice. He was a member of the Republican Party of Hawaii, after the election of Woodrow Wilson, Frear was replaced by the first governor from the Democratic Party of Hawaii, Lucius Pinkham in November 1913. He died January 22,1948 in Honolulu, Hawaii, the Frears founded the Mary D. and Walter F. Frear Eleemosynary Trust to sponsor educational projects. The aging structure was demolished in 2006, to make way for a new facility also called Frear Hall completed in the Summer of 2008. The Frear Center, located at 1132 Bishop Street, was named after Walter and it is a classroom building of Hawaii Pacific University, and was designed for information systems and computer science courses. The trust also supported Chaminade University of Honolulu
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Lucius E. Pinkham
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Lucius Eugene Pinkham was the fourth Territorial Governor of Hawaii, serving from 1913 to 1918. Pinkham was the first member of the Democratic Party of Hawaii to become governor, Pinkham was born September 19,1850 in Chicopee, Massachusetts. His parents were Lucius Moulton, a cotton mill proprietor, and he attended public schools in Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. Although he intended to attend Yale, an accident prevented him from walking for several years. Pinkham arrived in Hawaii in 1892 to build a coal handling plant for Oahu Railway and Land Company, from 1898 to 1903 he was manager of Pacific Hardware, another family business of Benjamin Dillingham. He also oversaw well projects for the sugarcane plantations, on April 13,1904, Pinkham was appointed President of the territorial Board of Health. While President of the Board of Health, he developed the idea of dredging the marshlands of Waikīkī via a two-mile long drainage canal, although the idea was approved by the Board of Health, no action was taken on the proposal. His achievements included improving the conditions of the lepers at the Molokai settlement, economically reducing the occurrence of bubonic plague and he was removed from the Board of Health on April 12,1908. Despite having no political experience, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson appointed Pinkham territorial governor of Hawaii on November 29,1913. He was the first governor from the Democratic Party of Hawaii, in 1917, the deposed former monarch of the Hawaiian Islands, Queen Liliʻuokalani, died and was buried at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii. Pinkham also worked aggressively to improve the defense of Hawaii. He voluntarily resigned from his position and was replaced by Charles J. McCarthy on June 22,1918, Pinkham died November 2,1922 in San Francisco, California. Works by or about Lucius E. Pinkham at Internet Archive
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
45.
Charles J. McCarthy
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Charles James McCarthy was the fifth Territorial Governor of Hawaii and served from 1918 to 1921. McCarthy was born August 4,1861 in Boston, Massachusetts, to Charles McCarthy, McCarthy moved with his parents to San Francisco, California in 1866. He was appointed by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to the office after the term of Lucius E. Pinkham, co-founder of the Hawaii Democratic Party, McCarthy was a marginal entrepreneur who came to Hawaii to manage the affairs of a wholesale fruit house. McCarthy owned a saloon and for a time bottled his own alcoholic beverages and he was a member of the House of Nobles in 1890, supporter of Liliuokalani and ironically a captain in the pro-annexation Honolulu Rifles. He also was a territorial senator 1907-12 and treasurer 1912-14 before becoming chief executive and he appointed Charles Rice and Alfred Castle to lobby in favor of the Hawaiian Rehabilitation Bill which became the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act. The omnibus bill also contained language that made it difficult for “Orientals” from winning homesteads, McCarthy also proposed that the military replace self-government in order to negate possible bloc voting by the large Japanese population in Hawaii. When asked by a if the Japanese would think the action was directed at them, McCarthy said, “Let them think so. Annoyed by the policies of his Democratic administration, McCarthy was gently nudged out of politics by Republicans and he died in 1929 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume XIX
46.
Wallace R. Farrington
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Wallace Rider Farrington was the sixth Territorial Governor of Hawaii, serving from 1921 to 1929. Prior to his term, he was editor of the The Honolulu Advertiser, Farrington was born in Orono, Penobscot County, Maine on May 3,1871. He graduated the University of Maine in 1891, an avid traveler, he found himself in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi and was persuaded to stay to become the editor of the Honolulu Advertiser. He left the newspaper after three years of service to become the editor of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, interested in local politics, he was elected Mayor of Honolulu. In 1915, Farrington organized the Honolulu Ad Club, one of his invited guest speakers was Warren Harding, a Republican Senator from Ohio. Farrington introduced Harding as “the future president of the United States. ”Harding replied that if Farrington’s prediction came true, three months after taking office as U. S. President in 1921, Harding fulfilled his promise, appointing Farrington as the Territorial Governor of Hawaiʻi. His tenure was controversial, as he followed the previous Governor in favouring the Whites, Farrington served as a Republican through 1929 when he retired from public life. Suffering from heart disease, he died on October 6,1933, Farrington was memorialized with the dedication of Wallace Rider Farrington High School in the historic Kalihi district of Honolulu. The school adopted The Governors as its nickname and mascot, in honor of the schools namesake, Farrington was the father of Joseph Rider Farrington, a member of the Senate of the Territory of Hawaiʻi and the territorys delegate to the United States Congress. Joseph Farrington died in office and was succeeded by his wife, Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington and he was buried in Oahu Cemetery. Starbulletin. com- Posted 1999-09-23, Accessed 2011-04-06 Honoluluadvertiser. com- Posted 2006-07-02, Accessed 2011-04-06 Coffman, the Island Edge of America, A Political History of Hawaii. Pukui, Mary Kawena and Samuel Elbert, Wallace Rider Farrington at Find a Grave
47.
Lawrence M. Judd
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Lawrence McCully Judd was a politician of the Territory of Hawaii, serving as the seventh Territorial Governor. He was devoted to the Hansens Disease-afflicted residents of Kalaupapa on the island of Molokaʻi. Judd was born March 20,1887 in Honolulu, Hawaii, the grandson of Gerrit P. Judd, who was an early American Missionary, a minister to King Kamehameha III. His father was Judge Albert Francis Judd and mother was Agnes Hall Boyd and he was the last of nine children. He was married March 6,1909, at Richmond Hill, New York, to Florence Bell Hackett and had five children, Helen Florence, Agnes Elizabeth, Sophie Janet, Lawrence McCully Jr. Judd married his second wife, Eva Marie Lillibridge in 1938. Judd attended the Punahou School, The Hotchkiss School, and the University of Pennsylvania, Judd made several fact-finding tours during his tenure in the Hawaii Territorial Senate 1920–1927. Herbert Hoover appointed Judd to succeed Wallace Rider Farrington as Governor of Hawaii Territory from 1929 to 1934, as territorial governor, he overhauled the system of governance in the colony. Hiring defense lawyer Clarence Darrow, Fortescues case was known as the Massie Affair, massies sentence of ten years in prison was whittled down to one hour in the governors chambers at ʻIolani Palace. The affair was the subject of a 2005 episode of the PBS series The American Experience, Judd became Kalaupapas resident superintendent in 1947. On 4 March 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Judd Governor of American Samoa on a temporary basis, Judd died on October 4,1968 in Honolulu and was interred in the citys Oahu Cemetery in Nuʻuanu Valley
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