1.
Teruel
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Teruel is a town in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 35,675 in 2014 making it the least populated provincial capital in the country, Teruel is regarded as the town of mudéjar due to numerous buildings designed in this style. All of them are comprised in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon which is a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, Teruels remote and mountainous location 915 metres above sea level and its low population has led to relative isolation within Spain. A campaign group with the slogan Teruel existe was founded in 1999 to press for recognition and investment in the town. Due in part to the campaign, transport connections to Teruel are being improved with the construction of a motorway between Zaragoza and Sagunto, large parts of which are now open. However, Teruel remains the provincial capital in peninsular Spain without a direct railway link to the capital. According to the Köppen climate classification, Teruel has a humid subtropical bordering on a cold semi-arid climate, summer temperatures are mild, although there is much daily variation, and winters are cold, with low minimum temperatures sometimes dropping to −10 °C. The lowest amount of rainfall is in winter and the greatest falls at the end of spring, the temperature records recorded at the Observatoire de Teruel 40.2 °C on August 10,2012 and −19 °C on December 26,2001. Teruel was founded in 1171 by Alfonso II, in the Middle Ages Teruel possessed a prominent Jewish community, which was robust during the centuries Muslims were in power and enjoyed several privileges. Later on after the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Jewish community paid a tax of 300 sueldos. Its members were engaged in commerce and industry, especially in wool-weaving, during the persecutions of 1391 many of them were killed, while others accepted Christianity in order to save their lives. Teruel was fought over in the Spanish Civil War and suffered much destruction, the Battle of Teruel in December 1937-February 1938, was one of the bloodiest of the war. The town changed several times, first falling to the Republicans. In the course of the fighting, Teruel was subjected to heavy artillery, the two sides suffered up to 140,000 casualties between them in the three-month battle. The Nationalists won a decisive victory, one of Teruels best known monuments is very small statue of a bull on top of a tall column, known as El Torico. It is located in the square, Plaza Carlos Castell. It includes a mausoleum, Mausoleo de Los Amantes, housing the mummified bodies of Isabel de Segura and this story is known as los amantes de Teruel and has inspired writers and an opera composed by Tomás Bretón. Church of La Merced, with a tower in mudéjar style
2.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
3.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
4.
Asphalt
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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
5.
Airbus A340
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The Airbus A340 is a long-range, four-engine, wide-body commercial passenger jet airliner developed and produced by the European aerospace company Airbus. The A340 was assembled in Toulouse, France and it seats up to 375 passengers in the standard variants and 440 in the stretched -600 series. Depending on the model, it has a range of 6,700 to 9,000 nautical miles and its distinguishing features are four high-bypass turbofan engines and three-bogie main landing gears. The A340 was manufactured in four fuselage lengths, the initial variant, A340-300, which entered service in 1993, measured 63.69 metres. The shorter -200 was developed next, and the A340-600 was a 15.96 metres stretch of the -200, the -600 was developed alongside the shorter A340-500, which would become the longest-range commercial airliner until the arrival of the Boeing 777-200LR. The -200 and -300 models were powered by the 151 kilonewtons CFM56-5C, the initial A340-200 and -300 variants share the fuselage and wing of the twin-engine Airbus A330 with which it was concurrently designed. The heavier A340-500 and -600 are longer and have larger wings, launch customers Lufthansa and Air France placed the A340 into service in March 1993. In September 2011,379 orders had been placed, of which 375 were delivered, the most common type were the A340-300 model, with 218 aircraft delivered. Lufthansa is the biggest operator of the A340, having acquired 59 aircraft, Airbus announced on 10 November 2011 that A340 production had been concluded. When Airbus designed the Airbus A300 during the 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners to compete against Boeing and Douglas, from the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long-term goal. Prior to the introduction of the first Airbus airliners, Airbus had identified nine possible variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10 and it was a smaller aircraft that would be developed into the long-range Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the market, which resulted in the Airbus A320 family. The decision to work on the A320, instead of an aircraft proposed by the Germans. The A300B11, a derivative of the A310, was designed upon the availability of ten ton engines and it would seat between 180 and 200 passengers, and have a range of 6,000 nautical miles. It was deemed the replacement for the less-efficient Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s still in service, the A300B11 was joined by another design, the A300B9, which was a larger derivative of the A300. The B9 was developed by Airbus from the early 1970s at a pace until the early 1980s. It was essentially a stretched A300 with the wing, coupled with the most powerful turbofan engine at the time
6.
Aircraft maintenance
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Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or aircraft component. Maintenance may include such tasks as ensuring compliance with Airworthiness Directives or Service Bulletins, the maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure safe and correct functioning during flight. National regulations are coordinated under international standards, maintained by such as the International Civil Aviation Organization. The maintenance tasks, personnel and inspections are all tightly regulated, the Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul Market was US$135.1 Billion in 2015, three quarters of the $180.3 B aircraft production market. Of this, 60% is for civil aviation, air transport 48%, business and general aviation 9%, rotorcraft 3%, and military aviation is 40%, fixed wing 27% and rotary 13%. Of the $64.3 Billion air transport MRO market, 40% is for engines, 22% for components, 17% for line, 14% for airframe and its is projected to grow at 4. 1% per annum till 2025 to $96B. Aircraft maintenance is highly regulated, because the smallest slip can lead to an aircraft crashing with consequent loss of life, the International Civil Aviation Organization sets global standards which are then implemented by national and regional bodies around the world. Each Contracting State is expected to use in its own regulations the one it prefers, thus, aircraft maintenance technicians, engineers and mechanics all perform essentially the same role. However different countries use terms in different ways to define their individual levels of qualification. Recognised licenses for aircraft maintenance personnel include, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, Aircraft Maintenance Technician, in the USA also called an Aviation Maintenance Technician or colloquially Airframes and Powerplants. Aircraft maintenance personnel in Europe must comply with Acceptable Means of Compliance Part 66, Certifying Staff, AMC Part 66 is based on Joint Aviation Regulations promulgated by the Joint Aviation Authorities and on Air Transport Association Specification 104. Aircraft maintenance checks are inspections that have to be done on all commercial/civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. In the case of an aircraft this may be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer or Aircraft Maintenance Technician. Automated aircraft inspection systems have the potential to make aircraft maintenance safer, various solutions are currently developed, a collaborative mobile robot named Air-Cobot, and drones
7.
Gran Canaria Airport
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Gran Canaria Airport, is a passenger and freight airport on the island of Gran Canaria. It is an important airport within the Spanish air-transport network, as it holds the position in terms of passengers. It is also ranks first of the Canary Islands in all three categories, although the island of Tenerife has higher passenger numbers due to the two airports located on the island. The airport is located in the part of Gran Canaria on the Bay of Gando,19 km south of center of the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In 2014 it handled over 10.3 million passengers, ranking as the 5th Spanish airport by passenger transit, Gran Canaria Airport remains as a relevant connecting airport for passengers travelling to West Africa, and to the Atlantic Isles of Madeira and the Azores. It is the base for Binter Canarias, NAYSA, Canaryfly, Ryanair, Norwegian Air Shuttle. Other airlines operate a base for connecting flights to Cape Verde and Gambia. In 1919, Frenchman Pierre George Latécoère was granted clearance from the French & Spanish governments to establish a route between Toulouse & Casablanca. This also included stopovers in Málaga, Alicante and Barcelona, the airport opened on 7 April 1930, after King Alfonso XIII signed a royal order announcing that the military air force installations on the Bay of Gando would become a civilian airfield. In its existence, the airport has become the largest gateway into the Canary Islands, as well as the largest in terms of passenger, in 1946, the old passenger terminal opened, which took two years to build. In 1948 a runway was built, which was completed and fully tarmaced in 1957, in 1963, improvements to the airport were made. This included new parking spaces, enlargement of the terminal and the provision of a visual approach slope indicator system, in 1964, a transmission station was built. In 1966 a new tower was completed, replacing the old control tower that was constructed in 1946. In 1970, work began on the current passenger terminal that is being used to operate flights today, the new terminal opened in March 1973. During this time, a runway was being built and this was completed in 1980. On 18 February 1988, Binter Canarias announced that the main base was to be established at Gran Canaria. The base opened on 26 March 1989, in October 1991, the terminal was enlarged with improved facilities so it could handle more passengers. In December 2010, low cost carrier Ryanair announced the opening of 3 new bases on the Canary Islands, in addition to Gran Canaria these include Lanzarote and Tenerife South
8.
Palma de Mallorca Airport
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Palma de Mallorca Airport is an international airport located 8 km east of Palma, Majorca, adjacent to the village of Can Pastilla. Also known as Son Sant Joan Airport or Aeroport de Son Sant Joan, it is the third largest airport in Spain, after Madrid–Barajas, during the summer months it is one of the busiest airports in Europe, and was used by 23.1 million passengers in 2014. The airport is the base for the Spanish carrier Air Europa and also a focus airport for Ryanair, EasyJet. The history of Palma de Mallorca airport began in the 1920s, a flat field next to Son Sant Joan was then used in the 1930s for flight routes to other parts of Spain. A private aerodrome was set up. In 1938, Palma de Mallorca airport started being used for aviation, while Iberia. In 1954, Palma de Mallorcas runway was extended and asphalted and this made the airport able to serve more airlines and more types of aircraft. The increase in traffic in 1958 led to a new terminal being constructed, a new large apron was also built. The new airport opened to domestic and international traffic on 7 July 1960, just two weeks later, expansion to the aerodrome was planned, including the extension of the runway and taxiway. At the end of the year, more plans were made, including a power plant, after reaching 1 million passengers for the first time in 1962, in 1965, a new terminal was constructed, and air navigation services were completed at the end of the following year. Also in 1965 Air Spain began operating from the airport and a smaller terminal, passenger numbers had increased rapidly, reaching 2 million in 1965. A second runway was also to be built and it was to be built parallel to the existing one, and work began on it in 1970. Two years later, terminal B went into service, and the second opened in 1974. In 1980, the airport carried 7 million passengers, however, this increased to nearly 10 million in 1986. Construction started in mid-1993 and was designed by the Majorcan architect Pere Nicolau Bover, during the construction in 1995, passenger numbers exceeded 15 million. The new terminal opened in 1997. Today, Palma de Mallorca airport carries over 23.7 million passengers to their destinations, with 178,253 aircraft movements, mostly to mainland Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. In November 2015, Air Berlin announced they would shut down their hub operations at the airport which they maintained for ten years
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