1.
A. Merritt
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Abraham Grace Merritt – known by his byline, A. Merritt – was an American Sunday magazine editor and a writer of fantastic fiction, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 1999, its fourth class of two deceased and two living writers. Born in Beverly, New Jersey, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1894, originally trained in law, he turned to journalism, first as a correspondent and later as editor. He was assistant editor of The American Weekly from 1912 to 1937 under Morrill Goddard, as editor, he hired the unheralded new artists Virgil Finlay and Hannes Bok and promoted the work done on polio by Sister Elizabeth Kenny. His fiction, eight novels and a number of short stories, was only a sideline to his journalism career. One of the journalists of his era, Merritt made $25,000 per year by 1919. His financial success allowed him to pursue world travel—he invested in real estate in Jamaica and Ecuador—and exotic hobbies, like cultivating orchids and plants linked to witchcraft and magic. Merritt married twice, once in the 1910s to Eleanore Ratcliffe, with whom he raised an adopted daughter and he died suddenly of a heart attack, at his winter home in Indian Rocks Beach, Florida, in 1943. Merritts writings were influenced by H. Rider Haggard, Robert W. Chambers, Helena Blavatsky and Gertrude Barrows Bennett, with Merritt having emulated Bennetts earlier style. Merritts stories typically revolve around conventional pulp magazine themes, lost civilizations, hideous monsters and his heroes are gallant Irishmen or Scandinavians, his villains treacherous Germans or Russians and his heroines often virginal, mysterious and scantily clad. What sets Merritt apart from the pulp author, however, is his lush, florid prose style and his exhaustive, at times exhausting. Merritts fondness for micro-description nicely complements the pointillistic style of Boks illustrations, Merritts first fantasy story was published in 1917, Through the Dragon Glass in the November 14 issue of Frank Munseys All-Story Weekly. Dwellers in the Mirage, and Creep, Shadow, meanwhile, rather few of his stories appeared elsewhere, The Pool of the Stone God, The Woman of the Wood, The Metal Emperor, and The Drone Man. Merritt also contributed to the round robin story The Challenge from Beyond with Lovecraft, Robert E. Howard, C. L. Moore, the Fox Woman and the Blue Pagoda combined an unfinished story with a conclusion written by Merritts friend Hannes Bok. The Fox Woman and Other Stories collected the same fragment, minus Boks conclusion, the book The Black Wheel was published in 1948, after Merritts death, it was written by Bok using previously unpublished material as well. Both these books were illustrated by Bok and published by the small press The New Collectors Group in hardcover. After Merritts death, Sam Moskowitz discovered a number of poems among his papers, though some may have been written by other authors, they were credited to Merritt when published. Merritt was an influence on H. P. Lovecraft and Richard Shaver
2.
Joseph Clement Coll
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Joseph Clement Coll was an American book and newspaper illustrator. He was known for his pen and ink story illustrations that were used to illustrate adventure stories such as Conan Doyles Sir Nigel, joseph Clement Coll began his professional career working for the New York American in the late 1890s. He was soon working for such as Colliers, Everybodys. Colls reputation stands mainly on his pen & ink story illustrations, in contrast to most illustrators who worked in pen & ink, Coll achieved true tonal gradations in his illustrations by using pen strokes to build up a complete range of values. He was influenced by the Spanish pen & ink artist Daniel Vierge, according to illustration experts, Colls other great qualities were his vivid imagination and the unique perspectives that he used in his works. Coll was also a painter and he often did paintings for the cover or frontispiece of books which were reproduced in color and he was considered to be an ideal illustrator for authors such as Arthur Conan Doyle and other adventure writers. His illustrations for such as Talbot Mundys King of the Khyber Rifles. Coll died in 1921 of appendicitis, aged 40
3.
Fantasy literature
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Fantasy literature is the body of written works that employ the motifs, themes, and stylistic approaches expected in the fantasy genre. Historically, most works of fantasy were written pieces of literature, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and painting. Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature, homers Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature as a distinct type emerged in Victorian times, with the works of such as Mary Shelley, William Morris. J. R. R. Tolkien played a role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications The Hobbit. Rarely does one consider modern fantasy without conjuring the memory and image of Tolkien, Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison. Tolkiens close friend C. S. Lewis, author of The Chronicles of Narnia, the tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. Tolkiens fiction has—particularly over the genre of high fantasy—prompted backlash, at the turn of the millennium, the Harry Potter novels of J. K. Rowling achieved widespread popularity. R. Martin in 2005, and 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2005, authors often engage in worldbuilding, constructing a framework or entire world against which the narrative plays out. Symbolism often plays a significant role in literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society, le Guin, in her essay From Elfland to Poughkeepsie, presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, olden-day style, saying that it was a trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fantasy, even the villains language might be inappropriate if vulgar. The fantastical details of the series fade away by the installment, revealing that the wizarding community of the Harry Potter books is just as bad, if not worse. Farah Mendlesohn argues the world of literature is broken up into four categories, the portal quest, the immersive, the intrusive. How the fantastic enters the world is what determines how a story fits into these categories. In a portal quest such as C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, The Witch, in the intrusion fantasies like Bram Stokers Dracula, the fantastic invades the fictional world. With liminal fantasy, for example Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, The Subtle Knife, tolkiens The Hobbit for example, allows the reader no escape from the fantastic
4.
Argosy (magazine)
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Argosy, later titled The Argosy and Argosy All-Story Weekly, was an American pulp magazine from 1882 through 1978, published by Frank Munsey. It is the first American pulp magazine, the magazine began as a childrens weekly story–paper entitled The Golden Argosy. Munsey put most of his money, around $500, into purchasing stories for the magazine, once he was in New York, the stockbroker backed out, and Munsey decided to release his New York friend from involvement, since they were now hopelessly underfunded. Munsey then pitched the magazine to a New York publisher, and managed to convince him to publish the magazine, the first issue was published on December 2,1882, and came out weekly. The first issue was eight pages, cost five cents, and included the first installments of serialized stories by Horatio Alger, Jr. and Edward S. Ellis. Other authors associated with Argosy s early days include Annie Ashmoore, W. H. W. Campbell, Harry Castlemon, Frank H. Converse, George H. Coomer, Mary A. Denison, Malcolm Douglas, Colonel A. B. Ellis, J. L. Harbour, D. O. S. Lowell, Oliver Optic, Richard H. Titherington, Edgar L. Warren and Matthew White, five months after the first issue, the publisher went bankrupt and entered receivership. By placing a claim for his salary, Munsey managed to assume control of the magazine. Munsey borrowed $300 from a friend in Maine, and managed to scrape along as he learned the fundamentals of the publishing industry. Munsey found that children had been a mistake, as they did not stay subscribed for any length of time. Additionally, children did not have money to spend, which limited the number of advertisers interested in reaching them. In December 1888 the title was changed to The Argosy, publication switched from weekly to monthly in April 1894, at which time the magazine began its shift towards pulp fiction. It eventually published its first all-fiction issue in 1896, the all-fiction Argosy launched a new genre of magazines, and is considered the pioneer among pulp magazines. The magazine switched back to a publication schedule in October 1917. In January 1919, The Argosy merged with Railroad Mans Magazine, prior to World War One, The Argosy had several notable writers, including Upton Sinclair, Zane Grey, Albert Payson Terhune, Gertrude Barrows Bennett, and former dime novelist William Wallace Cook. The All-Story Magazine magazine was another Munsey pulp, debuting in January 1905, this pulp was published monthly until March 1914. Effective March 7,1914, it changed to a weekly schedule, in May 1914, All-Story Weekly was merged with another story pulp, The Cavalier, and used the title All-Story Cavalier Weekly for one year. Editors of All-Story included Newell Metcalf and Robert H. Davis, in 1920, All-Story Weekly was merged into The Argosy, resulting in a new title, Argosy All-Story Weekly, which published works in a number of literary genres, including science fiction and Westerns
5.
Avon (publisher)
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Avon Publications was an American paperback book and comic book publisher. As of 2010, it is an imprint of HarperCollins, publishing primarily romance novels, Avon Books was founded in 1941 by the American News Corporation to create a rival to Pocket Books. They hired brother and sister Joseph Meyers and Edna Meyers Williams to establish the company, ogilvie Publications, a dime novel publisher partly owned by both the Meyers, and renamed it Avon Publications. They also got into comic books, the early Avons were somewhat similar in appearance to the existing paperbacks of Pocket Books, resulting in an immediate and largely ineffective lawsuit by that company. Despite this superficial similarity, though, from early on Meyers differentiated Avon by placing an emphasis on popular appeal rather than loftier concepts of literary merit, the first 40 titles were not numbered. First editions of the first dozen or so have front and rear endpapers with an illustration of a globe, as well as normal-sized paperbacks, Avon published digest-format paperbacks in series. These included Murder Mystery Monthly, Modern Short Story Monthly and Avon Fantasy Readers, many authors highly prized by present-day collectors were published in these editions, including A. Merritt, James M. Cain, H. P. Lovecraft, Raymond Chandler and Robert E. Howard. In 1953, Avon Books sold books in the range of 25¢ to 50¢ and were selling more than 20 million copies a year. Their books were characterized by Time Magazine as westerns, whodunits, at around this time, Avon also began to publish under other imprints, including Eton, Novel Library, Broadway and Diversey. Avons 35-cent T series, introduced in 1953, also had strong mass-market appeal, the T series also contained many movie tie-in editions and the stand-bys of mysteries and science fiction. Avon was bought by the Hearst Corporation in 1959, in 1972, Avon entered the modern romance genre with the publication of Kathleen Woodiwiss The Flame and the Flower. The novel went on to sell 2.35 million copies, Avon followed its release with the 1974 publication of Woodiwisss second novel, The Wolf and the Dove and two sexy novels by newcomer Rosemary Rogers, Sweet Savage Love and Dark Fires. The latter sold two million copies in its first three months of release, in 1999, the News Corporation bought out Hearsts book division. Avons hardcover and non-romance paperback lines were moved to sister company Morrow, from at least 1945 through the mid-1950s, Avon published comic books. Its titles included horror fiction, science fiction, Westerns, romance comics, war comics, most titles lasted only a few issues, with the six longest-running detailed in the complete list below, Official website
6.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
7.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
8.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
9.
The Metal Monster
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The Metal Monster is a fantasy novel by Abraham Merritt. It was first serialized in Argosy All-Story Weekly in 1920 and features the return of Dr. Goodwin who first appeared in The Moon Pool, the epic adventure starts with a foreword where Merritt is assigned the duty to relay Dr. Walter T. Dr. Goodwin is on an expedition in the Himalayas. There he meets Dick Drake, the son of one of his old science acquaintances and they are witnesses of a strange aurora-like effect, but seemingly a deliberate one. As they go out to investigate, they meet Goodwins old friends Martin and Ruth Ventnor, the two are besieged by Persians as Darius III led when Alexander of Macedon conquered them more than two thousand years ago. The group is saved by a magnificent woman they get to know as Norhala and they are led to a hidden valley occupied by what they name The Metal Monster, a strange metal city occupied by the metal animate Things Norhala commands. This city is governed by what they call the Metal Emperor, Ruth is slowly being converted by Norhala to become like her, her little sister. Martin, her brother, tries shooting the Metal Emperor, who retaliates with a ray blast, closed in between the Metal Monster and the Persians, it falls to Goodwin and Drake to find a way to escape their predicament. 1941, US, Avon, OCLC11120996, Pub date 1941, Paperback, P. Lovecraft, though he at first avoided the revised version, at the suggestion of C. M. Eddy, Jr. According to his March 6,1934 letter to James F. Morton, The copyright for this story has expired in the United States and, thus, the text is available via Project Gutenberg. Three versions of the story exist, the second version is named The Metal Emperor, appearing in 1927 in Hugo Gernsbacks Science and Invention magazine. It is a version of the first story, with the leading characters name changed to Louis Thorton. The Metal Monster at Project Gutenberg The Metal Monster at the University of Virginia Featured Review, The Metal Monster, SF Site The Metal Monster public domain audiobook at LibriVox
10.
Edward Bulwer-Lytton
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Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton PC, was an English novelist, poet, playwright, and politician. He was immensely popular with the public and wrote a stream of bestselling novels which earned him a considerable fortune. He coined the phrases the great unwashed, pursuit of the almighty dollar, the pen is mightier than the sword, dweller on the threshold, and he had two elder brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer and Henry, later Lord Dalling and Bulwer. When Edward was four his father died and his moved to London. He was a delicate, neurotic child and was discontented at a number of boarding schools, but he was precocious and Mr Wallington at Baling encouraged him to publish, at the age of fifteen, an immature work, Ishmael and Other Poems. In 1822 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met John Auldjo, in 1825 he won the Chancellors Gold Medal for English verse. In the following year he took his B. A. degree and printed, for private circulation and he purchased a commission in the army, but sold it without serving. In August 1827, against his mothers wishes, he married Rosina Doyle Wheeler, when they married his mother withdrew his allowance and he was forced to work for a living. They had two children, Lady Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton, and Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton who became Governor-General and his writing and political work strained their marriage while his infidelity embittered Rosina, in 1833 they separated acrimoniously and in 1836 the separation became legal. Three years later, Rosina published Cheveley, or the Man of Honour, in June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate for Hertfordshire, she indignantly denounced him at the hustings. He retaliated by threatening her publishers, withholding her allowance, finally he had her committed to a mental asylum. But, after a public outcry she was released a few weeks later and this incident was chronicled in her memoir, A Blighted Life. For years she continued her attacks upon her husband’s character, the death of Bulwer-Lyttons mother in 1843 greatly saddened him. His own exhaustion of toil and study had been completed by great anxiety and grief, on 20 February 1844, in accordance with his mothers will, he changed his surname from Bulwer to Bulwer-Lytton and assumed the arms of Lytton by royal licence. His widowed mother had done the same in 1811, but, his brothers remained plain Bulwer. When King Otto of Greece abdicated in 1862, he was offered the crown of Greece, in 1866 Bulwer-Lytton was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. According to the Fulham Football Club, he resided in the original Craven Cottage. Bulwer-Lytton had long suffered with a disease of the ear and for the last two or three years of his life he lived in Torquay nursing his health
11.
Edgar Rice Burroughs
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Edgar Rice Burroughs was an American writer best known for his creations of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres. Burroughs was born on September 1,1875, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Major George Tyler Burroughs, a businessman and Civil War veteran. His middle name is from his grandmother, Mary Rice Burroughs. Burroughs was of almost entirely English ancestry, with a line that had been in North America since the early colonial era. Through his grandmother Mary Rice, he was descended from Edmund Rice and he once remarked, I can trace my ancestry back to Deacon Edmund Rice. The Burroughs side of the family was also of English origin, many of his ancestors fought in the American Revolution. He had other ancestors who settled in Virginia during the colonial period, Burroughs was educated at a number of local schools, and during the Chicago influenza epidemic in 1891, he spent half a year at his brothers ranch on the Raft River in Idaho. He then attended Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, graduating in 1895, and failing the entrance exam for the United States Military Academy at West Point, he became an enlisted soldier with the 7th U. S. Cavalry in Fort Grant, Arizona Territory. After being diagnosed with a problem and thus ineligible to serve. After his discharge, Burroughs worked a number of different jobs and he drifted and worked on a ranch in Idaho. He found work at his fathers firm in 1899 and he married his childhood sweetheart, Emma Hulbert, in January 1900. In 1904, he left his job and worked regularly, first in Idaho. By 1911, after seven years of low wages, he was working as a pencil-sharpener wholesaler, by this time, he and Emma had two children, Joan, who later married the Tarzan film actor James Pierce, and Hulbert. During this period, he had spare time and began reading pulp fiction magazines. In 1929 he recalled thinking that. if people were paid for writing rot such as I read in some of those magazines, in 1913, Burroughs and Emma had their third and last child, John Coleman Burroughs, later known for his illustrations of his fathers books. In the 1920s Burroughs became a pilot, purchased a Security Airster S-1, Burroughs divorced Emma in 1934, and in 1935 he married the former actress Florence Gilbert Dearholt, the former wife of his friend Ashton Dearholt. Burroughs adopted the Dearholts two children and he and Florence divorced in 1942. Burroughs was in his late 60s and was in Honolulu at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
12.
Arthur Conan Doyle
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He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea
13.
Polynesians
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The Polynesian people consist of various ethnic Austronesian groups that speak Polynesian languages, a branch of the Oceanic languages, and inhabit Polynesia. The native Polynesian people of New Zealand and Hawaii are minorities in their homelands, Polynesians, including Samoans, Tongans, Niueans, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian Māohi, Hawaiian Māoli, Marquesans and New Zealand Māori, are a subset of the Austronesian peoples. They share the same origins as the peoples of maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar. This is supported by genetic, linguistic, and archaeological evidence, the origins of the Polynesian people are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. These are outlined well by Kayser et al, however, Soares et al. have argued for an older pre-Holocene Sundaland origin within Island Southeast Asia based on mitochondrial DNA. Paternal Y chromosome analysis by Kayser et al. also showed that Polynesians have significant Melanesian genetic admixture. However, a study by Kayser et al. discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin. Another study by Friedlaender et al. also confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, the study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians. Thus the high frequencies of mtDNA B4a1a1 in the Polynesians are the result of drift, the Polynesian population experienced a population bottleneck and genetic drift. DNA analysis of modern Polynesians indicates that there has been intermarriage that results in a mixed Asian-Papuan ancestry of the Polynesians. The preliminary analysis of skulls found at the Teouma and Talasiu Lapita sites is that the skulls lacks Australian or Papuan affinities, there is an estimated 2 million ethnic Polynesians and their descendants worldwide, majority of which live in Polynesia, United States, Australia and New Zealand
14.
G. P. Putnam's Sons
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G. P. Putnams Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group, the company began as Wiley & Putnam with the 1838 partnership between George Palmer Putnam and John Wiley, whose father had founded his own company in 1807. In 1841, Putnam went to London where he set up a branch office, in 1848, he returned to New York, where he dissolved the partnership with John Wiley and established G. Putnam Broadway, publishing a variety of works including quality illustrated books. Wiley began John Wiley, which is still an independent publisher to the present day, Putnam & Co. started Putnam’s Magazine with Charles Frederick Briggs as its editor. On George Palmer Putnam’s death in 1872, his sons George H. John and Irving inherited the business, son George H. Putnam became president of the firm, a position he held for the next fifty-two years. In 1874, the company established its own printing and manufacturing office, set up by John Putnam. On the death of George H. Putnam in 1930, the various Putnam heirs voted to merge the firm with Minton, George Palmer Putnams grandson, George P. Putnam, left the firm at that time. Melville Minton, the partner and sales manager of Minton Balch & Co. became acting president, in 1936, Putnam acquired the publisher Coward-McCann, and ran it as an imprint into the 1980s. Upon Melville Mintons death, his son Walter J. Minton took command of Putnams and brought the company to its lofty heights as one of the countrys most respected, in 1965, G. P. Putnams Sons acquired Berkley Books, a mass market paperback publishing house. Ten years later, Putnam Publishing Group and Berkley Publishing Group were sold to MCA, in 1982, Putnam acquired the respected childrens book publisher, Grosset & Dunlap, from Filmways. In 1996, the company was bought by the Penguin Group, the new owners merged Putnam/Berkley with Penguin USA to form Penguin Putnam Inc. who uses the name to publish the G. P. Putnams Sons Books for Young Readers, in 2013, Penguin merged with Bertelsmanns Random House, forming Penguin Random House. Some of the authors associated with G. P. Putnams Sons. Notes Bibliography About Putnam at Penguin Group
15.
Robert Silverberg
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Robert Silverberg is an American author and editor, best known for writing science fiction. He is a winner of both Hugo and Nebula Awards, a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. He is noted for having attended every Hugo Awards ceremony since the event in 1953. Silverberg was born in Brooklyn, New York, a voracious reader since childhood, he began submitting stories to science fiction magazines during his early teenage years. He received a BA in English Literature from Columbia University, in 1956, while at Columbia, he wrote the juvenile novel Revolt on Alpha C, published by Thomas Y. Crowell with the notice, A gripping story of outer space. He won his first Hugo in 1956 as the best new writer, for the next four years, by his own count, he wrote a million words a year, mostly for magazines and Ace Doubles. He used his own name as well as a range of pseudonyms during this era, and often worked in collaboration with Randall Garrett, from 1956 to 1959, Silverberg routinely averaged five published stories a month, and he had over 80 stories published in 1958 alone. In 1959, the market for science fiction collapsed, and Silverberg turned his ability to write copiously to other fields, bob Silverberg, a giant of science fiction. Was doing two a month for one publisher, another for a publisher, and the equivalent of another book for a magazine. He was writing a quarter of a million words a month, in the mid-1960s, science fiction writers were becoming more literarily ambitious. Frederik Pohl, then editing three science fiction magazines, offered Silverberg carte blanche in writing for them, the novels he wrote in this period are considered far superior to his earlier work. Perhaps the first book to indicate the new Silverberg was To Open the Sky, in the August 1967 issue of Galaxy, Pohl published a 20, 000-word novelette called Hawksbill Station. This story earned Silverberg his first Hugo and Nebula story award nominations, an expanded novel form of Hawksbill Station was published the following year. In 1969 Nightwings was awarded the Hugo for best novella, in a 2015 interview Silverberg said that he did not intend to write any more fiction. He and Barbara Brown married in 1956, separated in 1976, Silverberg and science fiction writer Karen Haber married in 1987. They live in the San Francisco Bay Area, before the age of 30, Silverberg was independently wealthy through his investments and once owned the former mansion of New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. Hugo Award Most Promising New Author Nightwings Gilgamesh in the Outback Enter a Soldier, exploring fantasy Worlds, Essays on Fantastic literature San Bernardino, CA, Borgo Press, April 1985, pp. 35–42
16.
The Overlook Press
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The Overlook Press is an American independent publishing house based in New York, New York, that considers itself a home for distinguished books that had been overlooked by larger houses. It was formed in 1971 by Peter Mayer, who had worked at Avon and Penguin Books. A general-interest publisher, Overlook has over one thousand titles in print, including fiction, history, biography, drama, Overlooks publishing program consists of nearly 100 new books per year, evenly divided between hardcovers and trade paperbacks. Imprints include Tusk Books, whose format was designed by Milton Glaser, in 2002, Overlook acquired Ardis Publishing, a publisher of Russian literature in English. Overlook also took ownership of the British publishing company Gerald Duckworth, in 2007, Overlooks publisher Peter Mayer was the recipient of the New York Center for Independent Publishings Poor Richard Award for outstanding contributions to independent book publishing. Writers whose works were published by Overlook include, List of English-language book publishing companies Official website
17.
The Call of Cthulhu
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The Call of Cthulhu is a short story by the American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written in the summer of 1926, it was first published in the pulp magazine Weird Tales, among the notes is a small bas-relief sculpture of a scaly creature which yields simultaneous pictures of an octopus, a dragon, and a human caricature. The sculptor, a Rhode Island art student named Henry Anthony Wilcox, based the work on delirious dreams of great Cyclopean cities of titan blocks, frequent references to Cthulhu and Rlyeh are found in Wilcoxs papers. Angell also discovers reports of mass hysteria around the world and it is then revealed that the previous year, Legrasse and a party of policemen found several murdered women & children being used in a ritual by a cult, in a shunned region of a Louisiana swamp. After killing five of the cultists and arresting 47 others, Legrasse learns that they worship the Great Old Ones, the prisoners identify the statuette as great Cthulhu. One of the present at the meeting, Princeton professor William Channing Webb, describes a group of Esquimaux with similar beliefs. Thurston discovers a 1925 article from an Australian newspaper which reports the discovery of a derelict ship, Johansen reports that the Emma was attacked by a heavily armed yacht called the Alert. With the exception of Johansen and another man, the crew died on the island. Upon traveling to Australia, Thurston views a statue retrieved from the Alert which is identical to the previous two, in Norway, he learns that Johansen died suddenly after an encounter with two Lascar sailors. Johansens widow provides Thurston with her late husbands manuscript, wherein the uncharted island is described as being home to a nightmare corpse-city called Rlyeh, Johansens crew struggled to comprehend the non-Euclidean geometry of the city and accidentally release Cthulhu, resulting in their deaths. Johansen and one crew-mate flee aboard the Alert and are pursued by Cthulhu, Johansen rams the yacht into the creatures head. Cthulhu explodes into a green mist, only for his injury to regenerate, the Alert escapes, but Johansens crewmate goes insane and, shortly afterwards, dies. After finishing the manuscript, Thurston realizes he is now a target of Cthulhus worshippers and it is also assumed he got inspiration from William Scott-Elliots The Story of Atlantis, and The Lost Lemuria, which Lovecraft read in 1926, shortly before he started to work on the story. Price also notes that Lovecraft admired the work of Lord Dunsany, who wrote The Gods of Pegana, the slight earthquake mentioned in the story is likely the 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake. Joshi has also cited A. Merritts novella The Moon Pool, Lovecraft regarded the short story as rather middling—not as bad as the worst, but full of cheap and cumbrous touches. The published story was regarded by Robert E. Howard as a masterpiece, mr. Lovecraft holds a unique position in the literary world, he has grasped, to all intents, the worlds outside our paltry ken. French novelist Michel Houellebecq, in his book H. P. Lovecraft, Against the World, Against Life, E. F. Bleiler has referred to The Call of Cthulhu as a fragmented essay with narrative inclusions. Parts of the story were adapted in Eerie #4 by Archie Goodwin and Gray Morrow and in The Avengers #88 by Harlan Ellison, Roy Thomas, alberto Breccia illustrated an eleven-page story in 1974
18.
H. P. Lovecraft
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Howard Phillips Lovecraft was an American author who achieved posthumous fame through his influential works of horror fiction. He was virtually unknown and published only in magazines before he died in poverty. Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent most of his life, among his most celebrated tales are The Call of Cthulhu and The Shadow over Innsmouth, both canonical to the Cthulhu Mythos. Lovecraft was never able to support himself from earnings as author and editor and he saw commercial success increasingly elude him in this latter period, partly because he lacked the confidence and drive to promote himself. He subsisted in straitened circumstances in his last years, an inheritance was completely spent by the time that he died at age 46. Lovecraft was born on August 20,1890 in his home at 194 Angell Street in Providence. Both of his parents were of entirely English ancestry, and most of his ancestors had been in New England since the colonial period and his great-grandfather Joseph Lovecraft Jr. emigrated to Rochester, New York from Devon, England in 1831. Lovecraft maintained throughout his life that his father died in a condition of paralysis brought on by nervous exhaustion. It has been suggested that his fathers mental illness may have been caused by syphilis, all five resided together in the family home. Lovecraft was a prodigy, reciting poetry at the age of three and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with such as One Thousand and One Nights, Thomas Bulfinchs Age of Fable, and childrens versions of the Iliad. His grandfather also stirred the boys interest in the weird by telling him his own tales of gothic horror. Lovecraft was frequently ill as a child, and he attended school until he was eight years old because of his sickly condition. He read voraciously during this period and became enamored of chemistry. He produced several hectographed publications with a circulation, beginning in 1899 with The Scientific Gazette. Four years later, he returned to school at Hope High School. Beginning in his life, Lovecraft is believed to have suffered from sleep paralysis. Much of his work is thought to have been directly inspired by these terrors
19.
Dwellers in the Mirage
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Dwellers in the Mirage is a fantasy novel by A. Merritt. It was first published in form in 1932 by Horace Liveright. The novel was serialized in six parts in the magazine Argosy beginning with the January 23,1932 issue. The novel concerns American Leif Langdon who discovers a warm valley in Alaska, the inhabitants recognize Langdon as the reincarnation of their long dead hero, Dwayanu. Dwayanus spirit possesses Langdon and starts a war with the Little People, Langdon eventually fights off the presence of Dwayanu and destroys the Kraken. There are variant endings of the work, in the original, Leifs love dies, but the publisher inartistically has her survive. The original tragic ending has been reinstated in recent reprints. Boucher and McComas described Dwellers in the Mirage as attractive to those who love wild adventure even when shallowly written, the Science-Fantasy Publishers, A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore, Mirage Press, Ltd. p.316, crawford, Jr. Joseph H. James J. Donahue, Donald M. Grant. 333, A Bibliography of the Science-Fantasy Novel, the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Dwellers in the Mirage at the Australian Project Gutenberg site
20.
Nan Madol
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Nan Madol is a ruined city adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei that was the capital of the Saudeleur Dynasty until about 1628. It is in the present day Madolenihmw district of Pohnpei state, the city, constructed in a lagoon, consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 km long by 0.5 km wide and it contains nearly 100 artificial islets—stone, the name Nan Madol means spaces between and is a reference to the canals that crisscross the ruins. The original name was Soun Nan-leng, according to Gene Ashby in his book Pohnpei and it is often called the Venice of the Pacific. Nan Madol was the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur Dynasty, set apart between the main island of Pohnpei and Temwen Island, it was a scene of human activity as early as the first or second century AD. By the 8th or 9th century, islet construction had started, little can be verified about the megalithic construction. Radiocarbon dating indicates that Nan Madol predates Leluh and it is likely that Nan Madol influenced Leluh. According to Pohnpeian legend, Nan Madol was constructed by twin sorcerers Olisihpa and Olosohpa from the mythical Western Katau, the brothers arrived in a large canoe seeking a place to build an altar so that they could worship Nahnisohn Sahpw, the god of agriculture. After several false starts, the two brothers built an altar off Temwen Island, where they performed their rituals. In legend, these brothers levitated the huge stones with the aid of a flying dragon, when Olisihpa died of old age, Olosohpa became the first Saudeleur. Olosohpa married a woman and sired twelve generations, producing sixteen other Saudeleur rulers of the Dipwilap clan. The founders of the dynasty ruled kindly, though their successors placed ever increasing demands on their subjects and their reign ended with the invasion by Isokelekel, who also resided at Nan Madol, though his successors abandoned the site. The elite centre was a place of residence for the nobility. Its population almost certainly did not exceed 1,000, although many of the residents were chiefs, the majority were commoners. Madol Powe, the sector, contains 58 islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol. Most islets were once occupied by the dwellings of priests, some islets served a special purpose, food preparation, canoe construction on Dapahu, and coconut oil preparation on Peinering. This was built for the first Saudeleur, on Nan Madol there is no fresh water or food, water must be collected and food grown inland. During Saudeleur rule, Pohnpeians brought essential food and water by boat, the Saudeleur received food at a particular islet — first Peiniot, and later the closer Usennamw
21.
R'lyeh
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Rlyeh is a fictional lost city that first appeared in the H. P. Lovecraft short story The Call of Cthulhu, first published in Weird Tales in June 1928. According to Lovecrafts short story, Rlyeh is a city in the South Pacific. The nightmare corpse-city of Rlyeh…was built in measureless eons behind history by the vast, there lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults. Rlyeh is characterized by bizarre architecture likened to non-Euclidean geometry. loathsomely redolent of spheres, Lovecraft claims Rlyeh is located at 47°9′S 126°43′W in the southern Pacific Ocean. Writer August Derleth, a correspondent of Lovecraft and co-creator of the Cthulhu Mythos. The latter coordinates place the city approximately 5,100 nautical miles from the island of Pohnpei. Both locations are close to the Pacific pole of inaccessibility, a point in the ocean farthest from any land mass, in Brian Lumleys Primal Land short story The House of Cthulhu, the island is referred to as Arlyeh. Charles Strosss novella A Colder War implicitly locates Rlyeh in the Baltic Sea, the Tsuburaya Productions tokusatsu series Ultraman Tiga places Rlyeh in the South Pacific, and the series antagonist, Gatanozoa, was born there. Bloop Oceanic pole of inaccessibility A Colder War, Charles Stross
22.
Richard Sharpe Shaver
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Richard Sharpe Shaver was an American writer and artist. The controversy stemmed from the claim by Shaver, and his editor and publisher Ray Palmer, Shavers stories were promoted by Ray Palmer as The Shaver Mystery. During the last decades of his life, Shaver devoted himself to rock books—stones that he believed had created by the advanced ancient races and embedded with legible pictures. He produced paintings based on the images and photographed the rock books extensively. Posthumously, Shaver has gained a reputation as an artist and his paintings and photos have been exhibited in Los Angeles, New York, Shaver claimed to have worked in a factory where, in 1932, odd things began to occur. More frighteningly, he received the telepathic record of a torture session conducted by malign entities in caverns deep within the earth. According to Michael Barkun, Shaver offered inconsistent accounts of how he first learned of the hidden cavern world, Shaver said he then quit his job, and became a hobo for a while. Barkun writes that Shaver was hospitalized briefly for psychiatric problems in 1934, Barkun notes that afterwards, Shavers whereabouts and actions cannot be reliably traced until the early 1940s. In 1971, Ray Palmer reported that Shaver had spent eight years not in the Cavern World, during 1943, Shaver wrote a letter to Amazing Stories magazine. He claimed to have discovered an ancient language he called Mantong, in Mantong, each sound had a hidden meaning, and by applying this formula to any word in any language, one could decode a secret meaning to any word, name or phrase. Editor Ray Palmer applied the Mantong formula to several words, according to Palmer, Palmer wrote back to Shaver, asking how he had learned of Mantong. Shaver responded with an approximately 10, 000-word document entitled A Warning to Future Man, Shaver wrote of extremely advanced prehistoric races who had built cavern cities inside the Earth before abandoning Earth for another planet due to damaging radiation from the Sun. Shavers robots were not mechanical constructs, but were due to their savage behavior. These Deros still lived in the cities, according to Shaver. With the sophisticated ray machinery that the ancient races had left behind, they spied on people and projected tormenting thoughts. Deros could be blamed for nearly all misfortunes, from accidental injuries or illnesses to airplane crashes. Women especially were singled out for treatment, including rape. Though generally confined to their caves, Shaver claimed that the Deros sometimes traveled with spaceships or rockets, Shaver claimed to possess first-hand knowledge of the Deros and their caves, insisting he had been their prisoner for several years
23.
Copyright
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Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas. Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to 100 years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing. Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families
24.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
25.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Pohnpei
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Pohnpei upon a stone altar is an island of the Senyavin Islands which are part of the larger Caroline Islands group. It belongs to Pohnpei State, one of the four states in the Federated States of Micronesia, major population centers on Pohnpei include Palikir, the FSMs capital, and Kolonia, the capital of Pohnpei State. Pohnpei Island is the largest, highest, most populous, the islanders of Pohnpei have a reputation as being the most welcoming of outsiders among residents of the island group. Pohnpei also contains a wealth of biodiversity and it is also one of the wettest places on Earth with annual recorded rainfall exceeding 7,600 millimetres each year in certain mountainous locations. It is home to the ka tree found only in Pohnpei, the highest point of the island is Mount Nanlaud at 772 or 782 metres. Pohnpei is home to several bird species including four endemic species, the Pohnpei lorikeet, the Pohnpei fantail, the Pohnpei flycatcher. A fifth endemic, the Pohnpei starling, is thought to have gone extinct. The only land reptiles are a few species of lizard, originally, only three mammals existed, rats, bats and dogs. Pigs were introduced, some are now feral, as are the deer brought during German times, the lagoons are rich in fish, mollusks, turtles and other marine fauna. Pohnpei belongs to the Tropical rainforest climate zone and it is also one of the wettest places on earth with annual recorded rainfall exceeding 7,600 millimetres each year in certain mountainous locations. Pohnpeian legend recounts that the Saudeleur rulers, the first to bring government to Pohnpei, were of foreign origin, the Saudeleur centralized form of absolute rule is characterized in Pohnpeian legend as becoming increasingly oppressive over several generations. Arbitrary and onerous demands, as well as a reputation for offending Pohnpeian deities, the Saudeleur Dynasty ended with the invasion of Isokelekel, another semi-mythical foreigner, who replaced the Saudeleur rule with the more decentralized nahnmwarki system in existence today. Pohnpeian historic society was structured into five tribes, various clans and sub-clans. The tribes were organized on a feudal basis, in theory, all land belonged to the chiefs, who received regular tribute and whose rule was absolute. Punishments administered by chiefs included death and banishment, tribal wars included looting, destruction of houses and canoes and killing of prisoners. Pre-Spanish population estimates are deemed unreliable, pohnpeis first European visitor was Álvaro de Saavedra on 14 September 1529 shortly before his death, when trying to find the way back to New Spain. He charted it as San Bartolomé and called this one and the islands as Los Pintados because the natives were frequently tattooed. It was later visited by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, on 23 December 1595, his description is brief, he made no attempt to land
28.
Caroline Islands
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The Caroline Islands are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the part of the group, and Palau at the extreme western end. Historically, this area was also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines as they were part of the Spanish East Indies, the Carolines span a distance of approximately 3540 kilometers, from Tobi, Palau at the westernmost point to Kosrae at the easternmost. The group consists of about 500 small coral islands, east of the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean, most of the islands comprise low, flat coral atolls, but some rise high above sea level. Other significant populations include Filipinos and Japanese, the natives live mainly on horticulture and fishing, also supplementing their diet with many different varieties of bananas and taro, either of the swamp or purple varieties. On some islands housing continues to be built with materials including coconut thatch. The language spoken in commerce is English, but there are several indigenous languages and they traditionally believe in a Supreme Being and in a bad spirit, yet they have hardly any religious rites. Due to extensive work, Christianity is the primary religion practiced in this region of Micronesia. Master Micronesian Navigator Mau Piailug was from the Carolinian island of Satawal and he learned the traditional navigation techniques of the Weriyeng school. These techniques had been preserved while similar techniques had been forgotten partly due to the remoteness of the Carolinian Islands. In 1985 a study was made on the origin of the sidereal compass used in the Caroline Islands, different islands and island groups in the Carolines passed down unique and variant oral legends recounting the origins and early histories of their peoples. On Pohnpei, for example, pre-colonial history is divided into three eras, Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas, Mwehin Sau Deleur, and Mwehin Nahnmwarki, Pohnpeian legend recounts that the Saudeleur rulers, the first to bring government to Pohnpei, were of foreign origin. The Saudeleur centralized form of rule is characterized in Pohnpeian legend as becoming increasingly oppressive over several generations. Arbitrary and onerous demands, as well as a reputation for offending Pohnpeian deities, the Saudeleur Dynasty ended with the invasion of Isokelekel, another semi-mythical foreigner, who replaced the Saudeleur rule with the more decentralized nahnmwarki system in existence today. The Spanish explorers Toribio Alonso de Salazar and Diego de Saavedra arrived on August 22,1526, on 1 January 1528 the discoverer Álvaro de Saavedra took possession of the Uluti Islands on behalf of the King of Spain. Spanish explorers visited the archipelago in 1542,1543, and 1545, in 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines, passed through. The name was extended to include the Palau Islands and the archipelagos which were named the Gilbert Islands, the occupation of the Caroline Islands had, as in most of the Spanish colonies, a marked religious character. A royal decree of October 19,1707 granted authorization for the sending of missionaries in several expeditions to the islands, one such expedition was made by Father Juan Antonio Cantova, who was killed
29.
Fate (magazine)
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Fate is a U. S. magazine about paranormal phenomena. Fate was co-founded in 1948 by Raymond A. Palmer and Curtis Fuller, Fate magazine is the longest-running magazine devoted to the paranormal. Subjects of such debunking articles have included Atlantis, the Bermuda Triangle, established in 1948 by Clark Publishing Company, the first edition of Fate hit world newsstands in the spring. Arnolds sighting marked the beginning of the modern UFO era, the headquarters is in Lakeville, Minnesota. In 1955, Curtis Fuller and his wife Mary took full control of Fate when Palmer sold his interest in the venture, the Fullers expanded the magazines focus, and increased readership to well over 100,000 subscribers. In 1988, Fate was sold to Llewellyn Publications, Fate underwent a facelift in 1994, when Llewellyn decided to change it from digest size to a full-size, full-color magazine. In 1998, the magazine celebrated its 50th year of publication, Fate recognizes that the impossible can be possible, we explore the unknown so that it can be known. In September 2001, Galde Press, Inc. owned by editor-in-chief Phyllis Galde, Galde has continued Fates reporting of unusual events and active reader involvement in shaping the content of the magazine. In May 2003, Fate returned to its pre-1994 digest size, in 2008, it moved to a bi-monthly format with its July/August issue. True to its origins, in many issues Fate magazine continues the tradition of having retro looking art appear on the cover, Strange Twist of Fate Compiled by the Editors of Fate Magazine. Exploring the Healing Miracle Compiled by the Editors of Fate Magazine, out of Time and Place Compiled & Edited by Terry ONeill from the files of Fate Magazine. ISBN 1-56718-261-5 Mysteries and Monsters of the Sea Compiled by the Editors of Fate Magazine, ISBN 0-517-16349-7 Mysteries of the deep Compiled & Edited by Frank Spaeth from the files of Fate Magazine. ISBN 0-7537-1116-8 Strange But True—From the Files of Fate Magazine By, Corrine Kenner, ISBN 978-1-56718-298-9 True Tales of Ghostly Encounters By, Andrew Honigman
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LibriVox
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On 6 August 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. Most releases are in the English language, but many works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, LibriVox is closely affiliated with Project Gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the Internet Archive that hosts their offerings. LibriVox was started in August 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire, who set up a blog, the first recorded book was The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad. LibriVox is an invented word inspired by Latin words liber in its genitive form libri and vox, the word was also coined because of other connotations as liber also means child and free, independent, unrestricted. As the LibriVox forum says it, We like to think LibriVox might be interpreted as child of the voice, finally, the other link we like is library so you could imagine it to mean Library of Voice. There has been no decision or consensus by LibriVox founders or the community of volunteers for a single pronunciation of LibriVox and it is accepted that any audible pronunciation is accurate. LibriVox is a volunteer-run, free content, Public Domain project and it has no budget or legal personality. The development of projects is managed through an Internet forum, supported by an admin team, in early 2010, LibriVox ran a fundraising drive to raise $20,000 to cover hosting costs for the website of about $5, 000/year and improve front- and backend usability. Volunteers can choose new projects to start, either recording on their own or inviting others to join them, once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community. Finished audiobooks are available from the LibriVox website, and MP3, recordings are also available through other means, such as iTunes, and, being free of copyright, they are frequently distributed independently of LibriVox on the Internet and otherwise. LibriVox only records material that is in the domain in the United States. Because of copyright restrictions, LibriVox produces recordings of only a number of contemporary books. These have included, for example, the 9/11 Commission Report and it contains much popular classic fiction, but also includes less predictable texts, such as Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason and a recording of the first 500 digits of pi. The collection also features poetry, plays, religious texts and non-fiction of various kinds, in January 2009, the catalogue contained approximately 55 percent fiction and drama,25 percent non-fiction and 20 percent poetry. By the end of 2016, the most viewed item was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in a 2006 solo recording by John Greenman, around 90 percent of the catalogue is recorded in English, but recordings exist in 31 languages altogether. Chinese, French and German are the most popular languages other than English amongst volunteers, LibriVox has garnered significant interest, in particular from those interested in the promotion of volunteer-led content and alternative approaches to copyright ownership on the Internet. It has received support from the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg, intellectual freedom and commons proponent Mike Linksvayer described it in 2008 as perhaps the most interesting collaborative culture project this side of Wikipedia
The Moon Pool public domain audiobook at LibriVox