1.
Michelle Phillips
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Michelle Phillips is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. A native of California, she met and married John Phillips in San Francisco as a teenager, the band rose to fame with their popular singles California Dreamin and Creeque Alley, both of which Phillips co-wrote. They released five albums before their dissolution in 1970. Phillips is the last surviving member of the group and she went on to appear in numerous films throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including Ken Russells Valentino, playing Natacha Rambova, Bloodline, and Scissors. She was also a main cast member on the series Knots Landing from 1987 to 1993, Phillips released one solo album, Victim of Romance, in 1977. She is the mother of Chynna Phillips, Phillips was born Holly Michelle Gilliam in Long Beach, California, the second child of Joyce Leon, an accountant, and Gardner Burnett Gilliam, a merchant mariner. Phillipss mother died of an aneurysm when Michelle was five years old. Between the ages of six and twelve, Phillips was raised in Mexico City, Mexico, while there, she attended Mexican schools, and learned to speak Spanish. At age thirteen, Phillips returned to the United States with her father and sister, settling again in Long Beach, in high school, Phillips played several sports, as well as studying piano, guitar, and cello. Standing at 5 feet 7 inches Phillips relocated to San Francisco hoping to work as a model, there, she met John Phillips while he was touring California with his band the Journeymen. He divorced his first wife and married Michelle on December 31,1962, in 1968, she gave birth to their daughter, Chynna Phillips, who later became vocalist of the 1990s pop trio Wilson Phillips. After her marriage to John Phillips at age eighteen, the relocated to New York City. There, Phillips was a member of the Mamas & the Papas. She co-wrote some of the hits, including California Dreamin and Creeque Alley. Recording of the Mamas and the Papas second album was interrupted when Michelle Phillips became indiscreet about her affair with Gene Clark of the Byrds and this time, Phillips was determined to fire his wife. After consulting their attorney and record label, he, Elliot, after Phillips reinstatement, the band embarked on a brief tour of the East coast, playing a series of precarious shows in Washington, D. C. Baltimore, Maryland, and at Fordham University in New York City, after returning to California and settling in Los Angeles, the group recorded their third album, The Mamas & The Papas Deliver. In June of 1967, Phillips performed with the group at the Monterey Pop Festival in Monterey, California, the festival also featured other prominent California-based counterculture musicians and psychedelic rock acts, including Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix
2.
Cass Elliot
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Cass Elliot, also known as Mama Cass, was an American singer and actress, best known as a member of The Mamas & the Papas. After the group broke up, she released five solo albums, in 1998, Elliot, John Phillips, Denny Doherty, and Michelle Phillips were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for their work as The Mamas & the Papas. Ellen Naomi Cohen was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Philip Cohen, both her parents were the children of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. Her father owned a business, and her mother was a trained nurse. Elliot had a brother Joseph and a younger sister Leah, who became a singer as a member of the Coyote Sisters. The Cohens later moved to Alexandria, Virginia, Elliot adopted the name Cass in high school, possibly borrowing it from actress Peggy Cass, as Denny Doherty tells it. She assumed the surname Elliot some time later, in memory of a friend who had died, Elliot attended George Washington High School, along with Jim Morrison of The Doors. While still attending George Washington High School, Elliot became interested in acting and was cast in a production of the play The Boy Friend. She left high school shortly before graduation and moved to New York City to further her acting career, americas folk music scene was on the rise when Elliot met banjoist and singer Tim Rose and singer John Brown, and the three began performing as The Triumvirate. In 1963, James Hendricks replaced Brown, and the trio was renamed The Big 3, Elliots first recording with The Big 3 was Winkin, Blinkin and Nod, released by FM Records in 1963. Tim Rose left The Big 3 in 1964, and Elliot and Hendricks teamed with Canadians Zal Yanovsky and this group lasted eight months, after which Cass performed as a solo act for a while. In the meantime, Yanovsky and John Sebastian co-founded The Lovin Spoonful, while Doherty joined The New Journeymen, in 1965, Doherty persuaded Phillips that Elliot should join the group, which she did while she and the group members were vacationing in the Virgin Islands. Elliot confirmed the story in a 1968 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, saying, Its true, I did get hit on the head by a pipe that fell down and they were tearing this club apart in the islands, revamping it, putting in a dance floor. Workmen dropped a thin metal plumbing pipe and it hit me on the head, I had a concussion and went to the hospital. I had a bad headache for two weeks and all of a sudden I was singing higher. With two female members, The New Journeymen needed a new name, according to Doherty, Elliot had the inspiration for the bands new name, as written on his website, Were all just lying around vegging out watching TV and discussing names for the group. The New Journeymen was not a handle that was going to hang on this outfit, John was pushing for The Magic Cyrcle. Eech, but none of us could come up with anything better, then we switch the channel and, hey, and the first thing we hear is, Now hold on there, Hoss
3.
Denny Doherty
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Dennis Gerrard Stephen Doherty was a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He was most widely known as a member of the 1960s musical group The Mamas & the Papas. Denny Doherty was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Doherty started his musical career in Halifax in 1956 with a band called the Hepsters. With friends Richard Sheehan, Eddie Thibodeau and Mike OConnell, the Hepsters played at clubs in the Halifax area, the band lasted about two years. Sheehan recalls that they drew crowds wherever they went due to Dennys incredible voice, in 1960, at the age of 19, Doherty, along with Pat LaCroix and Richard Byrne, began a folk group called The Colonials in Halifax. When they got a deal with Columbia Records, they changed their name to The Halifax III. The band recorded two LPs and had a hit, The Man Who Wouldnt Sing Along With Mitch. Coincidentally, they separated at a hotel called The Colonial in Los Angeles, in 1963, Doherty established a friendship with Cass Elliot when she was with a band called The Big 3. While on tour with The Halifax III, Doherty met John Phillips and his new wife, a few months later, The Halifax III dissolved, and Doherty and their accompanist, Zal Yanovsky, were left broke in Hollywood. Elliot heard of their troubles and convinced her manager to hire them, thus, Doherty and Yanovsky joined the Big 3. Soon after adding even more members, they changed their name to the Mugwumps. The Mugwumps soon broke up due to insolvency. The Mamas & the Papas song Creeque Alley briefly outlines this history, Yanovsky went on to join The Lovin Spoonful with John Sebastian. About this time, John Phillips new band, The New Journeymen, Brickman had left the folk trio to pursue a career in television writing, and the group needed a quick replacement for their remaining tour dates. Doherty, then unemployed, filled the opening, after the New Journeymen called it quits as a band in early 1965, Elliot was invited into the formation of a new band, which became The Magic Cyrcle. Six months later in September 1965, the signed a recording contract with Dunhill Records. Changing their name to The Mamas & the Papas, the band began to record their debut album, If You Can Believe Your Eyes. In late 1965, Denny Doherty and Michelle Phillips started an affair and they were able to keep it secret during the early days of the bands new-found success
4.
John Phillips (musician)
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Known as Papa John, Phillips was a member and leader of the vocal group The Mamas & the Papas. Phillips was born in Parris Island, South Carolina and his father, Claude Andrew Phillips, was a retired United States Marine Corps officer who won an Oklahoma bar from another Marine in a poker game on the way home from France after World War I. His mother, Edna Gertrude, who had English ancestry, met his father in Oklahoma, according to his autobiography, Papa John, Phillips father was a heavy drinker who suffered from poor health. Phillips grew up in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was inspired by Marlon Brando to be street tough and he formed a group of teenage boys, who also sang doo-wop songs. He played basketball at George Washington High School, now George Washington Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, where he graduated in 1953, however, he resigned during his first year. Phillips then attended Hampden–Sydney College, an arts college for men in Hampden Sydney, Virginia. Phillips longed to have success in the industry and traveled to New York to find a record contract in the early 1960s. His first band, The Journeymen, was a trio, with Scott McKenzie. They were fairly successful, putting out three albums and several appearances on the 1960s TV show, Hootenanny, all three albums, as well as a compilation known as Best of the Journeymen, have since been reissued on CD. He developed his craft in Greenwich Village, during the American folk music revival, lyrics of the groups song Creeque Alley describe this period. The Journeymen were the band of the hungry i on Broadway. Phillips was the songwriter and musical arranger of The Mamas & the Papas. In a 1968 interview, Phillips described some of his arrangements as well arranged two-part harmony moving in opposite directions. After being signed to Dunhill, they had several Billboard Top Ten hits, including California Dreamin, Monday, Monday, I Saw Her Again, Creeque Alley, John Phillips also wrote San Francisco, in 1967 for former The Journeyman band mate, Scott McKenzie. San Francisco is widely regarded as emblematic of 1960s American counterculture music, Phillips wrote the oft-covered Me and My Uncle, which was a favorite in the repertoire of The Grateful Dead. Phillips helped promote and performed with The Mamas & the Papas in the Monterey International Pop Music Festival held June 16 to 18,1967 in Monterey, California. The festival was planned in just seven weeks and was developed as a way to rock music as an art form in the way jazz. It was the first major music event in history
5.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
6.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
9.
The Mamas & the Papas
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The Mamas & the Papas was an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. The group was composed of John Phillips, Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot and their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips, the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties. They released a total of five albums and seventeen singles over a four-year period, six of which made the Billboard top ten. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 for their contributions to the music industry, the group was formed by husband and wife John and Michelle Phillips, formerly of The New Journeymen, and Denny Doherty, formerly of The Mugwumps. Both of these acts were folk groups active from 1964 to 1965. The group considered calling itself The Magic Cyrcle before switching to The Mamas, the quartet spent the period from early spring to midsummer 1965 in the Virgin Islands to rehearse and just put everything together, as John Phillips later recalled. Phillips acknowledged that he was reluctant to abandon folk music, others, including Doherty and guitarist Eric Hord, have said he hung on to it like death. Roger McGuinns more measured view is that It was hard for John to break out of music, because I think he was real good at it, conservative. Phillips also acknowledged that it was Doherty and Elliot who awakened him to the potential of contemporary pop, while previously, the New Journeymen had played acoustic folk, with banjo, and The Mugwumps played something closer to folk rock, with bass and drums. Their rehearsals in the Virgin Islands were the first time that we tried playing electric, the band then traveled from New York to Los Angeles for an audition with Lou Adler, co-owner of Dunhill Records. The audition was arranged by Barry McGuire, who had befriended Cass Elliot and it led to a deal in which they would record two albums a year for the next five years, with a royalty of 5 percent on 90 percent of retail sales. Dunhill also tied the band to management and publishing deals, commonly known as a triple hat relationship, Cass Elliots membership was not formalized until the paperwork was signed, with Adler, Michelle Phillips, and Doherty overruling John Phillips. This single was Go Where You Wanna Go, which was given a release in November. There are few copies of this single extant and the follow-up, California Dreamin, has the same B-side, California Dreamin was released in December, supported by a full-page ad in Billboard on the 18th of that month. It peaked at four in the United States and number twenty-three in the United Kingdom. Go Where You Wanna Go was subsequently covered by The 5th Dimension, the quartets debut album, If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears, followed in February 1966 and became its only number-one on the Billboard 200. The third and final single from the album, Monday, Monday, was released in March 1966 and it became the bands only number-one hit in the US, reached number three in the UK, and was the first number-one on Spains new Los 40 Principales. Monday, Monday won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 1967 and it was also nominated for Best Performance by a Vocal Group, Best Contemporary Song, and Record of the Year
10.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
11.
Beat music
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Beat music, British beat, or Merseybeat is a pop and rock music genre that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. Beat music is a fusion of rock and roll, doo-wop, skiffle, the exact origins of the terms beat music and Merseybeat are uncertain. The name Mersey Beat was used for a Liverpool music magazine founded in 1961 by Bill Harry, Harry claims to have coined the term based on a policemans beat and not that of the music. The band the Pacifics were renamed the Mersey Beats in February 1962 by Bob Wooler, MC at the Cavern Club, the equivalent scenes in Birmingham and London were described as Brum beat and the Tottenham Sound respectively. The most distinctive characteristic of the music was the beat, using the backbeat common to rock and roll and rhythm and blues. The 8/8 rhythm was flexible enough to be adopted for songs from a range of genres and this flexibility also meant that beat music could cope with a greater range of time-signatures and song shapes than rock & roll had been able to. Beat groups usually had simple guitar-dominated line-ups, with vocal harmonies, the most common instrumentation of beat groups featured lead, rhythm and bass guitars plus drums, as popularized by the Beatles, the Searchers, and others. Beat groups—even those with a separate lead singer—often sang both verses and choruses in harmony, resembling doo wop, with nonsense syllables in the backing vocals. In the late 1950s, a culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls. Liverpool was perhaps uniquely placed within Britain to be the point of origin of a new form of music. It was also a port with links to America, which made for much greater access to American records and instruments like guitars. As a result, Beat bands were influenced by American groups of the era, such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets. Outside of Liverpool many local scenes were influenced by rock and roll and more by the rhythm and blues. These included bands from Birmingham who were grouped with the beat movement, the most successful being the Spencer Davis Group. Similar blues influenced bands who broke out from local scenes to national prominence were the Animals from Newcastle, the term British Invasion was coined by T. V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show soon after led to chart success, by 1967 beat music was beginning to sound out of date, particularly compared with the harder edged blues rock that was beginning to emerge. Most of the groups that had not already disbanded, like the Beatles, moved into different forms of music and pop music, including psychedelic rock
12.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
13.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
14.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
15.
Hells Angels
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The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club is a worldwide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organization is predominantly male and is considered an organized crime syndicate by the United States Department of Justice. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation, common nicknames for the club are the H. A. The Hells Angels website denies the suggestion that any misfit or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle club. The website also notes that the name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had served in the Flying Tigers Hells Angels squadron in China during World War II. In 1930, the Howard Hughes film Hells Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear, and accounts differ. One of the lesser known clubs existed in North Chino/South Pomona, California, the Frisco Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, original logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by Barger, used a version of the Deaths Head patch nicknamed the Barger Larger. It later became the club standard, the Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James–Younger Gang, free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang, the club launched the career of Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson. The Hells Angels official website attributes the deaths head insignia design to Frank Sadilek. The colors and shape of the early-style jacket emblem were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter Squadron, the Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to military medals. Although the specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, the official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the clubs nickname The Red and White. These patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests, Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in Support 81, Route 81. The 8 and 1 stand for the positions in the alphabet of H and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the club in deference to club rules, the diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, displaying 1% in red on a white background with a red merrowed border. The AMA has no record of such a statement to the press, most members wear a rectangular patch identifying their respective chapter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads Hells Angels, when applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization
16.
Roger McGuinn
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James Roger McGuinn /məˈɡwɪn/ known professionally as Roger McGuinn and previously as Jim McGuinn, is an American musician. He is best known for being the singer and lead guitarist on many of the Byrds records. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work with the Byrds and he was also part of an author/musician band Rock Bottom Remainders, a group of published writers doubling as musicians to raise proceeds for literacy charities. In July 2013, McGuinn co-authored an interactive ebook, Hard Listening, McGuinn was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. His parents, James and Dorothy, were involved in journalism and public relations and he attended The Latin School of Chicago. He became interested in music after hearing Elvis Presleys Heartbreak Hotel, around the same time, he was also influenced by country artists and/or groups such as Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Gene Vincent, and The Everly Brothers. In 1957, he enrolled as a student at Chicagos Old Town School of Folk Music and he also played guitar and sang backup harmonies for Bobby Darin. Soon after, he relocated to the West Coast, eventually Los Angeles, in 1962, after he ended his association with the Chad Mitchell Trio, McGuinn was hired by Darin to be a backup guitarist and harmony singer. Unfortunately, about a year and a half after McGuinn began to play guitar and sing with Darin, Darin became ill, Music in New York Citys Brill Building, hiring McGuinn as a songwriter for $35 a week. During 1963, just one year before he co-founded The Byrds, he was a musician in New York City, recording with Judy Collins. At the same time, he was hearing of The Beatles, by the time Doug Weston gave McGuinn a job at the The Troubadour in Los Angeles, McGuinn had included Beatles songs in his act. He gave rock style treatments to traditional tunes and thereby caught the attention of another folkie Beatle fan, Gene Clark. Together they formed the beginning of what was to become The Byrds, during his time with The Byrds, McGuinn developed two innovative and very influential styles of electric guitar playing. The first was jingle-jangle – generating ringing arpeggios based on banjo finger picking styles he learned while at the Old Town School of Folk – which was influential in the rock genre. While tracking The Byrds first single, Mr. Tambourine Man, at Columbia studios, the Ric by itself is kind of thuddy, he notes. But if you add a compressor, you get that long sustain, to be honest, I found this by accident. The engineer, Ray Gerhardt, would run compressors on everything to protect his precious equipment from loud rock and he compressed the heck out of my 12-string, and it sounded so great we decided to use two tube compressors in series, and then go directly into the board. Thats how I got my jingle-jangle tone and its really squashed down, but it jumps out from the radio
17.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
18.
Lou Adler
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Adler has produced and developed a number of iconic musical artists, including Carole King, The Mamas & the Papas and The Grass Roots. Kings Diamond-certified album Tapestry, produced by Adler, won the 1972 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, Adler was an executive producer of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, the longest-running theatrical film in history. He also discovered and produced albums and films for Cheech & Chong. In 2006, Adler was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his achievements in music and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2013 as the winner, alongside Quincy Jones, of the Ahmet Ertegun Award. Adler was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1933 and raised in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles and his career in music began as co-manager, alongside Herb Alpert, of Jan & Dean. Adler and Alpert transitioned from managing into songwriting, composing the song River Rock in 1958 for Bob Froggy Landers and The Cough Drops, in 1964, Adler founded Dunhill Records. He was President and chief producer of the label from 1964 to 1967. During this time, Adler signed The Mamas & the Papas to Dunhill, producing six top-five hits for the group, including California Dreamin, Dunhill also reached #1 on the pop charts with Barry McGuires single Eve of Destruction. Through additional efforts by co-producers and songwriting duo P. F. Sloan and Steve Barri, the label reached #8 on the pop charts with The Grass Roots single Lets Live for Today. Capitalizing on Dunhills success, Adler sold the label to ABC in 1967 and founded Ode Records, to which he signed Carole King, Spirit, Cheech & Chong, Scott McKenzie and others. Adler produced all of Kings albums on Ode, which include four Gold, one Platinum, Kings second album for Ode, Tapestry, sold more than 25 million copies worldwide, and is largely considered one of the greatest albums of all time. Adlers work on Tapestry garnered him two Grammy Awards in 1972, Record of the Year and Album of the Year, in addition to work with his own labels artists, Adler produced a number of live albums for Johnny Rivers. In June 1967, Adler helped to produce the Monterey International Pop Festival, as well as the film version, in 1975, Adler served as executive producer of the cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show. After seeing The Rocky Horror Show at a theater in London, Adler bought the American rights to the show, presented it live in Los Angeles, the movie went on to become the longest-running theatrical film in history. In 1978, Adler directed the movie Up In Smoke, starring Cheech & Chong, the movie remains a cult hit, and in 2000 Adler recorded a commentary track along with Cheech Marin for the DVD release. His 1981 film, Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains, did not make an impact upon release. Also in 1981, Adler executive-produced the follow-up to The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Adler was married to actress and singer Shelley Fabares in 1964 and produced several of her songs. They separated in 1966 but were not formally divorced until 1980, in 1973 he fathered his first son, Nic Adler, with actress Britt Ekland
19.
Barry McGuire
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Barry McGuire is an American singer-songwriter. He is known for the hit song Eve of Destruction, McGuire was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and moved to California in early childhood, when he was two years old. At age 16, he joined the United States Navy, but was discharged ten months later for being under age, after working as a commercial fisherman, and then going on to become a journeyman pipe fitter, McGuire got a job singing in a bar. In 1961, he released his first single called The Tree and he formed a duo with Barry Kane called Barry & Barry. At The Troubadour they both joined The New Christy Minstrels, a folk group performing there, and McGuire sang lead vocals on their novelty single Three Wheels on My Wagon. They continued to perform their separate duo act there as well as performing with The New Christy Minstrels and it also included If I Had A Hammer. Released three months after the release of the song by folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary. Their album, Here And Now on vinyl eventually went out of print, in 1963, McGuire along with Randy Sparks co-wrote, and sang lead vocal on, the Christys first and biggest hit single, Green, Green. He left the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album, Cowboys and Indians, however, on the 1965 album, Chim Chim Cher-ee, he sang only on the title cut. As a folk rock singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits Eve of Destruction and Sins of a Family. Barrys other chart successes were Child of Our Times and Cloudy Summer Afternoon, Eve of Destruction sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. McGuires, The Eve of Destruction, peaked at No.37 on the Billboard 200 albums chart during the week ending September 25,1965 and that same week the single of that name went to No.1 on both the, Cashbox and Billboard Hot 100 charts. McGuire was never again to break into the Top 40, the song knocked, Help. by The Beatles out of the top spot on the chart. The recording includes an ahhh where McGuire could not read the words, the Temptations referenced McGuires song Eve of Destruction in their song Ball of Confusion. For other references and covers of Eve of Destruction see the article, the album, This Precious Time was released in 1966, his second with Dunhill Records. It includes a version of California Dreamin with The Mamas & the Papas singing backing vocals, McGuire is mentioned several times in The Mamas & the Papas hit, Creeque Alley. Frank Zappa wrote McGuires name in the sleeve of his, Freak Out, album as one of his musical influences. McGuire appeared in the 1967 movie, The Presidents Analyst with James Coburn as the character, Old Wrangler and he also starred for a year in the Broadway musical, Hair in 1968
20.
California Dreamin'
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California Dreamin is a song written by John Phillips and Michelle Phillips and was first recorded by Barry McGuire. However, the best known version is by The Mamas & the Papas, the song is #89 in Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The lyrics of the song express the longing for the warmth of Los Angeles during a cold winter in New York City. The song became a signpost of the California Myth and the arrival of the nascent counterculture era, California Dreamin was certified as a Gold Record by the RIAA in June 1966 and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001. The song was written in 1963 while John Phillips and Michelle Phillips were living in New York and he dreamed about the song and woke her up to help him write it. Michelle Phillips enjoyed visiting churches, and she and John Phillips visited St. Patricks Cathedral, John hated the verse, as he was turned off to churches by unpleasant memories of parochial school, but he couldnt think of anything better so he left it in. At the time, John and Michelle Phillips were members of the folk group The New Journeymen and they earned their first record contract after being introduced to Lou Adler, the head of Dunhill Records, by Barry McGuire. In thanks to Adler, they sang the vocals to California Dreamin with members of the session band The Wrecking Crew on McGuires album This Precious Time. The Mamas & the Papas then recorded their own using the same instrumental and backing vocal tracks to which they added new vocals. P. F. Sloan did the guitar introduction, McGuires original vocal can be briefly heard on the left channel at the beginning of the record, having not been completely wiped. The single was released in late 1965 but was not an immediate breakthrough, after gaining little attention in Los Angeles upon its release, Michelle Phillips remembers that it took a radio station in Boston to break the song nationwide. After making its debut in January 1966, the song peaked at number 4 in March on both the Billboard Hot 100, lasting 17 weeks, and Cashbox, lasting 20 weeks. California Dreamin was the number 1 single of 1966 in Billboard, California Dreamin also reached number 23 on the UK charts upon its original release and re-charted after its use in a Carling Black Label commercial in 1997, eventually peaking at number 9 there. Some high-profile artists who have recorded this song include The Faction, in 1967, Icelandic band Hljómar recorded a version in Icelandic with the title Sveitapiltsins draumur, which appeared on their first LP. In 1978, a disco version proved popular in European clubs for Italian project Colorado, reaching 45 on the British charts, the John Mayer Trio covered California Dreamin on the June 4,2009 episode of The Tonight Show with Conan OBrien. In 1979 a movie based on the song, California Dreaming was released, the band America performed the song on the movie soundtrack, which was also released as a single and was a minor hit in the US peaking at 56 on the Billboard singles chart. A more uptempo version was recorded by the Japanese punk band Hi-Standard as was the recording by the band Seven Faces and their California Dreamin EP was released on Fat Wreck Chords in 1996. In 1987, Orange County-based punk band M. I. A, released a version of the song on their After the Fact LP
21.
The 5th Dimension
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The 5th Dimension is an American popular music vocal group, whose repertoire includes pop, R&B, soul, jazz, light opera and Broadway—the melange was coined as Champagne Soul. Formed as The Versatiles in late 1965, the changed its name to the hipper The 5th Dimension by 1966. The five original members were Billy Davis Jr. Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamonte McLemore and they have recorded for several labels over their long careers. Their first work appeared on the Soul City label, which was started by Imperial Records/United Artists Records recording artist Johnny Rivers, the group later recorded for Bell/Arista Records, ABC Records, and Motown Records. Some of the songwriters popularized by the 5th Dimension went on to careers of their own, especially Ashford & Simpson, who wrote California Soul. In the early 1960s, Lamonte McLemore and Marilyn McCoo got together with three friends from Los Angeles — Harry Elston, Lawrence Summers. and Fritz Baskett — to form a group called the Hi-Fis. In 1963, they sang at clubs while taking lessons from a vocal coach. In 1964, they came to the attention of Ray Charles and he produced a single by the group, Lonesome Mood, a jazz-type song that gained local attention. However, internal disagreements caused Elston to go his way, eventually leading to his forming the Friends of Distinction, with latter day Hi-Fis member, McLemore sought to form another group and started looking for members to join him and McCoo. McCoo, who had studied with the vocal coach Eddie Beal, had appeared in high school. His grandmother fostered his career by arranging for private voice and acting lessons as he grew up, in his teens, he toured with Dorothy Dandridge and Nat King Cole, joined the Wings Over Jordan Choir, and played a small part in the film Porgy and Bess. He demonstrated his skill as a classical artist by placing third in the Metropolitan Opera auditions held in St. Louis, after finishing high school, he worked his way through Lincoln University by conducting the school and church choir. After graduating, he organized his own 25-member gospel choir, another of McLemores friends from St. Louis days, Billy Davis Jr. started singing in gospel choirs at an early age. He later saved enough money to buy a cocktail lounge in St. Louis, when asked to join McLemores new group, he agreed, while hoping for a solo contract from Motown. The members began rehearsing as the Versatiles in late 1965 and auditioned for Marc Gordon, who headed Motowns Los Angeles office. Although the groups demo tape was rejected by Motown, Gordon agreed to them and brought them to the attention of Johnny Rivers. Their first Soul City single, Ill Be Lovin You Forever, was a successful single, in 1965 The Mamas & the Papas first single, lead member John Phillips Go Where You Wanna Go, failed to open the foursomes chart career. The budding songwriter Jimmy Webb supplied the group with their hit, Up, Up and Away
22.
Up, Up and Away (The 5th Dimension album)
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Up, Up and Away is the debut album by American pop group The 5th Dimension, released in 1967. The title track was released as a single and became a pop hit. The groups first single release on Soul City Records, Train Keep On Moving/Ill Be Loving You Forever was not a success, both songs appear as bonus tracks on a later CD reissue of the album. The first single released from album, Go Where You Wanna Go, was initially recorded by The Mamas & the Papas. The 5th Dimensions version became a Top 20 hit in the US, the groups second release, Another Day, Another Heartache, also charted, peaking at #45. It was their third release, the ubiquitous Up, Up and Away, the group and the song amassed a total of five different Grammy Awards between them in 1967. Many different artists have recorded versions of the song. The group appeared on television shows of the day, including The Hollywood Palace, Shebang, and particularly The Ed Sullivan Show. –2,54 Learn How to Fly –3,01 Poor Side of Town –3,21 CD Reissue Bonus Tracks Ill Be Loving You Forever –3,11 Train Keep on Movin –2,47 Too Poor to Die –1,53 Billy Davis, Jr. F
23.
If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears
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If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears is the 1966 debut album by The Mamas & the Papas. In 2003, it was ranked #127 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, the mono mix of the album was remastered and reissued on vinyl by Sundazed Records in 2010, and on CD the following year. These were pulled from stores after the toilet was declared indecent, cover art was produced and shot by photographer Guy Webster. And on their January 1966 debut, If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears and he described the album as a dark look at L. A. culture which sounds accessible and optimistic thanks in large part to Lou Adlers production. Bruce Eder wrote in Allmusic that the album embraced folk-rock, pop/rock, pop, and soul and he added that it had a stronger polish than The Mamas and the Papas other albums, in part because it predated the personal conflicts which tainted their later works. The album was included in Robert Dimerys 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Side one Monday, Monday –3,28 Straight Shooter –2,58 Got a Feelin –2,53 I Call Your Name –2,38 Do You Wanna Dance. F
24.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
25.
Monday, Monday
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It was the groups only number-one hit on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100. Phillips said that he wrote the song quickly, in about 20 minutes, the song includes a false ending, when there is a pause before the coda of the song, and goes up a half note for the bridges and refrains of the song. On March 2,1967, The Mamas & the Papas won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for this song, arguably the best live or studio version of the song was performed at the Monterey Rock Festival in 1967. The performance was recorded for film at the time but not in a solo album, the song appears on the soundtrack of Michael Apteds film Stardust. and Other Songs of our Time The Cowsills on The Johnny Cash Show The 5th Dimension on their album The 5th Dimension/Live. 1 ESPN announcer Chris Berman referred to Rick Monday as Monday, Monday, the Mamas and the Papas version of Monday, Monday is heard in a chase scene in the 2010 movie The Other Guys. The song is used in one of the Discovery Channels promos for the reality TV series Dirty Jobs, the Daredevil villain, Typhoid Mary, sings this song while fighting Yakuza. Monday, Monday at Myspace Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
26.
Los 40
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Los 40 is a Top 40 CHR musical radio network and radio station brand in many Spanish-speaking countries from Prisa Radio. The station has its origins as a show at Radio Madrid, today Cadena SER in 1966. In 2006, the chart celebrated its 40th anniversary, the brand’s network in Spain has more than 4,000,000 listeners alone. Some stations under this name are owned and operated or are licensed by Grupo PRISA to use the brand. Some LOS40 stations are operated by a broadcasting company and affiliated with the company that holds a license to use the brand from Grupo PRISA. Each LOS40 network typically broadcasts its own national feed from its respective country. S, American, Latin American, Pan-European and British singers and bands. Some stations air more Latin Top 40 music while some more European and English-language music and it has a high-rotation playlist consisting mainly of tracks from its private chart. The main music genres that can be heard are Pop, Pop-rock, in 1965, the Ministry of Information and Tourism passed a law forcing medium wave radio stations to launch FM stations to develop FM in Spain. Due to the costs of producing new shows, most of the schedule for the new stations was based on music. In 1966, Cadena SER asked one of its broadcasters, Rafael Revert, so he took the idea of the Top 40 and created a chart with the 40 top singles of the week, which would be voted on by the audience. Soon, the show would be broadcast on ten Cadena SER radio stations, at first it was a daily show, revealing candidates during the week, and the new list each Saturday. The viewers would phone each station to vote for their favorite songs, the show was recorded in Madrid, then the tape was sent to all of the affiliate stations throughout Spain and broadcast simultaneously. The duration of the show was increased during the 70s from the original 1 hour to more than 8 hours by the end of the 1970s. In 1979, Cadena SER decided to create new 40 Principales stations, at first, the 40 Principales stations were still part of Cadena SER, becoming an independent network in 1987, though still owned by Grupo PRISA alongside Cadena SER. In 1985, the 40 Principales main station began broadcasting live by satellite throughout Spain, in 1990, the chart show started being broadcast also on TV through Canal+, and in 1998 also on the newly created 40 Principales TV satellite channel. The chart show got its present name, Del 40 al 1, in May 2016, Los 40 Principales re-branded as simply LOS40. In December 2014, DJ Paul Hip asked listeners of 40 Principales Chile what they would do for music concert festival tickets. The radio station hosted a competition for contestants to come up with their own challenges, if their challenge was accepted by the radio DJ, they were given the opportunity to complete it to win the tickets
27.
The Mamas & the Papas (album)
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The Mamas & the Papas is the self-titled second studio album by The Mamas & the Papas, released in 1966. The album peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 album chart, the lead off single, I Saw Her Again, reached number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 11 in the UK Singles Chart. Words of Love was released as the single in the US peaking at number 5. In the UK, it was released as a double A-side with Dancing in the Street and charted at number 47 in the UK. After it was discovered that group member Michelle Phillips was having an affair with Gene Clark of the Byrds, tension in the band erupted, in June, a new singer was hired to replace her. Jill Gibson was producer Lou Adlers girlfriend at the time and was already a singer/songwriter who had performed on several Jan and Dean albums and she learned to sing Phillips parts within three weeks while the band was in London, England. Who actually sang on this album is a matter of conjecture, some of the album had already been recorded with Phillips, including the hit singles I Saw Her Again and Words of Love, before she was fired from the group. Gibson went to recording with Doherty, John Phillips and Cass Elliot on several new tracks. By the end of August, Phillips was asked to rejoin the group, Phillips then recorded vocals on two new songs with the group. During the discussion on this album in the Matthew Greenwalds book Go Where You Wanna Go. In all likelihood, a number of the songs on this album contain the voices of all five singers, however, the decision was then made to shoot an entirely new picture with the new line-up, and to also change the albums title to Crashon Screamon All Fall Down. Copies of the rare Crashon pressings are now sought after collectors items. All songs by John Phillips, unless otherwise noted
28.
Gene Clark
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Harold Eugene Gene Clark was an American singer-songwriter and founding member of the folk rock band the Byrds. Clark was born in Tipton, Missouri, the third of 13 children in a family of Irish, German and his family moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where as a boy he began learning to play the guitar and harmonica from his father. He was soon playing Hank Williams tunes as well as material by early rockers such as Elvis Presley and he began writing songs at the age of 11. By the time he was 15, he had developed a rich voice, and he formed a local rock and roll combo, Joe Meyers. Like many of his generation, Clark developed an interest in music because of the popularity of the Kingston Trio. When he graduated from Bonner Springs High School, in Bonner Springs, Kansas, in 1962, he formed a folk group, Clark had two sons, Kelly and Kai Clark. Clark was invited to join a regional folk group, the Surf Riders, working out of Kansas City at the Castaways Lounge. On August 12,1963, he was performing with them when he was discovered by the New Christy Minstrels and they hired him, and he recorded two albums with the ensemble before leaving in early 1964. After hearing the Beatles, Clark quit the New Christy Minstrels and moved to Los Angeles, in early 1964 they began to assemble a band that would become the Byrds. He initially played guitar in the band, but relinquished that position to David Crosby and became the tambourine. Few in the audience could take their eyes off this presence and he had the gift that none of the rest of us had developed yet. What deep inner part of his soul conjured up songs like Set You Free This Time, Ill Feel A Whole Lot Better, Im Feelin Higher and we learned a lot of songwriting from him and in the process learned a little bit about ourselves. A management decision gave McGuinn the lead vocals for their major singles and he briefly returned to Kansas City before moving back to Los Angeles to form Gene Clark & the Group with Chip Douglas, Joel Larson, and Bill Rhinehart. Columbia Records signed Clark as a solo artist, and in 1967 he released his first solo album, the album was a unique mixture of pop, country rock and baroque psychedelic tracks. It received favorable reviews, but unfortunately for Clark it was released almost simultaneously with the Byrds Younger Than Yesterday, also on Columbia, in 1968, Clark signed with A&M Records and began a collaboration with the banjo player Doug Dillard. Guitarist Bernie Leadon, bassist Dave Jackson and mandolinist Don Beck joined them to form the nucleus of Dillard & Clark and they produced two albums, The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark and Through the Morning, Through the Night. The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark was an adventure in acoustic country rock, it included the songs Train Leaves Here This Morning, in contrast, Through the Morning, Through the Night was more indebted to traditional bluegrass but employed electric instrumentation. By this juncture, Dillards girlfriend Donna Washburn had joined the group as a backing vocalist, the shift to traditional bluegrass also caused Clark to lose interest
29.
The Byrds
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The Byrds /ˈbɜːrdz/ were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member. Initially, they pioneered the genre of folk rock, melding the influence of the Beatles and other British Invasion bands with contemporary. As the 1960s progressed, the band was influential in originating psychedelic rock, raga rock. The bands signature blend of clear harmony singing and McGuinns jangly twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar has continued to be influential on popular music up to the present day, among the bands most enduring songs are their cover versions of Bob Dylans Mr. Tambourine Man and Pete Seegers Turn. Turn. along with the originals, Ill Feel a Whole Lot Better, Eight Miles High, So You Want to Be a Rock n Roll Star, Ballad of Easy Rider. The original five-piece lineup of the Byrds consisted of Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Michael Clarke. However, this version of the band was relatively short-lived and by early 1966, Clark had left due to associated with anxiety. The Byrds continued as a quartet until late 1967, when Crosby, McGuinn and Hillman decided to recruit new members, including country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, but by late 1968, Hillman and Parsons had also exited the band. McGuinn disbanded the current lineup in early 1973, to make way for a reunion of the original quintet. The Byrds final album was released in March 1973, with the group disbanding soon afterwards. In the late 1980s, Gene Clark and Michael Clarke both began touring as the Byrds, prompting a legal challenge from McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman over the rights to the bands name. As a result of this, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman performed a series of concerts as the Byrds in 1989 and 1990. In January 1991, the Byrds were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman still remain active but Gene Clark died of a heart attack in May 1991, and Michael Clarke died of liver failure in December 1993. The nucleus of the Byrds formed in early 1964, when Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, All three musicians had a background rooted in folk music, with each one having worked as a folk singer on the acoustic coffeehouse circuit during the early 1960s. McGuinn had also spent time as a songwriter at the Brill Building in New York City. By early 1964, McGuinn had become enamored with the music of the Beatles, soon after, David Crosby introduced himself to the duo at The Troubadour and began harmonizing with them on some of their songs. Impressed by the blend of their voices, the three formed a trio and named themselves the Jet Set, a moniker inspired by McGuinns love of aeronautics
30.
I Saw Her Again
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I Saw Her Again is a pop song recorded by the U. S. vocal group the Mamas & the Papas in 1966. It appeared on their eponymous album in September 1966. While mixing the record, engineer Bones Howe punched in the vocals too early, inadvertently including Dennys false start on the third chorus. Despite attempting to correct the error, the miscued vocal could still be heard on playback, producer Lou Adler liked the effect and told Howe to leave it in the final mix. Lou Adler has said that song was specifically done to try and capture the flavor of what the Beatles had been doing. All Dunhill albums that include the song erroneously show the playing time of 2,50 instead of the correct time of 3,10. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
31.
Jan and Dean
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Jan and Dean were an American rock duo consisting of William Jan Berry and Dean Ormsby Torrence. In the early 1960s, they were pioneers of the California Sound, among their most successful songs was 1963s Surf City, the first surf song to top the Hot 100. Their other charting top 10 singles were Drag City, The Little Old Lady from Pasadena, and Dead Mans Curve, in 2013, Torrences design contribution of the Surf City Allstars In Concert CD was named a Silver Award of Distinction at the Communicator Awards competition. William Jan Berry, was the son of Clara Lorentze Mustad and aeronautical engineer William L. Berry, Jans father was manager of the Spruce Goose. Dean Ormsby Torrence is the son of Natalie Ormsby and Maurice Dean Torrence, a graduate of Stanford University, who was a sales manager at the Wilshire Oil Company. Berry and Torrence, both born in Los Angeles, California, met while students at Emerson Junior High School in Westwood, Los Angeles, and both were on the schools football team. By 1957, they were students in the Vagabond Class of 1958 at the nearby University High School, Berry and Torrence had adjoining lockers, and after football practice, they began harmonizing together in the showers with several other football players, including future actor James Brolin. Wally Yagi, John Sagi Seligman, with Berry singing bass, during its short duration Sandy Nelson, Torrences neighbor, played drums, and future Beach Boy, Bruce Johnston, occasionally sang and played piano. During primitive recording sessions in the garage, Berry served as producer and arranger, in 1958 the Barons performed to popular acclaim at the talent competition at University High School, covering contemporary hits like Get a Job, Rock and Roll is Here to Stay, and Short Shorts. However, after the contest, various members of the Barons drifted away, leaving only Berry and Torrence, who tried to write their own songs. After being inspired by a poster featuring a local, Hollywood burlesque performer, Virginia Lee Hicks, who was performing as Jennie Lee. Main St, Los Angeles, Ginsburg wrote a song, Jennie Lee. Berry adapted the Civil War tune Aura Lea and arranged the harmonies, Altfeld belting out the rhythm on a childrens metal high chair. The next day Berry took their recording to Radio Recorders, a recording studio. Joe Lubin, Vice President and Head of A & R of Doris Day and Martin Melchers Arwin Records, was impressed and offered to add instruments, in March 1958 the fathers of Berry and Ginsburg signed contracts authorizing Lubin to produce, arrange, and manage their sons. Berry and Ginsburg, now christened Jan & Arnie, re-recorded their vocals on a recording system. Produced by Lubin, Jennie Lee, backed with Gotta Get a Date, according to Berrys biographer Mark A. Moore, The song had a raucous R&B flavor, with a bouncing bomp-bomp vocal hook that would become a signature from Jan on future recordings. Distributed by Dot Records, Jennie Lee was released in mid-April, entered the charts on May 10,1958, the same day they appeared on ABCs Dick Clark Show
32.
Forest Hills, Queens
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Forest Hills is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. Originally, the area was referred to as Whitepot, Forest Hills is bounded by 62nd Drive, Thornton Place, and Selfridge Street to the west, Metropolitan Avenue to the south, Union Turnpike to the east, and the Grand Central Parkway to the north. Forest Hills Gardens has some of the most beautiful architecture in New York, there is also a great tradition of tennis. Forest Hills Stadium hosted the U. S. Open until 1978, bustling Austin Street bisects Forest Hills and boasts lots of restaurants and chain stores. Forest Hills is bordered by Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and Forest Park and it is bounded by Burns Street to the north, Union Turnpike to the east, Greenway South and Harrow Street to the south, and Tennis Place and Continental Ave to the west. The development of adjacent Forest Park, a park on the end of Forest Hills. Starting in 1896, the firm of Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot was contracted to provide a plan for the park. In 1906, Brooklyn attorney Cord Meyer bought abutting land made up of six farms, there is a street named after Ascan Bakus, Ascan Avenue, in Forest Hills today. In 1909, Margaret Sage, who founded the Russell Sage Foundation, grosvenor Atterbury, a renowned architect, was given the commission to design Forest Hills Gardens. The neighborhood was planned on the model of the communities of England. As a result, there are many Tudor-style homes in Forest Hills, the construction of this area used a prefabricated building technique, each house was built from approximately 170 standardized precast concrete panels, fabricated off-site and positioned by crane. In 1913, the West Side Tennis Club moved from Manhattan to Forest Hills Gardens, the U. S. Open and its predecessor national championships were held there until 1978, making Forest Hills synonymous with tennis for generations. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Forest Hills was 86,364 a increase of 1,318 from the 85,046 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,328.22 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 63.0 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 58. 3% White,2. 5% African American,0. 1% Native American,24. 2% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12. 4% of the population, historically, Forest Hills has had many Jewish residents. The border between Rego Park and Forest Hills is home to many Jews, one of the largest population of such in the world outside of Israel. South of the Long Island Rail Road, the Forest Hills Gardens area is a community that features some of the most expensive residential properties in Queens County
33.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
34.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
35.
The Hollywood Palace
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The Hollywood Palace was an hour-long American television variety show that was broadcast weekly on ABC from January 4,1964, to February 7,1970. Originally titled The Saturday Night Hollywood Palace, it began as a replacement for The Jerry Lewis Show, another variety show. It was staged in Hollywood at the former Hollywood Playhouse on Vine Street, a little-known starlet named Raquel Welch was cast during the first season as the Billboard Girl, who placed the names of the acts on a placard. Unlike similar programs such as The Ed Sullivan Show, the series used a different host each week, the off-screen announcer for each program was Dick Tufeld. Grey Lockwood served as director for the entire run. The opening set framing the host established a show opening with Jim Trittipos stage set. This novelty was established as The Hollywood Palaces specialty and this opening transition broke the normal scheduled commercial time-slot breaks, with the commercial break occurring far into the shows first 15-minute segment. The folk-rock group We Five performed their hit You Were on My Mind within a few weeks of its release in 1965. During their 1964 appearance, the Rolling Stones were repeatedly ridiculed, before and after their performance of Muddy Waters I Just Want To Make Love To You, by host Dean Martin. The February 25,1967, edition featured the American television debut of the Beatles music videos for Penny Lane and Strawberry Fields Forever, introduced by guest host Van Johnson. The show, as well as all the ABCs Talmadge Main Lot programming, was televised in black and white until September 1965, the facility was the first color studio renovated by ABC Television on the West Coast, converted during The Hollywood Palaces summer hiatus. Given the orchestra plan, Welk drew a line on the right side of the plan, announcing. Exposure of the Knickerbocker Hotels electric sign atop the rear building, like The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS, all of the episodes of The Hollywood Palace were taped before a live audience, however, a laugh and applause track was also used for sweetening purposes. Storing these sliding floors required owning the property behind the theater building, moving the show to a Culver City sound stage was considered, but scuttled because of the expense. By the start of the 1969-1970 season, the ratings had slipped, bing Crosby hosted the final episode, sans audience, which consisted of clips from previous shows. On December 16,2004, a special titled Christmas at the Hollywood Palace was broadcast. It included performances by Crosby and 15 clips from past Christmas shows of the series and it also included interviews with Bings wife Kathryn Crosby, Bings children Harry and Mary Crosby, and Hollywood Palace producer Bill Harbach. The Hollywood Palace won one Emmy out of eight nominations, for James Trittipo for art direction in 1966 and that same year, the series earned nominations for variety series, arranging, costume design, and conducting
36.
Coda (music)
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Coda is a term used in music primarily to designate a passage that brings a piece to an end. Technically, it is an expanded cadence and it may be as simple as a few measures, or as complex as an entire section. The presence of a coda as an element in a movement is especially clear in works written in particular musical forms. Codas were commonly used in both form and variation movements during the Classical era. In a sonata movement, the recapitulation section will, in general, follow the exposition in its thematic content. In works in form, the coda occurs following the last variation. For one famous example, see Symphony No.8, codetta has a similar purpose to the coda, but on a smaller scale, concluding a section of a work instead of the work as a whole. A typical codetta concludes the exposition and recapitulation sections of a work in sonata form, following the second theme, thus, in the exposition, it usually appears in the secondary key, but, in the recapitulation, in the primary key. The codetta ordinarily closes with a cadence in the appropriate key. If the exposition is repeated, the codetta is also, but sometimes it has its ending slightly changed, cauda, a Latin word meaning tail, edge or trail is the root of coda and is used in the study of conductus of the 12th and 13th centuries. The cauda was a long melisma on one of the last syllables of the text, conducti were traditionally divided into two groups, conductus cum cauda and conductus sine cauda, based on the presence of the melisma. Thus, the cauda provided a role, also similar to the modern coda. Many songs in rock and other genres of music have sections identifiable as codas. A coda in these genres is sometimes referred to as an outro, while in jazz, modern church music, in music notation, the coda symbol, which resembles a set of crosshairs, is used as a navigation marker, similar to the dal Segno sign. It is used where the exit from a section is within that section rather than at the end. The instruction To Coda indicates that, upon reaching that point during the final repetition, for example, this can be used to provide a special ending for the final verse of a song. Coda Da capo Epilogue Repeat sign Transition Fade This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
37.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
38.
John Sebastian
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Sebastian was born in New York City and grew up in Italy and Greenwich Village. His father, John Sebastian, was a classical harmonica player and his mother. His godmother was Vivian Vance, who was a friend of his mother. His godfather and first babysitter was childrens book illustrator Garth Williams, Sebastian grew up surrounded by music and musicians, including Burl Ives and Woody Guthrie, and hearing such players as Lead Belly and Mississippi John Hurt in his own neighborhood. He graduated from Blair Academy, a boarding school in Blairstown, New Jersey. He next attended New York University for just over a year, in the early 1960s, Sebastian developed an interest in blues music and in playing harmonica in a blues style, rather than the classical style used by his father. Through his fathers connections, he met and was influenced by blues musicians Sonny Terry, Sebastian became part of the folk and blues scene that was developing in Greenwich Village and later gave rise to folk rock. In addition to harmonica, Sebastian played guitar and occasionally autoharp, one of Sebastians first recording gigs was playing guitar and harmonica for Billy Faiers 1964 album The Beast of Billy Faier. He also played on Fred Neils album Bleecker & MacDougal and Tom Rushs self-titled album in 1965 and he played in the Even Dozen Jug Band and in The Mugwumps, which split to form the Lovin Spoonful and the Mamas & the Papas. Sebastian was joined by Zal Yanovsky, Steve Boone, and Joe Butler in the Spoonful, which was named after The Coffee Blues, a Mississippi John Hurt song. You Didnt Have to Be So Nice, Darling Be Home Soon, Jug Band Music, Rain on the Roof, Nashville Cats, the band, however, began to implode after a 1967 marijuana bust in San Francisco involving Yanovsky, a Canadian citizen. Facing deportation, he revealed the name of his dealer to police, neither Sebastian nor Butler was involved in the matter, both being away from San Francisco at the time. Yanovsky subsequently left the band and was replaced by Jerry Yester, after which the musical style veered away from its previous eclectic blend. One of Sebastians first projects after leaving the Spoonful was composing the music and lyrics for a play with music, Jimmy Shine, written by Murray Schisgal. It opened on Broadway in December 1968, with Dustin Hoffman in the title role, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Sebastian himself wrote a stage musical adaptation of E. B. Whites Charlottes Web in consultation with his godfather Garth Williams, who illustrated Whites original book, the proposed musical included 20 songs, some of which Sebastian performed in concert, but the musical was never produced. In August 1969, Sebastian made a memorable, albeit unscheduled appearance at Woodstock, Sebastians Woodstock set consisted of three songs from his recorded but not yet released John B. Sebastian album and two Lovin Spoonful songs, documentary remarks by festival organizers indicated that Sebastian was under the influence of marijuana or other psychedelic drugs at the time, hence his spontaneity and casual, unplanned set
39.
The Lovin' Spoonful
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The band had its roots in the folk music scene based in the Greenwich Village section of lower Manhattan during the early 1960s. Sebastian formed the Spoonful with guitarist Zal Yanovsky from a folk group called The Mugwumps, playing local coffee houses. The formation of the Lovin Spoonful during this period was described in the lyrics of the Mamas & the Papas 1967 top ten hit. Drummer Jan Carl and bassist Steve Boone rounded out the group, Butler had previously played with Boone in a group called The Kingsmen. The group made its first recordings for Elektra Records in early 1965, the four tracks recorded for Elektra were released on the 1966 various artists compilation LP Whats Shakin after the bands success on Kama Sutra. The band worked with producer Erik Jacobsen to release their first single on July 20,1965, Do You Believe in Magic, additionally, they wrote their own material, including Younger Girl, which was a hit for The Critters in mid-1966. Do You Believe in Magic reached #9 on the Hot 100, the Lovin Spoonful became known for such folk-flavored pop hits as You Didnt Have to Be So Nice, which reached #10, and Daydream, which went to #2. Other hits included Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind. and their song to reach #1 on the Hot 100. Later that year, the #10 hit Rain on the Roof, the only other 1960s act to achieve that feat is Gary Lewis & the Playboys. The Lovin Spoonful was one of the most successful groups to have jug band and folk roots. Their popularity revived interest in the form, and many subsequent jug bands cite them as an inspiration. The rest of their albums featured mostly original songs, but their jug band roots showed up again and again, particularly in Daydream, Lovin Spoonful members termed their approach good-time music. In the liner notes of Do You Believe in Magic, Zal Yanovsky said that he became a convert to Reddy Kilowatt because its loud, and people dance to it, and its loud. Soon-to-be members of the rock band the Grateful Dead were part of the West Coast acoustic folk music scene when the Lovin Spoonful came to town on tour. They credited the Lovin Spoonful concert as an experience, after which they decided to leave the folk scene. The band also gained a bit of publicity when Butler replaced Jim Rado in the role of Claude for a sold-out four-month run with the Broadway production of the rock musical Hair. Both films were released in 1966, in addition, the Michelangelo Antonioni film Blow-up, also released that year, contained an instrumental version of the Spoonful song, Butchies Tune, performed by jazz musician Herbie Hancock. In early 1967, the band broke with their producer Erik Jacobsen, turning to Joe Wissert to produce the single Six OClock and he was a Canadian citizen and feared that he would be barred from re-entering the U. S. so he complied
