1.
John Ford
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
2.
Merian C. Cooper
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Merian Caldwell Cooper was an American aviator, United States Air Force and Polish Air Force officer, adventurer, screenwriter, film director, and producer. Cooper was the founder of the Kościuszko Squadron during the Polish–Soviet War and was a Soviet prisoner of war for a time and he was a notable movie producer, and got his start with film as part of the Explorers Club, traveling the world and documenting adventures. He was a member of the board of directors of Pan American Airways, during his film career, he worked for companies such as Pioneer Pictures, RKO Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He is also credited as co-inventor of the Cinerama film projection process, Coopers most famous film was the 1933 movie King Kong. He was awarded an honorary Oscar for lifetime achievement in 1952, Merian Caldwell Cooper was born in Jacksonville, Florida, to the lawyer John C. Cooper and the former Mary Caldwell. He was the youngest of three children, at age six, Cooper decided that he wanted to be an explorer after hearing stories from the book Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. He was educated at The Lawrenceville School in New Jersey and graduated in 1911, after graduation, Cooper received a prestigious appointment to the U. S. Naval Academy, but was expelled during his senior year for hell raising and for championing air power. In 1916, Cooper worked for the Minneapolis Daily News as a reporter, in the next few years, he also worked at the Des Moines Register-Leader and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. In 1916, Cooper joined the Georgia National Guard to help chase Pancho Villa in Mexico and he was called home in March 1917. He worked for the El Paso Herald on a 30-day leave of absence, after returning to his service, Cooper was appointed lieutenant, however, he turned down the appointment hoping to participate in combat. Instead, he went to the Military Aeronautics School in Atlanta to learn to fly, Cooper graduated from the school as the top in his class. In October 1917, Cooper went to France with the 201st Squadron and he attended flying school in Issoudun. While flying with his friend, Cooper hit his head and was knocked out during a 200-foot plunge, after the incident, Cooper suffered from shock and had to relearn how to fly. Cooper requested to go to Clermont-Ferrand to be trained as a bomber pilot and he became a pilot on the 20th Aero Squadron. Cooper served as a DH-4 bomber pilot with the United States Army Air Service during World War I, on September 26,1918, his plane was shot down. The plane caught fire, and Cooper spun the plane to suck the flames out, Cooper survived, although he suffered burns, injured his hands, and was presumed dead. German soldiers saw his planes landing and took him to a prisoner reserve hospital. Captain Cooper remained in the Air Service after the war, he helped with Herbert Hoovers American Food Administration that provided aid in Poland and he later became the head of the Poland division
3.
The Saturday Evening Post
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The Saturday Evening Post is a bimonthly American magazine. It was published weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, the magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication in 1971. It now appears six times a year, the magazine was redesigned in 2013. The Saturday Evening Post was founded in 1821 and grew to become the most widely circulated magazine in America. The magazine gained prominent status under the leadership of its longtime editor George Horace Lorimer, the editors claimed it had historical roots in the Pennsylvania Gazette, which was first published in 1728 by Samuel Keimer and sold to Benjamin Franklin in 1729. It was known for commissioning lavish illustrations and original works of fiction, illustrations were featured on the cover and embedded in stories and advertising. Some Post illustrations became popular and continue to be reproduced as posters or prints, Curtis Publishing Co. stopped publishing the Post in 1969 after the company lost a landmark defamation suit and was ordered to pay over $3 million in damages. The Post was revived in 1971 as a limited circulation quarterly publication, as of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. In 1916, Saturday Evening Post editor George Horace Lorimer discovered Norman Rockwell, Lorimer promptly purchased two illustrations from Rockwell, using them as covers, and commissioned three more drawings. Rockwells illustrations of the American family and rural life of a bygone era became icons, during his 50-year career with the Post, Rockwell painted more than 300 covers. He produced 120 covers for the Post between 1943 and 1968, ceasing only when the magazine began displaying photographs on its covers, another prominent artist was Charles R. Chickering, a freelance illustrator who went on to design numerous postage stamps for the U. S. Other popular cover illustrators include the artists George Hughes, Constantin Alajalov, John Clymer, W. H. D. Koerner, J. C. Leyendecker, Charles Archibald MacLellan, John E. Sheridan, Douglass Crockwell, the magazines line-up of cartoonists included Bob Barnes, Irwin Caplan, Tom Henderson, Al Johns, Clyde Lamb, Jerry Marcus, Frank ONeal, B. Tobey, Pete Wyma and Bill Yates, the magazine ran Ted Keys cartoon panel series Hazel from 1943 to 1969. Each issue featured several original stories and often included an installment of a serial appearing in successive issues. Most of the fiction was written for mainstream tastes by popular writers, the opening pages of stories featured paintings by the leading magazine illustrators. Lincoln, John P. Marquand, Edgar Allan Poe, Sax Rohmer, William Saroyan, John Steinbeck and Rex Stout and it also published poetry by such noted poets as Carl Sandburg, Ogden Nash, Dorothy Parker and Hannah Kahn. Jack Londons best-known novel The Call of the Wild was first published, in serialized form, emblematic of the Posts fiction was author Clarence Budington Kelland, who first appeared in 1916–17 with stories of homespun heroes, Efficiency Edgar and Scattergood Baines
4.
John Wayne
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Marion Mitchell Morrison, known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for True Grit, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walshs The Big Trail, Waynes career took off in 1939, with John Fords Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 pictures, biographer Ronald Davis said, John Wayne personified for millions the nations frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen and he is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man, Rio Bravo, and The Longest Day. In his final performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist. He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26,1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30,1907 that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth and his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. Waynes father, Clyde Leonard Morrison, was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison, Waynes mother, the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown, was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Waynes ancestry included English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Scottish, Waynes family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier and he preferred Duke to Marion, and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale, as a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay and he played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U. S. Naval Academy, and he instead attended the University of Southern California, majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities, Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his career, Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury
5.
Maureen O'Hara
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Maureen OHara was an Irish-born American actress and singer. The famously red-headed OHara was known for her beauty and playing fiercely passionate but sensible heroines, often in westerns and she worked on numerous occasions with director John Ford and longtime friend John Wayne, and was one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood. OHara grew up in the Dublin suburb of Ranelagh to an eccentric devout Catholic family and she trained with the Rathmines Theatre Company from the age of 10 and at the Abbey Theatre from the age of 14. She was given a screen test, which was deemed unsatisfactory and she moved to Hollywood the same year to appear with him in the production of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and was given a contract by RKO Pictures. OHara gained a reputation in Hollywood for bossiness and prudishness, avoiding the partying lifestyle, OHara made her first film with Wayne, the actor with whom she is most closely associated, with Rio Grande. This was followed by The Quiet Man, her best-known film, such was her strong chemistry with Wayne that many assumed they were married or in a relationship. In the 1960s OHara increasingly turned to more roles as she aged, appearing in films such as The Deadly Companions, The Parent Trap. She retired from the industry in 1971 after starring with Wayne one final time in Big Jake and she was married three times, and had one daughter, Bronwyn, born in 1944 to her second husband. Her autobiography, Tis Herself, was published in 2004 and became a New York Times Bestseller, born on 17 August 1920, OHara began life as Maureen FitzSimons on Beechwood Avenue in the Dublin suburb of Ranelagh. She states that she was born into the most remarkable and eccentric family I could have hoped for. OHara was the second oldest of six children of Charles and Marguerite FitzSimons, and her father was in the clothing business and bought into Shamrock Rovers Football Club, a team OHara supported from childhood. OHara noted that whenever her mother left the house, men would leave their houses just so they could catch a glimpse of her in the street, OHaras siblings were Peggy, the oldest, and younger Charles, Florrie, Margot, and Jimmy. Peggy dedicated her life to an order, becoming a Sister of Charity. OHara earned the nickname Baby Elephant for being a pudgy infant, a tomboy, she enjoyed fishing in the River Dodder, riding horses, swimming and Gaelic football, and would play boys games and climb trees. OHara was so keen on Gaelic football that at one point she pressed her father to found a team, and professed that Glenmalure Park. She enjoyed fighting, and trained in judo as a teenager and she later admitted that she displayed a jealousy towards boys in her youth and the freedom they had, and that they could steal apples from orchards and not get into trouble. OHara first attended the John Street West Girls School near Thomas Street in Dublins Liberties Area and her enthusiastic family fully supported the idea. When she recited a poem on stage in school at the age of six, from that age she trained in drama, music and dance along with her siblings at the Ena Mary Burke School of Drama and Elocution in Dublin
6.
Barry Fitzgerald
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Barry Fitzgerald was an Irish stage, film and television actor. In a career spanning almost forty years, he appeared in notable films as Bringing Up Baby, The Long Voyage Home, How Green Was My Valley, None but the Lonely Heart. For Going My Way, he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was born William Joseph Shields in Walworth Road, Portobello, Dublin, Ireland and his father was Irish and his mother was German. He was the brother of Irish actor Arthur Shields. He went to Skerrys College, Dublin, before going on to work in the civil service and his career with the Abbey Theatre was from 1914–1936 where he was involved in numerous productions. By 1929, he turned to acting full-time and he was briefly a roommate of famed playwright Seán OCasey and starred in such plays as OCaseys Juno and the Paycock and the premiere of The Silver Tassie. Between 1931 and 1936 he appeared in three plays by Irish Playwright Teresa Deevy—A Disciple, In Search of Valour and Katie Roche, Fitzgerald went to Hollywood to star in another OCasey work, The Plough and the Stars, directed by John Ford. He had a successful Hollywood career in films as The Long Voyage Home, How Green Was My Valley, And Then There Were None, The Naked City. In 1945, Fitzgerald achieved a unique Academy Awards feat, an avid golfer, he later accidentally decapitated his Oscar while practicing his golf swing. During World War II, Oscar statuettes were made of plaster instead of gold-plated bronze to accommodate wartime metal shortages, the Academy provided Fitzgerald with a replacement statuette. Fitzgerald returned to live in Dublin in 1959, where he lived at 2 Seafield Ave and he died, as William Joseph Shields, in St Patricks Hospital, James Street, on 4 January 1961. Fitzgerald has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for pictures at 6252 Hollywood Boulevard. List of actors with Academy Award nominations and Hollywood Walk of Fame stars List of people on stamps of Ireland Boylan, Henry
7.
Ward Bond
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Among his best-remembered roles are Bert, the cop, in James Stewarts Its a Wonderful Life and Captain Clayton in John Waynes The Searchers. Bond was born in Benkelman in Dundy County, Nebraska, Benkelman is a small town located in the southwestern corner of the state near the Kansas and Colorado state lines. The Bond family, John W. Mabel L. and sister Bernice, lived in Benkelman until 1919 when they moved to Denver, Colorado, Bond attended the University of Southern California and played football on the same team as future USC coach Jess Hill. At 62 and 195 pounds, Bond was a lineman on USCs first national championship team in 1928. Bond and John Wayne, who as Marion Michael Morrison, had played tackle for USC in 1926 before an injury ended his career, became lifelong friends and colleagues. Bond, Wayne, and the entire Southern Cal team were hired to appear in Salute, during the filming of this movie, Bond and Wayne befriended Ford, and appeared in many of Fords later films. Bond made his debut in Salute and thereafter was a busy character actor. He appeared in 31 films released in 1935 and 23 in 1939, rarely playing the lead in theatrical films, he starred in the television series Wagon Train from 1957 until his death in 1960. He was frequently typecast as a policeman or as a brutal thug. Bond later starred in the popular series Wagon Train from 1957 until his death, Wagon Train was inspired by the 1950 film Wagon Master, in which Bond also appeared. Wagon Master was influenced by the earlier The Big Trail, for Wagon Train, Bond was assigned the lead role of the crusty but compassionate Major Seth Adams, the trail master. Bond specifically requested Terry Wilson for the role of assistant trail master Bill Hawks, Wilson and McGrath stayed with the series for the entire run on NBC and then ABC from 1957 to 1965. Upon Bonds death in 1960, the master role passed in 1961 to John McIntire. An epileptic, he was rejected by the draft during World War II, in 1960, Bond campaigned for the Republican presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon, Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institutes 100 Years. Pop Perry Fort Apache – Sgt, John Wayne gave the eulogy at his funeral. Bonds will bequeathed to Wayne the shotgun with which Wayne had once accidentally shot Bond, for his contribution to the television industry, Bond has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6933 Hollywood Blvd. In 2001, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, also, a Ward Bond Memorial Park is in his birthplace of Benkelman, Nebraska
8.
Victor McLaglen
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Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen was an English boxer and First World War veteran who became a film actor. He was known as a actor, particularly in Westerns. McLaglen won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1935 for his role in The Informer, McLaglen claimed to have been born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, though his birth certificate records Stepney in the East End of London as his true birthplace. His father, Andrew Charles Albert McClaglen, later a bishop of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church of England and he had eight brothers and a sister. Four of his brothers also became actors, Arthur, an actor and sculptor, other siblings included Frederick, Sydney, Lewis and a sister, Lily. Another brother, Leopold McLaglen, who appeared in one film, gained notoriety prior to World War I as a showman and self-proclaimed world jujutsu champion and he left home at 14 to join the British Army with the intention of fighting in the Second Boer War. However, much to his chagrin, he was stationed at Windsor Castle in the Life Guards and was forced to leave the army when his true age was discovered. Four years later, he moved to Canada, where he earned a living as a wrestler and heavyweight boxer, one of his most famous fights was against heavyweight champion Jack Johnson in a six-round exhibition bout. This was Johnsons first bout since winning the title from Tommy Burns. Between bouts, McLaglen toured with a circus, which offered $25 to anyone who could go three rounds with him and he also briefly served as a constable in the Winnipeg Police Force in 1907. He returned to Britain in 1913 and during the First World War served as a captain with the 10th Battalion, later, he claimed to have served with the Royal Irish Fusiliers. He served for a time as military Assistant Provost Marshal for the city of Baghdad and he also continued boxing, and was named heavyweight champion of the British Army in 1918. After the war, he began taking roles in British silent films, McLaglens career took a surprise turn in the 1920s when he moved to Hollywood. He became a character actor, with a particular knack for playing drunks. He also usually played Irishmen, leading many fans to mistakenly assume he was Irish rather than English. McLaglen played one of the titular Unholy Three in Lon Chaney, the following year, McLaglen was the top-billed leading manlead in director Raoul Walshs First World War classic What Price Glory. with Edmund Lowe and Dolores del Rio. Features a caricature of McLaglen emerging from the novel and literally informing someone about some shady characters, McLaglen was later nominated for another Oscar, this time for an Best Supporting Actor for his role opposite John Wayne in The Quiet Man. He was especially popular with director John Ford, who frequently included McLaglen in his films, earlier as leading man, toward the end of his career, McLaglen made several guest appearances on television, particularly in Western series such as Have Gun, Will Travel and Rawhide
9.
Victor Young
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Not to be confused with the actor Victor Sen Yung who was sometimes billed as Victor Young Victor Young was an American composer, arranger, violinist and conductor. Young was born in Chicago on August 8,1900, into a very musical Jewish family, his father being a member of one Joseph Sheehan’s touring Opera company. The young Victor began playing violin at the age of six and he studied the piano with Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory. While still a teenager he embarked on a career as a concert violinist with the Warsaw Philharmonic under Juliusz Wertheim, assistant conductor in 1915–16. His future wife, Rita Kinel, who met him in late 1918, used to food to him. He returned to Chicago in 1920 to join the orchestra at Central Park Casino, after turning to popular music, he worked for a while as violinist-arranger for Ted Fio Rito. In 1930 Chicago bandleader and radio-star Isham Jones commissioned Young to write an instrumental of Hoagy Carmichaels Stardust. Young slowed it down and played the melody as a gorgeous romantic violin solo which inspired Mitchell Parish to write lyrics for what became a much performed love song. In the mid-1930s he moved to Hollywood where he concentrated on films, recordings of music and providing backing for popular singers. Young was signed to Brunswick in 1931 where his studio groups recorded scores of dance music, waltzes. His studio groups often contained some of the best jazz musicians in New York, including Bunny Berigan, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, Arthur Schutt, Eddie Lang, and others. He used first-rate vocalists, including Paul Small, Dick Robertson, Harlan Lattimore, Smith Ballew, Helen Rowland, Frank Munn, The Boswell Sisters, Lee Wiley and others. One of his most interesting recordings was the January 22,1932 session containing songs written by Herman Hupfeld, Goopy Geer and Down The Old Back Road, which Hupfeld sang and played piano on. In late 1934, Young signed with Decca and continued recording in New York until mid-1936, on radio, he was the musical director of The Old Gold Don Ameche Show and Harvest of Stars. He was musical director for many of Bing Crosbys recordings for the American branch of Decca Records, for Decca, he also conducted the first album of songs from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, a sort of pre-soundtrack cover version rather than a true soundtrack album. The album featured Judy Garland and the Ken Darby Singers singing songs from the film in Youngs own arrangements and he also composed the music for several Decca spoken word albums. He received 22 Academy Award nominations for his work in film, twice being nominated four times in a single year and he received his only Oscar posthumously for his score of Around the World in Eighty Days. Thus, Victor Young holds the record for most Oscar nominations before winning the first award and his last scores were for the 1957 films Omar Khayyam, Run of the Arrow, and China Gate, which were released after his death
10.
Jack Murray (film editor)
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Jack Murray was an American film editor with about fifty-five feature film credits between 1929 and 1961. Fifteen of these films were with the director John Ford and their collaboration commenced with The Prisoner of Shark Island, which was produced when both men were working at the 20th Century Fox studio. It encompassed such well-known films as The Quiet Man and The Searchers, essentially nothing has been published about Murrays early life or about the first phase of his career. In this phase, from 1929 -1939, Murray had more than 30 feature film credits for the 20th Century Fox studio, among his credits are Will Rogers final film, In Old Kentucky, and two films starring Shirley Temple. In addition to the film with Ford, in this period Murray edited films directed by Irving Cummings, H. Bruce Humberstone, after 1939, there are no further feature films crediting Murray until 1947, when he edited a second film with Ford, The Fugitive. Tag Gallagher notes that, while the film was a start for Argosy, in terms of composition, lighting and editing. Murrays collaboration with Ford continued through seven more films from Argosy Pictures, after The Sun Shines Bright, Murray edited six additional films with Ford. For his studio films after 1947, Ford worked with other editors as well as with Murray, thus What Price Glory. was produced at 20th Century Fox and was edited by Dorothy Spencer, who had previously edited Fords Stagecoach and My Darling Clementine. Murray edited Mister Roberts, which was produced by Warner Bros. Murray also occasionally edited with other directors in this period, Murrays last film with Ford was Two Rode Together, Murray died in 1961. Among the most celebrated of the films edited by Murray were The Quiet Man and The Searchers, the Quiet Man received multiple Academy Award nominations, although not for editing. The Searchers was in the first group of 25 films selected in 1989 for the US National Film Registry and it was ranked as the seventh greatest film ever made on the 2012 decennial international survey of film critics by the British Film Institute. The term montage refers to the editing of these films, while the individual contributions of Ford and of Murray to the editing of the theatrical release versions of these films arent well known, Murray was responsible for the first, editors cuts. Ford rarely set foot in the cutting room, michael A. Hoey worked as Murrays assistant on Sergeant Rutledge. His memoir suggests that Ford did largely entrust the editing of his films to Murray, Hoey writes of the screening of Murrays cut for Ford that it. Went well with few notes, but after all Jack Murray had been editing John Fords films since 1936s The Prisoner of Shark Island. Murray was elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors shortly after its formation in 1950, stepping Sisters Nancy Steele Is Missing. List of film director and editor collaborations Gallagher, Tag, John Ford, the man and his films. Gallagher has made this book available for download, see Tag Gallagher
11.
Argosy Pictures
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
12.
Republic Pictures
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Republic Pictures Corporation was an American motion picture production-distribution corporation in operation from 1935 through 1959, based in Los Angeles, California. It had studio facilities in Studio City and a ranch in Encino. It was best known for specializing in Westerns, movie serials, Republic Pictures was also notable for developing the careers of John Wayne, Gene Autry, and Roy Rogers. It was also responsible for the financing and distributing of several John Ford-directed films during the 1940s and early 1950s and one Shakespeare film, Macbeth, created in 1935 by Herbert J. In the depths of the Great Depression of the 1930s, Yates laboratory was servicing many studios, in 1935 Yates saw a chance to become a studio head himself. Six established Poverty Row companies were all in debt to Yates lab and he prevailed upon these studios to merge under his leadership. Yates new company, Republic Pictures Corporation, was established as an enterprise focused on low-budget product. The largest of Republics components was Monogram Pictures, run by producers Trem Carr and W. Ray Johnston, mascot also had just discovered Gene Autry and signed him to a contract as a singing cowboy star. Larry Darmours Majestic Pictures had developed a following, with big-name stars, Republic took its original Liberty Bell logo from M. H. Hoffmans Liberty Pictures. Chesterfield Pictures and Invincible Pictures, two companies under the same ownership, were skilled in producing low-budget melodramas and mysteries. In exchange for merging, the principals were promised independence in their productions under the Republic aegis, after he had learned the basics of film production and distribution from his partners, Yates began asserting more and more authority over their film departments, and dissension arose in the ranks. Republic also acquired Brunswick Records to record their singing cowboys Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, in its early years Republic was itself sometimes labelled a poverty row company, as its primary products were B movies and serials. Republic, however, showed more interest in, and provided larger budgets to, these films than many of the studios were doing. The heart of the company was its westerns, and its many western-film leads, among them John Wayne, Gene Autry, Rex Allen and Roy Rogers, became recognizable stars at Republic. However, by the mid-1940s, Yates was producing better-quality pictures, even mounting big-budget fare like The Quiet Man, Sands of Iwo Jima, Johnny Guitar and The Maverick Queen. Another distinguishing aspect of the studio was Yates avoidance of any subject matter. In 1947, Republic incorporated animation into its Gene Autry feature film Sioux City Sue and it turned out well enough for the studio to dabble in animated cartoons. Cartoons in 1946, Bob Clampett approached Republic and wound up directing a single cartoon, Its a Grand Old Nag, Republic management, however, had second thoughts owing to dwindling profits, and discontinued the series
13.
Technicolor
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Technicolor is the name applied to a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the major color process, after Britains Kinemacolor. As the technology matured it was used for less spectacular dramas. Occasionally, even a film noir—such as Leave Her to Heaven or Niagara —was filmed in Technicolor, Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, now a division of the French company Technicolor SA. The Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation was founded in Boston in 1914 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, the Tech in the companys name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kalmus and Comstock received their undergraduate degrees and were later instructors. Technicolor, Inc. was chartered in Delaware in 1921, most of Technicolors early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the companys president and chief executive officer. The term Technicolor historically has been used to describe at least five concepts, Technicolor, Technicolor process or format, several custom image origination systems used in film production, culminating in the three-strip process in 1932. Technicolor IB printing, a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes which are more stable, originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. This meaning of the name applies to nearly all Wikipedia articles about films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits, Technicolor originally existed in a two-color system. Because two frames were being exposed at the time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures, two lenses, and a prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21,1917, the near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today, convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2, the difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were present in the print, no special projection equipment was required. The frames exposed behind the filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter, orange-red for the green-filtered images, the two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26,1922, the second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924
14.
Romance film
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Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus. Occasionally, romance lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms of discrimination, as in all quite strong, deep, and close romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life, temptations, and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films. In romantic television series, the development of romantic relationships may play out over many episodes. Historical romance - A romantic story with a period setting and this includes films such as Gone with the Wind, Doctor Zhivago and Titanic. Romantic drama usually revolves around an obstacle which prevents deep and true love between two people. Music is often employed to indicate the mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final union between the two main characters will occur. Chick flick is a term associated with romance films as many are targeted to a female audience. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably, films of this genre include Dirty Dancing, The Notebook, Dear John, A Walk to Remember, and Romeo + Juliet. Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as true love is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, films within this genre include Four Weddings and a Funeral, Love Actually, Moonstruck, As Good as It Gets, Somethings Gotta Give, It Happened One Night, When Harry Met Sally. Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre, romantic action comedies are films that blend romantic comedy and action. Examples include Killers, Knight and Day, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, This Means War, romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre. Some examples of romantic thriller films are The Adjustment Bureau, The Phantom of the Opera, The Tourist, The Bodyguard, Unfaithful, and Wicker Park
15.
Saturday Evening Post
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The Saturday Evening Post is a bimonthly American magazine. It was published weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, the magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication in 1971. It now appears six times a year, the magazine was redesigned in 2013. The Saturday Evening Post was founded in 1821 and grew to become the most widely circulated magazine in America. The magazine gained prominent status under the leadership of its longtime editor George Horace Lorimer, the editors claimed it had historical roots in the Pennsylvania Gazette, which was first published in 1728 by Samuel Keimer and sold to Benjamin Franklin in 1729. It was known for commissioning lavish illustrations and original works of fiction, illustrations were featured on the cover and embedded in stories and advertising. Some Post illustrations became popular and continue to be reproduced as posters or prints, Curtis Publishing Co. stopped publishing the Post in 1969 after the company lost a landmark defamation suit and was ordered to pay over $3 million in damages. The Post was revived in 1971 as a limited circulation quarterly publication, as of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. In 1916, Saturday Evening Post editor George Horace Lorimer discovered Norman Rockwell, Lorimer promptly purchased two illustrations from Rockwell, using them as covers, and commissioned three more drawings. Rockwells illustrations of the American family and rural life of a bygone era became icons, during his 50-year career with the Post, Rockwell painted more than 300 covers. He produced 120 covers for the Post between 1943 and 1968, ceasing only when the magazine began displaying photographs on its covers, another prominent artist was Charles R. Chickering, a freelance illustrator who went on to design numerous postage stamps for the U. S. Other popular cover illustrators include the artists George Hughes, Constantin Alajalov, John Clymer, W. H. D. Koerner, J. C. Leyendecker, Charles Archibald MacLellan, John E. Sheridan, Douglass Crockwell, the magazines line-up of cartoonists included Bob Barnes, Irwin Caplan, Tom Henderson, Al Johns, Clyde Lamb, Jerry Marcus, Frank ONeal, B. Tobey, Pete Wyma and Bill Yates, the magazine ran Ted Keys cartoon panel series Hazel from 1943 to 1969. Each issue featured several original stories and often included an installment of a serial appearing in successive issues. Most of the fiction was written for mainstream tastes by popular writers, the opening pages of stories featured paintings by the leading magazine illustrators. Lincoln, John P. Marquand, Edgar Allan Poe, Sax Rohmer, William Saroyan, John Steinbeck and Rex Stout and it also published poetry by such noted poets as Carl Sandburg, Ogden Nash, Dorothy Parker and Hannah Kahn. Jack Londons best-known novel The Call of the Wild was first published, in serialized form, emblematic of the Posts fiction was author Clarence Budington Kelland, who first appeared in 1916–17 with stories of homespun heroes, Efficiency Edgar and Scattergood Baines
16.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
17.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
18.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
19.
Academy Award for Directing
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
20.
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture. In its first film season, 1927–28, this award was not tied to a specific film, the second year,1929, there were no nominations at all, although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year,1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967, there were separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Since then, the only film to win is Schindlers List. Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category, hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Nights Dream. Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography, no winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees are lost, including The Devil Dancer, The Magic Flame, and Four Devils. The Right to Love is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson is incomplete, the first nominees shot primarily on digital video were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Slumdog Millionaire in 2009, with Slumdog Millionaire the first winner. The following year Avatar was the first nominee and winner to be entirely on digital video. As of 2017 no woman has ever been nominated for Best Cinematography, winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees
21.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
22.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
23.
Irish-American
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
24.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
25.
Paternalism
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Paternalism is behavior by an organization or state that limits some person or groups liberty or autonomy for what is presumed to be that persons or groups own good. Paternalism can also imply that the behavior is against or regardless of the will of a person, Paternalism, paternalistic and paternalist have all been used as a pejorative. The word paternalism is from the Latin pater father via the adjective paternus fatherly and we are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood. Paternalism towards adults is sometimes thought to them as if they were children. Soft Paternalism is the view that paternalism is justified if an action to be committed is involuntary. John Stuart Mill gives the example of a person about to walk across a damaged bridge and we cant tell the person the bridge is damaged as he doesnt speak your language. According to Soft paternalism we would be justified in forcing him to not cross the bridge so we could find out whether he knows about the damage, if he knows and wants to jump off the bridge and commit suicide then we should allow him to. Hard paternalists say that at least sometimes we are entitled to prevent him crossing the bridge. Pure paternalism is where the person having their liberty or autonomy taken away is those being protected, impure paternalism is where the persons that have their liberty or autonomy violated is not just the persons being protected. Moral paternalism is where paternalism is justified to promote the well being of a person even if their welfare wouldnt improve. For example it would be argued that someone should be prevented from even if they make a decent living off it. A moral paternalist would argue that it is ethical considering prostitution is morally corrupting, thomas Pogge argues that there are a number of criteria for paternalism. The concept should work within human flourishing, generally accepted items such as nutrition, clothing, shelter, certain basic freedoms may be acceptable by a range of religious and social backgrounds. The criteria should be minimally intrusive, the requirements of the criteria should not be understood as exhaustive, leaving societies the ability to modify the criteria based on their own needs. The supplementary considerations introduced by more ambitious criteria of justice must not be allowed to outweigh the modest considerations. In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argues that political and paternal power cannot be identified. In On Liberty he writes. the only purpose for which power can be exercised over any member of a civilized community. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant, contemporary opponents of paternalism often appeal to the ideal of personal autonomy
26.
Mildred Natwick
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Mildred Natwick was an American stage, film and television actress. In 1967, she earned an Academy Award nomination for her role in Barefoot in the Park. She was nominated for two Tony Awards in 1957 and 1972 and won a Primetime Emmy Award for her work in the miniseries The Snoop Sisters, Natwick was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Joseph and Mildred Marion Natwick. Her grandfather, Ole Natwick, was one of the earliest Norwegian immigrants to the United States and her first cousin was animator and cartoonist Myron Grim Natwick. She attended the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore and later graduated from Bennett College, Natwick began performing on the stage at age 21 with The Vagabonds, a nonprofessional theatre group in Baltimore. She soon joined the University Players on Cape Cod, Natwick made her Broadway debut in 1932 playing Mrs. Noble in Frank McGrath’s play Carry Nation, about the famous temperance crusader Carrie Nation. Throughout the 1930s she starred in a number of plays, frequently collaborating with friend, on Broadway, she played Prossy in Katharine Cornells production of Candida. She made her debut in John Fords The Long Voyage Home as a Cockney slattern. Natwick is remembered for small but memorable roles in several John Ford film classics, including 3 Godfathers, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon and she played Miss Ivy Gravely, in Alfred Hitchcocks The Trouble with Harry, and a sorceress in The Court Jester. She continued to appear onstage, and made regular guest appearances in television series and she returned to film in Barefoot in the Park as the mother of the character played by Jane Fonda. The role earned Natwick her only Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting actress, one of Natwicks memorable roles was in The House Without a Christmas Tree, which starred Jason Robards and Lisa Lucas. The programs success spawned three sequels, The Thanksgiving Treasure, The Easter Promise, and Addie and The King of Hearts. In 1971, Natwick co-starred with Helen Hayes in the ABC Movie of the Week, Do Not Fold, Spindle, or Mutilate, the success of that telefilm resulted in a 1973-74 series, also called The Snoop Sisters, which was part of The NBC Wednesday Mystery Movie. For her performance, Natwick won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, in 1981, Natwick joined Hayes as the first members of the Board of Advisors to the Riverside Shakespeare Company. Both attended and supported several fund raisers for that theatre company. She guest-starred on such series as McMillan & Wife, Family, Alice, The Love Boat, Hawaii Five-O, The Bob Newhart Show. She made her film appearance at the age of 83 in the 1988 historical drama Dangerous Liaisons. Natwick, who never married or had children, lived in a duplex on Park Avenue in Manhattan for the majority of her life and she was a devout Christian Scientist
27.
Dowry
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A dowry is a transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter. Dowry contrasts with the concepts of bride price and dower. Similarly, dower is the property settled on the bride herself, by the groom at the time of marriage, Dowry is an ancient custom, and its existence may well predate records of it. Dowries continue to be expected, and demanded as a condition to accept a proposal, in some parts of the world, mainly in parts of Asia, Northern Africa. In some parts of the world, disputes related to dowry sometimes result in acts of violence against women, including killings, the custom of dowry is most common in cultures that are strongly patrilineal and that expect women to reside with or near their husbands family. Dowries have a history in Europe, South Asia, Africa. A dowry is the transfer of property to a daughter at her marriage rather than at the owners death. A dowry establishes a type of fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund may provide an element of security in widowhood or against a negligent husband. Dowries may also go toward establishing a marital household, and therefore might include such as linens. This practice differs from the majority of Sub-Saharan African societies that practice homogenous inheritance in which property is transmitted only to children of the same sex as the property holder. These latter African societies are characterized by the transmission of the bride price, drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies in intensive plough agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. In sparsely populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place, most of the work is done by women and these are the societies that give brideprice. Boserup further associates shifting horticulture with the practice of polygamy, in plough agriculture farming is largely mens work, this is where dowry is given. In contrast, plough agriculture is associated with property and marriage tends to be monogamous. Close family are the preferred marriage partners so as to property within the group. There is a debate on Goodys theory. She notes that Goodys is a model in which these historical variables may not be the decisive factors today
28.
Coward
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Cowardice is a trait wherein fear and excessive self-concern override doing or saying what is right, good, and of help to others or oneself in a time of need—it is the opposite of courage. As a label, cowardice indicates a failure of character in the face of a challenge, many military codes of justice proscribe cowardice in combat as a crime punishable by death. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word came into English from the Old French word coart, a combination of the word for tail. Like many other English words of French origin, this word was introduced in the English language by the French-speaking Normans, the English surname Coward, however, has the same origin and meaning as the word cowherd. Acts of cowardice have long been punishable by law, which defines a wide range of cowardly offenses, including desertion in face of the enemy. The punishment for such acts is typically severe, ranging from corporal punishment to the death sentence, cowardly conduct is specifically mentioned within the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice. Cowardice was punishable by execution during World War I and those caught were often court-martialed and, in many cases and these men were often not commemorated on war memorials and their families often did not receive benefits in addition to enduring the social stigma. Anxiety Courage Fear Sissy Virtue Weakness Quotations related to Cowardice at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of cowardice at Wiktionary
29.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
30.
Church of Ireland
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The Church of Ireland is a Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is organised on a basis and is the second-largest Christian church on the island after the Catholic Church in Ireland. Like other Anglican churches, it has retained elements of pre-Reformation practice, notably its episcopal polity, nevertheless, in theological and liturgical matters, it incorporates many principles of the Reformation, particularly those espoused during the English Reformation. The church self identifies as being both Catholic and Reformed, within the church, differences exist between those members who are more Catholic-leaning and those who are more Protestant-leaning. For historical and cultural reasons, the Church of Ireland is generally identified as a Protestant church, the Church of Ireland is the second-largest in the Republic of Ireland, with around 130,000 members, and the third-largest in Northern Ireland, with around 260,000 members. The Church of Ireland describes itself as part of the Irish Church which was influenced by the Reformation. However, the Church of Ireland is also Protestant, or Reformed, since it opposes doctrines and ways of worshiping that it considers contrary to scripture and which led to the Reformation. When the Church of England broke communion with the Holy See, all, the church then became the established church of Ireland, assuming possession of most church property. This church-state link was vigorously applied when the Normans came to Ireland in the 12th century, Bishops were required to do homage to the king for their lands, just like earls and barons, who were vassals of the crown. It was therefore accepted, both during and after the Reformation, that the crown should continue to exercise authority over the church. In this way, church property that existed at the time of the Reformation, in Ireland, the substantial majority of the population continued to adhere to Roman Catholicism, despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church. Legitimacy for the Norman invasion of Ireland was derived from a Papal Bull of 1155 – Laudabiliter, the bull gave King Henry II of England authority to invade Ireland ostensibly as a means of reforming the church in Ireland more directly under the control of the Holy See. The authorisation from the Holy See was based upon the Donation of Constantine which made every Christian island in the western Roman Empire the property of the Papacy. The Church of Ireland is the second largest church in Ireland, the Church of Ireland began as a reformed church independent of the Catholic Church in 1536 when the Irish Parliament declared King Henry VIII to be the Supreme Head of the Church on earth. He would not legally become king of Ireland until 1541, adrian granted Henry II the Lordship of Ireland, thus, Henrys assumption of the title of King had less to do with dispossessing the native Irish kings than with confronting the Pope. The reformation commenced mainly in Dublin under the auspices of George Browne during Henrys reign, when the Church of England was reformed under King Edward VI of England, so too was the Church of Ireland. All but two of the Irish bishops appointed by Queen Mary accepted the Elizabethan Settlement, although the vast majority of priests, the Church of Ireland claims Apostolic succession because of the unbroken continuity of the episcopal hierarchy, however, this is disputed by the Roman Catholic Church. In this way, they were able to conform to the established church whilst at the same time continuing to worship. in the traditional
31.
Minister (Christianity)
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The term is taken from Latin minister, which itself was derived from minus. In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised, many ministers are styled as The Reverend, however some use Pastor as a title, and others do not use any specific form of address. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows, Priests are called to be servants, with their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of Gods new creation. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christs name the absolution, with all Gods people, they are to tell the story of Gods love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit and they are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lords table and lead his people in worship, offering them a spiritual sacrifice of praise. They are to bless the people in Gods name and they are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death, guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all Gods people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. All denominations require that the minister has a sense of calling. One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3, 1-16, moreover he must have a good report of them which are without, lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. And let these also first be proved, then let them use the office of a deacon, even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children, the churches have three orders of ordained clergy, Bishops are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church. Priests administer the sacraments and lead local congregations, they cannot ordain other clergy, however, in some denominations, deacons play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy. Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the estate in Protestant Northern Europe. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of an hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class, High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian Sacrament. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals, among these central traditions have been baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, marriage, the Mass or the Divine Service, and coronations
32.
Arthur Shields
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Arthur Shields was an Irish actor on television, stage and film. Born into an Irish Protestant family in Portobello, Dublin, Shields started acting in the Abbey Theatre when he was 17 years old and he was the younger brother of Oscar-winning actor Barry Fitzgerald. They were the sons of Adolphus Shields, who was well-known in Dublin as a labor organizer although the 1901 census listed his occupation as press reader, an Irish nationalist, Shields fought in the Easter Rising of 1916. He was captured and held for six months in the Frongoch internment camp in Frongoch and his obituary in The Times of San Mateo, California, reported. Upon his release he was decorated by the Republic of Eire, Shields returned to the Abbey Theatre and had a varied career there from 1914-1939 as actor, assistant director, director and stage manager. He appeared in productions while he was there, three of the productions he appeared in were by Irish playwright Teresa Deevy The Reapers Temporal Powers. Three times he brought the Abbey Company to the United States, in 1936, John Ford brought him to the United States to act in a film version of The Plough and the Stars. Some of his roles were in Ford films. Shields portrayed the Reverend Playfair in Fords The Quiet Man, opposite John Wayne, Maureen OHara and his brother, Barry Fitzgerald. He played Dr. Laughlin in She Wore a Yellow Ribbon with Wayne and Joanne Dru and he also made television appearances including a 1958 role on Perry Mason as Dr. George Barnes in The Case of the Screaming Woman. Shields was married to actress Laurie Bailey and they had a daughter, Christine, and a son, Adam. Shields died of related to emphysema on April 27,1970, in Santa Barbara. He was survived by his wife, a daughter, a son and his body was cremated, with the ashes taken to Dublin, Ireland, where a burial with full military honors was planned
33.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
34.
Francis Ford (actor)
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Francis Ford was an American film actor, writer and director. He was the mentor and elder brother of film director John Ford and he also appeared in many of the latters movies, including Young Mr. Lincoln and The Quiet Man. Francis Ford was born in Portland, Maine and he was the son of John A. Feeney, who was born in the village of Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland, on June 15,1854. By 1878, John had moved to Portland, Maine, and opened a saloon, at 42 Center Street, John opened four others in following years. After service in the United States Army in the Spanish–American War and he drifted into the film business in New York City, working for David Horsley, Al Christie and the Star Film Companys San Antonio operation under Gaston Méliès. He adopted the name Ford from the automobile, from San Antonio, Francis began his Hollywood career working for Thomas H. Ince at Inces Bison studio, directing and appearing in westerns. Francis Fords younger brother, John M. Feeney, was a fullback and defensive tackle on a Portland High state championship football team. In 1914, Bull followed Francis to Hollywood, changed his name to John Ford, Francis Fords son, Philip Ford, was also a film actor/director. Ford may have acted in over 400 films, with many of his early credits poorly documented, ambitious and prolific, in Fords early work he cast himself as George Armstrong Custer, Sherlock Holmes and Abraham Lincoln, a role in which he specialized. By 1912, Ford was directing alongside Thomas Ince and it rapidly became clear that Ince was routinely taking credit for Fords work, so Ford moved to Universal in early 1913. His 1913 Lucille Love, Girl of Mystery was Universals first serial, the 1915 serial The Broken Coin was expanded from 15 to 22 episodes by popular demand, probably the height of Fords career. Franks directorial style remained suitable for serials, but failed to evolve, Fords final known directoral credit is for the 1928 The Call of the Heart, a 50-minute vehicle for Dynamite the Devil Dog. The Ford brothers were, at the best of times, critical of each other, from the late 1920s, and for the next two decades, Ford sustained a career as a grizzled character actor and bit player. He is often uncredited, as in his appearance in James Whales 1931 Frankenstein, among his most memorable roles was that of the demented old man in The Ox-Bow Incident
35.
Sean McClory
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Sean McClory was an Irish actor whose career spanned six decades and included well over 100 films and television series. Séan Joseph McClory was born in Dublin, Ireland, but spent his life in County Galway. He was the son of Hugh Patrick McClory, an architect and civil engineer and he was not related to Kevin McClory. It aired from 1957 to 1959 and his co-stars included Nan Leslie as Martha McGivern, Richard Coogan, Herbert Rudley and Adam Kennedy, the latter as newspaperman Dion Patrick. In 1958, McClory was cast as Ted OMalley in the episode Short Haul of the CBS crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Nan Leslie appeared with McClory on this episode in the role of Teds wife, Myrna OMalley. McClory appeared twice in the short-lived 1960 NBC western series, Overland Trail, starring William Bendix and Doug McClure. He was a guest star in the western series, Pony Express and in 1960 on ABCs western drama, The Man from Blackhawk. Another 1960 role was as Quinn in Talent for Danger on the ABC adventure series, The Islanders, in 1960 and 1961, McClory appeared in the episodes, Heads, You Lose and Appointment at Tara-Bi, of another ABC series, Adventures in Paradise, starring Gardner McKay. In 1962 McClory was the spotlight guest star of episode I Take This Woman playing an Irish romantic rival to star Chuck Connors lead character of Lucas McCain. McClory appeared as Jaimie MacDonald in the 1963 episode Commando of the CBS anthology series, GE True and he was cast thereafter in a second season episode of Irwin Allens CBS science fiction series Lost In Space called The Astral Traveller, as a Scottish bagpiping ghost named Hamish. McClory made two appearances on NBCs Bonanza, as Mark Connors in the 1962 episode The Tall Stranger and as Professor James Aloysuis McCarthy in the 1963 comedic episode Hoss and the Leprechauns. In the story line, Coolbrith develops a friendship with the teen-aged Dorita Duncan. The two have identical portions of a broken locket, Sean played Scott Winters in CBSs Mannix episode entitled Then the Drink Takes the Man, first aired on 30 December 1967. Sean McClory at the Internet Movie Database Sean McClory at Find a Grave
36.
Jack MacGowran
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John Joseph Jack MacGowran was an Irish character actor, probably best known for his work with Samuel Beckett. His last film role was as the alcoholic director Burke Dennings in The Exorcist, MacGowran was born on 13 October 1918 in Dublin. He established his reputation as a member of the Abbey Players in Dublin. He appeared as Lucky in Waiting For Godot at the Royal Court Theatre and he also specialised in the work of Seán OCasey, creating the role of Joxer in the Broadway musical Juno in 1959, based with OCaseys 1924 play about the Troubles, Juno and the Paycock. Fittingly, he played OCaseys brother Archie in Young Cassidy, one of John Fords last films, in 1954 he moved to London, where he became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. There he struck up a friendship with Peter OToole, whom he later appeared alongside with in Richard Brooks Lord Jim. However he apparently had a fractious relationship with Royal Shakespeare Director Peter Hall. He was Old Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice and when the set arrived Hall called all the cast into the theatre to view it, MacGowran was not there, still in his dressing room. An assistant was sent to fetch him and he returned alone, Mr MacGowran says, Mr. Hall, that if you had read the play you would know that Old Gobbo was blind. Jack MacGowran played the role of Gandhi in the Broadway play written by Gurney Campbell in 1971. MacGowrans film career started in Ireland with the film No Resting Place, notably The Quiet Man, The Gentle Gunman, Rooney and Darby OGill and the Little People. In 1966 Roman Polanski cast him as the gangster Albie in Cul-de-sac, on TV he also appeared in The Happening, an episode of The Champions and as professor Poole in The Winged Avenger episode of The Avengers TV Series. He played a safecracker opposite Kenneth Cope in the The Ghost Talks episode of Randall and his last film was The Exorcist. In 1963, he married Aileen Gloria Nugent, daughter of the Irish MP for South Westmeath and Senator of the Irish Free State, Sir Walter Nugent and his daughter is actress Tara MacGowran. Jack MacGowran at the Internet Movie Database Jack MacGowran at Find a Grave Jack MacGowran at the Internet Broadway Database
37.
Tony Canzoneri
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Tony Canzoneri was an American professional boxer. A three-time world champion, he held a total of five world titles, Canzoneri is a member of the exclusive group of boxing world champions who have won titles in three or more divisions. When he was a teenager, he and his moved to Staten Island, New York. As a matter of a fact, of his first 38 bouts, only one was fought west of New York City, Canzoneri won his first title, the World Featherweight title, with a 15-round decision over Benny Bass on February 10,1928. He retained that title one time and then went up in weight and challenged World Lightweight Champion Sammy Mandell, losing by a decision in ten rounds. In defeat, Singer made history by becoming the first man, Canzoneris first defense was a unification of sorts, He faced World Light Welterweight champion Jack Kid Berg, who was putting his title on the line and trying to take Canzoneris lightweight crown. Canzoneri became a world champion by knocking Berg out in the third round on April 24,1931. Canzoneri, Barney Ross and Henry Armstrong were the only boxing champions in history allowed to hold two or more world titles simultaneously, Canzoneri lost his world Light Welterweight Championship to Johnny Jadick and he lost to Jadick again in a rematch. Meanwhile, Canzoneri kept retaining his belt, defending it against the likes of Billy Petrolle. Jadick lost his belt to Battling Shaw and Canzoneri once again challenged for the World Light Welterweight title while keeping his Lightweight title and he beat Shaw by decision and recovered the world Light Welterweight Championship. In his next bout, versus Ross, he lost both belts when Ross beat him by a ten-round decision, there was an immediate rematch and Ross won again, this time by decision in 15. Canzoneri once again won the World Lightweight title by outpointing Ambers over 15 rounds, after successfully defending his Lightweight title once, he lost it again in a rematch with Ambers by a 15-round decision. There was a match between the two and Ambers once again won a decision in 15 rounds. Canzoneri went on boxing professionally until 1939, but he never challenged for a world title. Among other world champions that he beat were Frankie Klick, Baby Arizmendi, Jimmy McLarnin, Canzoneri had a record of 137 wins,24 losses,10 draws and 3 no decisions. He had 44 knockouts, and only one loss by knockout, Tony was managed by Sammy Goldman. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame, samuel Canzoneri, Boulder, CO. co. uk Tony Canzoneri - CBZ Profile
38.
Ruth Clifford
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Ruth Clifford was an American actress of leading roles in silent films, whose career lasted from silent days into the television era. She got work as an extra and began her career at 15 at Universal, by her mid-twenties, she was playing leads and second leads, including the role of Abraham Lincolns lost love, Ann Rutledge, in The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln. But sound pictures found her roles diminishing, and throughout the three decades she played smaller and smaller parts. She was a favorite of director John Ford, who used her in eight films and she was also, for a time, the voice of Walt Disneys Minnie Mouse and Daisy Duck. She lived long enough to herself in demand for documentary interviews on the subject of early Hollywood. She was married to Beverly Hills real-estate developer James Cornelius and they had one child and divorced in 1938. She died in 1998 at the age of 98 and her interment was in Culver Citys Holy Cross Cemetery
39.
Ken Curtis
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Ken Curtis was an American singer and actor best known for his role as Festus Haggen on the long-running CBS western television series Gunsmoke. Although he appeared on Gunsmoke in other roles, he was first cast in his iconic role in season 8 episode 13. His next appearance was with his mule, Ruth, in Prairie Wolfer in season 9 episode 16, though born Curtis Wain Gates in Lamar in Prowers County in southeastern Colorado, he lived his first ten years on a ranch on Muddy Creek in eastern Bent County. The family moved in 1926 to Las Animas, the county seat of Bent County, so that his father, Dan Sullivan Gates, the campaign was successful, and Gates served from 1927 to 1931 as Bent County sheriff. The family lived below the jail, since the jail was the second floor and his mother, Nellie Sneed Gates. The jail is located for historical preservation purposes on the grounds of the Bent County Courthouse in Las Animas, Curtis was the quarterback of his Bent County High School football team and played in the school band. During World War II, Curtis served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945 and he attended Colorado College to study medicine but left after a short time in order to pursue his musical career. Curtis was a singer before moving into acting and combined both careers once he entered films, Curtis was with the Tommy Dorsey band in 1941, and succeeded Frank Sinatra as vocalist until Dick Haymes contractually replaced Sinatra in 1942. Curtis may have served simply as insurance against Sinatras likely defection, Curtis then joined Shep Fields and His New Music, an all-reeds band that dispensed with a brass section. Columbia Pictures signed Curtis to a contract in 1945 and he starred in a series of musical Westerns with The Hoosier Hot Shots, playing singing-cowboy romantic leads. Curtis met his first wife, Lorraine Page, at Universal Studios, for much of 1948, Curtis was a featured singer and host of the long-running country music radio program WWVA Jamboree. Ken Curtis joined the Sons of the Pioneers as a singer from 1949 to 1952. His big hits with the group included Room Full of Roses, through his second marriage, Curtis was a son-in-law of director John Ford. Curtis teamed with Ford and John Wayne in Rio Grande, The Quiet Man, The Wings of Eagles, The Searchers, The Horse Soldiers, The Alamo and How The West Was Won. Curtis also joined Ford, along with Henry Fonda, James Cagney, William Powell, in 5 Steps to Danger he is uncredited as FBI Agent Jim Anderson. Curtis also produced two extremely low-budget monster films, The Killer Shrews and The Giant Gila Monster, in 1959 he appeared as cowhand Phil Jakes on Gunsmoke S4 Eph 21 Jayhawkers. Curtis guest-starred five times on the Western television series, Have Gun Will Travel with Richard Boone and he also guest-starred as circus performer Tim Durant on an episode of Perry Mason, The Case of the Clumsy Clown, which aired on November 5,1960. Then he co-starred with Larry Pennell in the 1961–1963 first-run syndicated television series Ripcord, Curtis played the role of Jim Buckley and Pennell was his young disciple Ted McKeever
