Textual criticism
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Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or o
Carmina Cantabrigiensia, Manuscript C, folio 436v, 11th century
Folio from Papyrus 46, containing 2 Corinthians 11:33–12:9
Luke 11:2 in Codex Sinaiticus
A page from Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 shows a medieval scribe (the marginal note between columns one and two) criticizing a predecessor for changing the text: "Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!"
Vulgate
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The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It is largely the work of Saint Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina Gospels used by
Jerome presents the Vulgate to Pope Damasus; miniature from the c. 1150 Gospel Book of Lund Cathedral (Cod. Ups. 83)
First page of the first volume of the Gutenberg Bible: the epistle of Jerome to Paulinus from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.
A page from the Codex Amiatinus containing the beginning of the Gospel of Mark
Frontispiece of the original 1592 Sixto-Clementine Vulgate