1.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
2.
Surreal humour
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Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humorous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
3.
Slapstick
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Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dellarte in 16th Century Italy, the physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. The name slapstick originates from the Italian language word batacchio or bataccio — called the stick in English — a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in commedia dellarte. When struck, the batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though little force transfers from the object to the person being struck, actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing very little actual physical damage. Along with the bladder, it was among the earliest special effects. Slapstick comedys history is measured in centuries, shakespeare incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play The Comedy of Errors. In Punch and Judy shows, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters, british comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby and Dan Leno. American producer Hal Roach described Fred Karno as not only a genius and we in Hollywood owe much to him. Slapstick is also common in Disneys Goofy shorts, MGMs Tom and Jerry, silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by Max Linder and Charles Prince. In England, slapstick was an element of the Monty Python comedy troupe and in television series such as Fawlty Towers. Slapstick has remained an art form to the present day. Laughter List of slapstick comedy topics Slapstick film Comedy film Physical comedy Stage combat Schadenfreude
4.
Squidbillies
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Squidbillies is an American animated television series on Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. An unofficial pilot for the series aired on April 1,2005, the series is about the Cuyler family, an impoverished family of anthropomorphic hillbilly mud squids living in the Georgia region of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The series revolves around the exploits of a father, who is often abusive in a comedic way towards his family. There have been a total of 104 episodes during the ten seasons. The series also airs in syndication in other countries and has released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media. The show was renewed for a season, which will premiere in summer 2017. Squidbillies follows the exploits of the Cuyler family and their interactions with the populace, which usually results in a fair amount of destruction, mutilation. They live in the southern Appalachian Mountains located in northern Georgia, at the epicenter of this rural paradise is Dougal County, home to crippling gambling addictions, a murderous corporation, sexual deviants, and the authentic southern mountain squid. In the words of The New York Times, the show takes backwoods stereotypes, the animation is done by Awesome Incorporated, with background design by Ben Prisk. Todd Barry voiced Glenn in Office Politics Trouble and Dr. Bug in Family Trouble and he also voiced Dr. Jerry in Family Trouble but was listed in the credits as Donald Cock. Mike Schatz voiced the Prosecutor in Terminous Trouble and the Scientist in Gods Bro, kevin Gillespie voiced himself in Asbestos I Can. Jonathan Katz voiced The Rapist in Government Brain Voodoo Trouble, lavell Crawford voiced Judge Jammer in Stop. Ralphie May voiced PNUT in Thou Shale Not Drill. S. A
5.
Andy Merrill
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He is a graduate of Asbury University, where he majored in media communications. Merrill is also known for creating Adult Swims The Brak Show with Jim Fortier, Merrill joined Cartoon Network within several months of its inception, coming over from sister company CNN. He started working in programming, and in 1993 he and then head of programming Mike Lazzo helped put together the first animated late-night talk show and he voiced Space Ghost in the first of two unaired pilots for the show. In April 1994, Space Ghost Coast to Coast premiered on Cartoon Network, to date, the show has had over 90 episodes aired on television, and was one of the motivating forces behind the creation of the Adult Swim programming bracket started in 2001. He helped produce and write for the show for years, and voiced Council of Doom members Brak and Lokar, who would appear on the show periodically, mostly Brak. Merrill, along with Coast to Coast friend and co-star George Lowe, wrote on social media that their friend, the three of them, along with Dave Willis, Dana Snyder and Carey Means had been friends with each other since their days of working together. In 1995 a spin-off from SGC2C, Cartoon Planet, premiered on TBS, with Andy once again writing and producing the show and voicing the character of Brak. The three main characters on Cartoon Planet were Space Ghost, Zorak and Brak, and it was basically a show of skits, the show eventually just became made up fully of skits and songs. In 2000 two Sonny and Cher-style variety show premiered on Cartoon Network, titled Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak. The show featured new animation, and new songs with celebrity guests, however, the specials were met with mixed reviews from fans. He left Atlanta briefly, moving to New Jersey for a year, Andy Merrill at the Internet Movie Database
6.
George Lowe
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George Edward Lowe is an American voice actor and comedian. He continued to voice Space Ghost in several cameos in other programs for several years and he has also made recurring voice appearances on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Robot Chicken. Born in Dunedin, Florida, Lowe grew up in nearby Brooksville, at age 15, Lowe got his first radio job with local station WWJB. He graduated from Hernando High School in 1975 and attended the Radio Engineering Institute of Sarasota, Lowe did occasional voice-over work for TBS throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as occasional voice-overs for Cartoon Network in the mid 1990s. Lowes career as a voice actor began in 1994 with the premiere of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. Space Ghost Coast to Coast finished a run of new episodes on Cartoon Network/Adult Swim in 2004. Lowe has performed Space Ghosts voice more than any other role in his acting career, as Space Ghost, Lowe has served as the voice of the Cartoon Networks merchandise phone sales line. Lowe reprise his role as Space Ghost in the 2011 game Cartoon Network, Punch Time Explosion, Lowe recorded dialog for the film Radioland Murders, produced by George Lucas, but his scenes were cut from the final film. Lowe appeared as Dick, the executive officer of the fictional Bebop Cola company. He also plays the character of himself on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, in which he has a different occupation in every episode. Lowe also appeared as a unicorn on multiple episodes of Robot Chicken, Lowe is a recently recurring character in Artix Entertainment games. He returned for the AQW birthday event, which he narrated, Lowe has made another special guest voice appearance in the online game DragonFable for the Falconreach Idle event in November 2010, he voiced himself in a panel of three judges for the event. In the end Lowe is disgruntled by too many puns and transforms into George Lowe-viathan, in December 2010, it was announced that Lowe would be a fightable character in EpicDuel, ArtixEntertainments PvP MMO. It is now not only to fight Lowe, but you can hire him for mercenary work. After much trouble, the hero manages to free GLaDERP from an onboard virus, the station parodies the well known saga Tron, with the uniforms and several other extras. Lowe has done work for various media outlets and other companies. For example, San Francisco Bay Area active rock station KSAN-FM107.7 the Bone, Lowe also has done voiceovers for Cleveland rock station WNCX, the Fox, FX, and FXX television networks, and commercials for Dunkin Donuts and Capital One. His voice is heard on bumpers of Cumulus-produced The Mark Levin Show
7.
C. Martin Croker
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Clay Martin Croker, generally billed as C. Martin Croker, was an American animator and voice actor. Croker began his career in animation in 1988 by providing animation of the Laser Show at Stone Mountain. Croker animated various TNT Toons promos for TNT in the early 1990s and helped animate, Croker also worked on various commercials and bumpers which often featured well-known cartoon characters. Croker is best known for providing the voices of Zorak and Moltar in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim/GameTap animated series Space Ghost Coast to Coast, in addition to being the shows principal animator, it was also his idea to have Zorak and Moltar be Space Ghosts sidekicks. He also voiced Zorak on Cartoon Planet and The Brak Show, Croker served as an animator for Aqua Teen Hunger Force, and its 2007 feature film adaption Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters. He also provided the voices for Dr. Weird, Steve, Croker provided the voice of Young Man and other various characters in Perfect Hair Forever. Croker abruptly died in his home on September 17,2016, adult Swim honored him by re-airing the first Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode, Elevator, on September 19,2016 as a special presentation. After the episode aired, it showed C. Martin Croker, in the wake of the news of his death, Crokers friends and colleagues, such as his Coast to Coast friends George Lowe and Andy Merrill, have honored him on with posts on social media. Adult Swim has made almost every episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast available for free on their website in honor of him, TOM then wishes Moltar the best of luck and says, May your oven stay forever lit. It then shows an image of Croker, with the words, C. Martin Croker at the Internet Movie Database
8.
Carey Means
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Carey Means is an American voice artist and actor best known for playing Frylock in the Adult Swim show Aqua Teen Hunger Force. As well as productions from Adult Swim. He has also performed in several musicals and plays, including South Pacific, Two Trains Running, A Soldiers Play, Waiting for Godot. Means is a graduate of Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri with a degree for B. S. He is trained in many dialects, including Australian, British, German, Italian, Jamaican, Hispanic, South African, Southern Drawl, New York, Asian, French, South Pacific, Henry/Sailor Two Trains Running, Memphis A Soldiers Play, Sgt. Waters Jubilee, Chorus Talk Radio, Sid/Callers Ceremonies in Old Dark Men, Blue Waiting for Godot, Pozzo Carey Means at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Turner Entertainment
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Turner Entertainment Company, Inc. is a media company founded by Ted Turner. Purchased by Time Warner, along with Turner Broadcasting System, the company was responsible for overseeing its library for worldwide distribution. In recent years, this role has largely been limited to being the copyright holder, on March 25,1986, Ted Turner and his Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM from Kirk Kerkorian for $600 million, and renamed it MGM Entertainment Company, Inc. However, due to concerns in the community over the debt-load of his companies, on August 26,1986. However, Turner kept MGMs film, television and cartoon library as well as a portion of the United Artists library, forming Turner Entertainment Company. The library also included the pre-1950 Warner Bros, in December 1987, Turner acquired the worldwide rights through license, to 800 RKO films from its then-parent company Wesray Capital Corporation. On October 3,1988, Turner Broadcasting launched the TNT network, in doing so, Turner has played a major part in film preservation and restoration. On November 29,1989, Turner made another attempt to buy MGM/UA, but the deal failed, in 1991, Turner purchased Hanna-Barbera Productions, most of the pre-1991 Ruby-Spears Productions library, and Man from Atlantis from Great American Broadcasting. Shortly after Turner Broadcasting launched Cartoon Network, and later Boomerang, in 1993, Turner purchased Castle Rock Entertainment and New Line Cinema. and as a result, Turner now largely serves merely as a copyright holder for a portion of the Warner Bros. library. Hanna-Barberas current purpose as the only unit of Warner Bros. Animation is to serve as the holder for its creations such as The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo and Yogi Bear while Time Warners divisions handle sales. Turner also had a distribution sales unit, Turner Pictures Worldwide Distribution. Turner Pictures folded into Warner Bros. after the Turner-Time Warner merger, the Pagemaster and Cats Dont Dance were produced under Turner Feature Animation, Turners animation unit headed by David Kirschner and Paul Gertz. Spun off from the division of Hanna-Barbera Productions, Turner Feature Animation was folded into Warner Bros. Feature Animation, which was merged into Warner Bros. In 2003, Telepictures Distribution was folded into Warner Bros, television Distribution which meant Telepictures took over all series that were first run and distributed by TD. In the first decade of its existence, Turner released most of its own catalogue on home video through Turner Home Entertainment, THE released films produced by Turner Pictures on home video with their distributors and independently released the Hanna-Barbera cartoon library on home video. From early 1995 to early 1997, THE also distributed home video releases from New Line Home Video, NLHE distributed New Line films on video by itself from 1997 until the Warner Bros. /New Line Cinema merger in 2008
10.
Williams Street
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The studio is the in-house production arm of Adult Swim, as well as the networks main headquarters. Keith Crofford and Mike Lazzo oversee operations for the studio building, the name originates from the location of the studios at 1065 Williams Street NW in Atlanta, Georgia, near the current offices of TBS and TNT on Techwood Drive. They were the base for WTBS when it launched as a superstation in the mid-70s, it. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams, the studios production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghosts fictional studio from Space Ghost Coast to Coast, with the words Williams Street beneath it. The soundtrack of Mark VII Limiteds production logo is used while the GPI/Williams Street production card is shown. In its early years, the Williams Street logo would often be followed by the original Cartoon Network checkerboard logo and this was changed, in 2004, to a drawing of a skull with the CN checkerboard logo for its teeth. The inclusion of the Cartoon Network logo was removed in 2013, aqua Teen Hunger Force Zombie Ninja Pro-Am Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Williams Street formed their own music label, Williams Street Records. The label was created after Jason Demarco, Adult Swims vice president of marketing and promotions, worked on Danger Doom. Danger Mouse had previously worked on the music for Toonami and wanted to do an album that sampled that work, the group suggested the idea to Mike Lazzo, the project was successful. William Street Records now releases a majority of the related to their shows. The label is managed by Demarco, list of programs broadcast by Adult Swim Adult animation Radical Axis Cartoon Network Studios Adult Swim official website Williams Street at the Internet Movie Database
11.
Adult Swim
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Adult Swim is a programming block of the American cable network Cartoon Network that operates at night from 8,00 p. m. to 6,00 a. m. It is programmed by Williams Street Productions, a subsidiary of Turner, the name comes from a phrase used by public swimming pools in the United States to label designated times when children are restricted from using the facilities in favor of adults. Much of Adult Swims general content is known for its risqué, unorthodox, the network was granted its own Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to targeting a separate demographic. In the United States, Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, anime, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, live-action, shows may have sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. While the network features comedies and dramas of all types, many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy. In February 2015, Adult Swim was available to approximately 96,390,000 pay-television households in the United States, Cartoon Networks original head programmer Mike Lazzo conceived Adult Swim. The network grew out of Cartoon Networks previous attempts at airing content appropriate for teenagers, the network began experimenting with its late night programming by airing anthology shows like ToonHeads and Late Night Black and White, both of which presented uncensored classic cartoon shorts. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of Cartoon Networks first forays into original programming, was created in 1994 specifically for late night audiences. The series was created by Mike Lazzos Ghost Planet Industries, which eventually became Williams Street Studios, during early mornings in December 2000, several new Williams Street series made unannounced stealth premieres. Sealab 2021, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Brak Show all premiered unannounced, the official schedules listed the shows as Special Programming. Adult Swim launched on September 2,2001 with the airing of the Home Movies episode Directors Cut. The first anime broadcast on Adult Swim also aired on the night of its launch, the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat of the same block on Thursday nights. On March 28,2005, Atlanta-based Turner Broadcasting System began recording Adult Swim Nielsen ratings separately from Cartoon Network for demographic purposes, promotions for Adult Swim are targeted towards the college age and those in their twenties and thirties, constituting the majority of their viewers. Adult Swim also had a direct and important role in the revival of two animated series, the aforementioned Family Guy and Futurama. On March 29,2004, less one year later, Fox announced it would be renewing Family Guy for a fourth season. Futurama was also revived in 2007 by Comedy Central for similar reasons, Adult Swim obtained Futuramas exclusive cable syndication rights in March 2002 for a reported $10 million, and the series first aired on the network in January 2002. These devices were in part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign. The next day, Boston authorities arrested two men involved with the incident, on February 5, Turner Broadcasting and marketer Interference, Inc. announced that they would pay $2 million in amends, one million to the city of Boston, and one million in goodwill funds
12.
Space Ghost Coast to Coast
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Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an American animated parody talk show, created by Mike Lazzo and hosted by the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Space Ghost. Space Ghost Coast to Coast was considered to be the first fully produced Cartoon Network original series, the first two seasons were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes, while the later seasons relied more on surrealism, non-sequiturs, and parodies. In 2001, it moved to the late night television block Adult Swim. Space Ghost Coast to Coast used the show format as its template. Various celebrities appeared on the show as guests and they were shown on a TV screen next to Space Ghosts desk, and unlike the characters, they were not animated. In early episodes of the show, Space Ghost apparently believed his guests were other superheroes and his interactions with guests were almost always painfully awkward, and sometimes hostile. It was sometimes hard to tell if guests were aware of the nature of the program on which they were appearing and their answers often did not match the questions coming from Space Ghost, because the questions were changed after the interview. Space Ghosts relationship with his co-workers was even worse and his bandleader, an evil talking mantis named Zorak, and his director/producer, a red-helmeted lava man named Moltar, worked for Space Ghost as punishment for their crimes. They frequently disrupted the show and made no secret of the fact that they hated him, most episodes of Space Ghost Coast to Coast were about 15 minutes in length, although there were a few 30-minute episodes. Cartoon Network often aired two episodes back-to-back to make a 30-minute programming block, in the first few years of the show, Cartoon Network would show episodes of the original 1960s and 1980s Space Ghost cartoons after the 11-minute episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In early seasons of the show, music was played by Zorak, the original theme song, Hit Single, was composed by free jazz guitarist Sonny Sharrock, performed by Sharrock on guitar, Lance Carter on drums, Eddie Horst on bass and Alfreda Gerald on vocals. Sharrock and Carter recorded a number of songs for the show, as a tribute to Sharrock, who died in May 1994 shortly after the show first aired, the episode Sharrock featured nearly fifteen minutes of unedited takes of music recorded for the show. Seasons 4–6 featured a new closing theme by Man or Astro-man. and in seasons the opening theme. Various other music was used as the theme song, including the CHiPs theme song for the episode titled CHiPs. An hour-long musical season finale for the 1998 season was planned, featuring the bands Yo La Tengo and Cornershop, Space Ghost Coast to Coast was created by Mike Lazzo after he was asked to create a cartoon to appeal to adults. The series premiered on April 15,1994, having aired initially at 11,00 pm ET on Friday nights, later, the program was moved to various late-night time slots, having usually been on weekends. In February 1995, an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast was simulcast on Cartoon Network, TBS, in the special, Space Ghost interviewed a few of the new directors, while the Council of Doom were the judges of the cartoon clips. On September 2,2001, new episodes of the series, along with re-runs of the episodes, moved to Adult Swim
13.
Cartoon Planet
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Cartoon Planet was an American animated variety show that originally ran from 1995 to 1998, and from March 30,2012 to February 8,2014 on Cartoon Network. Cartoon Planet began as a block of cartoons hosted by Space Ghost, Zorak. They would introduce full cartoons from the Turner Entertainment library, such as old theatrical shorts and Hanna-Barbera cartoons, the host segments were often original songs and ad-libbed skits. New material ceased being made in 1997, and most of the songs, intros of the show during the early years featured Andy in the costume dancing to the mambo-style theme music or sitting in a chair reading a newspaper, falling asleep to lullaby baby music. For the first season of the show, the opening and closing songs were instrumental excerpts from No One Knows My Plan. Clips of numerous cartoons from the Turner library would often pop up spontaneously during segments of the show, especially during the music videos. These included Tom and Jerry, Popeye, Tex Avery cartoons, pre-August 1948 Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts,2 Stupid Dogs, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, combining music, comedy, and musical comedy, Cartoon Planet skillfully steers clear of any semblance of sophisticated humor. The next thing you know, old Jeds a millionaire, Cartoon Planet spawned three soundtrack albums, Modern Music for Swinging Superheroes in 1996 Space Ghosts Musical Bar-B-Que in 1997, and Space Ghosts Surf & Turf in 1998. The albums consisted of songs and dialogue skits with different background music not used in the show, the series revival premiered on March 30,2012, featuring a much different format than the original series. Space Ghost, for instance, does not make an appearance, Zorak is also not trapped behind a console and is usually playing video games. Sometimes Zorak will get interrupted by Brak, causing him to get killed in the game and it airs in a format based on The Cartoon Cartoon Show, airing a variety of classic Cartoon Network shows in 7 or 11-minute segments per-cartoon. This allows for four or five different cartoons to be aired in the one hour timeslot. In October 2012, Cartoon Planet celebrated Cartoon Networks 20th birthday, the song paid tribute to the shows throughout the networks history. There have also been holiday-themed episodes featuring several of the Cartoon Network programming presented in a holiday-themed episode, halloween and Christmas themed episodes have appeared. However, other short-lived series, including Whatever Happened to, time Squad, Mike, Lu & Og, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi and Squirrel Boy, did not air on the block. Starting on April 12,2013, the block began airing YTV and/or Teletoon, animation programming, in which the first were Scaredy Squirrel, Almost Naked Animals and Tom and Jerry Tales, breaking the shows tradition of only airing Cartoon Network original programming. From June 27,2013 to August 9,2013, the block aired on Thursdays at 1,30 pm ET, on August 30,2013, the block ran on a Friday night for the last time, before it was replaced by Pizza Night with Pizza Steve. However, it aired on Saturdays at 11,30 am ET, also, on November 4th,2013, the block started airing on weekdays at 2,00 pm ET
14.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
15.
Space Ghost (TV series)
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Space Ghost is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. It first aired on CBS from September 10,1966, to September 7,1968, the series was composed of two unrelated segments, Space Ghost and Dino Boy in the Lost Valley. An alternative title, Space Ghost and Dino Boy, is used in records to differentiate it from Cartoon Networks late-night talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The series was created by Alex Toth and produced and directed by William Hanna, Space Ghost, along with teenaged sidekicks Jan and Jace and their monkey Blip, fight villains in outer space. Usually, Space Ghosts sidekicks would get captured or trapped by the villains and his enemies included Zorak, Brak and his brother Sisto, Creature King, Black Widow, Lokar, Moltar, and Metallus. Dino Boy then meets the caveman Ugh and his pet Brontosaurus Bronty who become his friends in the episodes to come, the final two half-hour shows only feature Space Ghost. Additionally, they feature cameos from characters that would appear in their own Hanna-Barbera series broadcast on CBS that season, warner Home Video released Space Ghost and Dino Boy, The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on July 17,2007. The DVD edition presents the episodes on two double-sided DVDs, but alters the order from the original air-date order, Space Ghost at the Internet Movie Database Space Ghost and Dino Boy at TV. com
16.
Brak (character)
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Brak is a fictional character and supervillain on the 1966 Hanna-Barbera animated series Space Ghost, portrayed as a catlike alien space pirate trying to conquer the galaxy. Brak appeared alongside his twin brother Sisto in such episodes as The Lure and The Looters, the last two incarnations of Braks character changed from an evil genius supervillain into a childlike simpleton. It was confirmed in Cartoon Planet that Brak is a dunce because he suffered damage after being thrown into a swarm of Pirranamyte in the Space Ghost episode The Lure. Braks voice was provided by Keye Luke in the original 1966 animated series, in the premiere episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast Brak and Sisto were both voiced by C. Martin Croker. In all appearances after that episode, Brak has been voiced by Andy Merrill, Brak first appeared along with his brother Sisto as villains on the 1966 Hanna-Barbera cartoon Space Ghost. The two were portrayed as cat-like alien space pirates trying to conquer the galaxy, Brak and Sisto were the main adversaries in the episodes The Lure and The Looters, and the duo were also featured during the six-part Council of Doom storyline. Brak was voiced by Keye Luke for all of his original Space Ghost appearances, in the episode The Lure, Brak and Sisto had cat-like whiskers. Brak and his brother Sisto returned in the episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast in 1994, appearing as a parody of Beavis. Brak would continue to frequent appearances on Space Ghost Coast to Coast, often just yelling short phrases like All hail Brak. or Hi. His character would develop more of a personality on the spin-off program Cartoon Planet, Cartoon Networks write-up for Brak explained, This toothy, mask-wearing former pirate made his first TV appearance on Space Ghost. It was during this adventure that Brak was irradiated by Pirranamyte, now armed only with his meager wits and the love of a peppy tune, Brak happily entertains fans and annoys his co-stars with equal aplomb. He will continue to do so as long as he receives a steady diet of pineapple, in 2000, Brak hosted two hour-long Sonny & Cher-style variety specials entitled Brak Presents The Brak Show Starring Brak. These specials were intended to test the waters for a Brak spin-off show, a pilot for The Brak Show premiered unannounced at a very early hour on December 21,2000. In this new program, a parody of traditional sitcoms such as Leave It to Beaver, Brak plays a suburban pre-teen living with his parents and brother and this version of Brak is even more childlike and friendly than any previous depiction of him. The Brak Show was added to the regular Adult Swim line-up on September 2,2001, in addition to Braks family and Zorak, new characters such as Braks robot neighbor Thundercleese were added. The Brak Show would run for two seasons on Adult Swim and a third, shorter season of webisodes on the Adult Swim website. On March 30,2012, Cartoon Network launched a new version of Cartoon Planet which focused on showing the cartoons from the 1990s and 2000s. Brak and Zorak were brought back as hosts, throughout the characters dialogue, it is revealed that the original Space Ghost show is considered canon, preceding the events of the show
17.
Parody
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A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
18.
Bravo (UK TV channel)
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Bravo was a British television channel owned by Living TV Group, a subsidiary of BSkyB. Its target audience was males in their 20s to early 40s and it broadcast a variety of both archive programming and original productions. The Bravo channel ceased broadcasting on 1 January 2011, Bravo was launched on December 31,1985, as a cable only channel, created by United Artists Programming broadcasting mainly black & white B-movies from the 1950s and 1960s. Initially, the channel was a service provided to cable headends for automatic play-out. In 1991, United Artists merged with their largest shareholder TCI, TCI and US West announced a joint venture and, in 1992, the joint venture company became Telewest Communications. In 1993, talks were held with Tele-Communications Inc. which resulted in Flextech acquiring TCIs European programming business in exchange for shares, on July 22,1993, Bravo launched on the Astra 1C satellite in anticipation of the launch of Sky Multichannels in September 1993. European Business News time shared with the channel on weekdays and Living on weekends until 2001 and its programming output was altered around the same time, when the channel obtained many of the ITC Entertainment productions which included the cult series The Avengers. It upgraded its on-screen image with a station identifier of a modernist skyscraper under rolling thunderclouds. It used both Roger Moore and Tony Curtis to feature in specialty shot trails, armstrong and Miller first made their broadcast television appearance on Bravo in a series of presentation promotions during its Cult Weekend on 5 August 1995. In 1996, a change to withdraw the black & white shows contributed to the channel moving on to specialize in science fiction. It then became known for showing crime documentaries by day and adult programming at night and it subsequently decreased the adult content and increased sports and imported shows such as Alias. On 28 August 2005, the channel started showing Serie A Italian football, bringing back the Channel 4 format Football Italia. on 5 January 2008, TNA iMPACT was moved to Bravo with replays of the show on Bravo 2. From 3 June 2008 onward, Bravo, along with the other Living TV Group owned channels began broadcasting in widescreen and this was coupled with a redesign of the on-screen graphic, the word BRAVO was shown rather than the logo. On 25 May 2010, Virgin Media Television unveiled new branding for Bravo to coincide with a major new series Spartacus, Blood. It involved a new logo to match the content and ambition of the channel along with a new strapline, Bravo. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Bravo as well as its sister channel Bravo 2, for November 2010, Bravo rebranded as Brav-Mo to celebrate Movember. From December 24-31,2010, Bravo celebrated its final week with a marathon of its most popular shows called Bravo, on 1 January 2011 at 4, 00am, Bravo ceased broadcasting on all platforms. The last program aired was Worlds Most Amazing Videos, in August 2013, it was revealed that BSkyB had registered the trademark for Sky Bravo, paving the way for a possible relaunch of the channel, although nothing has been heard about it since
19.
Situation comedies
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
20.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
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Aqua Teen Hunger Force is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. It was created as a series of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The unannounced pilot episode aired on Cartoon Network on December 30,2000, every episode was written and directed by Willis and Maiellaro, who also provided several voices in the series. Seasons 8-11 were each given a different alternative title, accompanied by a different theme music, as a running joke. The series ended on August 30,2015, with a total of 139 episodes over the course of 11 seasons, ultimately making Aqua Teen Hunger Force the longest running original series in Adult Swim history. The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media. They live together as roommates, and rarely get along with their human neighbor Carl Brutananadilewski, some episodes feature the main protagonists interacting with celebrities and occasionally with historical figures and professional athletes. The Mooninites are two aliens from the Moon who frequently appear, serving as primary antagonists and wreaking havoc through a series of illegal or destructive actions, the Mooninites appear more than most characters outside of the main cast. Other recurring characters have made appearances, including Oglethorpe and Emory, MC Pee Pants, Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future. Episodes often end with the deaths or injuries of major characters, or destruction to their property. In the shows first seven seasons, the protagonists lived in a neighborhood in South New Jersey. In 2011, during the season, the location was changed to Seattle. The Seattle neighborhood appeared identical to the neighborhood from the first seven seasons. As of the season, the same neighborhood was located in the fictional location of Seattle. The original versions of the trio were prototypes which resembled the future characters, the original name Teen Hunger Force refers to the squads mission to conquer hunger in teens. Baffler Meal did not air for years, and was not even animated or produced until after the series became popular. Instead, the Space Ghost episode was rewritten as Kentucky Nightmare, while the trio, along with Carl Brutananadilewski, debuted in Rabbot, a full season consisting of sixteen episodes, including Rabbot, was put into production shortly thereafter. The series was one of Adult Swims most popular shows, in early episodes, the trio were identified by Master Shake as the Aqua Teen Hunger Force, which solved crimes for money
21.
Saturn
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Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with a radius about nine times that of Earth. Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive, Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture, its astronomical symbol represents the gods sickle. Saturns interior is composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock. This core is surrounded by a layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. Saturn has a yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere. Saturns magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiters, the outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h, higher than on Jupiter, sixty-two moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of moonlets comprising the rings, Saturn is a gas giant because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core, Saturns rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid, that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%,60,268 km versus 54,364 km, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. Saturn is the planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less. Although Saturns core is considerably denser than water, the specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm3 due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times the Earths mass, while Saturn is 95 times the mass of the Earth, together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System. On 8 January 2015, NASA reported determining the center of the planet Saturn, the temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to transition into a metal in the deeper layers. Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a rocky core surrounded by hydrogen. This core is similar in composition to the Earth, but more dense, in 2004, they estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of the Earth, which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000 km. This is surrounded by a liquid metallic hydrogen layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated molecular hydrogen that gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude
22.
Hat
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In the past, hats were an indicator of social status. In the military, hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank, Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats, such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Some hats have a protective function, some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard, which is worn during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs. Some hats have religious functions, such as the mitres worn by Bishops, while there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. Archaeologists think that the Venus of Brassempouy from 26,000 years ago may depict a hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a bronze age man whose body was frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where hed been since around 3,300 BC. He was found wearing bearskin cap with a strap, made of several hides stitched together. One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a painting from Thebes, Egypt. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt, many upper-class Egyptians shaved their head, then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include the Pileus, a skull like cap, the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome, and the Greek petasos. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples, like Otzi, Tollund Man was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement, the saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered wool felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet. In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status, the 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat, marking them as targets for anti-Semitism. The hats were usually yellow and were pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin, structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century
23.
Stickers
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A sticker is a type of label, a piece of printed paper or plastic with pressure sensitive adhesive on one side. They can be used for decoration, depending on the situation and they can come in many different shapes, sizes and colours and are put on things such as lunchboxes, in childrens rooms, on paper, lockers, notebooks, walls, and so on. Some people collect and trade stickers with other collectors, temporary name tags are usually stickers. Stickers are very widely used when an object requires identification with a word or idea, brand stickers may be attached to products to label these products as coming from a certain company. They may also be used to describe characteristics of the products that would not be obvious from simple examination, a label dispenser is often used as a convenient way to separate the sticky label from its liner or backing tape. Observers may clap hands, honk a horn or otherwise applaud a good sticker, stickers placed on automobile bumpers, called bumper stickers, are often used by individuals as a way of demonstrating support for political or ideological causes. Identification of vehicle registration and last service details are two examples of stickers on the inside of most car windscreens, stickers are also used for embellishing scrapbooking pages. Kinds of stickers sold for this purpose include acrylic, 3D, cardstock, epoxy, fabric, flocked, sparkly, paper, puffy, while in the earlier days of scrapbooking stickers were sold mostly on 2x6 sheets, now 6x12 and even 12x12 size sheets are very common. Stickers applied to guitars are called guitar decals, post-it notes are removable stickers having glue on only part of the back, and are usually sold blank. Bumper sticker Decal Label Pressure-sensitive tape Prizes Release liner Sticker album Sticker – emoticon like pictures
24.
T-shirt
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A T-shirt is a style of unisex fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a crew neck, T-shirts are generally made of a light, inexpensive fabric, and are easy to clean. Typically made of textile in a stockinette, or jersey. The majority of versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom. The manufacture of T-shirts has become automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, a V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, first, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1913, when the U. S. Navy began issuing them as undergarments and these were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines and they soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, boys shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, following World War II, it became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing, Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today, T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely. T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any combination of words, art
25.
Cookie jar
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Cookie jars are utilitarian or decorative ceramic or glass jars often found in American and Canadian kitchens. In the United Kingdom, they are known as barrels or biscuit jars. If they are made out of tinplate, they are called biscuit tins. While used to store actual cookies or biscuits, they are employed to store other edible items like candy or dog treats. Cookie jars, also known as barrels or jars, have been used in England since the latter part of the 18th century. They were often made of glass with metal lids, Cookie jars became popular in America around the time of the Great Depression in 1929. Early American cookie jars were made of glass with metal screw-on lids, in the 1930s, stoneware became predominant as the material for American cookie jars. Early cookie jars typically have simple shapes and were often painted with floral or leaf decorations or emblazoned with colorful decals. The Brush Pottery Company of Zanesville, Ohio is generally recognized as producing the first ceramic cookie jar, the jar was green with the word Cookies embossed on the front. The golden period for American cookie jar production covers the years from 1940 until 1970, advertising Character Funny animal Nursery rhyme/storybook Holidays and seasons Cultural icons Everyday objects Artist Andy Warhol amassed a collection of 175 ceramic cookie jars. These were in a multitude of shapes and figures, most were purchased at flea markets. Warhols collection was featured in a prominent news magazine and sparked an interest in collecting cookie jars, when asked in the 1970s why he pursued the 1930s and 1940s jars, Warhol said simply, They are time pieces. At an auction of his apartments contents in 1987, Warhols collection of cookie jars realized $250,000, sometimes the phrase keep your hands out of the cookie jar is a way of telling someone to stay out of other peoples business, even when doing so seems lucrative. In financial reporting, cookie jar accounting is the practice of increasing reserves during good years and this process of income smoothing is totally ethical, but non-disclosure - especially to consistently reach performance targets - is illegal. In computer programming, a jar is an area of memory set aside for storing cookies. Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar. is a school song. The American band Gym Class Heroes wrote a song called Cookie Jar which was released as a single in 2008
26.
Zorak
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Zorak is a fictional character who first appeared in the Hanna-Barbera animated series Space Ghost. Zorak appeared as a 7-foot green mantis and is a foe of the titular superhero. Zorak originally appeared in the animated series Space Ghost and Dino Boy in 1966 and he was one of Space Ghosts most feared enemies and appeared in 6 episodes, starting with Zorak. Zorak was voiced by Don Messick, who spoke in a buzzy monotone meant to evoke his insect-like features, Cartoon Network revived the Space Ghost characters in 1994 for Space Ghost Coast to Coast, a talk show where the main characters roles were re-invented. On the new show, Space Ghost had released Zorak from prison, Zoraks villainous mentality remained, and he would heckle Space Ghost in most episodes. In rare instances, the two would have moments of compromise, such as when Space Ghost believes he is dying, on the Cartoon Network shows, Zorak was voiced by animator C. Martin Croker. Croker originally imitated the monotone of Messick, but over the years took Zoraks voice in his own direction and he and Moltar appear in almost every episode, with the exception of Story Book. Zorak is usually grumpy and sarcastic sometimes with a sense of humor. He relishes insulting Space Ghost whenever possible and winding Space Ghost up so much that he blows Zorak up with his Power Bands, Zorak simply regenerates from this each time. Zorak had a nephew at one point called Raymond. Zorak devoured him and then laughed about it and he has a gun, a Matter Intensifier, which he keeps hidden in his keyboard and sometimes gets out to give Space Ghost a zap for all the times he has blown him up. The Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode Cahill has a good spar between the two, the episode also suggested that Zorak has a surname, Roberts. He is a fan of Metallica, although when the band came on the show he told them to Bite me, — one of his favorite phrases. Others include, I am the Lone Locust of the Apocalypse, think of me when you look to the night sky and he gets on best with Moltar but has low tolerance for Space Ghost, other characters and guests. He has flirted with a few of the guests but it was mostly to annoy Space Ghost. He gains satisfaction from using Brak in The Brak Show, Brak thinks of Zorak as a friend, Zorak likes to think he has no friends. He explained that he did not notice Space Ghost was calling him a locust until Space Ghost brought it up. Zorak also refers to himself as The Lone Locust of the Apocalypse, footage from the original series for Zorak is taken from his entire crew, meaning Zoraks gloves and vest have a tendency to change color for no reason
27.
Anthropomorphism
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Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
28.
Eddie Haskell
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Edward Clark Eddie Haskell is a fictional character on the Leave It to Beaver television situation comedy, which ran on CBS from October 4,1957, to 1958 and then on ABC from 1958 to 1963. The character was featured in the later series Still the Beaver. The son of George and Agnes, Eddie Haskell was the smart-mouthed best-friend of Wally Cleaver, the character, played in the original series by Ken Osmond, has become a cultural reference, recognized as an archetype for insincere sycophants. Ward Cleaver once remarked that is so polite, its almost un-American, Eddie was known for his neat grooming—hiding his shallow and sneaky character. Typically, Eddie would greet his friends parents with good manners and often a compliment such as, Thats a lovely dress youre wearing. However, when no parents were around, Eddie was always up to no good—either conniving with his friends or picking on Wallys younger brother, Beaver. A weaselly wise guy, Eddie could be relied upon to connive and instigate schemes with his friends—schemes for which they would be in the position of blame, if caught. The prank has been repeated on police and gangster cars in scenes in the films American Graffiti and Gone in 60 Seconds, both Freddie and Bomber have taken after their father. Eddie operates an eponymously named contracting company and he remains an avid Woody Woodpecker cartoon fan. In The Simpsons, one of the characters, Bart Simpson, is inspired by the behavior of Haskell. Coincidentally, voice actor Harry Shearer, who does the voices of Mr. Burns, Smithers and Ned Flanders on The Simpsons, one line in the song Cornbread by Freestyle Fellowship is Hey, Little Rascals, Eddie Haskell, black eyed peas with alotta Tabasco. In the movie 8 Mile, Eminems character raps about Eddie Haskell and Leave it to Beaver, in Beverly Hills 90210, season 7, episode Judgment Day, Brandon says that Professor Randall was sucking up to the Chancellor like he was Eddie Haskell. In the webcomic Achewood, character Roast Beef uses the pseudonym Ed E. Haskell, in the episode Home Movies, of the teen drama TV series Dawsons Creek third season, the character Joey Potter calls another character, Pacey Witter, Eddie Haskell. In season 4, episode 10, of the HBO show The Wire, the TV cartoon series Beavis and Butt-Head featured the episode Leave it to Beavis, a spoof on the original show, with Beavis as The Beavis and the older delinquent Todd as Eddie. In the episode titled All about Roseanne of the sitcom Roseanne, Roseanne makes a reference to marijuana and this confuses the guest character June Cleaver, causing her to ask, Reefer. and Roseanne replies, Ask Eddie Haskell. In the season 3 episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air titled Robbing the Banks, Uncle Phils brown-nosing assistant is named Edward Haskell and his last name comes out when under arrest by uniformed officers, having only been Edward for most of the episode. In the song Deceived, the band Why, sings gotta get out of my Eddie Haskell pattern. In an episode of Designing Women, somebody the quartet is talking about is described with the line Hes such an Eddie Haskell, to which Suzanne Sugarbaker responds, jean Smarts Charlene Frazier responds, Whos Eddie Haskell
29.
Misanthropy
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Misanthropy is the general hatred, distrust or contempt of the human species or human nature. A misanthrope or misanthropist is someone who holds such views or feelings, the words origin is from the Greek words μῖσος and ἄνθρωπος. The condition is often confused with asociality, misanthropy has been ascribed to a number of writers of satire, such as William S. Gilbert and William Shakespeare. Jonathan Swift is widely believed to be misanthropic, molières play The Misanthrope is one of the more famous French plays on this topic. Less famous, but more contemporary is the 1970 play by Françoise Dorin, Un sale égoïste which takes the point of view of the misanthrope, fernando Pessoas factless autobiography The Book of Disquiet has been described as misanthropic. In Western philosophy, misanthropy has been connected to isolation from human society, and when it happens to someone often. There is a difference between philosophical pessimism and misanthropy, immanuel Kant said that Of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing can ever be made, and yet this was not an expression of the uselessness of mankind itself. Kant further stated that hatred of mankind can take two forms, aversion from men and enmity towards them. The condition can arise partly from dislike and partly from ill-will and this might be thought of as more of a criticism of conformity rather than people in general. Certain thinkers such as Ibn al-Rawandi, a skeptic of Islam, and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi often expressed misanthropic views
30.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
31.
June Cleaver
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June Evelyn Bronson Cleaver is a principal character in the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. June and her husband, Ward, are often invoked as the archetypal suburban parents of the 1950s, the couple are the parents of two sons, Wally and Beaver. Wally is twelve years old and in the grade when the series opens, Beaver is seven years old. She was included in Yahoo. s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the time period 1957-1963, June is played by Barbara Billingsley in both the pilot, Its a Small World, and in the original television series. Billingsley also plays the character in the television reunion movie, Still the Beaver. In the sequel series, Wally and Beaver are both parents, and June is a grandmother, janine Turner played June in the 1997 spin-off film adaptation of the original series, Leave It to Beaver. Billingsley made a appearance in the spin-off film as Aunt Martha. Junes birthplace is mentioned in one episode as East St. Louiswhile Ward is teasing her about her upbringing, June attended boarding school as a youngster and was captain of the schools basketball team. At one point in her years, she was a student of Cornelia Rayburn. It is implied that June had an affluent upper class upbringing which may in part account for Junes fastidious. June mentions that she was taught a formal curtsey for the event that she married a diplomat, Ward also mentions the Bronson clans concerns about Ward providing for June in a manner she is accustomed to at their wedding. As a teen, June knew and dated Ward Cleaver, a farmers son, Ward lived in nearby Shaker Heights. The two attended State college together, June kept her maiden name, Bronson, as one of her middle names after marrying Ward. Ward and June have two sons, Wally and Theodore aka Beaver, Junes oldest son, Wally, is a good student and popular with everyone while young Beaver has a difficult time staying out of trouble. The Cleavers live initially at 485 Mapleton Drive and move to 211 Pine Street at the beginning of the third season, June is dedicated to her family, her interests outside the home are social events like weddings or school events like meetings and plays. She has ladylike pastimes, needlepoint, cake decorating, and arranging tea roses and she reads glossy but high-toned, tasteful womens magazines. In one episode, she entertains the ladies in her social club only to see the event ruined by Beavers monkey who despoils the foods on the dining table. When the boys arrive home from school, June can be found in the kitchen chopping salad vegetables, basting a roast, or icing a cake
32.
Gundam
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The popularity of the first TV series and the merchandising that followed spawned a franchise that has come to include works released in numerous media. Titles have appeared in the form of television series and OVAs, movies, manga, novels. The franchise has led to the creation of one of the biggest toy. As of 2014, the Gundam franchise generates revenues of 80 billion yen a year, the 2014 retail sales of Gundam toy and hobby items totaled 18.4 billion yen. Also, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing ranked 18th and Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ ranked 20th, gunpla holds 90% of the Japanese character plastic model market. Academics in Japan have also viewed the series as inspiration, with the International Gundam Society being the first academic institution based on an animated TV series. Mobile Suit Gundam was developed by noted animator Yoshiyuki Tomino, along with a group of Sunrise creators who went under the collective pseudonym of Hajime Yatate. During its conceptual phase, the series was titled Freedom Fighter Gunboy, or simply Gunboy for the gun the robot was armed with, the Yatate team combined the English word gun with the last syllable of the word freedom to form the portmanteau name Gundom. Tomino then changed it to the current title, suggesting that Gundam signified a powerful unit wielding a gun powerful enough to hold back enemies, like a hydroelectric dam holding back floods. In keeping with this concept, Gundam in all media that followed are often depicted as singularly unique or limited-production, most Gundam are large, bipedal, humanoid-shaped vehicles controlled from cockpits by a human pilot. The majority of mobile suits have a cockpit in the torso of the machine. Mobile Suit Gundam is said to have pioneered the real robot subgenre of mecha anime, unlike its super robot cousins, Mobile Suit Gundam attempted a realism in the robot design and weaponry, by running out of energy and ammunition or breaking and malfunctioning. The technology is practical and is derived from true science or at least well-explained, feasible technology. One difficulty, however, is that the designation for each ONeill cylinder does not relate to the terms for the Lagrange points. The necessity of developing humanoid robots is also explained, albeit fictional, the general narratives of Gundam shows classify as war drama. These are often framed in the series as a debate between the protagonist and antagonist over the course of a duel, as try to convince each other of the righteousness of their causes. Most of the stories are structured as coming-of-age dramas, where the main casts personalities, points of view, allegiances, goals, and actions may or may not change dramatically as events unfold. This makes the plot seem more realistic than earlier super robot animated series where the hero and cast usually act in the same predictable manner, with little connection between the episodes
33.
New Year's Eve
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In the Gregorian calendar, New Years Eve, the last day of the year, is on December 31 which is the seventh day of the Christmas season. In many countries, New Years Eve is celebrated at evening gatherings, where many people dance, eat, drink alcoholic beverages. Some Christians attend a watchnight service, the celebrations generally go on past midnight into January 1. Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati, part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa, New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally. New Years Eve is generally a social holiday, in some areas, such as in rural Quebec, people ice fish in the old days. Since 2000, the highlight of New Years Eve celebrations is in Montreals old port, which comes alive with concerts that take place and fireworks at midnight. From 1956 to 1976, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC, via a feed from CBS, after Lombardos death in 1977, the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978. Following the finale of the series, the original cast continued to participate in New Years Eve specials in the years following. Similarly, the CBCs French language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Years Eve comedy special, Bye Bye. Unlike Year of the Farce, Bye Bye has been presented by comedians, originally running from 1968 to 1998. Mexicans celebrate New Years Eve, by eating a grape with each of the chimes of a clocks bell during the midnight countdown. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough, when the bread is served, the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year. At the same time, they are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they continue in the new year. Mexicans celebrate with a dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin. Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home, for example, in Mexico City there is a street festival on New Years Eve centered on the Zocalo, the citys main square. Celebrations include firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers and shouts of ¡Feliz Año Nuevo, in Puerto Rico, New Years Eve is celebrated with friends and family. The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration. It has Latin music and fireworks at midnight along with the signature song Auld Lang Syne in Spanish, in the United States, New Years Eve is celebrated with formal parties, family-oriented activities, and other large public events
34.
Frylock
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Frylock is a fictional character on the Adult Swim animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force. His floating ability comes from a diamond on his back which also gives him the Power of a Thousand Suns. Frylock was created and designed by series creators Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro, Frylock was originally voiced by Matt Maiellaro in Baffler Meal and was performed as a live action person by T-Pain in the season six episode Last Last One Forever and Ever. Frylock has appeared in video games and albums relating to the series including the 2007 film Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters. Frylock has also made cameos in promotional material and other media outside of the series, Frylock is often seen as calm and tolerant, until something goes wrong. Of all the characters on the show, Frylock is often depicted as the smartest and most mature. Frylock often acts like a figure to Meatwad, by protecting him from Master Shakes pranks. Frylock often protects Carl, Shake and Meatwad from doing things that could harm themselves or others as well and this is especially apparent in the season two episode, The, when Frylock leaves Carl, Meatwad and Master Shake alone, and they are unable to live properly alone. Because of this, Frylock is the only Aquateen whom Carl ever shows compassion to, as with other characters in the series he is frequent subject to non-canon injury and/or death. Similar to Master Shakes Shake Power and Meatwads ability to shift, Frylock has Frydar. He uses his Frydar to find scents and brain activity, Frylock has the ability to shoot his fries out of his head that regrow afterwards. It is strongly implied that Frylock is responsible for the support for himself, Meatwad. Just like Master Shake and Meatwad, Frylock was a detective for the first three episodes of the series, until the concept was dropped, in Total Re-Carl it is revealed that Frylock is a scientist, when he receives a letter addressed as Doctor. In Der Inflatable Fuhrer it is implied that Frylock supports himself, Master Shake, like Master Shake and Meatwad, Frylock does not have an official gender but he is strongly depicted as a male. Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters claims that Frylock is actually a woman trapped inside of a body. This claim has not yet been confirmed or denied, in the series Frylock does not appear to have a family, but in The Movie it is claimed that he, along with Meatwad and Master Shake, are creations of Dr. Weird. The movie also claims their father is a watermelon, and their mother is a bean burrito. During a special New Years Eve event, on Adult Swim in 2003, it was revealed that Frylock is the creator of Thundercleese, Frylocks age is never officially determined
35.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
36.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
