1.
Food cart
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A food cart is a mobile kitchen that is set up on the street to facilitate the sale and marketing of street food to people from the local pedestrian traffic. Food carts are found in large cities throughout the world. Food carts come in two basic styles, one allows the vendor to sit or stand inside and serve food through a window. Another uses all of the room inside the cart for storage and to house the cooking machinery, the cart style is determined principally by the type of food served at the cart. Food carts are different from food trucks because they do not travel under their own power, some food carts are towed by another vehicle, while some alternatively are pushed by a human or animal. The U. S. city of Portland, Oregon, is renowned as the home of many food cart pods and these groups of food carts can have a few options, or span entire city blocks. Some of the most popular food cart pods offer a selection of craft beer. The first food carts probably came into being at the time of the early Greek and Roman civilizations with traders converting old hand-carts and smaller animal-drawn carts into mobile trading units. Carts have the advantage of being able to be moved should a location not be productive in sales. However, the use of carts exploded with the coming of the railways, firstly, highly mobile customers required food and drink to keep them warm within the early open carriages. Secondly, locomotives needed to stop regularly to take on coal and water, thirdly, few early trains had any form of buffet or dining car. This expansion lead to a successful relationship with some of the first concession stands. This form of concession based operation can be still in many countries. The railways also brought another benefit, a supply of new suitably sized carts. Today the size and scale of carts has generally increased, but hand towed food carts are still a common site where access is restricted and hungry people can be found. In the 21st century, innovations have included modular designed carts made with steel, fiber reinforced plastic. Some have been developed with the ability to be driven by themselves, some food carts are associated with restaurants. Most of the food served from the cart is the same as the food in the restaurant, in the United States, the city of Portland, Oregon, has experienced a boom in the number of food carts, trailers and stands
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
The Halal Guys
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The Halal Guys is a halal fast casual restaurant franchise that began as a food cart on the south-east corner of 53rd Street and Sixth Avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The franchise also has a cart on the south-west corner of the same intersection, New locations, both food cart and storefront, are being added throughout New York and around the world. The franchise is most recognized by its primary dish which is a platter of chicken or gyro meat with rice while it also serves a chicken or gyro wrap sandwich. The Halal Guys was founded in 1990 by Egyptian-descendent Mohamed Abouelenein, along with compatriots Ahmed Elsaka and Abdelbaset Elsayed, as a hot dog cart located on 53rd and 6th. Abouelenein, however, believed that a hot dog was not a meal, and switched to the current menu of chicken, gyro meat, rice. The cart has caused a decline in the popularity of hot dog vendors in New York City and has influenced many imitation carts, a cart called New Yorks Best Halal Food is also located on 53rd and 6th on the SW corner. It is unknown which cart was located at the intersection first, New Yorks Best Halal Food also has a strong following, and a long line of lunchtime patrons. Workers at both carts wear similar attire and serve the same type of food though the texture, taste, on October 28,2006, a fight that started in line ended with 23-year-old Ziad Tayeh stabbing and killing 19-year-old Tyrone Gibbons. Tayeh was later found not guilty, as the found that he acted in self-defense. The fight began after one accused the other of cutting in line, the New York Times once reported that the owners had hired bouncers. The main cart is located on 53rd Street and 6th Avenue during weekday evenings and weekends, a second cart is located across the street from the original cart, on the southeast corner of that intersection, and is open both during the daytime and at night. A third cart exists on the southwest corner of 53rd Street and 7th Avenue, in November 2013, the Halal Guys announced its intentions to open a restaurant located on 14th Street and 2nd Avenue, according to general manager Hesham Hegazy. In December 2014, the Halal Guys opened a restaurant on Amsterdam Avenue, the Halal Guys opened their first Chicago location on August 20,2015. The restaurant is located in Chicagos Gold Coast neighborhood, four more locations are expected to open in the city. On October 2,2015, the Halal Guys opened a restaurant in Costa Mesa, California, the business plans to expand in Southern California with 50 franchised units sold already. In October 2015, the Halal Guys opened up shop in Megamall Manila in the Philippines, more locations has been added since in the Philippines. On January 2,2016, a second California location opened in Long Beach at 1804 Ximeno Avenue, in May 2016 a store opened in East Brunswick, New Jersey. In May 2016 a store was opened in San Jose, California, on July 8,2016, a store was opened in Los Angeles, California
4.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
7.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
8.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
9.
Doo-wop
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Built upon vocal harmony, doo-wop was one of the most mainstream, pop-oriented R&B styles of the time. Doo-wop features vocal harmony, nonsense syllables, a simple beat, sometimes little or no instrumentation. The first record to use the syllables doo-wop was the 1955 hit When You Dance by The Turbans, the term doo-wop first appeared in print in 1961. During the late 1950s many Italian-American groups contributed a significant part in the doo-wop scene, the peak of doo-wop was in 1961. Doo-wops influence continued in soul, pop, and rock groups of the 1960s, at various times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the genre has seen revivals. Doo-wop was a precursor to many of the African-American musical styles seen today, an evolution of jazz and blues, doo-wop also influenced many of the major rock and roll groups that defined the later decades of the 20th century. Doo-wop is iconic for its beats and using the off-beat to keep time. Doo-wop laid the foundation for musical innovations, for example. These were generally slow songs in swing time with simple instrumentation, the subject of the lyrics was generally love and relationships. This characteristic harmonic layout was combined with the AABA chorus form typical for Tin Pan Alley pop, a second stream of doo-wop oriented itself to the harmonic, formal and melodic means of jump blues. From the outset, singers gathered on street corners, and in subways, for instance, Count Every Star by The Ravens, includes vocalizations imitating the doomph, doomph plucking of a double bass. This art dates to The Mills Brothers, who first came to fame in the 1930s with their mimicking of instrumental music, radio, gramophone, and cinema inspired imitation in many U. S. cities. The late 1940s and early 1950s brought the bird groups, The Swallows. A number of names are also drawn from cars. The Orioles helped develop the sound with their hits Its Too Soon to Know. The term doo-wop first appeared in print in 1961 in the Chicago Defender, the phrase was attributed to radio disc jockey Gus Gossert but Gossert suggested doo-wop was already in use to categorize the music in California. The first record to use the syllables doo-wop in the refrain was the 1955 hit When You Dance by The Turbans, previously, the scat backing vocal doo-wop is heard in The Clovers 1953 release Good Lovin and in the chorus of Carlyle Dundee & The Dundees 1954 song Never. After some time, the term doo-wop finally caught on as both a description and category for R&B vocal group harmony, the definition expanded backward to include rhythm and blues groups from the mid-1950s, then cascaded even further back to include groups from the 1940s
10.
Federal Records
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Federal Records was an American record label founded in 1950 as a subsidiary of Syd Nathans King Records and based in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was run by famed record producer Ralph Bass and was devoted to Rhythm & Blues releases. The company also released hillbilly and rockabilly recordings from 1951 onward, singles were published on both 45 and 78 RPM speed formats. James Brown was touring with The Famous Flames when they were signed to Federal in 1956, the groups first Federal single, Please, Please, Please, was a regional hit and eventually sold a million copies. Between 1962 and 1965 Freddie King, one of the three Blues kings, released a series of albums, mostly instrumentals, for Federal, johnny Guitar Watson was another artist on Federal Records. List of record labels King/Federal/DeLuxe Story by David Edwards and Mike Callahan
11.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
12.
Tin Pan Alley
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The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut, the origins of the name Tin Pan Alley are unclear. One account claims that it was a reference to the sound of many pianos. Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a percussive sound. After many years, the term came to refer to the U. S. music industry in general, various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term Tin Pan Alley. This article has not been found, simon Napier-Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business. In this version, popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue, von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound. The journalist told von Tilzer, Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can, ill call the article Tin Pan Alley. With time, this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general, the term then spread to the United Kingdom, where Tin Pan Alley is also used to describe Denmark Street in Londons West End. In the 1920s the street known as Britains Tin Pan Alley because of its large number of music shops. In the mid-19th century, copyright control of melodies was not as strict, with stronger copyright protection laws late in the century, songwriters, composers, lyricists, and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit. Songwriters would literally bang on doors of Tin Pan Alley to get new material, the two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T. B. Harms, the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music. Naturally, these firms were located in the entertainment district, which, Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown, and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead. When a tune became a significant local hit, rights to it were purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms. The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen, the background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters. Leo Feist had sold corsets, and Joe Stern and Edward B, marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively. The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places, with a stream of songwriters, vaudeville and Broadway performers, musicians. Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell, when tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits, the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer, or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee
13.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
14.
Ralph Bass
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Ralph Bass, born Ralph Basso, Jr. was an American rhythm-and-blues record producer and talent scout for several independent labels. He was a pioneer in bringing black music into the American mainstream, Bass was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 as a nonperformer. Bass was born in the Bronx to an Italian-American Catholic father, as a young man, he visited the South and experienced the emotional power of black music in dance clubs. Bass decided to focus his career on bringing black music and black performers into the entertainment mainstream. Bass got his start in the 1940s as an A&R man at Black & White Records, from there he went on to help build two of the most successful independent record labels, Savoy Records, in New Jersey, and King Records, in Cincinnati, Ohio. During this period, Bass toured the South with various bands and noted the large size of the audiences, still predominantly black. He sensed that the audience was changing, at Savoy from 1948 to 1951, he recorded Brownie McGhee and Johnny Otis. At Federal Records, a subsidiary of King run by Bass, he turned out a series of R&B hits, including the Dominoes Sixty Minute Man and Have Mercy Baby and Hank Ballards Work With Me, Annie. Bass also produced the version of the R&B standard Kansas City. In 1959, the Chess brothers hired Bass away from King to serve as A&R director for Chess Records and he composed the music for Pigmeat Markhams hit novelty single Here Comes the Judge. Later, for MCA Records, he produced recordings by John Lee Hooker, in the 2014 film Get On Up, a biography of James Brown produced by Bryan Grazer and Mick Jagger, Bass is portrayed by Josh Hopkins. Bass married Alice Ethe in 1932 in Manhattan, New York and they had two sons, Michael Howard Bass and Dennis Lloyd Bass. Ralph and Alice were later divorced and his surviving son, Michael Bass, and Dennis Basss daughters, Elizabeth Ann Bass and Shauna Bass, are copyright claimants of the entire music collection of Ralph Bass. Bass married Shirley Hall on December 14,1960 and they remained married for the rest of his life. Shirley had been a dancer, choreographer, and instructor at the Sammy Dyer School of the Theatre in Chicago and she also had danced and choreographed for the Dyerettes, an African-American female dance and acrobatic troupe. The Dyerettes, in their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, toured with Nat King Cole, Sammy Davis Jr. Ray Charles, Count Basie, Shirley founded the Bahamas Dance Theatre in Nassau in 1968. She moved back and forth between the U. S. and the Bahamas until her death in 1998, Ralph Bass, Answers. com Ralph Bass Junior Jazz, The Classic Jazz Guitar www. classicjazzguitar. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Ralph Bass, First Recording, told by Ralph Bass on YouTube Notes Inline citations
15.
Only You (And You Alone)
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Only You is a pop song composed by Buck Ram. It was recorded most successfully by The Platters, with vocals by Tony Williams. The Platters first recorded the song for Federal Records on May 20,1954, in 1955, after moving to Mercury Records, the band re-recorded the song and it scored a major hit when it was released in May. In November that year, Federal Records released the recording as a single which sold poorly. Platters bass singer Herb Reed later recalled how the group hit upon its successful version, We tried it so many times, one time we were rehearsing in the car. We laughed at first, but when he sang that song—that was the sign we had hit on something, according to Buck Ram, Tony Williams voice broke in rehearsal, but they decided to keep this effect in the recording. This was the only Platters recording on which songwriter and manager Ram played the piano, the song held strong in the number-one position on the U. S. R & B charts for seven weeks, and hit number five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It remained there for 30 weeks, beating out a cover version by a white band called The Hilltoppers. When the Platters track, The Great Pretender, was released in the UK as Europes first introduction to The Platters, in the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, The Platters participated with both songs Only You and The Great Pretender. In 1974, Ringo Starr covered this song for his album Goodnight Vienna at the suggestion of John Lennon. This version was released as a single on 11 November in the US and it was released in UK on 15 November. Lennon plays acoustic guitar on the track, and recorded a guide vocal which was kept by producer Richard Perry, Ringo did the spoken recitation on the repeat of the first half of the song. Lennons vocal version appears on his Anthology box set, in 1998, a version was recorded in 1956 by the Welsh-born singer Malcolm Vaughan. Also in 1956, a version by Franck Pourcel was released & sold over 3 million copies by 1959. The American vocal group Deep River Boys featuring Harry Douglas with Arne Bendiksens orchestra recorded the song in Oslo on August 8,1956 and it was released on the 78 rpm record HMV AL6033. A1959 instrumental cover by French orchestrator Franck Pourcel hit the Billboard top ten, roy Orbison recorded the song in 1969 for the 1970 album The Big O with The Art Movement Brenda Lee covered the song on her 1962 album Sincerely, Brenda Lee. This version made the top five in Flemish Belgium in late 1963 when released as a single in Belgium, bobby Hatfield of The Righteous Brothers reached No.95 on the Billboard charts with his 1969 version. English singer Jeff Collins from Enfield recorded the song in 1972 and it was popular in Europe, and rose to number 40 in the UK charts, charting for eight weeks
16.
Ink Spots
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The Ink Spots were an American pop vocal group who gained international fame in the 1930s and 1940s. Their unique musical style led to the rhythm and blues and rock and roll musical genres, the Ink Spots were widely accepted in both the white and black communities, largely due to the ballad style introduced to the group by lead singer Bill Kenny. In 1989, the Ink Spots were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 1999 they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Since the Ink Spots disbanded in 1954, there have been well over 100 vocal groups calling themselves The Ink Spots without any right to the name and these groups often have claimed to be 2nd generation or 3rd generation Ink Spots. The Ink Spots formed in the early 1930s in Indianapolis, the founding members were, Hoppy Jones sang bass. He played cello in the manner of a stand up bass, Deek Watson sang tenor and played tenor guitar. Jerry Daniels sang tenor and played guitar and ukulele, Charlie Fuqua had a baritone voice and played guitar and tenor guitar As Jerry and Charlie, Jerry Daniels and Charlie Fuqua had formed a vocal duo performing in the Indianapolis area around 1931. About the same time, Jones and Watson were part of a quartet, The Four Riff Brothers, who appeared regularly on radio station WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1933, that disbanded, and Watson, Daniels and Fuqua got together to form a new vocal, instrumental and comedy group, which was initially called King, Jack. They continued to regularly on radio in Ohio, and became a foursome when Jones was added to the group the following year. In July 1934 they accepted a booking at the Apollo Theater, New York, at this point they had changed their name to The 4 Ink Spots. Their first recordings included songs such as Swingin On The Strings, Your Feets Too Big, Dont Low No Swingin In Here and Swing, Gate, Swing. In 1936, Jerry Daniels was replaced by a 21-year-old singer from Baltimore, Bill Kenny, Three years later Kenny would be credited for bringing the group to global success with his unusual high tenor ballad singing. In 1938, after being in the group for two years, Bill Kenny started to introduce the group to a new format that he called Top & Bottom and this format was used primarily for ballads rather than the uptempo jive songs the group was used to performing. This format called for the tenor to sing the lead for one chorus followed by a chorus performed by Bass singer Hoppy Jones where he would recite the lyrics rather than sing them. After a chorus of the bass the lead tenor would carry out the rest of the song until the end. The earliest example of their Top & Bottom format is from a radio broadcast from 1938, the song entitled Tune In on My Heart features Bill Kenny taking the lead and Hoppy Jones performing the talking bass. The year 1938 also saw Bill Kenny taking his first feature solo in Decca studios and his feature was on a song entitled I Wish You the Best of Everything
17.
Earth Angel
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Earth Angel is a song by American doo-wop group the Penguins. Produced by Dootsie Williams, it was released as their single in October 1954 on Dootone Records. The Penguins had formed the prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles. The songs origins lie in different sources, among them songs by Jesse Belvin, Patti Page. Its authorship was the subject of a legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release. Although the song was going to be overdubbed with additional instrumentation, the song grew out of Southern California and spread across the United States over the winter of 1954–55. Earth Angel became the first independent label release to appear on Billboards national pop charts and it was a big hit on the magazines R&B charts, where it remained number one for several weeks. A cover version by white vocal group the Crew-Cuts peaked higher on the pop charts, more cover versions followed, including recordings by Gloria Mann, Tiny Tim, Johnny Tillotson, and Elvis Presley. The Penguins only hit, it sold in excess of 10 million copies. The original recording of the song remained a hit single for much of the 1950s. In 2005, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, deeming it culturally, historically, or aesthetically important. The Penguins—composed of lead vocalist Cleveland Duncan, bass Curtis Williams, tenor Dexter Tisby, the group named themselves after the Kool cigarette advertising mascot. Williams and Gaynel Hodge were previously members of The Hollywood Flames, Belvin had previously had a hit single in Dream Girl, a 1952 ballad credited to Jesse & Marvin. The song echoes Earth Angel in its refrain, Dream girl. Its why-oh hook was adapted as a background chant within Earth Angel, hook was borrowed from the R&B hit of the same name by the Swallows. The Hollywood Flames were hired that year by Jessie Mae Robinson to record a demo of I Went to Your Wedding, Hodge later noted that the group lifted the bridge from that song for Earth Angel. The song also contains elements of the Flames 1953 recording of I Know in its introduction and chord progressions. Williams reportedly wrote the song for his wife, Marlene, and Duncan re-wrote the melody, Earth Angel was recorded as a literal garage demo—it was recorded in a home garage at the Los Angeles home of Ted Brinson
18.
The Great Pretender
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The Great Pretender is a popular song recorded by The Platters, with Tony Williams on lead vocals, and released as a single on November 3,1955. The words and music were created by Buck Ram, the Platters manager and producer who was a songwriter before moving into producing. The Great Pretender reached the one position on both the R&B and pop charts in 1956. It also reached the UK charts peaking at number 5, Buck Ram reports that he wrote the song in about 20 minutes in the washroom of the Flamingo Hotel in order to have a song to follow up the success of Only You. In 2004, the song was voted 360th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone, the song was repopularized in 1987 by Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of the rock band Queen. Mercurys version reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, Mercurys music video for the song became one of the most well-known of his career. It was directed by David Mallet in February 1987, and also featured fellow Queen member Roger Taylor, Mercury had shaved off his moustache, which had been his trademark feature since 1980. An extended video version appears on the single on VHS, Freddie Mercury The Video Collection on VHS and DVD and Lover of Life. In one of his last videotaped interviews in spring of 1987, Mercury explained that the song was fitting for the way he saw his career. It was covered in 1984 by Dolly Parton, who made it the song of an album of covers from the 1950s and 1960s Sam Cooke. Kathy Young with the Innocents covered the song in 1961 as the B-side to their single, stan Freberg made a parody version in 1956. Pat Boone covered it on his Moody River album in 1961, Dan McCafferty covered it on Dan McCafferty album in 1975 The Righteous Brothers Gene Summers included it on his 1997 album The Ultimate School of Rock & Roll issued on Crystal Clear Sound Records. The Band covered it on Moondog Matinee, an album of covers, perhaps most radically, it was tackled by Lester Bowie in 1981 and extended to nearly seventeen minutes of improvisation on his album of the same name. It was covered in the UK by Jimmy Parkinson, an Australian vocalist and it entered the Top 20 on 3 March 1956, six months ahead of the Platters version, Parkinsons hit peaked at No 9 and remained in the Top 20 for 10 weeks. Jackie Riggs, a US doowop singer also covered it in March 1956 George Faith covered the song on his album Reggae Got Soul, the Statler Brothers covered the song on their final live CD. Country singer Roy Clark performed a routine in which he sings the song with comic sound effects, odd guitar strokes and occasional segues into other. Old and in the Way released a version of the song on the album That High Lonesome Sound. The song inspired the naming of Chrissie Hyndes band, Pretenders, the song played an important part in Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s film The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant
19.
Rock Around the Clock (film)
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Rock Around the Clock is the title of a 1956 musical film that featured Bill Haley and His Comets along with Alan Freed, the Platters, Tony Martinez and His Band and Freddie Bell and His Bellboys. It was produced by B-movie king Sam Katzman and directed by Fred F. Sears, Rock Around the Clock tells a highly fictionalized rendition of how rock and roll was discovered. As band manager Steve Hollis observes that big band music is failing to draw audiences any longer. Convinced that rock and roll will be the big thing, Hollis strikes a deal to manage the group. Hollis then turns to agent Corinne Talbot, who handles bookings for nearly all of the venues in which Hollis needs the band to play to gain them exposure. Talbots primary interest in Hollis, however, is to have him marry her, first, she books the band into a traditionally conservative venue, expecting them to reject the bands brash new sound. But instead, the dancers there are excited by the music, next, Talbot simply blacklists Hollis and his acts from the venues she controls. But Hollis maneuvers around her by calling in a favor owed to him by disc jockey Alan Freed, the resulting booking in Freeds venue grants the Comets the exposure they need in spite of Talbots efforts. Talbots final play is to agree to sign the group to a contract that will secure their future. Johns agrees to those terms and Talbot launches their career with a national tour, once the contract is signed and the tour begins, however, Hollis reveals that he and Johns married quickly during the time it took to draw up the contract. B. C. The band also performs live on camera during a brief rehearsal prior to lip-synching to the Decca recording of R-O-C-K, a few months prior to shooting the film, the Comets had undergone a major change in personnel, with several members leaving the group. As a result, most of the songs lip-synched in the film feature a different line-up of musicians from those shown performing. The only songs on which all musicians shown on screen were also involved in the session are See You Later Alligator. During the performances of Rock Around the Clock, Franny Beecher is shown playing the guitar for Danny Cedrone, who had originally been on the session. Cedrones guitar work can also be heard on ABC Boogie, the bars of which are performed off-camera. The film advanced the cause of integration by showing white musicians performing in the venues as black performers. Rock Around the Clock was one of the box office successes of 1956. Within a year, Elvis Presley would soon appear in the most popular films of the genre, including Jailhouse Rock and King Creole, Rock, Rock, Rock, The Big Beat and The Girl Cant Help It
20.
Jerome Kern
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Jerome David Kern was an American composer of musical theatre and popular music. A native New Yorker, Kern created dozens of Broadway musicals and his musical innovations, such as 4/4 dance rhythms and the employment of syncopation and jazz progressions, built on, rather than rejected, earlier musical theatre tradition. He and his collaborators also employed his melodies to further the action or develop characterization to a greater extent than in the musicals of his day. Although dozens of Kerns musicals and musical films were hits, only Show Boat is now regularly revived, songs from his other shows, however, are still frequently performed and adapted. Many of Kerns songs have been adapted by jazz musicians to become standard tunes, Kern was born in New York City, on Sutton Place, in what was then the citys brewery district. His parents were Henry Kern, a Jewish German immigrant, and Fannie Kern née Kakeles, at the time of Kerns birth, his father ran a stable, later he became a successful merchant. Kern grew up on East 56th Street in Manhattan, where he attended public schools and he showed an early aptitude for music and was taught to play the piano and organ by his mother, an accomplished player and teacher. In 1897, the moved to Newark, New Jersey. He wrote songs for the schools first musical, a show, in 1901. Kern left high school graduation in the spring of his senior year in 1902. In response, Kerns father insisted that his son work with him in business, Kern, however, failed miserably in one of his earliest tasks, he was supposed to purchase two pianos for the store, but instead he ordered 200. His father relented, and later in 1902, Kern became a student at the New York College of Music, studying the piano under Alexander Lambert and Paolo Gallico and his first published composition, a piano piece, At the Casino, appeared in the same year. Between 1903 and 1905, he continued his training under private tutors in Heidelberg, Germany. For a time, Kern worked as a rehearsal pianist in Broadway theatres, while in London, he secured a contract from the American impresario Charles Frohman to provide songs for interpolation in Broadway versions of London shows. He began to provide these additions in 1904 to British scores for An English Daisy, by Seymour Hicks and Walter Slaughter, in 1905, Kern contributed the song Howd you like to spoon with me. To Ivan Carylls hit musical The Earl and the Girl when the transferred to Chicago. He also contributed to the New York production of The Catch of the Season, The Little Cherub and The Orchid, Kern was much taken with the proprietors daughter, Eva Leale, who was working behind the bar. He wooed her, and they were married at the Anglican church of St. Marys in Walton on October 25,1910, the couple then lived at the Swan when Kern was in England
21.
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes
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Smoke Gets in Your Eyes is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta. The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin and its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen, who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra, Frank Sinatras second cousin, on October 13,1933. Niesens recording of the song was released by Victor, catalog# VE B24454, with the B-side, Jealousy, featuring Isham Jones, Paul Whiteman had the first hit recording of the song on the record charts in 1934. The song was reprised by Irene Dunne, who performed it in the original 1935 film adaptation of the musical, co-starring Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers. The song was included in the 1952 remake of Roberta, Lovely to Look At, in which it was performed by Kathryn Grayson. The song has been covered by artists, the first being Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra. This version of the song topped charts in 1934. Other early covers of the song include that of the Tommy Dorsey orchestra, the b-side to Dorseys single was Night And Day. Henry Halls version was released as a 10 single. Art Tatum said in an introduction to a 1955 performance of the song that he performed Smoke Gets in Your Eyes in the 1930s, contributing to the songs popularity. However, it is unclear whether Tatum recorded the song during that decade, if a recording was made at that time, in 1941 the Benny Goodman Orchestra first performed the song during recorded radio performances with Helen Forrest. Glenn Miller conducted his rendition of the song at Abbey Road Studios in 1944, owing to his sudden death later that year, his orchestral version of the song was not released until 1995. On October 30,1946 Nat King Cole recorded the song, with Oscar Moore playing guitar, coles recording was made during a live WMCA radio broadcast from New York. Later, in 1957, Cole performed the live on his television variety show The Nat King Cole Show. Though it was not released until years later, Harry Belafonte made a recording of the song in 1949 with jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims. This was one of Belafontes first recordings, Sims performance on the track would later be parodied by the character inspired by him, in episode 2.02 of The Muppet Show, which aired on December 10,1977. In 1950 Charlie Parker and Jo Stafford each released versions of the song on their albums, Bird at St. Nicks. Thelonious Monk released the song in 1954 on his album Monk, on his 1955 album Clifford Brown with Strings, Clifford Brown released a cover of the song
22.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
23.
American Graffiti
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Suzanne Somers and Joe Spano have cameos. Set in Modesto, California in 1962, the film is a study of the cruising and rock, the film is told in a series of vignettes, telling the story of a group of teenagers and their adventures over a single evening. The genesis of American Graffiti was in Lucas own teenage years in early 1960s Modesto. filming was initially set to take place in San Rafael, California, but the production crew was denied permission to shoot beyond a second day. American Graffiti premiered on August 2,1973 at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was released on August 11,1973 in the United States, the film received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Produced on a $777,000 budget, it has one of the most profitable films of all time. Since its initial release, American Graffiti has garnered an estimated return of well over $200 million in box office gross and home video sales, not including merchandising. In 1995, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, a sequel, More American Graffiti, was released in 1979. Curt and Steve are scheduled to travel the next morning to Northeastern United States to start college, despite receiving a $2,000 scholarship from the local Moose Lodge, Curt has second thoughts about leaving Modesto. Steve gives Toad his 1958 Chevrolet Impala to watch while hes away at college until he returns at Christmas, Steves girlfriend, Laurie, who is also Curts sister, arrives in her car. Steve suggests to Laurie, who is already glum about him going to college, though not openly upset, she is displeased with his proposal which affects their interactions the rest of the evening. Curt accompanies Steve, last years high school student class president, and Laurie, after leaving the hop, Curt is coerced by a group of greasers to participate in an initiation rite that involves hooking a chain to a police car and ripping out its back axle. The Pharaohs tell Curt that The Blonde is a wife or prostitute. Determined to get a message to the girl, Curt drives to the local radio station to ask DJ Wolfman Jack. Inside the radio station, Curt encounters a man who tells him that the voice of The Wolfman is pre-taped from afar. The man still accepts the message from Curt to see what he could do, as he is leaving the station, Curt sees the man talking into the microphone and hears the voice of The Wolfman, and realizes the man is the actual DJ himself. Sure enough, The Wolfman eventually reads the message on the radio for The Blonde to meet Curt or call him at a number which happens to be a telephone booth, Curt waits by the telephone booth and early the next morning, he is awakened by the phone ringing. It turns out to be The Blonde who says she knows him, Curt replies probably not, intimating that he decided to go to college and will be leaving that morning. Meanwhile The Toad, in Steves car, and John, in his yellow 1932 Deuce Coupé hot rod, Toad, who is normally socially inept with girls, successfully picks up a flirtatious, and somewhat rebellious, girl named Debbie
24.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
25.
Great Balls of Fire
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Great Balls of Fire is a 1957 popular song recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis on Sun Records and featured in the 1957 movie Jamboree. It was written by Otis Blackwell and Jack Hammer, the Jerry Lee Lewis 1957 recording was ranked as the 96th greatest song ever by Rolling Stone. The song is in AABA form, the song is best known for Jerry Lee Lewiss original recording, which was recorded in the Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 8,1957, using Roland Janes on guitar and JM Van Eaton on drums. It was released as a 45rpm single on Sun 281 in November 1957 and it reached No.2 on the Billboard pop charts, No.3 on the R&B charts, and No.1 on the country charts. It also reached No.1 on the UK Singles Chart, appeared on the New Zealand Singles Chart, the recording was also released in the UK on London Records. Monty Python references the title in the World Forum sketch. Terry Gilliam, portraying Mao Zedong, says the title as the only correct answer the distinguished panel offers in the early rounds. The song was used for the New York City audience in place of Sing, Little Birdie, the song is featured in the 1989 jukebox musical Return to the Forbidden Planet. This song is performed by Scott Bakula in Quantum Leap in the episode called Miss Deep South in Season 3. Levi Kreis won a 2010 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in “Million Dollar Quartet. ”In the fantasy novel, Temptress of the Flame, a character exclaims Goodness gracious. In the 1986 film Top Gun, LTJG Nick Goose Bradshaw plays the song in a bar with his family, the song is available on the Top Gun Soundtrack special edition released in 1999. The 1989 biopic, Great Balls of Fire, about Lewis, played by Dennis Quaid, is derived from the song. The Crickets released their version of the song in 1960 on their album, a version by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas was on the Little Children album in 1964. The Kingsmen released a version on their 1964 LP The Kingsmen Volume II, tiny Tim recorded a version as the b-side to Tiptoe Through the Tulips in 1968. The Newbeats released a version as the B-side to their 1969 single, the Hassles released their version as a single in 1969. Gary Lewis and the Playboys released a cover of song in 1970 as the B-Side to the song Im On The Right Road Now. Aerosmith performed a cover of this song at Nipmuc Regional High Schools prom on Nov.6,1970, New Grass Revival recorded a high-speed bluegrass version of the song on their 1972 album The Arrival of the New Grass Revival. Electric Light Orchestra recorded a version for their 1974 The Night the Light Went On in Long Beach live album, parton still often includes the song in her concert set lists
26.
Barbara Randolph
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Barbara Randolph, also known as Barbara Ann Sanders, was an African American singer and actress who recorded for Motown Records in the 1960s. She was born in Detroit, Michigan, and was adopted by the actress Lillian Randolph, in 1957, both she and her mother Lillian briefly joined Steve Gibsons, vocal group, The Red Caps, as singers. However, regardless of belief, Lillian Randolph and Steve Gibson were not sister and brother and he is, therefore. James Jay Price, a member of the Red Caps from 1952-8, says that, while Steve and Lillian jokingly called each other sister and brother, the story apparently started with a 31 December 1953 article in Jet Magazine that referred to Steve as Lillians brother. It appeared in Major Robinsons gossip column, which carried the most outrageous claims from press agents, most telling is that, in the 1910 United States Census, Lillians mother was about 50, far too old to have given birth to Steve Gibson on October 12,1914. She also appeared in her mothers and Gibsons nightclub acts, using her mothers name of Randolph in 1957. Barbara Randolph first recorded as a singer for RCA Records in 1960. In 1964 she joined The Platters, replacing singer Zola Taylor, but left after a year and she also continued to work as an actress, taking the part of Dorothy in the 1967 movie Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, starring Spencer Tracy, Sidney Poitier and Katharine Hepburn. Neither record was successful, but Randolph was sufficiently highly regarded to tour with Marvin Gaye as a replacement for Tammi Terrell after Tammi became ill. Randolph also toured with The Four Tops, Gladys Knight and the Pips and she was reportedly also considered as a replacement for Florence Ballard in 1967 for the Supremes, and Diana Ross in The Supremes in 1969. In 1969 and 1970 Randolph issued two singles on Lee Hazlewoods LHI label, Woman To That Man and Miracle On 19th Street, Randolph used the year 1970 for entertaining US forces in Vietnam, returning to paid performances the next year. She married Eddie Singleton, who had married to Berry Gordys ex-wife. They opened a company together, and Barbara Randolph retired from singing. A collection of her recordings, most of which dated from 1969 but had not been issued, was released by Spectrum Records in 2003, Barbara Randolph died from cancer in South Africa in 2002, at the age of 60
27.
The Flamingos
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Billboard magazine wrote, Universally hailed as one of the finest and most influential vocal groups in pop music history, the Flamingos defined doo wop at its most elegant and sophisticated. Jacob Carey and Ezekial Carey, bass and 2nd tenor, respectively, formed the group in Chicago, Illinois, after meeting cousins baritone Paul Wilson, Johnny Carter at a Hebrew Israelite congregation. Earl Lewis soon joined, and after a series of name changes, the Flamingos left Chance Records sometime after their December 1953 session and signed with DJ Al Bensons Parrot Records. Sollie McElroy was on their first Parrot session, but left the group in December 1954, in early 1955, the Flamingos signed with Chess Records, to record for their Checker Records subsidiary. At Chess/Checker, the Flamingos achieved their first national hit with Ill Be Home. Pat Boones cover version of the song, complete with lyrics, was a hit on the pop charts. The group also had success for the label with other chestnuts like A Kiss from Your Lips, The Vow. The Flamingos also appeared in the 1956 Alan Freed movie Rock, Rock, Rock, both Zeke Carey and Carter were drafted that year. Nate Nelson, Jake Carey and Paul Wilson continued the group with new member Tommy Hunt, another new member, tenor/lead, guitarist and arranger, Terry Buzzy Johnson, joined in late December of that year. This group began recording for Decca Records in April 1957 and their most notable single was Johnsons arrangement of The Ladder of Love, but legal entanglements between Checker and Nate Nelson ruined any chance of commercial success. Zeke Carey returned to the Flamingos in 1958, making the group a sextet, Zeke and Jake Carey were not blood-related, but were considered cousins, because of Zeke being adopted by Jakes aunt and uncle. That year, the Flamingos began recording for George Goldners End Records in New York City, almost immediately, the group had their first pop chart hit with Lovers Never Say Goodbye, written by Terry Johnson, who shared lead chores on the song with Paul Wilson. The formula was a winner as Terry and Paul also led three of the 12 songs selected for their first album Flamingo Serenade — George Gershwins Love Walked In, But Not for Me and Time Was. The Flamingos would have their biggest seller in 1959 with another old standard from that LP, I Only Have Eyes for You became their biggest seller, and has been featured in dozens of movies and TV shows. A long series of hits followed, including the Johnson-penned Mio Amore, Doc Pomus composition Your Other Love, Nobody Loves Me Like You, LP cuts Love Walked In and Time Was were also issued as singles. That same year, they appeared in the Alan Freed movie, Go, Johnny, Go, the group became known almost as much for their stage show and choreography as for their harmonies. Groups including the Temptations and the Tavares would later credit the group as major influences, the group began to come apart at the turn of the decade. Tommy Hunt left for a career in 1960
28.
SLS Las Vegas
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The SLS Hotel & Casino Las Vegas is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester, Nevada. It is owned by Stockbridge Real Estate, the hotel was formerly known as the Sahara Hotel and Casino. It was in operation under that name for 59 years from 1952 to 2011, the hotel had 1,720 guestrooms and suites with a casino covering more than 85,000 square feet, and sits on 55 acres including the All Net Resort and Arena. The hotel is the site of the SLS station, the northernmost stop for the Las Vegas Monorail, the SLS anchored the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip. The renovated property reopened on August 23,2014, after a $415 million renovation as part of SBEs chain of SLS hotels, the first casino built on the site was the Club Bingo, which opened in 1947. Owner Milton Prell replaced the casino with a new hotel in 1952 called the Sahara Hotel. It was located just outside the City of Las Vegas, and was the resort to open on the Strip. The resort was built by Del Webb, the Sahara was one of the last remaining vintage Rat Pack casino-hotels, leaving only the Flamingo, Caesars Palace and The Tropicana. The porte-cochere entrance, topped by a minaret, was designed to set the resorts warm Moroccan flavor. In late 1954, the hotel hired jazz musician Louis Prima to be their late night lounge act, along with his then-wife Keely Smith and sax player Sam Butera, they created one of the hottest late-night attractions on the Strip. In 1956, Abbott and Costello appeared together for the last time on the Sahara stage before their permanent breakup, the hotel constructed the first high-rise tower on the Strip in 1959, designed by Martin Stern. In 1961, the hotel was purchased by Del Webb, in 1962, a Don the Beachcomber restaurant opened in the hotel, becoming a top attraction to not only hotel guests but a variety of celebrities as well. A 24-story tower was added in 1963, which made the hotel the tallest building in Las Vegas, the resort was the site of the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon for many years, mostly in the 1970s, and for a brief time in the 1990s. Performers at the resort over the years have included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, in 1964, The Beatles stayed at the Sahara and played two shows at the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center. Del Webb ran into problems in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He sold the Sahara to Paul Lowden for $50 million in 1982, ownership changed in 1995, when Archon Corporation sold the property to Bill Bennett. Bill Bennett owned the hotel until his death on December 22,2002, the 27-story tower addition was added in 1987, and a new porte-cochere was added by the relocated pool in 1997. In 1999, further added a roller coaster and a restaurant
29.
Las Vegas Valley
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The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Nevada. The largest urban agglomeration in the state, it is the heart of the Las Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, the Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada, Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas, six unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth, in 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion. The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, in the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas. The area was settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a center as well as a resort destination. Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley, the ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies, limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area. Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television, legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off. The Las Vegas area remains one of the top entertainment destinations. The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform and this includes the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson, and the unincorporated towns of Paradise, Spring Valley, Sunrise Manor, Enterprise, Winchester, and Whitney. The valley is located within the larger metropolitan area, as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County -including parts that do not fall within the valley. The government of Clark County has an Urban Planning Area of Las Vegas and this definition is a roughly rectangular area, about 20 mi from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. Notable exclusions from the Urban Planning Area include Red Rock, Blue Diamond, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. The department does not exercise jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base
