1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Advance Publications
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Advance Publications, Inc. is an American media company owned by the descendants of S. I. Newhouse Sr. Donald Newhouse and S. I. Newhouse, Jr. It is named after the Staten Island Advance, the first newspaper owned by the Newhouse family, the company is nominally headquartered in the Advance offices in Staten Islands Grasmere neighborhood, though Advance does not have an official headquarters. As of October 2014, it was ranked as the 44th largest private company in the United States according to Forbes, crains ranked Advance Publications the 4th largest private company in the New York area in 2012. In addition to holding publishing and communication assets, Advance serves as the company for the familys 31% stake in cable entertainment company Discovery Communications. Advance also owns a 13% stake in Charter Communications, which it received when Bright House Networks merged with Charter, the Advance Local group includes Advance Digital, a central source of sales and content strategy, product development and technology. Headline Studio, established in 2015, is a content marketing agency. In 2009, Advance Publications launched a reorganization of its newspapers and their affiliate websites. As each property reorganized, the new companies took a digital-first approach to publication, in most cases, staff-produced content is published first to a website, content is then harvested from the website for publication in the printed newspapers. Days of newspaper home delivery were reduced to three or four, except at the New Jersey papers and the Staten Island Advance, Advance sold Random House to German media conglomerate Bertelsmann in 1998. Reddit has 3 sets of shareholders, The largest shareholder is still Advance Publications, the second-largest set of shareholders are reddit employees. In the spin-out that occurred in early 2012, Advance voluntarily reduced its ownership to that of a partial owner in order to put ownership in the hands of current. The third and smallest fraction consists of a set of angel investors, parade Fairchild Fashion Media Bright House Networks Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license. Note, - Indicates a station that was built and signed-on by Advance/Newhouse, Newhouse, Thomas Maier, St. Martins Press,1994
4.
Birmingham, Alabama
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Birmingham is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. The citys population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census, the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabamas population. Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and it was named for Birmingham, England, one of the UKs major industrial cities. The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry. Most of the settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was an industrial center of the southern United States. Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and its major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry. Rails and railroad cars were manufactured in Birmingham. The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s, the economy has diversified since industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century. Banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical transmission, medical care, college education. Except for coal mining, the industry has declined in the Birmingham area, Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the largest banking centers in the nation. In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine, since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham, one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three institutions, Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. In total, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, the city has three of the states five law schools, Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, Birmingham was founded on June 1,1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre, the site of the railroad crossing was notable for its proximity to nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel. Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity, from the start the new city was planned as a center of industry
5.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
6.
The Huntsville Times
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The Huntsville Times is a thrice-weekly newspaper published in Huntsville, Alabama, and printed in Birmingham, Alabama. It also serves the areas of north Alabamas Tennessee Valley region. The Times formerly operated as a paper, but moved to mornings years after The Huntsville News ceased publication. It was published by The Huntsville Times Company, Inc. a subsidiary of Advance Publications, the paper was first acquired by Advances founder, Samuel Newhouse, Sr. in 1955. The Times is a paper to two other Advance-owned publications within Alabama, The Birmingham News and the Press-Register. As of October 1,2012, all three papers went from daily to thrice-weekly print schedules, all three are now published by an Advance subsidiary called Alabama Media Group. All three papers share the website al. com, the Times had the third highest circulation of any daily newspaper in the state until its 2012 schedule reduction. Because Huntsville is the home to NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center and the Armys Redstone Arsenal, the Times has received many awards over the years from the Alabama Press Association, the Society for Professional Journalists and other trade groups. On May 24,2012, Advance Publications announced that its three Alabama newspapers would do away with their print editions on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, the move was a result of the continuing decline in advertising revenue and circulation for its traditional print products. The move placed increased emphasis on their website, al, the company also announced that same day that The Times-Picayune of New Orleans, Louisiana, would undergo the same changes. The company has made similar changes to what had been daily newspapers in both Syracuse, New York, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The final daily edition was published on September 30,2012, the next day was the first time in more than a century that the city of Huntsville had been without a daily newspaper. Patrick McCauley, a native of Alexandria, Louisiana, was the editor of the daily Huntsville Times. A previous editor, Reese Thomas Amis, had mentored McCauley when he was a reporter at The Times from 1949 to 1954, AL. com Todays The Huntsville Times front page at the Newseum website The Huntsville Times
7.
Press-Register
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The Press-Register is a thrice-weekly newspaper serving the southwest Alabama counties of Mobile and Baldwin. The newspaper is a descendant of one founded in 1813, making the Press-Register Alabamas oldest newspaper and it is owned by Advance Publications, which also owns the primary newspapers in Birmingham, Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Press Register also publishes an edition for the Mississippi Gulf Coast, the Mobile Gazette was founded and began publication shortly after Mobile was captured by United States troops in April 1813 after 33 years under Spanish rule. Townsend of a Montgomery, Alabama newspaper, one year later, the Gazette was taken over by the Register, making it a good purchase for one Thaddeus Sanford in 1828. Under Sanford, the Mobile Patriot newspaper was bought out, thus becoming part of the daily Mobile Daily Commercial Register and Patriot in 1832. The Register is sold yet again in 1837, this time to Epapheas Kibby, the New York Times eulogy for Forsyth included the phrase, most important Democratic editor of the South. Mobiles yellow fever forced the Register to publish only three times a week in 1839. Once Sanford reclaimed what he purchased years before, he combined the Register with the Merchants and Planters Journal, resulting in The Mobile Register, communications latest innovation the telegraph became the Registers means of receiving news in 1848. Bradfords purchase of the Registers one-half interest, the paper was renamed The Mobile Daily Register in 1849, Forsyth once again bought back the Register in 1854. Future Confederate colonel and Kentucky poet Theodore OHara joined the Register shortly before the American Civil War, swiss-born propagandist for the Confederacy Henry Hotze also worked for the paper for a time before the war. It would take the beginning in 1861 to combine the Mobile Daily Register. About three years after the war, the Register was sold and combined again, this time to William dAlton Mann of The Mobile Times and The Mobile Daily Register. Isaac Donovans arrival as the Registers new owner in 1871 marked the beginning of a new era for the stable newspaper, Langdon would become the Registers agricultural editor, giving him the opportunity to promote scientific approaches in the field. In life, Langdon served as mayor of Mobile, an Alabama state legislator, today Langdons contributions to what would be Auburn University are honored at the hall named for him in 1846. In 1872, the Register incorporates as The Register Printing association, during John Forsyth, Jr. s final years, he, along with John L. Rapier formed a partnership to operate the Register. After Forsyths death, Rapier became principal owner, telephones would become available at the Register in 1883, along with electric light a year later. Rapier organized the stock company The Register Co. to publish the paper in 1889. Erwin S. Craighead, who would later be known as Mobiles newspaperman began his career at the Register as the city editor in 1884 before earning the position of editor in chief in 1892
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
The Times-Picayune
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The Times-Picayune is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, since January 25,1837. However, under pressure from a new New Orleans edition of The Advocate. The paper and the NOLA. com website, form the NOLA Media Group division of Advance Publications, the paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Four of The Times-Picayune’s staff reporters also received Pulitzers for breaking-news reporting for their coverage of the storm, the paper funds the Edgar A. Poe Award for journalistic excellence, which is presented annually by the White House Correspondents Association. Established as The Picayune in 1837 by Francis Lumsden and George Wilkins Kendall, the initial price was one picayune. Between 1880 and 1890, the more than tripled its circulation. The paper became The Times-Picayune after merging in 1914 with its rival, in 1962, Samuel Irving Newhouse, Sr. bought the morning daily The Times-Picayune and the other remaining New Orleans daily, the afternoon States-Item. The papers were merged on June 2,1980 and were known as The Times-Picayune/States-Item until September 30,1986. In addition to the paper, specific community editions of the newspaper are also circulated and retain the Picayune name. The paper is a part of Advance Publications, which is owned by the Newhouse family, in the vernacular of its circulation area, the newspaper is often called the T-P. Hurricane Katrina became a significant part of the history of The Times-Picayune, not only during the storm and its immediate aftermath, with electrical outages leaving the presses out of commission after the storm, newspaper and web staffers produced a newspaper in electronic PDF format. On NOLA. com, meanwhile, tens of thousands of evacuated New Orleans and Gulf Coast residents began using the forums and blogs, posting pleas for help, offering aid. A small team of reporters and photographers volunteered to stay behind in New Orleans to report from the inside on the struggle, looting. They armed themselves for security and worked out of a private residence, the storm flooded huge swaths of the city, as well as Slidell on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, in a process that appeared to be spreading even as night fell. Being a part of the plot is both riveting and deeply unsettling and we dont yet know the end of this story. Its the story of our lives, and we must both live and chronicle it, on May 24,2012, the papers owner, Advance Publications, announced that the print edition of the Times-Picayune would be published three days a week beginning that fall. News of the change was first revealed the night before in a blog post by New York Times media writer David Carr, a new company, NOLA Media Group, was created to oversee both the paper and its website, NOLA. com. Along with the change in its schedule, Advance also announced that significant cuts would be coming to the newsroom
10.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
11.
New South
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New South, New South Democracy or New South Creed is a slogan in the history of the American South, after 1877. The term was coined by its spokesman and Atlanta editor Henry W. Grady. The original use of the term New South was an attempt to prescribe an attractive future based on a growing economy, the industrial revolution of the North was the model. The antebellum South was heavily agrarian, after the American Civil War, the South was impoverished and still rural, it was heavily reliant on cotton and a few other crops with low market prices. It seemed to be in great need of urbanization and industrialization, slavery was abolished, and African Americans played a different role in the New South. Henry W. Grady made this term popular in his articles and speeches as editor of the Atlanta Constitution, richard Hathaway Edmonds of the Baltimore Manufacturers Record was another staunch advocate of New South industrialization. The Manufacturers Record was one of the most widely read and powerful publications among turn of the 20th century industrialists, historian Paul Gaston coined the specific term New South Creed to describe the promises of visionaries like Grady who said industrialization would bring prosperity to the region. The classic history was written by C, vann Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913, published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press. Sheldon Hackney, a Woodward student, hails the book but explains, the durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the whites. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers, the poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions. From Henry Grady to black leader Booker T. Washington, New South advocates wanted southern economic regeneration, sectional reconciliation, racial harmony, the rise of the New South involved the continued supremacy of whites over blacks, who had little or no political power. Shall run forever with the blood that feeds Anglo-Saxon hearts, the economic woes of the Great Depression dampened much New South enthusiasm as investment capital dried up and the rest of the nation began to view the South as a large economic failure. World War II ushered in a degree of prosperity as efforts to industrialize in support of the War effort were employed. In the southern mountains, the Tennessee Valley Authority built dams, for many years, this New South was more of a slogan of civic boosters than a reality in many areas. Racist conflicts during the Civil Rights Movement gave the American South a backward image in popular culture, however, in the 1960s the black population began being enfranchised and represented in many political offices. In the post-World War II era, American textiles makers and other light industry moved en masse to the South, so as to capitalize on low wages, social conservatism, with the industrialization of the South came economic change, migration, immigration and population growth
12.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
13.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
14.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
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Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
17.
Macon, Georgia
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Macon /ˈmeɪkən/ is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. Macon lies near the center of the state, approximately 85 miles south of Atlanta. Settled near the line of the Ocmulgee River, Macon is the county seat of Bibb County and had a 2014 estimated population of 153,691. Macon is the city of the Macon metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 231,259 in 2014. In a 2012 referendum, voters approved the consolidation of Macon and Bibb County, the two governments officially merged on January 1,2014. Macon is served by three highways, I-16, I-75, and I-475. The city has several institutions of education, as well as numerous museums. The area is served by the Middle Georgia Regional Airport and the Herbert Smart Downtown Airport, the mayor of Macon is Robert Reichert, a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Reichert was elected mayor of the consolidated city of Macon–Bibb. Macon lies on the site of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, where the historic Creek Indians lived in the 18th century and their prehistoric predecessors, the Mississippian culture, built a powerful chiefdom based on an agricultural village and constructed earthwork mounds for ceremonial, burial and religious purposes. The areas along the rivers in the Southeast had been inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples for 13,000 years before Europeans arrived. Macon developed at the site of Fort Benjamin Hawkins, built from 1806–1809 at the line of the Ocmulgee River to protect the new frontier. The fort was named in honor of Benjamin Hawkins, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southeast territory south of the Ohio River for more than two decades and he lived among the Creek and had a Creek wife. This was the most inland point of navigation on the river from the Low Country, president Thomas Jefferson forced the Creek to cede their lands east of the Ocmulgee River and ordered the fort built. A gathering point of the Creek and American cultures for trading, it was also a center of state militia, the fort served as a major military distribution point during the War of 1812 against Great Britain and also during the Creek War of 1813. Afterward, the fort was used as a trading post for years and was garrisoned until 1821. It was decommissioned about 1828 and later burned to the ground, a replica of the southeast blockhouse was built in 1938 and stands today on a hill in east Macon. Part of the site is occupied by the Fort Hawkins Grammar School
18.
Scripps-Howard
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The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis Scripps. It was also formerly a media conglomerate, the company is headquartered inside the Scripps Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its corporate motto is Give light and the people find their own way. The E. W. Scripps Company was incorporated on December 1,1987, but it traces its history to November 2,1878, when Edward Willis Scripps published the first issue of the Cleveland Penny Press. In 1894, E. W. Scripps and his half-brother, George H. Scripps, in July 1895, it was named the Scripps-McRae League with the addition of Cincinnati Post general manager Milton A. McRae as a partner. On November 29,1921, it was renamed Scripps-Howard Newspapers, on November 23,1922, the company was placed in trust for E. W. Scripps children and grandchildren. In 1990, the company completed a new downtown Cincinnati headquarters, on October 16,2007, the company announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies, The E. W. Scripps Company and Scripps Networks Interactive. The transaction was completed on July 1,2008, on October 3,2011, The E. W. Scripps Company announced it was purchasing the television arm of McGraw-Hill for $212 million. This purchase nearly doubles the number of Scripps stations to 19 with a reach of 13% of U. S. households. Upon the 2012 death of E. W. Scripps grandson, Robert Scripps, the E. W. Scripps Company and Journal Communications announced on July 30,2014, that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The FCC approved the deal on December 12,2014, the merger and spinoff were completed on April 1,2015. Journal Media Group merged with the all-newspaper Gannett Company on April 8,2016, Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling, United Feature Syndicate syndicated many notable comic strips including Peanuts, Garfield, Lil Abner, Dilbert, Nancy and Marmaduke. The distribution rights to properties syndicated by United Media was outsourced to Universal Uclick in February 2011, while United Media effectively ceased to exist, Scripps still maintains copyrights and intellectual property rights. Scripps also operated United Press International until selling it off in 1982 and it also previously owned the Scripps Howard News Service, which shut down in 2013. E. W. Scripps also previously owned the Shop at Home Network from 2000 until 2006, Shop at Home in turn owned five television stations, all as a division of its cable network division. In October 1995, Comcast announced the purchase of E. W. Scripps cable provider operation, attempts to use Shop at Home as a complementary service to Food Network and HGTV by selling products connected to personalities of those networks were middling compared to competitors QVC and HSN. On May 22,2006, Scripps announced that it was to cease operations of the network, jewelry Television eventually acquired Shop at Home, but Scripps still intended to sell its affiliated stations
19.
The Wichita Eagle
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The Wichita Eagle is a daily newspaper published in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is owned by The McClatchy Company and is the largest newspaper in Wichita, in 1870, The Vedette was the first newspaper established in Wichita by Fred A. Sowers and W. B. In April 1872, The Wichita Eagle was founded and edited by Marshall M. Murdock and his son, Victor Murdock, was a reporter for the paper during his teens, the managing editor from 1894 to 1903, an editor from the mid-1920s until his death in 1945. In October 1872, The Wichita Daily Beacon was founded by Fred A. Sowers and it published daily for two months, then weekly until 1884 when it went back to daily. In 1907, Henry Allen purchased the Beacon and was publisher for many years, the Eagle and Beacon competed for 88 years, then in 1960 the Eagle purchased the Beacon. Both newspapers continued to be published, the Eagle in the morning, the Beacon in the evening, in 1973, the Murdock family sold the paper to Ridder Publications. Ridder and Knight Newspapers merged in 1974 to form Knight Ridder, in 1989, the Beacon name was dropped, and the newspaper became The Wichita Eagle. In 2006, the Eagle became part of The McClatchy Company when McClatchy bought Knight Ridder, on November 18,1996, the Eagle launched its first website, Wichita Online, at wichitaeagle. com. On January 22,2000, its domain was changed to kansas. com, the move eliminated 27 full-time and 47 part-time jobs. The building will be sold and the staff will move to a smaller location in downtown Wichita. In January 2017, the paper announced it had signed a deal for office space in the Old Town area of downtown Wichita and it plans to move newsroom and advertising employees to 330 North Mead in the spring of 2017. The new site is located southeast of the Warren Old Town Theater, the paper built its national reputation largely under the editorship of W. Davis Buzz Merritt Jr. Instead, the civic journalism movement seeks to treat readers and community members as participants. With a small, but growing following, civic journalism has become as much of an ideology as it is a practice, the Wichita Eagle was at the forefront of this movement. For example, for held in 1990, the paper polled 500 residents to identify their top concerns for the state. If the candidate refused to take a stand, that was also reported and this is in stark contrast to the former practice of simply reporting the facts about a candidates speech. As a result, voter turnout in the Eagles primary circulation area was 43.3 percent, michael Hoyt, The Wichita Experiment, The McClatchy Company, Newspaper Profiles, The Wichita Eagle, accessed October 17,2006. History of Wichita and Sedgwick County Kansas, Past and present, including an account of the cities, towns, bentley,454 and 479 pages,1910. Wichita, Illustrated History 1868 to 1880, Eunice S. Chapter,52 pages,1914, Wichita, The Early Years, 1865-80, H. Craig Miner,201 page,1982, ISBN 0-8032-3077-X
20.
Ledger-Enquirer
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The Ledger-Enquirer is a newspaper headquartered in downtown Columbus, Georgia, in the United States. It was founded in 1828 as the Columbus Enquirer by Mirabeau B, lamar who later played a pivotal role in the founding of the Republic of Texas and served as its third President. The newspaper is a recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. In 1874, the Columbus Enquirer, until then a weekly publication, merged with Columbuss first daily newspaper, the paper was published under this name for many years before eventually dropping the hyphen and reverting to the name Columbus Enquirer. The paper was purchased by R. W. Page in 1930, knight Newspapers acquired the company in 1973, and in 1988 the papers merged the daily edition as well, adopting the name Columbus Ledger-Enquirer. Knight Ridder was acquired by The McClatchy Company in 2006, the newspaper exhibited an early awareness of the evils of lax law enforcement before the situation in Phenix City erupted into murder. It covered the whole unfolding story of the prosecution of the wrong-doers with skill, perception, force
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Birmingham Public Library
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The Birmingham Public Library was established in 1886 as an adjunct of Birminghams public schools. John H. Phillips, then superintendent of the school system. In 1913, a library board was established, and the City of Birmingham assumed responsibility for funding the growing institution. The library was moved to City Hall, where the collection burned in a fire in 1925. An impressive neo-classical building of Indiana limestone was completed in 1927, the citys library system was desegregated in April 1963, in part because of a lawsuit filed by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights on behalf of Joe and Lola Hendricks. This building houses most of the Central Librarys circulating and general reference collections, the original 1927 building was renovated in 1985 and renamed the Linn-Henley Research Library. This facility houses the special collections, and government publications. Together these two buildings comprise the Central Library of the Birmingham Public Library system, in addition to the Central Library, the Birmingham Public Library system includes 20 branches located elsewhere in the city. This branch system was begun when the Birmingham library began to integrate libraries from independent communities that became incorporated into Birmingham. In the 1980s the library board had adopted plans to build regional libraries that would serve large sections of the city, would have larger collections and facilities, over the years, it has matured and today serves a populace diverse in interests, needs, and age. Annual circulation of roughly 1.7 million checkouts is matched by a number of materials being used within the libraries. Birmingham Public Library accounts for 46% of the circulation in the Jefferson County Library Cooperative, in fact, the Jefferson County Library Cooperative is a model for how separate governments can work together to provide a public service across city boundaries. If you are interested in Alabama or Southern regional history, arts and sciences, geography, genealogy, there are extensive newspaper clipping files on local and regional history that can be searched for information along with periodicals and online databases. Other collections of note included are the Caribbean Collection, the Rucker Agee Map Collection, in 2006, Digital Collections was initiated to preserve and make available the local history of Birmingham and the surrounding area. Virtual Library Services via the Internet include online databases, eBooks and downloadable audiobooks, Ask A Librarian, blogs and RSS feeds, Alabama Bound is an annual book and author fair that celebrates Alabama authors and publishers. Hosted by the Birmingham Public Library, it is a place where fans may meet their favorite authors, buy their books and hear them read from
22.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
23.
The Advocate (Louisiana)
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The Advocate is Louisianas largest daily newspaper. Based in Baton Rouge, it serves the portion of the state, including Baton Rouge, New Orleans. It also publishes weekly entertainment magazines, Red in Baton Rouge and Lafayette, the oldest ancestor of the modern paper was the Democratic Advocate, an anti-Whig, pro-Democrat periodical established in 1842. Another newspaper, the Louisiana Capitolian, was established in 1868, by 1889 the paper was being published daily. In 1904, a new owner, William Hamilton, renamed it The Baton Rouge Times and later The State-Times, in 1909, The State-Times was acquired by Capital City Press, a company newly founded by Charles P. Manship Sr. and James Edmonds. Manship purchased his partners interest in 1912, in 1925, Manship also began publishing The Morning Advocate to focus on national news. The State-Times, a publication, ceased in October 1991. The Advocate remains the sole descendant of the original 1842 paper, the Manship familys Capital City Press company continued to own and operate The Advocate until 2013. On October 1,2012, under the Manships, The Advocate began printing and distributing a daily New Orleans edition for both newsstand and home delivery. This was due to a gap in the market that materialized when New Orleans longtime daily paper, The Times-Picayune. In March 2013, New Orleans businessman John Georges, who ran unsuccessfully in 2007 as an Independent for governor of Louisiana, signed a letter of intent to purchase The Advocate. Georges completed the deal to buy The Advocate on April 30,2013, he co-owns the newspaper with his wife, Dathel, through a holding company, Georges Media. The newspapers circulation in 2013 was 98,000 and 125,000 as a result of its entry into and 20,000 subscriptions in the New Orleans market. Georges is chief executive of Georges Media, Dan Shea is publisher of The Advocate, the Advocate relaunched its New Orleans edition August 18,2013, as The New Orleans Advocate and later added The Acadiana Advocate, a third edition serving Lafayette and the Acadiana region. David William Thomas, a Louisiana State University journalism professor, published a small Baton Rouge newspaper in the early 1920s and he then published papers in Hammond, and Minden, where he was elected mayor in 1936. From 1949 to her death in 1970, Margaret Dixon was The Advocates first woman managing editor, veteran journalist Kenneth L. Dixon also worked there. Ed Cullens Attic Salt column was a feature in the paper and his book Letter in a Woodpile collected some of his Morning Advocate and NPR selections. LaPlante died in Texas in an accident, and Anderson
24.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
25.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
26.
United States presidential election, 2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20,2017. Concurrent with the election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state. While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates, a further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, Trump is the fifth person in U. S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Democrat Andrew Jackson that a vote split occurred in Maine. On January 6,2017, the United States governments intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections. A joint U. S. intelligence review stated with confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Hillary Clinton, investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. Traditionally, the elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. The series of primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23,2015, prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1,2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1,2016, the first of four Super Tuesday primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas, failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15,2016, the second Super Tuesday, Kasich won his only contest in his state of Ohio
27.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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Barry Goldwater
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Despite losing the election by a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a impact on the libertarian movement. Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the coalition against the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries, though raised an Episcopalian, he was the first candidate with ethnically Jewish heritage to be nominated for President by a major American party. Goldwaters conservative campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate, Johnson, bringing down many conservative Republican office-holders as well. Jeff Fishel says, The conservative faction of the party was on the defensive as a result of the magnitude of the election losses. Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969, and specialized in defense policy, after narrowly winning re-election to the Senate in 1980, he chose not to run for a sixth term in 1986, and was succeeded by fellow Republican John McCain. Goldwater was born in Phoenix, in what was then the Arizona Territory and his fathers family had founded Goldwaters, a leading upscale department store in Phoenix. Goldwaters paternal grandfather, Michel Goldwasser, a Polish Jew, was born in 1821 in Poland, soon after arriving in London, he anglicized his name from Goldwasser to Goldwater. Michel married Sarah Nathan, a member of a Jewish English family and his father was Jewish and his mother, who was Episcopalian, came from a New England family that included the theologian, Roger Williams of Rhode Island. Goldwaters parents were married in an Episcopal church in Phoenix, for his life, Goldwater was an Episcopalian. The family department store made the Goldwaters comfortably wealthy, Goldwater graduated from Staunton Military Academy, an elite private school in Virginia, and attended the University of Arizona for one year, where he joined the Sigma Chi fraternity. Barry had never been close to his father, but he took over the business after Barons death in 1930. He became a Republican, promoted innovative business practices, and opposed the New Deal, Goldwater came to know former President Herbert Hoover, whose conservative politics he admired greatly. In 1934, he married Margaret Peggy Johnson, wealthy daughter of a prominent industrialist from Muncie and they had four children, Joanne, Barry, Michael, and Peggy. Goldwater became a widower in 1985, and in 1992 he married Susan Wechsler, Goldwaters son Barry Goldwater Jr. served as a United States House of Representatives member from California from 1969 to 1983. Goldwaters grandson, Ty Ross, a former Zoli model, is gay and HIV positive. With the American entry into World War II, Goldwater received a commission in the United States Army Air Forces
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Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
30.
Spiro Agnew
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Spiro Theodore Agnew was an American politician who served as the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 to 1973, under President Richard Nixon. Agnew was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to an American mother, Agnew worked as an aide for U. S. Representative James Devereux before he was appointed to the Baltimore County Board of Zoning Appeals in 1957, in 1960, he lost an election for the Baltimore City Circuit Court, but in 1962 was elected Baltimore County Executive. In 1966, Agnew was elected the 55th Governor of Maryland and he was the first Greek-American to hold the position, serving between 1967 and 1969. At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Agnew, who had earlier asked to place Richard Nixons name in nomination, was selected in private by Nixon. He was then presented to the delegates for nomination for Vice President. Nixon and Agnew defeated the incumbent Vice President, Hubert Humphrey, in 1972, Nixon and Agnew were reelected for a second term, defeating Senator George McGovern from South Dakota and Ambassador Sargent Shriver from Maryland. In 1973, Agnew was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000 while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, Nixon later replaced Agnew by appointing House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as Vice President. The following year, when Nixon resigned from the White House due to the Watergate scandal, Agnew was the second Vice President in United States history to resign, the other being John C. Calhoun, and the one to do so because of criminal charges. Nearly ten years after leaving office, Agnew paid the state of Maryland nearly $270,000 as a result of a suit that stemmed from the bribery allegations. Agnew is often ranked among the worst Vice Presidents in the history of the United States, Spiro Agnew was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His parents were Theodore Spiros Agnew, a Greek immigrant who shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the United States, and Margaret Marian Pollard Agnew, Spiro had a half brother, Roy Pollard, from his mothers first marriage. Agnew eschewed his fathers Greek Orthodox Church and his Greek family has direct lineage from the island of Chios. Agnew attended Forest Park Senior High School in Baltimore, before enrolling at Johns Hopkins University in 1937 and he studied chemistry at Hopkins for three years. Agnew was drafted into the United States Army in 1941 and was commissioned on May 25,1942 and he served with the 10th Armored Division in Europe during World War II. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his service in France, before leaving for Europe, Agnew worked at the Maryland Casualty Company where he met Elinor Judefind, known as Judy
31.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
32.
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing
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The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, the program has also recognized opinion journalism with its Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning from 1922. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, one person ordinarily wins the award for work with one newspaper or with affiliated papers, and that was true without exception between 1936 and 1977. In the early years, several newspapers were recognized without naming any writer, several times from 1977, two or three people have shared the award for their work with one paper. In its first 97 years to 2013, the Editorial Writing Pulitzer was awarded 89 times, in nine years there was no award given and there were two prizes in 1936. 1927, F. P. Chase, Atlantic News-Telegraph, for an editorial titled,1935, no award given 1936, Felix Morley, The Washington Post, for distinguished editorial writing during the year 1936, George B. The Gainesville Sun, for his editorials in support of the desegregation of Floridas schools. Bethlehem Globe-Times, for his campaign to reduce racial tensions in Bethlehem 1973
33.
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting
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It is administered by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City. From 1953 through 1963, the category was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, from 1964 to 1984, it was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Investigative Specialized Reporting. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award,1953, Edward J. Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun, for his reporting of the facts which brought vindication and freedom to Louis Hoffner. 1954, Alvin McCoy, The Kansas City Star, for a series of stories which led to the resignation under fire of C. Wesley Roberts as Republican National Chairman. 1955, Roland Kenneth Towery, Cuero Record, for his series of articles exposing a scandal in the administration of the Veterans Land Program in Texas. 1956, Arthur Daley, The New York Times, for his coverage and commentary on the world of sports in his daily column. They fulfilled their assignments despite great handicaps and the risk of reprisal from lawless elements,1960, Miriam Ottenberg, Evening Star, for a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D. C. that victimized many unwary buyers. The series led to new regulations to protect the public and served to alert other communities to such sharp practices, the series brought about reforms that attracted nationwide attention. 1962, George Bliss, Chicago Tribune, for his initiative in uncovering scandals in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, with resultant remedial action. 1963, Oscar Griffin, Jr.1964, James V. Magee, Albert V.1965, Gene Goltz, Houston Post, for his expose of government corruption Pasadena, Texas, which resulted in widespread reforms. 1966, John Anthony Frasca, Tampa Tribune, for his investigation,1967, Gene Miller, Miami Herald, for initiative and investigative reporting that helped to free two persons wrongfully convicted of murder. 1968, J. Anthony Lukas, The New York Times, for the document he wrote in his investigation of the life. 1969, Al Delugach and Denny Walsh, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, for their campaign against fraud and abuse of power within the St. Louis Steamfitters Union, Local 562. 1970, Harold Eugene Martin, Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal, for his expose of a scheme for using Alabama prisoners for drug experimentation. 1971, William Jones, Chicago Tribune, for exposing collusion between police and some of Chicagos largest private companies to restrict service in low income areas. 1972, Timothy Leland, Gerard M. ONeill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Ann Desantis, Boston Globe, for their exposure of corruption in Somerville. 1974, William Sherman, New York Daily News, for his investigative reporting in the exposure of extreme abuse of the New York Medicaid program. 1975, Indianapolis Star, for its disclosures of local corruption and dilatory law enforcement
34.
Bill Moyers Journal
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Bill Moyers executive produced, wrote and hosted the Journal when it was created. WNET in New York produced it and PBS aired it from 1972 to 1976, in 1979, following a nearly three-year hiatus, PBS announced that Bill Moyers Journal would return for a second series, which would cover a broader range of issues in depth. This included election coverage and documentary footage from several U. S. states, among them Florida, Texas, Illinois, Washington, D. C. and Nevada. In addition, among its pop-culture coverage, the Journal reported on the 25th anniversary of the premiere of the long-running NBC talk program The Tonight Show, like the first installment, the second one was produced by WNET in New York City, and was aired on PBS. The second installment ended in 1981, for the second time, Bill Moyers Journal returned to television on April 25,2007. On November 20,2009, Moyers announced that he would retire from the Journal effective April 30,2010, the April 30,2010, 90-minute special series finale reported on Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement and featured an interview with community organizer Jim Hightower. Moyers concluded with an interview with writer Barry Lopez and a reflection on his relationship to journalism. Bill Moyers Journal at the Internet Movie Database Bill Moyers Journal official site
35.
Newseum
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The modern seven-level,250, 000-square-foot museum is located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, in Washington, D. C. features 15 theaters and 15 galleries. The Newseums Berlin Wall Gallery includes the largest display of sections of the Berlin Wall outside of Germany, the Todays Front Pages Gallery presents daily front pages from more than 80 international newspapers. Other galleries present topics including the First Amendment, world press freedom, news history, the September 11 attacks, and the history of the Internet, TV, and radio. It opened at its first location in Rosslyn, Virginia, on April 18,1997 and its mission is to promote, explain and defend free expression and the five freedoms of the First Amendment, religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. The new Newseum has become one of Washingtons most popular destinations, attracting more than 815,000 visitors a year, the adult admission fee is $24.95 plus tax. Despite such high admission fees, however, it has seen years of financial losses, in 2013, the museum lost more than $4 million on revenue of $63 million. In 2000, Freedom Forum decided to move the Newseum from its location in Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River to downtown Washington, the original Newseum was closed on March 3,2002, to allow its staff to concentrate on building the new, larger museum. The new museum, built at a cost of $450 million, Tim Russert, a Newseum trustee, said, The Newseum made a pretty good impression in Arlington, but at your new location on Pennsylvania Avenue, you will make an indelible mark. The newest Newseum on Pennsylvania Avenue shares a prime block adjacent to the Canadian Embassy and it features the 45 words of the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, etched into a four story tall stone panel facing Pennsylvania Avenue. One feature carried over from the prior Arlington site was the Journalists Memorial and it is updated and rededicated every year. The museum website is updated daily with images and PDF versions of newspaper front pages from around the world, images are replaced daily, but an archive of front pages from notable events since 2001 is also available. Hard copies of selected front pages, including one from every U. S. state and Washington, D. C. are displayed in galleries within the museum, unlike its original museum in Arlington, the new Newseum charges admission fees to the general public. Jerry Frieheim, a 1956 graduate of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, was the first executive director of the Newseum and claims to have coined the name. Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School students are admitted to the Newseum free of charge, as Smiths son, the structural engineer for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates. A curving glass memorial to slain journalists is located above the ground floor, showcase environments throughout the museum are climate controlled by four microclimate control devices. These units provide a flow of humidified air to the cases through a system of distribution pipes, aBCs This Week began broadcasting from a new studio in the Newseum on April 20,2008, with George Stephanopoulos as host. ABC moved This Week back to its Washington, D. C. bureau in June 2013 citing the networks infrequent use of the Newseum studio compared to the cost of operating and maintaining a studio there. The studio was home to Al Jazeera Americas Washington, D. C. bureau which also had editing facilities
36.
The Express-Times
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The Express-Times is a daily newspaper based in Easton, Pennsylvania, with an emphasis on local news in the Lehigh Valley. The paper has won awards in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Thomson Newspapers bought The Express of Easton in 1983. The paper took on its current name when the Globe-Times of Bethlehem, MediaNews Group bought The Express-Times from Thomson in 1994. Current owner Advance Publications bought MediaNews New Jersey and Pennsylvania newspapers in 2000, Express-Times content can be found online at lehighvalleylive. com. First printed 1855 as The Easton Daily Express, the changed to The Easton Express in 1917 and was abbreviated to The Express in 1973. In 1991, The Express merged with The Globe-Times of Bethlehem to become The Express-Times, the following are inserted into The Express-Times during the week. Friday, Exposed, an entertainment tabloid Saturday, Real Estate, a real estate guide Sunday, Sunday Morning, the Express-Times also publishes a weekly, The US, based in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Media in the Lehigh Valley Express-Times online site, LehighValleyLive. com
37.
Forest Grove Leader
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The Forest Grove Leader was a weekly community newspaper in Forest Grove in the U. S. state of Oregon. Started in 2012, it was published by the Oregonian Publishing Company, the free publication competed with the News-Times in the city, a suburb of the Portland metropolitan area. In January 2016, it was combined with two newspapers to form the Washington County Argus, but the Argus ceased publication only 14 months later. The Oregonian, the daily newspaper in the Portland area, purchased The Hillsboro Argus. Pamplin Media Group, who publishes the News-Times, a community paper in Forest Grove, in October 2012, the Oregonian Publishing Co. announced it would launch a newspaper in Forest Grove, the Leader. It had been rumored the prior month that the company would launch the paper, the new, free publication started on October 17,2012, and replaced the Courier, which had been a free Argus paper delivered to residents in western Washington County. The first issue was set to be mailed free to over 16,000 homes, the publisher planned to open a local office in Forest Grove after the Leaders debut and hire new employees while also using existing staff. The move by the Leader’s owners was seen as payback for Pamplin’s move into Hillsboro, the competition between the media companies in Washington County was the focus of a Think Out Loud segment on Oregon Public Broadcasting in November 2012. In January 2013, Samantha Swindler was named as the editor of the paper, in December 2015, it was announced that the paper would be combined with the Beaverton Leader and the Hillsboro Argus to form the Washington County Argus. The successor paper lasted only 14 months, being discontinued in March 2017, the paper was designed to provide hyperlocal coverage to Forest Grove, Banks, Gales Creek, Gaston, and parts of Cornelius. Stories would be posted online at OregonLive. com, which also hosts content from The Oregonian, coverage included high school sports, education, Pacific University, government, and other local news in the Forest Grove area. Welcome message from the publisher to readers
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