1.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet newspaper
Broadsheet
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Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
2.
Cox Enterprises
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Cox Enterprises, Inc. is a privately held American conglomerate based in Atlanta. Cox is also a communications and automotive services company. Cox Enterprises is currently headed by the daughter of founder James M. Cox, Anne Cox Chambers, and its chairman is Barbara Coxs son, James C. Kennedy. The company owns newspapers, television stations, radio stations, Cox Communications, Manheim Auctions, AutoTrader. com, Kelley Blue Book, Savings. com, Cox is bringing Techstars, a startup accelerator, to Atlanta to boost startups and entrepreneurs. The company gave more than $92 million in community support in 2014 through cash, the company was founded in Dayton, Ohio by James M. Cox, who purchased the Dayton Daily News in 1898. Cox Communications is a communications and entertainment company. The company also provides security and automation, commercial telecommunications. Cox Communications formed an alliance with the Cleveland Clinic to take Healthcare to the home in February 2015, the company has also been deploying residential gigabit internet service. Cox Media Group operates broadcast television and radio stations, runs metro newspapers and more than a dozen non-daily publications, Cox Media Group owns and operates Savings. com and Valpak. Cox Media Group is also involved in automated and programmatic sales through Videa, Cox Automotive is a provider of vehicle remarketing services and digital marketing and software solutions for automotive dealers and consumers. In June 2015, Cox Automotive announced the biggest vendor acquisition in the history of auto retailing by agreeing to pay $4 billion in cash for dealer software giant Dealertrack Technologies Inc, the acquisition closed in October 2015. Official website Media related to Cox Enterprises at Wikimedia Commons
Cox Enterprises
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Cox Headquarters' "Central Park" in
Atlanta, Georgia includes the company's buildings and leased spaces.
3.
Dunwoody, Georgia
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Dunwoody is a city located in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a suburb of Atlanta. Dunwoody became incorporated as a city on December 1,2008, as of 2015, the city has a population of 48,733, up from 46,267 in the 2010 Census. The Dunwoody area was established in the early 1830s and is named for Major Charles Dunwody, Charles Dunwody originally returned to Roswell after fighting in the Civil War, in which he fought for the secession of the Confederate states. One of Dunwoodys most historic buildings dates from 1829, the first public school, Dunwoody Elementary, first stood near the city center at the intersection of Chamblee-Dunwoody Road and Mount Vernon Road. It was in operation from 1911 to 1986. A fire destroyed the schools cafeteria in 1966, which was on the corner of Womack Road, on that site today, the Dunwoody branch of the Dekalb County Public Library now operates along with the North Dekalb Cultural Arts Center. In 1881, the Roswell Railroad opened and ran along what is now Chamblee-Dunwoody Road north to the Chatahoochee River and it operated for 40 years, and in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt made a campaign whistle stop in Dunwoody along the way to Roswell, Georgia. On account of the railroad, Dunwoody developed into a small crossroads community, the community continued to grow and prosper even after the railroad shut down in 1921. Dunwoody remained rural until suburban development was initiated in the 1960s. In 1971, the Spruill family sold a portion of their property for the construction of Perimeter Mall. In early 2006, a study was conducted by the Carl Vinson Institute of Government of the University of Georgia, citizens for Dunwoody, Inc. was the non-profit advocacy group begun by Senator Dan Weber to promote the effort. The bill for incorporation was withdrawn from the Georgia General Assembly for further study in 2006, in 2008, the bill of incorporation was re-introduced by Senator Weber, and due to increased pressure, it passed in the senate as well as the house. Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue signed the bill allowing the residents to vote for a city of Dunwoody on March 25, the referendum for cityhood, which took place on July 15, was approved by an overwhelming majority of voters. The Dunwoody City Charter was later ratified by the Georgia General Assembly, Dunwoodys geographic center is at 33°56′34″N 84°19′4″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, Dunwoody has an area of 13.2 square miles, of which 12.9 square miles is land and 0.23 square miles. Late on April 8,1998, a tornado tore through parts of Dunwoody, running east-northeast from Perimeter Center. Thousands of homes were damaged, hundreds seriously, and several dozen were condemned, in addition, tens of thousands of native forest trees were downed
Dunwoody, Georgia
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The Dunwoody Farmhouse, historic center of the community
Dunwoody, Georgia
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Seal
Dunwoody, Georgia
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The Donaldson-Bannister House
Dunwoody, Georgia
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The
1998 tornado 's path through a Dunwoody neighborhood
4.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
5.
Atlanta metropolitan area
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Its economic, cultural and demographic center is Atlanta, and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U. S. Census Bureau. The metro area forms the core of a trading area. The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people, Atlanta is considered an alpha world city. It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Census Bureaus Southeast region behind Greater Washington and South Florida. By U. S. Census Bureau standards, the population of the Atlanta region spreads across an area of 8,376 square miles – a land area comparable to that of Massachusetts. Because Georgia contains more counties than any state except Texas. As of the 2000 census, fewer than one in ten residents of the area lived inside Atlanta city limits. A2006 survey by the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce counted 140 cities, six cities – Johns Creek, Milton, Chattahoochee Hills, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, and Brookhaven – have incorporated since then, following the lead of Sandy Springs in 2005. The Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, the CSA also abuts the Macon and Columbus MSAs. The region is one of the metropolises of the Southeastern United States, the above-listed counties are included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville CSA. However, most other entities define a much smaller metropolitan area by including only the counties which have the densest suburban development. Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, and Clayton were the five original counties when the Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950, and continue to be the core of the metro area. These five counties along with five more are members of the Atlanta Regional Commission, the ten ARC counties and five more are part of the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, created in 2001. The 14 counties listed above with under 60,000 residents are not included in any other metropolitan definition except the OMB/Census Bureaus CSA. Hall County was originally the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Cumberland Perimeter Center Hartsfield-Jackson area More than one half of metro Atlantas population is in unincorporated areas or areas considered a census-designated-place by the census bureau. Metro Atlanta includes the incorporated and unincorporated suburbs, exurbs. 420,003 Places with 75,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Sandy Springs pop,76,728 Places with 50,000 to 74,999 inhabitants Alpharetta pop. 51,271 Places with 25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants Dunwoody pop,25,636 Places with 24, 999- inhabitants The area sprawls across the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the north and the Piedmont to the south
Atlanta metropolitan area
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Midtown and
Downtown Atlanta as seen from
Vinings,
Cobb County Cumberland Area skyline The
Perimeter Center skyline
Atlanta metropolitan area
Atlanta metropolitan area
Atlanta metropolitan area
6.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
Georgia (U.S. state)
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A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Flag
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Road to
Brasstown Bald
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Jekyll Island
7.
Midtown Atlanta
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Midtown is the second largest business district in the city of Atlanta, situated between the commercial and financial districts of Downtown to the south and Buckhead to the north. In 2011, Greater Midtown has a 2011 resident population of 41,681, a population of 81,418. The district attracts about six million visitors annually, Midtown is marked by its cultural attractions, institutions of higher education, noteworthy architecture, and urban layout. Midtown has also been an area for high-density development in the city in the first decade of the 2000s due to the districts mass transit options. The definition and meaning of Midtown has varied over time, expanding from a concept of a small neighborhood midway between Downtown and Buckhead. Boundary definitions vary by the source, in many cases, Midtown is a quasi-legal entity for zoning, law enforcement, and taxi purposes. The Midtown Alliance defines a larger, Greater Midtown area of four square miles. This includes the area within the definition, but splitting it into the sub-areas Midtown Core and Midtown Garden District. It also includes the neighborhoods of Ansley Park, Sherwood Forest, Atlantic Station, Home Park, the area has gone by other names in the past. An 1897 source refers to the area as North Atlanta, which would later be the name of city of Brookhaven. The 1897 North Atlanta encompassed most of todays Midtown, Georgia Tech, sources from the 1950s and early 1960s refer to the area as Uptown Atlanta, a moniker which would later be applied instead to Buckhead following its annexation. The southern half of Midtown between 8th Street and North Ave was originally purchased by Richard Peters in 1848 to use the pine forest there for fuel for his flour mill. Over the next 40 years, Peters slowly subdivided sections of land lots off for a gridded residential area. His son, Edward, built his home on the bounded by North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue, Ponce de Leon Avenue. The home, now called Ivy Hall, was restored by the Savannah College of Art & Design in 2008 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the Civil War, Peachtree between what is now 8th and 12th streets was still about a mile beyond the city limits, after the American Civil War a shantytown named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street. It was infamous for vagrancy, desperation, robberies of merchants transiting the settlement, as Atlanta grew ever further outwards from its historic center, mansions were constructed along Peachtree Street and the area around 10th was known as Blooming Hill. Cross streets were built and residential development began around 1880, Piedmont Park was established with the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, followed by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, lending the area new prominence
Midtown Atlanta
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Midtown skyline viewed from
Piedmont Park
Midtown Atlanta
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Midtown at night, viewed from
Piedmont Park
Midtown Atlanta
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Map of part of Midtown Atlanta, 1895
Midtown Atlanta
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Bungalows in the Midtown Historic District
8.
Conservative (politics)
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
Conservative (politics)
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Edmund Burke (1729–1797)
Conservative (politics)
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Robert Peel (1788–1850)
Conservative (politics)
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Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)
9.
M. Hoke Smith
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Michael Hoke Smith was an American politician and newspaper owner who served as United States Secretary of the Interior, 58th Governor of Georgia, and a United States Senator from Georgia. Smith was born in Newton, North Carolina, and moved to Georgia in 1872 with his parents and he attended Pleasant Retreat Academy and was primarily educated by his father, a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His uncle was Civil War General Robert Hoke, Smith passed the bar examination in 1873 and became a lawyer in Atlanta, Georgia. He maintained an office in the James building downtown. His practice began to grow when he began to argue injury suits, as his practice grew, he brought in his brother Burton in 1882, also excellent in front of juries, and they worked together for over 10 years. Their main clients were the railroad workers injured on the job, three-quarters of the cases they took involved personal injury. Smith served as chairman of the Fulton County and State Democratic Conventions and was president of the Atlanta Board of Education, in 1887, Smith bought the Atlanta Journal. His strong support in the Journal for Grover Cleveland during the 1892 Presidential election garnered Clevelands attention, Smith was appointed as Secretary of the Interior by Cleveland in 1893. He worked hard to land patents previously obtained by the railroads, for rationalization of Indian affairs. A staunch defender of Cleveland and his sound money policy, Smith campaigned throughout the country in 1896 for Cleveland candidates, when William Jennings Bryan was selected at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, Smith was in a quandary, could he support the party without supporting the platform. The overwhelming support for silver and Bryan in his home-state of Georgia convinced him to try to have it both ways and his newspaper, the Journal endorsed the candidate but continued to denounce the silver policy. Smith resigned his cabinet post to protect Cleveland, Smith returned to Atlanta and resumed his lucrative law practice netting around $25,000 per year and slowly rebuilt his local reputation. In April 1900 he sold his interests in the Journal and tried many other investments and he was instrumental in organizing the North Avenue Presbyterian Church and was re-elected to the Atlanta Board of Education. Smith allied himself with Bryans Vice Presidential candidate, Populist Tom Watson, with Watsons support, Smith was elected governor in 1907. In order to gain Watsons support, however, he had to call the Negro vote ignorant purchasable, Smith established several Jim Crow laws requiring literacy tests and property ownership for voting. Smith also supported railroad reform and election reform, after losing the support of Watson, he was defeated in the next election by Joseph M. Brown. Smith was re-elected as governor in 1911, in 1911 while still governor, he was chosen by the Georgia General Assembly to fill out the term of United States Senator Alexander S. Clay. Smith won re-election in 1914, but was defeated by Tom Watson in 1920, afterward, Smith practiced law in Washington, DC, and Atlanta
M. Hoke Smith
–
Michael Hoke Smith
10.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
Grover Cleveland
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Caldwell Presbyterian parsonage,
birthplace of Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
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Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
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An early, undated photograph of Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
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Statue of Grover Cleveland outside City Hall in Buffalo, New York.
11.
United States Secretary of the Interior
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The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board, the Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. The U. S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries. Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U. S, Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice. On December 13,2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Ryan Zinke for the position of Interior Secretary, the most recent to die was William P. Clark, Jr. on August 10,2013. List of Secretaries of the Interior List of Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
United States Secretary of the Interior
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Incumbent
Sally Jewell since April 12, 2013
United States Secretary of the Interior
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Seal of the U.S. Department of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Interior
12.
Margaret Mitchell
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Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell was an American author and journalist. In more recent years, a collection of Mitchells girlhood writings, a collection of articles written by Mitchell for The Atlanta Journal was republished in book form. Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and a resident and native of Atlanta. She was born in 1900 into a wealthy and politically prominent family and her father, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was an attorney, and her mother, Mary Isabel May Belle Stephens, was a suffragist. She had two brothers, Russell Stephens Mitchell, who died in infancy in 1894, and Alexander Stephens Mitchell and her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army on June 24,1861 and served in Hoods Texas Brigade. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg, demoted for inefficiency, after the Civil War, he made a large fortune supplying lumber for the rapid rebuilding of Atlanta. Russell Mitchell had thirteen children from two wives, the eldest was Eugene, who graduated from the University of Georgia Law School. Mitchells grandparents, married in 1863, were Annie Fitzgerald and John Stephens, John Stephens was a prosperous real estate developer after the Civil War and one of the founders of the Gate City Street Railroad, a mule-drawn Atlanta trolley system. John and Annie Stephens had twelve children together, the child was May Belle Stephens. May Belle Stephens had studied at the Bellevue Convent in Quebec and her family lived near her maternal grandmother, Annie Stephens, in a Victorian house painted bright red with yellow trim. Mrs. Stephens had been a widow for years prior to Margarets birth. After his death, she inherited property on Jackson Street where Margarets family lived, grandmother Annie Stephens was quite a character, both vulgar and a tyrant. After gaining control of her father Philip Fitzgeralds money after he died, she splurged on her daughters, including Margarets mother. There they learned that Irish Americans were not treated as equal to other immigrants, Margarets relationship with her grandmother would become quarrelsome in later years as she entered adulthood. However, for Margaret, her grandmother was a source of eye-witness information about the Civil War. In an accident that was traumatic for her mother although she was unharmed, fearing it would happen again, her mother began dressing her in boys pants, and she was nicknamed Jimmy, the name of a character in the comic strip, Little Jimmy. Her brother insisted she would have to be a boy named Jimmy to play with him, having no sisters to play with, Margaret said she was a boy named Jimmy until she was fourteen. Stephens Mitchell said his sister was a tomboy who would play with dolls occasionally
Margaret Mitchell
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Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell
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Eugene Muse Mitchell, the father of Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell
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Little Jimmy (1905) by
Jimmy Swinnerton
Margaret Mitchell
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Stereoscope card showing the business district on Peachtree Street ca. 1907. The Mitchells' new home was about 3 miles from here.
13.
Gone with the Wind (novel)
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Gone with the Wind is a novel written by Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936. The story is set in Clayton County and Atlanta, both in Georgia, during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era and this historical novel features a Bildungsroman or coming-of-age story, with the title taken from a poem written by Ernest Dowson. Gone with the Wind was popular with American readers from the outset and was the top American fiction bestseller in the year it was published, as of 2014, a Harris poll found it to be the second favorite book of American readers, just behind the Bible. More than 30 million copies have been printed worldwide, written from the perspective of the slaveholder, Gone with the Wind is Southern plantation fiction. Its portrayal of slavery and African Americans has been considered controversial, especially by succeeding generations, as well as its use of a racial epithet, however, the novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South, both black and white. Scholars at American universities refer to it in their writings, interpret, the novel has been absorbed into American popular culture. Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937 and it was adapted into a 1939 American film. The book is read or misread through the film. Gone with the Wind is the novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime. Mitchell used color symbolism, especially the red and green. Mitchell identified the theme as survival. She left the ending speculative for the reader, however and she was often asked what became of her lovers, Rhett and Scarlett. She replied, For all I know, Rhett may have someone else who was less difficult. Two sequels authorized by Mitchells estate were published more than a century later. Born in 1900 in Atlanta, Georgia, Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and writer throughout her life and she grew up hearing stories about the American Civil War and the Reconstruction from her tyrannical Irish-American grandmother, who had endured its suffering. Her forceful and intellectual mother was a suffragist who fought for the rights of women to vote, as a young woman, Mitchell found love with an army lieutenant who was killed in World War I, and she would carry his memory for the remainder of her life. After studying at Smith College for a year, during which time her mother died from the Spanish flu and she married, but her husband was an abusive bootlegger. Mitchell took a job writing feature articles for the Atlanta Journal at a time when Atlanta debutantes of her class did not work, after divorcing her first husband, she married again, this time to a man who shared her interest in writing and literature
Gone with the Wind (novel)
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First edition cover
Gone with the Wind (novel)
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Negro Life at the South, oil on canvas, 1859, by Eastman Johnson
Gone with the Wind (novel)
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The Bonnie Blue Flag, is an 1861 marching song that refers to the first unofficial flag of the Confederacy.
Gone with the Wind (novel)
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Rudolph Valentino as Sheik Ahmed and
Agnes Ayres as Lady Diana in the 1921 silent film
The Sheik. Mitchell used Valentino's image, which women found sexually appealing, to develop her character of the "ideal man", Rhett Butler.
14.
WSB (AM)
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WSB — branded News 95.5 and AM750, WSB — is a commercial radio station licensed to Atlanta, Georgia broadcasting a news/talk format. The station transmits with 50,000 watts of power day and night. WSB is a clear-channel Class A station, according to the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement and this enables WSB to be heard across a wide coverage area during nighttime hours, sometimes extending across the East Coast and Midwestern United States. It uses the slogan Atlantas news, weather, traffic, the station is owned by, and is the AM flagship station for Cox Radio. WSB AM is the station to WSBB-FM95.5, WSB-FM, WALR-FM, WSRV FM, and WSB-TV2, all owned by Cox. Although WSB is licensed to use the technology, it is not currently broadcasting in HD Radio, the digital radio system has apparently been turned off due to listener complaints of RF interference. WSB programming has been simulcast on sister station WSBB-FM95.5 since August 2010, the stations studios and offices are located at the WSB Television and Radio Group building on West Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta, which is shared with its television and radio partners. The AM transmitter and radiating tower are located in Tucker, Georgia, the call sign WSB carried an infamous history before it was assigned to a land-based broadcaster in Atlanta. In the early days of radio licensing, ship-to-shore radio operations were included in the call sign assignment system, the first licensee of the call sign WSB was the SS Francis H. Leggett. Because superstitious seafarers objected to being issued a call sign used by a ship that suffered a bad fate. Over time, station management would say the call letters stood for Welcome South, Brother, founded by the Atlanta Journal newspaper, the station signed on the air on March 15,1922, just a few days prior to Constitution-owned WGM AM710. The station was authorized to broadcast weather bulletins at first. WSB smoothed the way for the spread of southern gospel music. Lambdin Kay, the first general manager, called Hornsby 90% of the talent on WSB. In February 1924, Lambdin Kay called Art Gillham The Whispering Pianist while performing on WSB, Gillham returned to WSB in 1937 for regular programs. In 1927, WSB became an NBC Radio Network affiliate, the trademark three-tone NBC chimes were first played in the WSB studios. In 1939, the Journal newspaper and WSB radio station were sold to James Middleton Cox, wright Bryan, a WSB news reporter as well as managing editor of the Atlanta Journal, was also a stringer for NBC during World War II. He was the first war correspondent to broadcast an eyewitness account of the D-Day invasion from London in the hours of June 6,1944
WSB (AM)
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WSB
15.
James Middleton Cox
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James Middleton Cox was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio, U. S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 and he founded the chain of newspapers that continues today as Cox Enterprises, a media conglomerate. Cox was born on a farm near the tiny Butler County, Ohio, village of Jacksonburg and he was educated in a one-room school until the age sixteen. After his parents divorced, he moved with his mother in 1886 to Middletown, Ohio, in 1892 he received a job at the Cincinnati Enquirer as a copy reader on the telegraph desk, and later started to report on spot news including the railroad news. He also confronted John H. Patterson, president of Daytons National Cash Register Co. revealing facts of antitrust violations, in 1905, foretelling his future media conglomerate, Cox acquired the Springfield Press-Republic published in Springfield, Ohio, and renamed it, the Springfield Daily News. In 1908, he ran for Congress as a Democrat and was elected, Cox represented Ohio in the United States House of Representatives in 1909–1913, resigning after winning election as Governor of Ohio in a three-way race gaining 41. 5% of the vote. Cox served three terms as Governor of Ohio, first, in 1913–1915 and then in 1917–1921 and he presided over a wide range of measures such as laying the foundation of Ohios unified highway system, creating no fault workers compensation system and restricting child labor. He introduced direct primaries and municipal home rule, started educational and prison reforms, during World War I, Cox encouraged voluntary cooperation between business, labor, and government bodies. In 1918, he welcomed constitutional amendments for Prohibition and woman suffrage, Cox supported the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson and reluctantly supported US entry into the League of Nations. Cox claimed that teaching German was a menace to Americanism. To fight unemployment and inflation, he suggested simultaneously lower income and he promised to introduce national collective bargaining legislation and pledged his support to the Volstead Act. Cox spoke in support of Americanization to increase loyalty to the United States among immigrant population, despite all efforts, Cox was defeated in the 1920 presidential election by a fellow Ohioan and newspaperman, U. S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion, the public had grown weary of the turmoil of the Wilson years, and eagerly accepted Hardings call for a return to normalcy. Coxs running mate was future president, then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, one of the better known analyses of the 1920 election is in Irving Stones book about defeated presidential candidates, They Also Ran. However, Cox would outlive all three men by several years, during the campaign, Cox several times recorded for The Nations Forum, a record label that made voice recordings of American political and civic leaders in 1918-1920. After stepping down from public service, he concentrated on building a media conglomerate. In 1923 he acquired the Miami Daily News and the Canton Daily News, in December 1939, he purchased the Atlanta Georgian and Journal, just a week before that city hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind. This deal included radio station WSB, which joined his previous holdings, WHIO in Dayton and WIOD in Miami, to give him, air from the Great Lakes on the north to Latin America on the south
James Middleton Cox
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James M. Cox
James Middleton Cox
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Cox/Roosevelt poster
James Middleton Cox
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Roosevelt (left) and Cox (right) at a campaign appearance in Washington, D.C., 1920
James Middleton Cox
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Cox with FDR in Dayton, Ohio during 1920 presidential campaign
16.
Dixie
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Dixie is a historical nickname for the Southern United States. They are, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, missouri and Kentucky were the 12th and 13th to secede, but were technically both union and confederate. However, the location and boundaries of Dixie have become, over time, more limited, vernacular, today, it is most often associated with those parts of the Southern United States where traditions and legacies of the Confederate era and the antebellum South live most strongly. The concept of Dixie as the location of a set of cultural assumptions, mind-sets. Many businesses in the South contain Dixie in their name as an identifier, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the origins of this nickname remain obscure. These banks issued notes, labeled Dix, French for ten. The notes were known as Dixies by English-speaking southerners, and the area around New Orleans, eventually, usage of the term broadened to refer to the Southern states in general. The word preserves the name of a Mr. Dixy, an owner on Manhattan Island. His rule was so kind that Dixys Land became famed far, Dixie derives from Jeremiah Dixon, a surveyor of the Mason–Dixon line which defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania, and, for the most part, free and slave states. I Wish I Was in Dixie is a song about the South. It was allegedly written by composer Daniel Emmett, a Northerner from Mount Vernon, Ohio, emmetts claims of the origin of the song were many and varied. Emmetts blackface minstrel-show troupe debuted the song that year in New York City when they needed a song to lengthen their presentation. As with other minstrel show numbers, the song was performed in blackface, the song proved extremely popular and became widely known simply as Dixie. The song has also published as Dixies Land. The song became the anthem of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The tunes minstrel-show origins have created an association of Dixie with the Old South. As a result, some perceive the song as offensive. Abraham Lincoln, upon hearing of the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, the Shrinking South and the Dissolution of Dixie
Dixie
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Ten dollar note from Banque des citoyens de la Louisiane, 1860
Dixie
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The states in dark red are almost always included in modern day definitions of the
Southern United States, while those in medium red are sometimes included. Those cross-shaded are occasionally included due to their historic connections to the South.
Dixie
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Bayou Navigation in Dixie, engraving of a Louisiana Steamboat, 1863.
Dixie
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"I Wish I Was in Dixie's Land" sheet music
17.
Historic American Buildings Survey
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
Historic American Buildings Survey
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HABS team in 1934 measuring the
Kentucky School for the Blind.
Historic American Buildings Survey
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HABS photograph and drawing: the
First Bank of the United States, Philadelphia.
18.
Daily Intelligencer
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The Daily Intelligencer was first published on June 1,1849 as the young city of Atlantas first successful daily newspaper. The founders were Benjamin Bomar, Z. A, rice, Jonathan Norcross and Ira O. McDaniel. During the American Civil War, it had trouble acquiring paper from its supplier. In 1864, it was purchased by Jared Whitaker who briefly moved it to Macon then moved back after the war, john H. Steele was its editor from 1860 until his death in January 1871 and Captain Evan Howell was its city editor starting in 1868. The paper closed in April, soon after Steeles death and after competition from the new Atlanta Constitution. At that same auction, Whitaker purchased the archives and other paperwork, garrett, Franklin, Atlanta and Its Environs,1954, University of Georgia Press. Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive Digital Library of Georgia
Daily Intelligencer
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Office of the Intelligencer shortly after the surrender of Atlanta
19.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
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Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
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Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
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Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
20.
Evan Howell
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Evan Park Howell was an American politician and early telegraph operator, as well as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. A native of Warsaw, Georgia, born to Atlanta pioneer Clark Howell, Sr. he became a runner and pupil of Atlantas first telegraph operator, sloan, at the age of twelve. In 1855 he attended Georgia Military Institute in Marietta and he read law in Sandersville, and briefly practiced law in Atlanta before the outbreak of war. In 1861, he joined the infantry, enlisting in Georgias First Regiment, within 2 years, Howell was promoted to first lieutenant. He fought under Stonewall Jackson in Virginia, and then was sent west, where he fought in the Battle of Chickamauga and he ended the war in Hardees Corps as captain of Howells Battery, Georgia Light Artillery. Upon his return, he farmed for two years, clearing and selling lumber on his fathers land near Atlanta, then for a year he was a reporter, then city editor, of Atlantas Daily Intelligencer. In 1869 he returned to practicing law and served in a number of positions including member of city council, member of the state Senate. One of his law clients was the Constitution where he learned E. Y. Clarke was willing to part of his interest in the paper. In 1876 he purchased a controlling interest in the Atlanta Constitution, while editor of the Constitution in 1895, he sent out transcripts of Booker T. Washingtons separate as the fingers speech across the country. He served on the Atlanta city council numerous times and served as mayor shortly before his death at age 66 and his son Clark Howell took up his mantel at the Constitution
Evan Howell
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Captain Evan P. Howell
21.
Joel Chandler Harris
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Joel Chandler Harris was an American journalist, fiction writer, and folklorist best known for his collection of Uncle Remus stories. Harris was born in Eatonton, Georgia, where he served as an apprentice on a plantation during his teenage years and he spent the majority of his adult life in Atlanta working as an associate editor at the Atlanta Constitution. As Joel Chandler Harris, fiction writer and folklorist, he wrote many Brer Rabbit stories from the African-American oral tradition, Joel Chandler Harris was born in Eatonton, Georgia in 1848 to Mary Ann Harris, an Irish immigrant. His father, whose identity remains unknown, abandoned Mary Ann, the parents had never married, the boy was named Joel after his mothers attending physician, Dr. Joel Branham. Chandler was the name of his mothers uncle, Harris remained self-conscious of his illegitimate birth throughout his life. A prominent physician, Dr. Andrew Reid, gave the Harris family a small cottage to use behind his mansion, Mary Harris worked as a seamstress and helped neighbors with their gardening to support herself and her son. She was a reader and instilled in her son a love of language. Dr. Reid also paid for Harris school tuition for several years, in 1856, Joe Harris briefly attended Kate Davidsons School for Boys and Girls, but transferred to Eatonton School for Boys later that year. He had an academic record and a habit of truancy. Harris excelled in reading and writing, but was known for his pranks, mischief. Practical jokes helped Harris cloak his shyness and insecurities about his red hair, Irish ancestry, in March 1862, Joseph Addison Turner, owner of Turnwold Plantation nine miles east of Eatonton, hired the 16-year-old to work as a printers devil for his newspaper The Countryman. Harris worked for clothing, room, and board, the newspaper reached subscribers throughout the Confederacy during the American Civil War, it was considered one of the larger newspapers in the South, with a circulation of about 2,000. Harris learned to set type for the paper, and Turner allowed him to publish his own poems, book reviews, Turners instruction and technical expertise exerted a profound influence on Harris. During his four-year tenure at Turnwold Plantation, Joe Harris consumed the literature in Turners library and he had access to Chaucer, Dickens, Sir Thomas Browne, Arabian Nights, Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, Thackeray, and Edgar Allan Poe. Turner, a fiercely independent Southern loyalist and eccentric intellectual, emphasized the work of southern writers, in The Countryman Turner insisted that Harris not shy away from including humor in his journalism. While at Turnwold Plantation, Harris spent hundreds of hours in the quarters during time off. He was less self-conscious there and felt his background as an illegitimate. He absorbed the stories, language, and inflections of people like Uncle George Terrell, Old Harbert, the African-American animal tales they shared later became the foundation and inspiration for Harriss Uncle Remus tales
Joel Chandler Harris
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Joel Chandler Harris
Joel Chandler Harris
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Lucy May Stanton, Joel Chandler Harris, c. 1914, watercolor on ivory, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
Joel Chandler Harris
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The Wren's Nest
Joel Chandler Harris
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Brer Rabbit and the Tar-Baby
22.
Uncle Remus
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Uncle Remus is the fictional title character and narrator of a collection of African-American folktales adapted and compiled by Joel Chandler Harris, published in book form in 1881. A journalist in post-Reconstruction Atlanta, Georgia, Harris produced seven Uncle Remus books, Uncle Remus is a collection of animal stories, songs, and oral folklore, collected from southern African-Americans. Many of the stories are didactic, much like those of Aesops Fables, Uncle Remus is a kindly old former slave who serves as a storytelling device, passing on the folktales to children gathered around him. The stories are written in an eye dialect devised by Harris to represent a Deep South Gullah dialect, the genre of stories is the trickster tale. At the time of Harriss publication, his work was praised for its ability to capture plantation Negro dialect, Brer Rabbit is the main character of the stories, a likable character, prone to tricks and trouble-making, who is often opposed by Brer Fox and Brer Bear. In one tale, Brer Fox constructs a lump of tar, when Brer Rabbit comes along, he addresses the tar baby amiably but receives no response. Brer Rabbit becomes offended by what he perceives as Tar Babys lack of manners, punches it, the animal stories were conveyed in such a manner that they were not seen as racist by many among the audiences of the time. Providing additional controversy is the context, as they are set on a former slave-owning plantation and portrayed in a passive, even docile. Nevertheless, Harriss work was, according to himself, an account of the stories he heard from the slaves when he worked on a plantation as a young man. He claimed to have listened to, and memorized, the African American animal stories told by Uncle George Terrell, Old Harbert and he acknowledged his debt to these storytellers in his fictionalized autobiography, On the Plantation. Many of the stories that he recorded have direct equivalents in the African oral tradition. Harris himself said, in the introduction to Uncle Remus, that he hoped his book would be considered. a sympathetic supplement to Mrs. Stowes wonderful defense of slavery as it existed in the South. Mrs. Stowe, let me hasten to say, attacked the possibilities of slavery with all the eloquence of genius, but the same genius painted the portrait of the Southern slave-owner, and defended him. Mark Twain read the Uncle Remus stories to his children, who were awed to meet Harris himself, in his Autobiography Twain describes Harris thus, He was the bashfulest grown person I have ever met. When there were people about he stayed silent, and seemed to suffer until they were gone. But he was lovely, nevertheless, for the sweetness and benignity of the immortal Remus looked out from his eyes, Twain wrote, It may be that Jim Wolf was as bashful as Harris. Jim Wolf is a character from the first humorous story Twain ever told, Jim Wolf, an Uncle Remus and His Tales of Brer Rabbit newspaper strip ran from October 14,1945 through December 31,1972. The stories have inspired at least three films, The first and best known is Walt Disneys Song of the South
Uncle Remus
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Uncle Remus in Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings: The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation, 1881
Uncle Remus
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"Old Plantation Play Song", from Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings: The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation, 1881
23.
Henry W. Grady
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Henry Woodfin Grady was a journalist and orator who helped reintegrate the states of the former Confederacy into the Union after the American Civil War. Grady encouraged the industrialization of the South, as a teenager, Grady witnessed fierce Civil War fighting in his home state of Georgia and his father William was killed by a Union soldier. After his fathers death, he was raised by his mother Anne in Athens and he was educated in the classical tradition of a southern gentleman of the time at the University of Georgia. Grady was a devoted member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He was a member of the Eta Chapter of Chi Phi at the University of Georgia. In 1882 he was elected as the first Grand Alpha from the south after the union of the Northern and Southern Orders of Chi Phi in 1874. Upon graduation, he held a series of brief journalistic jobs with the Rome Courier, the Atlanta Herald, after working in New York City, Grady returned to the South as a reporter-editor for the Atlanta Constitution. In 1880, with borrowed money, Grady bought a one-fourth interest in the paper, on the business end, he quickly built the newspaper into the states most influential, with a national circulation of 120,000. as he said in an 1886 speech in New York. His audience included J. P. Morgan and H. M. Flagler at Delmonicos Restaurant at a meeting of the New England Society of New York. From 1882 to 1886, along with Nathaniel E. Harris, he promoted the creation in Atlanta of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Grady was also praised for his great passion for political oratory, commitment to the new peace, and well-known sense of humor. That sense of humor and quick wit got Grady through more than one difficult situation, once at a banquet of northern elites, he was waxing eloquent about the brilliant prospects for northern investments in a New South determined to rise from the ashes of defeat. Without missing a beat, Grady acknowledged the general by noting that the people of Georgia thought Sherman an able military man, in another speech, Grady wanted to gently chastise his Southern audience for what he believed to be Georgias economic shortcomings. Rather than pounding them with statistics, he entertained them with stories that made the points and he said, I attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my State. It was a poor “one gallus” fellow, whose breeches struck him under the armpits and they buried him in the midst of a marble quarry, they cut through solid marble to make his grave, yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and they buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands, the South didn’t furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. Gradys prestige reached such a height that he became the only ever to adjourn the Georgia Legislature. It occurred on the election of Grover Cleveland to the presidency, news of the close contest arrived at 11 a. m. during the Legislatures session
Henry W. Grady
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Henry Woodfin Grady
Henry W. Grady
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Henry W. Grady High School
Henry W. Grady
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Henry Grady Hotel, 1924-1974
Henry W. Grady
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Grady Memorial Hospital
24.
New South
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New South, New South Democracy or New South Creed is a slogan in the history of the American South, after 1877. The term was coined by its spokesman and Atlanta editor Henry W. Grady. The original use of the term New South was an attempt to prescribe an attractive future based on a growing economy, the industrial revolution of the North was the model. The antebellum South was heavily agrarian, after the American Civil War, the South was impoverished and still rural, it was heavily reliant on cotton and a few other crops with low market prices. It seemed to be in great need of urbanization and industrialization, slavery was abolished, and African Americans played a different role in the New South. Henry W. Grady made this term popular in his articles and speeches as editor of the Atlanta Constitution, richard Hathaway Edmonds of the Baltimore Manufacturers Record was another staunch advocate of New South industrialization. The Manufacturers Record was one of the most widely read and powerful publications among turn of the 20th century industrialists, historian Paul Gaston coined the specific term New South Creed to describe the promises of visionaries like Grady who said industrialization would bring prosperity to the region. The classic history was written by C, vann Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913, published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press. Sheldon Hackney, a Woodward student, hails the book but explains, the durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the whites. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers, the poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions. From Henry Grady to black leader Booker T. Washington, New South advocates wanted southern economic regeneration, sectional reconciliation, racial harmony, the rise of the New South involved the continued supremacy of whites over blacks, who had little or no political power. Shall run forever with the blood that feeds Anglo-Saxon hearts, the economic woes of the Great Depression dampened much New South enthusiasm as investment capital dried up and the rest of the nation began to view the South as a large economic failure. World War II ushered in a degree of prosperity as efforts to industrialize in support of the War effort were employed. In the southern mountains, the Tennessee Valley Authority built dams, for many years, this New South was more of a slogan of civic boosters than a reality in many areas. Racist conflicts during the Civil Rights Movement gave the American South a backward image in popular culture, however, in the 1960s the black population began being enfranchised and represented in many political offices. In the post-World War II era, American textiles makers and other light industry moved en masse to the South, so as to capitalize on low wages, social conservatism, with the industrialization of the South came economic change, migration, immigration and population growth
New South
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Atlanta, Georgia skyline
New South
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New Orleans, Louisiana skyline
New South
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Charlotte, North Carolina skyline
New South
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Nashville, Tennessee skyline
25.
WGST (AM)
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WGST AM640 is a radio station licensed in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. The facility at 640 started with an application in 1981, with a permit granted by the Federal Communications Commission in 1985. After a series of extensions to the permits and finally a minor modification. After an initial dismissal later that year, permission to transfer the station to Jacor was granted in 1989, the stations nighttime radiation pattern has a null toward the northeast. An English-language station for the bulk of its history, WGST became an affiliate of ESPN Deportes Radio on September 28,2012, WGST returned to a talk format on June 3,2013 with an all-syndicated format broadcasting in English. WGSTs original broadcast license for 710 kHz was issued by the Federal Radio Commission March 17,1922, the stations origin pre-dates the 1922 date when the station went by the experimental radio call sign of 4FT. The owner was the Atlanta Constitution, responding to the rival Atlanta Journal s new WSB, the FCC issued WGMs license days after WSBs March 15,1922 grant on 740 kHz. The current WGST call sign was assigned to the station after the station was donated to the Georgia School of Technology in 1923 following the station going out of business in late July of that year. The WGM license was allowed to expire in August 1923, and new call signs issued to the school on January 13 of 1924 as WBBF, in 1930, WGST moved to 890 kHz. The station moved to 920 kHz after the 1941 NARBA treaty created the clear channels in the U. S. and the use of the 890 kHz frequency was given to WLS, Chicago. It was operated as a radio station under a lease to Southern Broadcasting Company beginning in 1930. In the 1940s, it was located in the Forsyth Building in downtown Atlanta, WGST was a Mutual Broadcasting Company affiliate in 1949 and later became an ABC affiliate in 1950. Before joining Mutual, WGST was a CBS affiliate, the antenna was an unusual multi-strand horizontal between two supporting towers on the Forsyth Building, across from Georgia Techs campus, for many years. WGST was the first station to play rock n roll in Atlanta in the 1950s, Radio personality Paul Drew had his debut on WGST with a weekend show The Big Record. Ray Charles song I Got a Woman was recorded at WGST in the early 1950s, in 1956, WGST moved to a studio facility next to the Alexander Memorial Coliseum on the Georgia Tech campus. Starting in 1977 WREK occupied most of the studios, including one of the two big rooms, until 2004 when they moved to their current studio in the Georgia Tech Student Center. During the 1960s, WGST was running a Top 40 radio format, in 1971, WGST changed format from easy listening to Top 40, and was billed simply as 92. By 1972, the station had changed to a Solid-Gold Format, in 1973, it adopted a modified gold/current adult contemporary format
WGST (AM)
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This article is about WGST (AM). For former simulcast on WGST-FM 105.7, see
WRDA (FM).
26.
WGKA (AM)
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WGKA AM, The Answer, is a radio station based in Atlanta, Georgia which broadcasts a syndicated talk radio format. S. Weekends consist of local hosts Sam Memmolo & Sam Mahdavi, Bob & The Rodman, John Adams Gene Henssler, there was also once a WGKA station on 1190 AM, exclusively devoted to classical music. It went out of business the year and was donated to the Georgia School of Technology. The station became WGST in 1925 when it changed frequency to 1110 and it moved again to 890 before that was assigned as a clear channel to WLS AM890 from Chicago, finally landing on 920 after the 1941 NARBA treaty shifted many stations up by up to three channels. It retained its broadcast callsign even after the Georgia Board of Regents sold it out from under the school as surplus property and it kept that callsign for more than six decades until it became WAFS in 1989, and then WGKA in 2004. The 920 kHz frequency in the Atlanta radio market was the home of WGST. The WGKA call sign was assigned to the frequency of 1190 kHz which is now the frequency of radio station WAFS, also owned by Salem Communications. Prior to that time, indeed from the 1950s, it was assigned to 1600 kHz, like WGKA AM, WGKA-FM92.9 was a classical-music station in Atlanta from the 1950s to 1971. Although it existed in the days before NPR, it occasionally carried programs which were not locally produced, such as BBC Music Showcase, the stations call letters also changed to WZGC, which still exists on 92.9 today. In its earliest days, WGKA was owned by Glenkaren Associates, Locke E Glenn, Glenkaren Associates also owned a hi-fi audio store adjoining the radio station. On January 5,2015 WGKA rebranded as 920 The Answer
WGKA (AM)
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WGKA
27.
Georgia School of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year
Georgia School of Technology
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Atlanta during the Civil War (c. 1864)
Georgia School of Technology
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Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia School of Technology
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An early picture of Georgia Tech
Georgia School of Technology
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Former Georgia Tech President
G. Wayne Clough speaks at a student meeting.
28.
Ralph McGill
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Ralph Emerson McGill was an American journalist, best known as an anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He was a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors and he won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959. McGill was born February 5,1898, near Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee and he attended school at The McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee. McGill served in the Marine Corps during World War I, after the war, McGill got a job working for the sports department of the Nashville Banner and soon worked his way up to sports editor. In 1929, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia to become the assistant sports editor of The Atlanta Constitution, wanting to move from sports to more serious news, he got an assignment to cover the first Cuban Revolt in 1933. He also applied for and was granted a Rosenwald Fellowship in 1938 and these articles earned him a spot as executive editor of the Constitution, which he used to highlight the effects of segregation. In response, many readers sent threats and letters to McGill. Some acted on the threats and burned crosses at night on his front lawn, fired bullets into the windows of his home, in the late 1950s, McGill became a syndicated columnist, reaching a national audience. He became friends with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, acting as a civil rights advisor, in 1963 he published his book The South and the Southerner as well as several anthologies of his newspaper articles. McGill died of an attack two days before his 71st birthday. After his death Ralph McGill Boulevard and Ralph McGill Middle School were named for him in Atlanta, in his honor, The McGill Lecture is held annually at The Grady School of Journalism at the University of Georgia, featuring a nationally recognized journalist. His personal papers were donated to Emory University and are available at the Manuscripts, McGills role in the campaign against segregation is depicted in Michael Brazs opera, A Scholar Under Siege, composed for the centenary of Georgia Southern University and premiered in 2007. The Best of Ralph McGill, Selected Columns, Selected by Michael Strickland, Harry Davis, and Jeff Strickland. The Fleas Come With the Dog, no Place to Hide, the South and Human Rights, vol. I. Edited with an introduction by Calvin M. Logue, no Place to Hide, the South and Human Rights, vol. Edited with an introduction by Calvin M. Logue, athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press. Southern Encounters, Southerners of Note in Ralph McGills South, Ralph McGill at Find a Grave Ralph McGill FBI File from Special Collections at Emory Universitys Robert W. Woodruff Library
Ralph McGill
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Ralph McGill portrait by Robert Templeton, 1984
29.
American Civil Rights Movement
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This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance, between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to immediately to these situations. The 1950s and 1960s Civil Rights Movement witnessed the passage of several pieces of federal legislation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 removed racial and national barriers and opened the way for non-white immigrants. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to take action. A wave of inner city riots in black communities from 1964 through 1970 undercut support from the white community. Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, but, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Before the American Civil War, almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South, only men of property could vote. From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to free labor. Many whites resisted the changes, leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, whose members attacked black. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant, the U. S. Army, however, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the clan in fear of war, for more than 60 years, blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries, during this period, the white-dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the population of the South. The Republican Party—the party of Lincoln—which had been the party that most blacks belonged to, until 1965, the solid South was a one-party system under the Democrats. Outside a few areas, the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state, in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. The invitation was roundly criticized by politicians and newspapers
American Civil Rights Movement
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Four leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. From left:
Bayard Rustin,
Andrew Young, (N.Y. Cong.
William Ryan),
James Farmer, and
John Lewis in 1965.
American Civil Rights Movement
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The mob-style
lynching of Will James, Cairo, Illinois, 1909.
American Civil Rights Movement
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School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C., 1955
American Civil Rights Movement
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Troops from the
327th Regiment, 101st Airborne escorting the
Little Rock Nine African-American students up the steps of Central High.
30.
Atomic bomb
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A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from small amounts of matter. The first test of a bomb released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10 million tons of TNT, a thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds can produce an explosive force comparable to the detonation of more than 1.2 million tons of TNT. A nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate a city by blast, fire. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of destruction, and their use. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in nuclear warfare, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II, the bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from acute injuries sustained from the explosions. The ethics of the bombings and their role in Japans surrender remain the subject of scholarly, since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for the purposes of testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them, israel is also believed to possess nuclear weapons, though in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands are nuclear weapons sharing states, south Africa is the only country to have independently developed and then renounced and dismantled its nuclear weapons. Modernisation of weapons continues to occur, all existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as bombs or atom bombs. This has long noted as something of a misnomer, as their energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. The latter approach is considered more sophisticated than the former and only the approach can be used if the fissile material is plutonium. A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is to ensure that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range from the equivalent of just under a ton to upwards of 500,000 tons of TNT, all fission reactions necessarily generate fission products, the radioactive remains of the atomic nuclei split by the fission reactions. Many fission products are highly radioactive or moderately radioactive. Fission products are the radioactive component of nuclear fallout
Atomic bomb
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The
mushroom cloud of the
atomic bombing of the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 rose some 11 miles (18 km) above the bomb's
hypocenter.
Atomic bomb
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Nuclear weapons
Atomic bomb
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Edward Teller, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"
Atomic bomb
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A demilitarized and
commercial launch of the Russian
Strategic Rocket Forces R-36
ICBM; also known by the NATO reporting name:
SS-18 Satan. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest
throw weight missile delivery system ever built.
