1.
East Kilbride
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East Kilbride is the largest town in South Lanarkshire in Scotland. It is also designated as Scotlands first new town on 6 May 1947, the area lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about 8 miles southeast of Glasgow and close to the boundary with East Renfrewshire. The town is enclosed by the White Cart River to the west and the Rotten Calder to the east and this area was previously the site of the small village of East Kilbride, prior to its post-war development. The earliest evidence of habitation in the dates back to ancient graves found near the Kype Water to the south of the district. Roman coins and footwear have also found in the area. East Kilbride takes its name from an Irish saint named St Bride, dál Riatan monks introduced her order to Scotland. The anglicisation Kil, takes its root from the early Celtic monastics that St. Brigit is representative of, the Céile Dé were the clients or companions of God. In modern Gaelic, Cille Bhrìghde translates similarly as the clients or companions of Brigit, over the centuries, the church has been destroyed and rebuilt several times, and, as a result, its current location has moved from the original site by about 50 metres. The area of Calderglen was celebrated as a wooded valley. It was the home of a family known as the Maxwells of Calderwood who resided in Calderwood Castle. The remnants of Calderwood Castle were demolished in 1951 and only a few parts of the structure remain, East Kilbride grew from a small village of around 900 inhabitants in 1930 to eventually become a large burgh. The Great War postponed any housing improvements, as did the Treaty of Versailles, in turn, this was followed by the Great Depression. After the Second World War, Glasgow, already suffering from housing shortages. From this unlikely backdrop a new dawn emerged which would bring East Kilbride to its unlikely success, in 1946, the Clyde Valley Regional Plan allocated sites where overspill satellite new towns could be constructed to help alleviate the housing shortage. Glasgow would also undertake the development of its housing estates. East Kilbride was the first of five new towns in Scotland to be designated, in 1947, followed by Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston, the town has been subdivided into residential precincts, each with its own local shops, primary schools and community facilities. The housing precincts surround the centre, which is bound by a ring road. Industrial estates are concentrated on the outskirts of the town, in northern, western and southern directions, East Kilbride forms part of the Greater Glasgow conurbation
2.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
3.
Shoegazing
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Shoegazing is a subgenre of indie rock, alternative rock, and neo-psychedelia that emerged in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s. The style is typified by the blurring of component musical parts—typically significant guitar distortion, feedback, the term was often used contemporaneously with dream pop. A loose label given to the scene and other affiliated bands in London in the early 1990s was The Scene That Celebrates Itself. In the 2000s, there was renewed interest in the genre among nu gaze bands, Shoegaze combines ethereal, swirling vocals with layers of distorted, bent, flanged guitars, creating a wash of sound where no instrument is distinguishable from another. Most bands drew from the music of My Bloody Valentine as a template for the genre, although co-founder Kevin Shields stated that the band had never used any chorus, Shoegazing was coined to describe dream pop bands. It originated in a review in Sounds for the newly formed band Moose in which singer Russell Yates read lyrics taped to the floor throughout the gig. The term was picked up by NME, who used it as a reference to the tendency of the guitarists to stare at their feet—or their effects pedals—while playing. According to AllMusic, The shatteringly loud, droning neo-psychedelia the band performed was dubbed shoegazing by the British press because the bandmembers stared at the stage while they performed. The term was considered pejorative, especially by the English weekly music press who considered the movement as ineffectual, miki Berenyi explained, Shoegazing was originally a slag-off term. My partner, who was the guitarist in Moose, claims that it was levelled at his band. Apparently the journo was referring to the bank of pedals he had strewn across the stage that he had to keep staring at in order to operate. And then it just became a term for all those bands that had a big, sweeping, effects-laden sound. The most commonly cited precursors to shoegazing are the Cocteau Twins, the Jesus and Mary Chain, each bands music bridged the styles of garage rock, 1960s psychedelia and American indie bands like Dinosaur Jr. and Sonic Youth. Other artists that have identified as direct influences on shoegazing include the Velvet Underground, Sonic Youth, Hüsker Dü. Siouxsie and the Banshees was also an influence, initially on Cocteau Twins. Slowdive named themselves after a Siouxsie and the Banshees song of the same name, lush, a shoegaze contemporary, were originally called The Baby Machines, a line from a Siouxsie lyric. My Bloody Valentine emerged in the wake of that bands 1988 breakthrough, the Trouser Press Guide to 90s Rock mentions that A. R. Kane, the London duo. exerted a profound influence on the legion of trippy shoegazer guitar bands that would emerge a few years later in the UK
4.
Creation Records
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Creation Records was a British independent record label headed by Alan McGee. Along with Dick Green and Joe Foster, McGee founded Creation in 1983, the name came from the 1960s band The Creation, whom McGee greatly admired. McGee, Green and Foster were also in the band Biff Bang Pow. which was also the title of a Creation song. The label ceased operations in 1999, although it was revived at one point in 2011 for the release of an album, Upside Down. McGee started the label by putting out the 73 in 83 single by The Legend, after taking out a £1,000 bank loan. Around the same time he started a club called The Living Room in Tottenham Court Road, through which he met people who would go on to record for Creation, including Peter Astor. Distributor Rough Trade soon began funding releases, Creation was among the key labels in the mid-1980s indie movement, with early artists such as The Jesus and Mary Chain and Primal Scream. The Jesus and Mary Chain went to record for Warner Brothers in 1985, with the profits he had made from the band, he was able to release singles by label acts such as Primal Scream, Felt, and The Weather Prophets. McGee had enthusiasm and an ability to attract the weekly music media. In their early days, he was able to project an image of The Jesus and Mary Chain. Following an unsuccessful attempt to run a label for Warner Brothers, McGee regrouped Creation and immersed himself in the burgeoning dance. Those scenes had influenced Creation mainstays such as Primal Scream and Ed Ball, Creation Records releases at this time tended to be critically acclaimed without being major commercial hits. Creation had run up considerable debt that was held off until McGee sold half the company to Sony Music in 1992. After selling to Sony, Creation had signed Oasis, whose debut album Definitely Maybe became a critical and commercial success. The band went on to epitomize the cultural Britpop movement of the mid-90s, the success of Oasis was unprecedented for an act on an independent label. Their second album, Morning Glory. became the biggest selling British album of the decade, in the 1990s, Creation launched the subsidiary, Rev-Ola Records, which was formed by Joe Foster. Rev-Ola is now a part of the PoppyDisc group of labels, the revitalised Labour Party took note of McGees accomplishments with Creation. They got McGee to spearhead a media campaign prior to the 1997 General Election in order to appeal to Britains youth culture, omnibus went on to make a documentary on McGee and Creation in 1998 for BBC One
5.
Sub Pop
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Sub Pop is a record label founded in 1986 by Bruce Pavitt. In 1988, Sub Pop Records LLC was formed by Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Sub Pop achieved fame in the late 1980s for first signing Nirvana, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and many other bands from the Seattle alternative rock scene. In 1995 the owners of Sub Pop sold a 49% stake of the label to the Warner Music Group, the origins of Sub Pop can be traced back to the early 1980s when Bruce Pavitt started a fanzine called Subterranean Pop that focused exclusively on American independent record labels. Pavitt undertook the project in order to earn course credit while attending Evergreen State College in Olympia, by the fourth issue, Pavitt had shortened the name to Sub Pop and began alternating issues with compilation tapes of underground rock bands. The Sub Pop #5 cassette, released in 1982, sold two thousand copies, in 1983, Pavitt moved to Seattle, Washington and released the ninth and final issue of Sub Pop. While in Seattle, he wrote a column for local newspaper The Rocket titled Sub Pop U. S. A, a column he ended in 1988. In 1986, Pavitt released the first Sub Pop LP, the compilation Sub Pop 100, which featured material by artists including Sonic Youth, Naked Raygun, Wipers, and Scratch Acid. Seattle group Green River chose to record their Dry as a Bone EP for Pavitts new label in June 1986, when finally released, Dry as a Bone was promoted by Sub Pop as ultra-loose grunge that destroyed the morals of a generation. Poneman soon became a partner in the label. Pavitt focused on the artists and repertoire aspects, while Poneman dealt with the business. Both men decided they wanted the label to focus on this primal rock stuff that was coming out, in early 1988 Pavitt and Poneman quit their jobs to devote their full attention to Sub Pop. Raising $43,000, they incorporated that April, of course that was spent in, like, thirty days, Pavitt recalled. We almost went bankrupt after a month and that August Sub Pop released the first single by Mudhoney, a band featuring former members of Green River. Sub Pop released the Mudhoney single Touch Me Im Sick in a limited first pressing of 800 copies to create demand. The strategy was adopted by other independent labels. Pavitt and Poneman studied earlier independent labels ranging from Motown to SST Records, the pair sought to create a cohesive brand identity for Sub Pop. The labels ads promoted the label more than any particular band. The label also sought to market a Seattle sound, which was accomplished with the help of producer Jack Endino, who produced 75 singles, albums, and EPs for Sub Pop between 1987 and 1989
6.
American Recordings (record label)
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American Recordings is a Los Angeles-based record label headed by record producer Rick Rubin. Formerly known as Def American Recordings, the label has been home to Slayer, the Black Crowes, ZZ Top, Danzig, Trouble, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, The Mother Hips, American Recordings was founded after Rick Rubin left Def Jam Recordings in 1988. Rubin continued his association with music by signing artists such as the Geto Boys. American had its first major success with The Black Crowes 1990 debut album, Shake Your Money Maker, the group’s 1992 follow-up, The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion, gave American Recordings its first No.1 album. Emcee Sir Mix-a-Lot managed a hit with the song Baby Got Back as well as a platinum-selling album titled Mack Daddy. Heavy metal acts Slayer and Danzig also enjoyed commercial success, with Slayer in particular. Rubin produces many of the recordings on the label, as well as directing other related ventures, Rubin changed the name of the company to American Recordings in 1993 after seeing the word def in a dictionary. The company was renamed because he believed that finding the word in a source was against the anti-establishment image that he was trying to project for the company. A mock funeral presided over by the Reverend Al Sharpton was done for the name change. American had several sub-labels over the years, including Onion Records, Ill Labels, Wild West, Whte Lbls, the latter was a partnership with Henry Rollins that specialized in reissues of obscure albums. None of these made the distribution transition after American Recordings left Warner Bros. Records in 1997. The first-ever Def American release was Reign in Blood by Slayer, a Def Jam Recordings logo was also present on its follow-up album. Danzigs 1988 debut album was the first release to bear the Def American logo. Initially, the label was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros, americans distribution has been handled through several labels over the years. Americans first incarnation was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records from 1988 to 1990, after a falling out with Geffen over the content of the Geto Boys only Def American release, Warner Bros. itself took over distribution duties from 1990 to 1997. However, sub-label Ill Labels was distributed by hip-hop specialist and former Warner Bros. subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of its deal, for a brief time during the 1990s, the label also distributed Too Pure Records in the USA. Rubin signed a deal with Columbia/SME Records in 1997, which distributed the labels titles until 2001. That year, Universal Music Group, through its Island Def Jam Music Group division, in 2005, with the exception of the recordings of Johnny Cash, the label returned to the aegis of Warner Bros
7.
Reprise Records
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Reprise Records /rəˈpriz/ is an American major record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It was mostly inactive from 1976 to 1987 and it is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Bros. Reprise Records was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to more artistic freedom for his own recordings. Hence, he garnered the nickname The Chairman of the Board, having left Capitol/EMI, and after trying to buy Norman Granzs Verve Records, the first album Sinatra released on Reprise was Ring-a-Ding-Ding. As CEO of Reprise, Sinatra recruited several artists for the label, such as fellow Rat Pack members Dean Martin and Sammy Davis. The original roster from 1961 to 1963 included Bing Crosby, Jo Stafford, Rosemary Clooney, Nancy Sinatra, Esquivel, the label still issues any Sinatra work recorded while on the label and, after his death in 1998, it had great success with his greatest hits collections. One of the founding principles under Sinatras leadership was that each artist would have full creative freedom. This is the reason why recordings of early Reprise artists are distributed through other labels. In Martins case, his Reprise recordings were out of print for nearly 20 years before a deal was struck with Capitol Records, in 1963, as part of a film deal, Warner Bros. purchased Reprise from Sinatra, who nonetheless retained a 20% interest in the label. Many of the artists on the label were dropped by Warner Bros. Reprise president Mo Ostin was retained as the head of the label, warner-Reprise executives began targeting younger acts, beginning by securing the American distribution rights to the Pye Records recordings by the Kinks in 1964. Reprise would soon add teen-oriented pop acts like Dino, Desi & Billy to the roster, as well, Franks own daughter Nancy Sinatra would be retained by Ostin, becoming a major pop star starting in late 1965. The label moved almost exclusively to rock-oriented music in the late 1960s, rex, the Meters, John Cale, Gordon Lightfoot, Michael Franks, Richard Pryor, Al Jarreau, Fleetwood Mac, Fanny, and the Beach Boys. In 1976, the Reprise label was deactivated by Warner Bros. an unconfirmed explanation for this move is that Sinatra wanted to be the only artist on Reprise, and Young is said to have been the only Reprise act who refused to agree to a change in labels. In late 1985, some copies of the Dream Academys hit single Life in a Northern Town were pressed with Warner Bros. labels bearing a Reprise logo,1986 saw releases bearing Reprise labels from the Dream Academy as well as Dwight Yoakam. Vice President of Promotion Rich Fitzgerald was appointed as label Vice-President and it was formerly home to the Jimi Hendrix and the Barenaked Ladies catalogs in the U. S. When the Bee Gees back catalog was remastered by Rhino Records in the 2000s, neil Young stated in a documentary about his life that Marilyn Manson was turned down by Reprise. In September 2011, several took place at Reprise Records
8.
Warner Music Group
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Warner Music Group is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. With a multibillion-dollar annual turnover, WMG employs in excess of 3,500 people and has operations in more than 50 countries throughout the world, the company owns and operates some of the largest and most successful record labels in the world, including its flagship labels Warner Bros. WMG also owns Warner/Chappell Music, one of the worlds largest music publishers, the film company had no record label division at the time and one of its contracted actors, Tab Hunter, scored a hit song for Dot Records, which was a division of rival Paramount Pictures. In order to prevent any repetition of its actors recording for rival companies, in 1963, Warner purchased Reprise Records, which had been founded by Frank Sinatra three years earlier so that he could have more creative control over his recordings. With the Reprise acquisition, Warner gained the services of Mo Ostin, the Canadian unit was opened in 1967 as Warner Reprise Canada Ltd, now called Warner Music Canada Co. After Warner Bros. was sold to Seven Arts Productions in 1967, it purchased Atlantic Records, founded in 1947 and WMGs oldest label and this acquisition brought Neil Young into the company fold, initially as a member of Buffalo Springfield. The Geffen catalogue, now owned by Universal Music Group, represents Youngs only major recordings not under WMG ownership, in 1969, two years after being purchased by Seven Arts, the Warner Bros. -Seven Arts company was sold to the Kinney National Company. Kinney combined the operations of all of its labels. An earlier attempt by Warner Bros. Records to create a distribution arm in 1958 didnt materialize. So in 1969, Elektra Records boss Jac Holzman approached Atlantics Jerry Wexler with the idea of setting up a joint distribution network for Warner, Elektra, an experimental branch was established in Southern California as a possible prototype for an expanded operation. Atlantic, its subsidiary Atco Records, and its affiliate Stax Records paved the way for Warners rise to industry prominence, the purchase brought in Atlantics lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings and it was soon apparent in 1969 that Atlantic/Atco president Ahmet Ertegün viewed Warner/Reprise president Mike Maitland as godlike. Maitland believed that, as vice-president in charge of the Warner Bros, in retrospect Ertegün clearly feared that Maitland would ultimately have more power than him and so he moved rapidly to secure his own position and remove Maitland. Following the takeover, Warners music group briefly adopted the umbrella name Kinney Music, erteguns campaign against Maitland began in earnest that summer. Atlantic had agreed to help Warner Bros. in its efforts to establish its labels overseas, Mike Maitland complained bitterly to Kinney executive Ted Ashley, but to no avail – by this time Ertegun was poised to make his move against Maitland. As he had with Hyman, Ertegun urged Steve Ross to extend Mo Ostin and Joe Smiths contracts, in response, Ertegun broadly hinted that Maitlands days were numbered and that he, Ertegun, was about to take over the recording division. Unlike the Warner/Reprise executives, Atlantics execs the Ertegun brothers and Wexler owned stock in Kinney, on Sunday January 25, Ted Ashley went to Maitlands house to tell him he had been dismissed, and Maitland declined the offer of a job at the movie studio. One week later, Mo Ostin was named as the new President of Warner Bros, Records, with Joe Smith as his Executive Vice-President
9.
Jim Reid
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Jim Reid is the lead singer for the alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain, which he formed with his elder brother and guitarist William Reid. Reid is the singer and founding member of the alternative rock band The Jesus. They released six albums before they split up in 1999. Reid went on to form the band Freeheat with former Mary Chain drummer Nick Sanderson, Freeheat did several tours and released an EP, Retox, before the members went their separate ways in 2003. Reid released his first solo single Song for a Secret in 2005 on the Transistor record label, since April 2006 he has been playing with a new band that features Phil King on lead guitar, Loz Colbert on drums and Mark Crozer on bass. The band has performed his new material at several low key gigs including Whelans in Dublin and, more recently, Reid was born in East Kilbride, Scotland and attended Hunter High School. He now lives in Devon, and has 2 daughters Simone, Song for a Secret – single Dead End Kids – single
10.
William Reid (musician)
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William Adam Reid is a Scottish guitarist, composer and singer, best known as being lead guitarist and co-founder of the Scottish alternative rock band, The Jesus and Mary Chain. William, along with his brother Jim, the lead singer, Reid effectively ended the band in late 1998, when he walked off stage fifteen minutes into a show at the House of Blues. The Jesus and Mary Chain reformed in early 2007 to play dates in Europe. After The Jesus and Mary Chain split up in 1999, Reid began performing solo under the name Lazycame, Reid has also been involved in the production of the Sister Vanilla album, Little Pop Rock, featuring the Reid brothers younger sister, Linda Reid. Reid was born in East Kilbride, Scotland and attended Hunter High School, currently residing in the United States and Thailand, Reid has one son, Keir, and one daughter, Pandora, with his ex-wife, Dawn. Tired Of Fucking Taster Finbegin Yawn
11.
Bobby Gillespie
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Robert Bernard Andrew Bobby Gillespie is a Scottish musician and singer-songwriter. He is the singer and founding member of the alternative rock band. He was also the drummer for The Jesus and Mary Chain in the mid-1980s, born and raised in the south side district of Mount Florida in Glasgow, he attended Kings Park Secondary School. His father is Bob Gillespie, a former SOGAT union official and Labour Party candidate in the 1988 Govan by-election, Gillespie first became famous playing drums for the influential East Kilbride band The Jesus and Mary Chain. Prior to The Jesus and Mary Chain, he worked as a roadie for Altered Images, Gillespie was a friend of Mary Chain bassist Douglas Hart, who asked Gillespie to join the band after their original drummer had left following the release of their debut single in 1984. Gillespie has also said that he played only two due to his own lack of ability as a drummer. Gillespie played on the bands debut LP, Psychocandy, which was released in 1985 to wide critical acclaim, by this time Gillespie had already released a single, albeit to little attention, with his own band, Primal Scream. Throughout his days as a drummer Gillespie had continued to work at Primal Scream, by early 1986, Gillespie had played his last show with the Mary Chain and left to devote his attentions to Primal Scream. The band signed to Creation Records in 1985, and over the next year, however, Primal Scream didnt really take off until the middle of 1986, when Gillespie left the Mary Chain and guitarists Andrew Innes and Robert Young joined the band. The B-side Velocity Girl wound up on NMEs C86 cassette compilation, as the 1980s drew to a close, Britains underground music scene became dominated by the burgeoning acid house scene. Primal Scream became fascinated with the new music, and they asked a friend. The new mix was retitled Loaded, and it became a sensation, come Together, the first single from their forthcoming third album, was in much the same vein, and was similarly praised. The resulting album was a kaleidoscopic, neo-psychedelic fusion of dance, dub, techno, acid house, pop, and rock, and it was greeted with favorable reviews in the UK. Released in the spring of 1991, Screamadelica also marked an important moment in British pop in the 1990s, helping to bring techno, the album was a massive success, winning the first Mercury Music Prize in 1992. The fourth album, Give Out But Dont Give Up, marked a departure for the band from its original sound, the album was eagerly awaited, but was not well received, and it was a relative commercial failure. More importantly, it hurt the reputation as innovators, a situation they reacted to with the title track to the hit 1996 film Trainspotting. The band continued to work on their album, entitled Vanishing Point, over the course of 1996. The ultra-aggressive XTRMNTR followed in the spring of 2000, two years later Primal Scream released Evil Heat, a guest-laden album in line with XTRMNTR, and in 2006 Riot City Blues came out
12.
Ride (band)
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Ride are a British rock band that formed in 1988 in Oxford, England, consisting of Andy Bell, Mark Gardener, Laurence Loz Colbert, and Steve Queralt. The band were part of the shoegazing scene that emerged in England during the early 1990s. Following the break-up of the band in 1996, members moved on to other projects. In 2001, the briefly reunited for a one-off performance for a television show. Ride announced their reunion in November 2014. Their debut album Nowhere has been named one of the greatest albums of the shoegazing genre, Steve Queralt, who also went to Cheney School, was recruited from the local Our Price record shop where he worked as a singles buyer. After considering various names, the band settled for Ride, with its evocation of travel, Bell has cited a performance by The Smiths as the inspiration for forming a band. The band formed in the summer of 1988 and played their first gig as Ride for the Colleges Christmas Party towards the end of the year. While still at Banbury, the band produced a tape, recorded in Queralts bedroom and hallway, including the tracks Chelsea Girl. Jim Reid of The Jesus and Mary Chain heard a copy of the demo that was in the possession of the DJ Gary Crowley, after the band supported The Soup Dragons in 1989, McGee signed them to his Creation Records label. Ride released three EPs between January and September 1990, entitled Ride, Play and Fall, All three EPs made it into the UK top 75, with Play and Fall reaching the top 40. Rides top-75 placing was a first for Creation Records, the first two EPs were released together as Smile in the USA in July 1990, while the Fall EP was incorporated into the CD version of their first album, Nowhere, released in October 1990. The band were often labelled as part of the scene, but the band rejected this, Bell stating my first reaction was like. These days. thats pretty much still my reaction, Gardener said of the bands influences We liked the noisy bands of the time. When we were at art college we went to see My Bloody Valentine, House of Love, Stone Roses, I think these all had a lot of influence on us in the early days as they were great gigs. Nowhere was a critical and commercial success, reaching No.11 in the UK, demand for new material was high, and the band recorded another EP, Today Forever, released in March 1991. The EP marked a change in direction for the group away from the early style. Ride made their first international tour to Japan, Australia and France later on that year, tickets for the performances in Japan sold out within minutes
13.
Psychocandy
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Psychocandy is the debut studio album by Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. It was released in November 1985 on Blanco y Negro Records, the band would move away from its abrasive sound with the release of their second album, 1987s Darklands. After quitting their jobs in 1980, brothers Jim and William Reid formed The Jesus, mcGee was impressed with the tape and invited the band to play at a Creation Records showcase event in London, becoming the bands manager shortly afterwards. Following more London concerts, the Jesus and Mary Chain entered Alaska Studios in Waterloo and recorded their debut single, Upside Down. After recruiting Gillespie as their drummer in late 1984, the Jesus and Mary Chain signed to the WEA subsidiary label Blanco Y Negro, which had been established by Rough Trade founder Geoff Travis. The single was released by Blanco Y Negro in February 1985, Psychocandy was recorded in six weeks and totalled £17,000 in recording and production costs. Psychocandy contains fourteen tracks with a running time of thirty-nine minutes. The music has been described as bubblegum pop drowned in feedback, critics have noted the influence of classic 60s pop groups such as The Beach Boys and The Rolling Stones alongside the work of rock bands The Velvet Underground, The Stooges and Suicide on the album. Lead vocals are handled by Jim Reid on this album, with the exception of Its So Hard, the album includes the singles Never Understand, You Trip Me Up and Just Like Honey. In 2006, the album was remastered and released in DualDisc format without Some Candy Talking to conform with the original playlist, in 2011, it was re-released by Edsel in collaboration with Rhino as a two-CD set with extra tracks and a DVD. On release Psychocandy received favourable reviews, tim Holmes of Rolling Stone praised the band as a perfect recombinant of every Edge City outlaw ethic ever espoused in rock. In the end of year round ups the album placed at one in NMEs list of best albums of 1985, number 3 in The Face. Subsequently the album has appeared in best ever album lists, such as Q magazines 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. In 2006, Q magazine placed the album at number 23 in its 40 Best Albums of the 80s list, in 2003, the album was ranked number 268 on Rolling Stone magazines The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. The magazine also ranked the album number 45 on its list of the 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time, allmusic described the album as one that created a movement without meaning to. Pitchfork listed Psychocandy as the 23rd best album of the 1980s, the album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. All tracks written by Jim Reid and William Reid, except where indicated, note, the 1986 CD release contains the extra track Some Candy Talking, between Taste of Cindy and Never Understand
14.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
15.
Portastudio
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The TASCAM Portastudio was the worlds first four-track recorder based on a standard compact audio cassette tape. The term portastudio is exclusive to TASCAM however it is used to describe all self-contained cassette-based multitrack recorders dedicated to music production. The Portastudio 144 made its debut in 1979 to be followed by other models by TASCAM. These machines were used by artists to record demos, although they are still often used in lo-fi recording. The analog portastudios by TASCAM and similar units by Fostex, Akai, Yamaha, Sansui, Marantz, most of the machines were four-track, but there were also six-track and eight-track units. Some newer digital models record to a disk, allowing for digital effects. One widely used model was the TASCAM424, which offered a deal of flexibility while still remaining inexpensive to use. Prior to the advent of recording, the 424 was an affordable way for bands to record demos or even commercial albums. The PortaOne MiniStudio followed in the mid 1980s, guided By Voices recorded much of their classic-era songs on a Tascam 4-track. The Jesus and Mary Chain probably used a TASCAM Portastudio to record their first demos sent to Bobby Gillespie, primus first release Suck on This, a compilation of several live performances, was recorded entirely on a TASCAM quarter-inch eight-track Portastudio. John Frusciante recorded his two first solo albums Niandra Lades & Usually Just A T-Shirt and Smile From The Streets You Hold on a Portastudio 424, bruce Springsteen recorded his album Nebraska on a Portastudio 144. Soviet poet and musician, Viktor Tsoi, frontman of the Soviet rock band Kino, a few of those albums are Gruppa krovi, Zvezda po imeni Solntse and Chyorny albom in couple with a drum machine. Travis Meeks of Days of the New recorded Cling on a TASCAM four-track in his sessions leading up to his debut album. John Vanderslice, an analog recording enthusiast, made Life and Death of an American Fourtracker, Alan Wilder recorded his first solo album 1+2, under the nickname Recoil, on a four-track Portastudio. Ween recorded their album, The Pod, on a Tascam four-track. Weird Al Yankovic recorded half of his songs on his album with a Portastudio in his drummers garage before signing up for a proper studio. Wu-Tang Clans debut album, Enter the Wu-Tang, was mixed down to a Portastudio 244, iron and Wines debut 2002 The Creek Drank the Cradle was recorded on a four track cassette recorder. Madlib recorded his first album as Quasimoto, The Unseen, on a TASCAM Portastudio, portastatic was named after the Portastudio Mac McCaughan used to record the songs that became its first album
16.
The Velvet Underground
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The Velvet Underground was a rock band formed in New York, America, by singer/guitarist Lou Reed, multi-instrumentalist John Cale, guitarist Sterling Morrison, and drummer Angus MacLise. The provocative subject matter, musical experimentation, and often nihilistic attitudes explored in the work would prove influential in the development of punk rock. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the band No.19 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 by Patti Smith. The foundations for what would become the Velvet Underground were laid in late 1964, singer/songwriter/guitarist Lou Reed had performed with a few short-lived garage bands and had worked as a songwriter for Pickwick Records. Reed met John Cale, a Welshman who had moved to the United States to study classical music upon securing a scholarship. Cale had worked with experimental composers Cornelius Cardew and La Monte Young, Youngs use of extended drones would be a profound influence on the bands early sound. Cale was pleasantly surprised to discover that Reeds experimentalist tendencies were similar to his own, the pair rehearsed and performed together, their partnership and shared interests built the path towards what would later become the Velvet Underground. Reed and Cale recruited Sterling Morrison—a college classmate of Reeds at Syracuse University—as a replacement for Walter De Maria, Reed and Morrison both played guitars, Cale played viola, keyboards and bass and Angus MacLise joined on percussion to complete the initial four-member unit. This quartet was first called the Warlocks, then the Falling Spikes, MacLise made a suggestion to adopt the title as the bands name. The band immediately and unanimously adopted the Velvet Underground as its new name in November 1965, the newly named Velvet Underground rehearsed and performed in New York City. Their music was much more relaxed than it would later become, Cale described this era as reminiscent of beat poetry. When he briefly returned to Britain, Cale attempted to give a copy of the tape to Marianne Faithfull, hoping shed pass it on to Mick Jagger, nothing ever came of this, but the demo was eventually released on the 1995 box set Peel Slowly and See. Manager and music journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the groups first paying gig—$75 to play at Summit High School, in Summit, New Jersey, opening for the Myddle Class. When they decided to take the gig, MacLise abruptly left the group, protesting what he considered a sellout, he was unwilling to be told when to start. Angus was in it for art, Morrison reported, MacLise was replaced by Maureen Moe Tucker, the younger sister of Morrisons friend Jim Tucker. Her rhythms, at once simple and exotic, became a part of the groups music. The group earned a regular paying gig at the Café Bizarre, in 1965, after being introduced to the Velvet Underground by filmmaker Barbara Rubin, Andy Warhol became the bands manager and suggested they use the German-born singer Nico on several songs. Warhols reputation helped the band gain a higher profile and he helped the band secure a recording contract with MGMs Verve Records, with himself as nominal producer, and gave the Velvets free rein over the sound they created
17.
The Stooges
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After releasing two albums—The Stooges and Fun House —the group disbanded briefly, and reformed with a different lineup to release Raw Power before breaking up again in 1974. The band reunited in 2003 and was active until 2016 following the deaths of several original members, the Stooges are widely regarded as a seminal proto-punk act and as instrumental in the development of punk rock, alternative rock, heavy metal music and rock music at large. The Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010, in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked them 78th on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Iggy Pop played drums in several Ann Arbor-area bands as a teenager, including the Iguanas and, later, the Prime Movers nicknamed Osterberg Iggy in reference to his earlier band. Osterberg was first inspired to form the Stooges after meeting blues drummer Sam Lay during a visit to Chicago, upon returning to Detroit, Osterberg sought to create a new form of blues music that was not derivative of historical precedents. Ron Asheton and Scott Asheton and Dave Alexander composed the rest of the band, the three nicknamed Osterberg Pop after a local character whom Osterberg resembled. Shortly after witnessing an MC5 concert in Ann Arbor, Osterberg began using the stage name Iggy Pop, though the Stooges had formed, Iggy Pop attributes two key motivating influences to move the band forward. The first was seeing The Doors perform at a dance for the University of Michigan. The second was seeing an all-girls rock band from Princeton, New Jersey called The Untouchable perform, in a 1995 interview with Bust Magazine, he relates, I had the Stooges. And we did not have the balls to get out and do it. There were two things that made us do it, one was seeing that show, we saw that show and I just thought, well, this is so brazen, there is no excuse for us not to do it anymore. And the other thing was we went to New York. ”And we didn’t have anywhere to crash, and they played for us, and they completely rocked, and we were really ashamed. ”The bands 1967 debut was at their communal State Street house on Halloween night, followed by their next live gig, January 1968. During this early period, the Stooges were originally billed as the Psychedelic Stooges at the Grande Ballroom in Detroit, Michigan, and other venues, where they played with the band MC5 and others. At one of their early Grande Ballroom performances, Ashetons guitar neck separated from the forcing the band to stop playing during the opening song. Homemade instruments were also incorporated to flesh out the overall sound, the Jim-a-phone involved pushing feedback through a funnel device which was raised and lowered to achieve the best effect. The Stooges soon gained a reputation for their wild, primitive live performances, Pop is sometimes credited with the invention or popularization of stage diving. In 1968 Elektra Records sent DJ/publicist Danny Fields to scout the MC5, the contracts were at different pay rates, MC5 $20,000, the Stooges $5,000, as revealed in the 2016 Jim Jarmusch film, Gimme Danger. In 1969, the released their self-titled debut album, sales were low
18.
The Shangri-Las
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The Shangri-Las were an American pop girl group of the 1960s. Between 1964 and 1966 they charted with often heartbreaking teen melodramas, the group was formed at Andrew Jackson High School in Cambria Heights, New York, a neighborhood in Queens, New York City, in 1963. It consisted of two sets of sisters, Mary Weiss and Elizabeth Betty Weiss, and identical twins Marguerite Marge Ganser and Mary Ann Ganser. They began playing shows, talent shows, and teen hops, coming to the attention of Artie Ripp. Their first recording in December 1963 was Simon Says, later issued on the Smash label and they also recorded Wishing Well / Hate To Say I Told You So, which became their first release in early 1964 when leased to the small Spokane label. Initially, the girls performed without a name, but when they signed their first deal, they began calling themselves the Shangri-Las, after a Queens, New York restaurant. Some discographies list The Beatle-ettes and The Bon Bons, who both issued singles in 1964, as versions of the Shangri-Las. Mary Weiss was the lead singer, Betty, however, took lead on Maybe, Shout, Twist and Shout. Mary Ann Ganser took lead on most of Im Blue, which is a cover of the Ikettes biggest hit at the time, and was included on their 1965 album Shangri-Las 65. In April 1964, when the girls were still minors, their parents signed with Red Bird Records, Mary was 15, Betty was 17, having been hired by record producer George Shadow Morton, they had their first success with the summer hit, Remember. Billy Joel, a working as a session musician, played on the demo of Remember. The demo was nearly seven minutes long, too long for Top 40 radio, Morton had hired the group to perform on the demo, but Red Bird released a re-recorded version. Morton faded the new version out around 2,16, UK re-issues peaked at #3 in 1972 and #7 in 1976. After the sudden success of Remember, all the girls were called upon to make personal appearances which required them to high school. Mary, however, stayed on for classes at a school for young professionals in Manhattan. By the end of 1964 the group was an established act and they performed with the Beatles, a Fall 1964 tour with the Rolling Stones, R&B artists such as The Drifters and James Brown, and Cashbox magazine listed them as best new R&B group. The group was also a fixture on the Murray The K shows at the Brooklyn Fox from 1964-66, in March 1965 they toured the UK with Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Hermans Hermits, Del Shannon, and others. The Shangri-Las appeared as a quartet to promote Remember starting with their stint on the 1964 Labor Day Murray The K show in September
19.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
20.
Siouxsie and the Banshees
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Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 by vocalist Siouxsie Sioux and bass guitarist Steven Severin. Initially associated with the English punk rock scene, the band evolved to create a form of post-punk discord full of daring rhythmic and sonic experimentation. With the release of Juju in 1981, the group became an important influence on the emerging gothic rock scene. They disbanded in 1996, with Siouxsie and drummer Budgie continuing to record music as the Creatures, in 2004, Siouxsie began a solo career. Siouxsie and the Banshees work places highly in both polls and music papers lists. The Times cited the group as one of the most audacious, in 2006, Mojo rated guitarist John McGeoch in their list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time for his work on Spellbound. Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin met at a Roxy Music concert in September 1975, at a time when glam rock had faded, from February 1976, Siouxsie, Severin and some friends began to follow an unsigned band, the Sex Pistols. Journalist Caroline Coon dubbed them the Bromley Contingent, as most of them came from the Bromley region of South London, There was no such thing, it was just a bunch of people drawn together by the way they felt and they looked. They were all inspired by the Sex Pistols and their uncompromising attitude, two days later, the pair appeared at the festival held in London on 20 September 1976. With two borrowed musicians at their side, Marco Pirroni on guitar and John Simon Ritchie on drums, while the band intended to split up after the gig, they were asked to play again. Two months later, Siouxsie and Severin recruited drummer Kenny Morris, after playing several gigs in early 1977, the band realised that Fenton did not fit in because he was a real rock guitarist. John McKay finally took his place in July, while the band sold out venues in London in early 1978, they still had problems getting the right recording contract that could give them complete artistic control. Polydor finally offered this guarantee and signed them in June and their first single, Hong Kong Garden, featuring a xylophone motif, reached the top 10 in the UK shortly after. The band released their album, The Scream, in November 1978. Nick Kent of NME said of the record, The band sounds like some unique hybrid of the Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of Tago Mago-era Can, if any parallel can be drawn. At the end of the article, he added this remark, Certainly, the Banshees second album, Join Hands, was released in 1979. In Melody Maker, Jon Savage described Poppy Day as a short, powerful evocation of the Great War graveyards, the Banshees embarked on a major tour to promote the album. A few dates into the tour in September, Morris and McKay left an in-store signing after an argument, in need of replacements to fulfill tour dates, the Banshees manager called drummer Budgie, formerly with the Slits, and asked him to audition
21.
The Monkees
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The Monkees are an American rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, the musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The bands music was supervised by producer Don Kirshner. Dolenz described the Monkees as initially being a TV show about an imaginary band and that wanted to be The Beatles, that was never successful. The actor-musicians, however, soon became a real band, for the first few months of their initial five-year career as The Monkees, the four actor-musicians were allowed only limited roles in the recording studio. This was due in part to the amount of required to film the television series. Nonetheless, Nesmith did compose and produce some songs from the beginning and they eventually fought for and earned the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the bands name. The sitcom was canceled in 1968, but the continued to record music through 1971. A revival of interest in the show came in 1986. Up until 2011 the group had reunited and toured several times, despite the sudden death of Davy Jones on February 29,2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. Nesmith was able to some time up to join them in the latter stages of the US tour. The Monkees have sold more than 75 million records worldwide and had hits, including Last Train to Clarksville, Pleasant Valley Sunday, Daydream Believer. At their peak in 1967, the band outsold the Beatles, aspiring filmmaker Bob Rafelson developed the initial idea for The Monkees in 1962, but was unsuccessful in selling the series. He had tried selling it to Revue, the division of Universal Pictures. In May 1964, while working at Screen Gems, Rafelson teamed up with Bert Schneider, whose father, Abraham Schneider, headed the Colpix Television, Rafelson and Schneider ultimately formed Raybert Productions. The Beatles film A Hard Days Night inspired Rafelson and Schneider to revive Rafelsons idea for The Monkees, as The Raybert Producers, they sold the show to Screen Gems Television on April 16,1965. Rafelson and Schneiders original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin Spoonful, however, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. Jones had previously starred as the Artful Dodger in the Broadway show Oliver, which debuted on December 17,1962, and his performance was later seen on The Ed Sullivan Show the same night as the Beatles first appearance on that show, February 9,1964
22.
Muddy Waters
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McKinley Morganfield, better known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the father of modern Chicago blues. Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and he was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full-time, in 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. These songs included Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, in 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the subsequent blues boom there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, Muddy Waters influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll, Muddy Waters birthplace and date is not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi in 1915, a 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest he claimed 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6,1920, the Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4,1913. His gravestone gives his year as 1915. Muddy Waters grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth, Grant gave him the nickname Muddy at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. Waters was added later, as he began to play harmonica. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where Waters lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale and he had his first introduction to music in church, I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church, so I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, he recalled. By the time, he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar, I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty, the people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago. He started playing his songs in joints nearby his hometown, mostly in a owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall. In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi and he brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, Muddy recalled in Rolling Stone, and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybodys records. Man, you dont know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice, later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox
23.
Ramones
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The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens, in 1974. They are often cited as the first band to define the punk-rock sound, despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom. All of the members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname Ramone. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years, in 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played a farewell concert and disbanded. By 2014, all four of the original members, lead singer Joey Ramone, bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone, lead guitarist Johnny Ramone. In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine, on March 18,2002, the original four members and Tommys replacement on drums, Marky Ramone, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets. They became friends with Douglas Colvin, who had moved to the area from Germany, and Jeffrey Hyman. The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band, the initial line-up featured Colvin on lead vocals, rhythm and bass guitars, Cummings on lead guitar, and Hyman on drums. Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals, Colvin was the first to adopt the name Ramone, calling himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartneys use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days, Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones. Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone, respectively, a friend of the band, Monte A. Melnick, helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattans Performance Studios, where he worked. Johnnys former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager, soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously, with Erdelyis encouragement, Joey became the bands new lead singer. Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each songs tempo with his signature shout of 1-2-3-4. Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously, while auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the music better than anyone else. The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30,1974, the songs they played were very fast and very short, most clocked in at under two minutes
24.
Fulham
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Fulham is part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, in southwest London. It is an Inner London district located 3.7 miles south-west of Charing Cross and it was formerly a parish in the County of Middlesex. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London, Fulham Palace, now a museum, served between 1900 and 1976 as the official residence of the Bishops of London. Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th-century, in the shape of its Mill at Millshot and this was followed by pottery, tapestry-weaving, paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th-centuries all in the area of present-day Fulham High Street. The next two centuries saw involvement with production, transportation, the automotive industry, including early aviation and food production. It is to be decommissioned by 2019, in contrast to its modest post-World War II reputation, Fulham is now considered among the prime London areas by estate agents. Two football clubs, the eponymous Fulham F. C. and Premier League rivals, There are two exclusive sporting clubs, The Hurlingham Club known for Polo and the Queens tennis club known for its annual pre-Wimbledon Tennis tournament. In the 1800s Lillie Bridge Grounds, hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England, the second FA Cup Final, the Lillie Bridge area was also the former home-ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club, before it moved to Marylebone. The manor of Fulham is said to have given to Bishop Erkenwald about the year 691 for himself. In effect, Fulham Palace, for nine centuries the residence of the Bishops of London, is the manor of Fulham. In 879 Danish invaders, sailed up the Thames and wintered at Fulham, raphael Holinshed relates that the Bishop of London was lodging in his manor place in 1141 when Geoffrey de Mandeville, riding out from the Tower of London, took him prisoner. During the Commonwealth the manor was temporarily out of the bishops hands, in recent years there has been a great revival of interest in Fulhams earliest history, due almost entirely to the efforts of the Fulham Archaeological Rescue Group. Excavations have also revealed Roman settlements during the third and fourth centuries AD, There is no record of the original erection of a Parish church in Fulham, but the first written record of a church dates from 1154 as a result of a tithe dispute. The first known parish priest of All Saints Church, Fulham was appointed in 1242, interestingly, there is a comparably old church on the opposite bank of the Thames, St Marys Church, Putney, on the other side of the river crossing. In 1642 the Earl of Essex threw a bridge of boats across the river in order to march his army in pursuit of Charles I and this is thought to have been near the subsequent wooden Fulham Bridge, built in 1729 and replaced in 1886 with Putney Bridge. In 1792 it was occupied by Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his wife and his non-political wife was Maria Fitzherbert who lived in East End House in Parsons Green. They are reputed to have had several children, during the 18th century Fulham had a reputation for debauchery, becoming a playground for the wealthy of London, where there was much gambling and prostitution and breweries. Until 1834, the village of Hammersmith had been incorporated in the parish of Fulham
25.
Alan McGee
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Alan McGee is a Scottish businessman and music industry executive. He has been a record label owner, musician, manager and he is best known for co-founding and running the independent Creation Records label from 1983 to 1999, and the Poptones label from 1999 to 2007. He has managed or championed successful acts such as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine, Oasis and he was also the lead singer and guitarist for the indie pop group Biff Bang Pow. who were active from 1983 to 1991. McGee was born in East Kilbride on 29 September 1960 and he grew up in Glasgow and attended Kings Park Secondary School, where he met future Primal Scream founder Bobby Gillespie. McGee left school at 16 with one GCSE, McGee and Gillespie were heavily into punk rock, and they joined a local punk band, The Drains, in 1978. The bands guitarist was Andrew Innes, after the breakup of The Drains, McGee and Innes moved to London and formed the band The Laughing Apple with Mark Jardim, a drummer from Croydon. They recorded three singles in 1981 and 1982, two of which were released on Autonomy, and the third was put out on their own Essential record label, in 1983, quitting his job at British Rail, he co-founded Creation Records with Dick Green and Joe Foster. McGee said that his intention with Creation was to merge psychedelia with punk rock and he also formed the band Biff Bang Pow. which would continue until 1991, and began running a club night called The Living Room at The Adams Arms in Central London. He also began managing then-unknown The Jesus and Mary Chain, whose first single was issued on McGees label in November 1984. Creation Records was one of the key labels in the mid-80s indie movement, with releases featuring artists such as Primal Scream, The Jasmine Minks. While these records were not commercially successful, McGees enthusiasm and ability to promote Creation releases in the music media ensured a healthy following. During this time Creation had run up debts, which forced McGee to sell half the company to Sony Music in 1992. The success of Oasis was unprecedented for an act on an independent label, in 1998, Omnibus made a documentary about McGee and Creation for BBC One. McGee was awarded by the NME Godlike Genius award in February 1996, McGee returned to making music in 1997, collaborating with Ed Ball under the name The Chemical Pilot, releasing the album Journey to the Centre of the Mind in 1998. While Oasis went on to sell nearly 54 million records by 2008, Creation continued issuing albums by other artists, rumours began to circulate of McGees dissatisfaction with the direction Creation had gone. In late 1999 it was announced that Creation Records would close, the final album released by the label was Primal Screams 2000 release XTRMNTR, which went gold in the UK. The final single was the third released from the album itself, two books were written in the wake of Creation Records, One, by David Cavanagh, which McGee calls the accountants tale and one by Paulo Hewitt. McGee closed Creation Records for good, selling the rest of the shares to Sony in 2000 for a price that was staggered through the 1990s of around $30,000,000
26.
Upside Down (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)
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Upside Down is the first single from the Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. The song was written by William Reid and Jim Reid, and was produced by The Jesus, the b-side is a cover of a Syd Barrett song and was produced by Joe Foster. It is the only early period release for the Creation Records label. The sleeves for the first 1.000 copies were printed by Bobby Gillespie in Glasgow, subsequent copies were produced in several color variations including red, yellow, blue and pink. In 1985 the single was re-released with a different sleeve. 7 Upside Down –3,00 Vegetable Man –3,35 Jim Reid – vocals, producer William Reid – guitar, drums, producer Douglas Hart – bass Murray Dalglish – drums Alan McGee - producer Joe Foster - producer
27.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
28.
Syd Barrett
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Roger Keith Syd Barrett was a British musician, composer, singer-songwriter, and painter. Best known as a member of the band Pink Floyd, Barrett was the lead singer, guitarist. Barrett was excluded from Pink Floyd in April 1968 after David Gilmour took over as their new guitarist, Barrett was musically active for less than ten years. With Pink Floyd, he recorded four singles, their debut album, Barrett began his solo career in 1969 with the single Octopus from his first solo album, The Madcap Laughs. The album was recorded over the course of a year with five different producers, nearly two months after Madcap was released, Barrett began working on his second and final album, Barrett, produced by Gilmour and featuring contributions from Richard Wright. Two years later, he left the industry, retired from public life. In 1988, an album of unreleased tracks and outtakes, Opel, was released by EMI with Barretts approval, Barretts innovative guitar work and exploration of experimental techniques such as dissonance, distortion and feedback influenced many musicians. His recordings are noted for their strongly English-accented vocal delivery. After leaving music, Barrett continued with painting and dedicated himself to gardening, Pink Floyd wrote and recorded several tributes to him, most notably the 1975 album Wish You Were Here, which included Shine On You Crazy Diamond, as homage to Barrett. Syd Barrett was born as Roger Keith Barrett in the English city of Cambridge to a family living at 60 Glisson Road. Barrett was the fourth of five children and his father, Arthur Max Barrett, was a prominent pathologist and he was related to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, through Maxs maternal grandmother Ellen Garrett, who was Elizabeths cousin. In 1951 his family moved to 183 Hills Road, Barrett played piano occasionally, but usually preferred writing and drawing. He got a ukulele at 10, a banjo at 11, a year after he got his first acoustic guitar, he bought his first electric guitar and built his own amplifier. He used both names interchangeably for several years and his sister Rosemary stated, He was never Syd at home. He would never have allowed it and he was a Scout with the 7th Cambridge troop and went on to be a patrol leader. At one point at Morley Memorial Junior School he was taught by Roger Waters mother, later, in 1957, he attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. His father died of cancer on 11 December 1961, less than a month before Barretts 16th birthday, also on this day, Barrett had left the entry in his diary for this date blank. By this time, his brothers and sisters had left home, eager to help her son recover from his grief, Barretts mother encouraged the band in which he played, Geoff Mott and The Mottoes, a band which Barrett formed, to perform in their front room
29.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
30.
Primal Scream
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Primal Scream are a British rock band originally formed in 1982 in Glasgow by Bobby Gillespie and Jim Beattie. The current lineup consists of Gillespie, Andrew Innes, Martin Duffy, Simone Butler, Barrie Cadogan has toured and recorded with the band since 2006 as a replacement after the departure of guitarist Robert Throb Young. The band performed throughout 1982–1984, but their career did not take off until Gillespie left his position as drummer of The Jesus and their 1991 album Screamadelica broke the band into the mainstream. Their latest album Chaosmosis was released on 18 March 2016, Bobby Gillespie moved to Mount Florida, in southeastern Glasgow. There he attended Kings Park Secondary School, where he first met Robert Young, another schoolfriend was Alan McGee, who took Gillespie to his first gig, a Thin Lizzy concert. McGee and Gillespie were heavily influenced by rock, and they joined a local punk band, The Drains. The Drains guitarist was a 15-year-old Andrew Innes, the band was short-lived, and Innes and McGee moved to London while Gillespie chose to remain in Glasgow. After the punk movement ended, Gillespie became disenchanted with mainstream new wave music and he met up with another schoolfriend who shared his outlook, Jim Beattie, and recorded elemental noise tapes, in which Gillespie would bang two dustbin lids together and Beattie played fuzz-guitar. They soon moved on to Velvet Underground and Byrds cover songs before starting to write their own songs, based on Jah Wobble, Gillespie later said that the band didnt really exist, but we did it every night for something to do. They named themselves Primal Scream, a term for a type of cry heard in primal therapy, still essentially a partnership, Primal Scream first played live in 1982. Their first recording session, for McGees independent label Essential Records, was a track entitled The Orchard. Beattie later claimed that they burned the master tape, after the aborted recording, Gillespie joined The Jesus and Mary Chain as their drummer, and alternated between both bands. This lineup was signed to Creation Records, an independent record label founded by Alan McGee, and recorded the debut single, All Fall Down. After the release of the single, Gillespie was told by Mary Chain leaders William, Gillespie chose to remain with Primal Scream. Stuart May was replaced by Paul Harte, and the then released a new single. The b-side, Velocity Girl, was released on the C86 compilation, the band strongly disliked this, with Gillespie saying that they cant play their instruments and they cant write songs. The band toured throughout 1986, and Gillespie became disenchanted with the quality of their performances and he said that there was always something missing, musically or in attitude. The band switched to McGees newly set-up Warner Bros. subsidiary Elevation Records, before the band entered Rockfield Studios in Wales to record their debut album, McGurk was asked to leave the band
31.
Amphetamine
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Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. The term is used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers. Historically, it has used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as a performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer. The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions, currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness and it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown, drug addiction is a serious risk with large recreational doses but is unlikely to arise from typical long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use, recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class and it is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is an isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group. Amphetamine is used to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD, randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning two years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems, approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal, stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. However, high doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and effluxion of dopamine in the nervous system
32.
LSD
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Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects. This may include altered awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and it is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue and it is often sold on blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. However, adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia. LSD is in the ergoline family, LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color, as little as 20–30 micrograms can produce an effect. LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine, the laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German Lyserg-säure-diäthylamid, followed by a sequential number, LSD-25. Hofmann discovered its properties in 1943. LSD was introduced as a medication under the trade-name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S, Central Intelligence Agency thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition, LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine. LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug, LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences, during which users may feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Users sometimes report out of body experiences, in 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced appetite, and wakefulness, other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. The most common immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions, trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD by mouth, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and last up to 12 hours. It is impossible to predict when a bad trip will occur, some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD causes an animated experience of senses, emotions, memories, time. Generally beginning within 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts, changes in auditory and visual perception are typical
33.
UK Indie Chart
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The UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Independent Albums Chart are charts of the best-selling independent singles and albums, respectively, in the United Kingdom. They are published weekly by the Official Charts Company, by 1978, labels like Cherry Red, Rough Trade, and Mute had started up, and a support structure soon followed, including independent pressing, distribution and promotion. These labels got bigger and bigger, and by 1980 were having top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart. Chart success was limited, however, since the official top 40 was based on sales at large chains, in 1981, compilation of the chart switched to research company MRIB. The chart served to give exposure to the independent labels and the artists on those labels, in 1985, Music Week started compiling its own indie chart, but failed to meet the authority of the original chart. Other weekly music papers also published their own charts, often compiled from record shops. To be included in the chart, a record had to be distributed independently of the corporate framework of the major record companies. Large independent distributors emerged such as Pinnacle and Spartan, and there later emerged The Cartel, an association of regional distributors including Rough Trade, Backs, and Red Rhino. Although the independent chart has less relevance today, The Official UK Charts Company still compiles a chart, the UK Indie Chart was significantly altered in June 2009. Its new system altered the qualification criteria to include singles from labels that were at least fifty per cent owned by a record company that was not one of the main four record companies. This prevented major record companies from qualifying for the chart by outsourcing the shipping of their singles to smaller distribution services. These new changes were first unveiled at the 2008 annual general meeting of the British Phonographic Industry on 9 July, and the new chart went live on 29 June 2009. The first song to top the chart under the new system was Bonkers by Dizzee Rascal, which also made it to No.1 in the main UK Singles Chart
34.
Institute of Contemporary Arts
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The Institute of Contemporary Arts is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. It is located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and it contains galleries, a theatre, two cinemas, a bookshop and a bar. The current director is Stefan Kalmár, the ICA was founded by Roland Penrose, Peter Watson, Herbert Read, Peter Gregory, Geoffrey Grigson and E. L. T. Mesens in 1947. The ICAs founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers, the Academy Cinema building included the Pavilion, a restaurant, and the Marquee ballroom in the basement, the building was managed by George Hoellering, the film, jazz and big band promoter. With the acquisition of 17 Dover Street, Piccadilly, in May 1950, ewan Phillips served as the first director. It was the residence of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. The gallery, clubroom and offices were refurbished by modernist architect Jane Drew assisted by Neil Morris, Paolozzi decorated the bar area and designed a metal and concrete table with student Terence Conran. Ewan Phillips left in 1951, and Dorothy Morland was asked to take over temporarily, the critic Reyner Banham acted as assistant Director during the early 1950s, followed by Lawrence Alloway during the mid to later 1950s. In its early years, the Institute organised exhibitions of art including Picasso. A Georges Braque exhibition was held at the ICA in 1954 and it also launched Pop art, Op art, and British Brutalist art and architecture. The Independent Group met at the ICA in 1952–1962/63 and organised several exhibitions, with the support of the Arts Council, the ICA moved to its current site at Nash House in 1968. For a period during the 1970s the Institute was known for its often anarchic programme, rosenthal claims the group which assaulted him included the actor Keith Allen. Bill McAllister was ICA Director from 1977 to 1990, when the Institute developed a system of separate departments specializing in art, cinema. A fourth department was devoted to talks and lectures, iwona Blazwick was Director of Exhibitions from 1986 to 1993. Other notable curatorial and programming staff have included Lisa Appignanesi, James Lingwood, Michael Morris, Lois Keidan, Catherine Ugwu, MBE, Tim Highsted, mik Flood took over as director of the ICA in 1990 after McAllisters resignation. Flood announced that the Institute would have to leave its Mall location and move to a larger site and he was replaced as Director in 1997 by Philip Dodd. In 2002, the then ICA Chairman Ivan Massow criticised what he described as concept art, the ICA appointed Ekow Eshun Artistic Director in 2005 following the departure of Philip Dodd. A large financial deficit led to redundancies and resignations of key staff, Art critic JJ Charlesworth saw Eshun’s directorship as a direct cause of the ICA’s ills
35.
The Sun (United Kingdom)
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The Sun is a tabloid published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Since The Sun on Sunday was launched in February 2012, the paper has been a seven-day operation, as a broadsheet, it was founded in 1964 as a successor to the Daily Herald, it became a tabloid in 1969 after it was purchased by its current owners. It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, the Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had a daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Approximately 41% of readers are women and 59% are men, the Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow, Belfast, on 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, the Sun was first published as a broadsheet on 15 September 1964, with a logo featuring a glowing orange disc. It was launched by owners IPC to replace the failing Daily Herald, the new paper was intended to add a readership of social radicals to the Heralds political radicals. Supposedly there was an immense, sophisticated and superior class, hitherto undetected and yearning for its own newspaper. As delusions go, this was in the El Dorado class, launched with an advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper burst forth with tremendous energy, according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to curiosity and the advantage of novelty, by 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, The Sun was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions and he assured IPC that he would publish a straightforward, honest newspaper which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwells offer and he would later remark, I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers. Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed, Lamb wanted Bernard Shrimsley to be his deputy, which Murdoch accepted as Shrimsley had been the second name on his list of preferences. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were selected for their availability rather than their ability. This was about a quarter of what the Mirror then employed, Murdoch immediately relaunched The Sun as a tabloid, and ran it as a sister paper to the News of the World. The Sun used the printing presses, and the two papers were managed together at senior executive levels. The new tabloid Sun was first published on 17 November 1969, with a front page headlined HORSE DOPE SENSATION, an editorial on page 2 announced, Todays Sun is a new newspaper
