1.
Frank Thomas (animator)
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Franklin Rosborough Frank Thomas was an American animator. He was one of Walt Disneys team of animators, known as the Nine Old Men, after graduating from Stanford, he attended Chouinard Art Institute, then joined The Walt Disney Company on September 24,1934 as employee number 224. There he animated dozens of films and shorts, and also was a member of the Dixieland band Firehouse Five Plus Two. During World War II he was assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit where he made training films and he retired from Disney on January 31,1978. Thomas co-authored, with fellow Disney legend Ollie Johnston, the comprehensive book Disney Animation, The Illusion of Life, regarded as the definitive resource book on traditional hand-drawn character animation, the book has been republished numerous times, and is widely considered the bible among character animators. The book summarized the Disney approach to animation through the twelve basic principles of animation. Thomas and Johnston were also profiled in the 1995 documentary Frank and Ollie, the film profiled their careers, private lives, and the personal friendship between the two men. In 2012, Theodore Thomas also directed another documentary, Growing up with Nine Old Men. Thomas last appearance in an film before his death was in The Incredibles. Frank and his friend and colleague Ollie Johnston voiced and were caricatured as two old men saying Thats old school, yeah, no school like the old school. The pair had previously heard, and caricatured, as the two train engineers in Birds The Iron Giant. Frank Thomas died in La Cañada Flintridge, California on September 8,2004 and his widow, Jeanette A. Thomas died on September 29,2012. The 2001 biography Walt Disneys Nine Old Men & The Art of Animation by John Canemaker chronicles Thomas life
2.
Margery Sharp
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Clara Margery Melita Sharp, was an English author of 26 novels for adults,14 childrens novels,4 plays,2 mysteries, and numerous short stories. Her most famous work is The Rescuers series about a mouse named Miss Bianca, Sharp was born in the district of Salisbury in the county of Wiltshire, England, although her family originated from northern Yorkshire. She spent part of her childhood in Malta, a period she later drew on for her novel The Sun in Scorpio, in 1914 she returned to Britain and studied at Streatham High School. She read French at Bedford College, University of London and she then spent a year studying art at Westminster Art School. While studying she joined the British University Womens Debating Team and was a member of the first team to compete in the United States, the magazine Punch began publishing her stories when she was 21. She went on to write for a number of American and British magazines, including Harpers Bazaar, Ladies Home Journal, Margery Sharps first novel, Rhododendron Pie took her a month to write and was published in 1930. In 1938 she married aeronautical engineer, Major Geoffrey Castle, in 1940 her seventh novel, The Nutmeg Tree was adapted into the Broadway play, The Lady in Waiting. In 1948 the book was adapted into the Hollywood film, Julia Misbehaves, starring Greer Garson, one of her most popular novels, Cluny Brown, the story of a plumbers niece turned parlour maid, was also made into a Hollywood film by Ernst Lubitsch in 1946. The rights for the novel Britannia Mews were bought in 1946 by 20th Century Fox, in 1959 she published The Rescuers, and though originally written for an adult audience it became hugely popular with children. Sharp continued the series with a further eight books, illustrated by Garth Williams, who had previously illustrated other childrens classics like Charlottes Web and Stuart Little, Sharp died in Aldeburgh, Suffolk on 14 March 1991. In 2008 all of her adult books except for The Eye of Love were out of print, Margery Sharp at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
3.
Bob Newhart
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George Robert Bob Newhart is an American stand-up comedian and actor. The follow-up album, The Button-Down Mind Strikes Back. was also a success. Newhart later went into acting, starring in The Bob Newhart Show during the 1970s and he also had two short-lived sitcoms in the 1990s titled Bob and George and Leo. Newhart also appeared in roles such as Major Major in Catch-22. He provided the voice of Bernard in the Walt Disney animated films The Rescuers, in 2004 he played the library head Judson in The Librarian, a character which continued in 2014 to the TV series The Librarians. In 2013, Newhart made his first of four guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory, on February 20,2015, Newhart was honored with the Publicists of the International Cinematographers Guild Lifetime Achievement Award. Newhart was born on September 5,1929, in Oak Park and his parents were George David Newhart, a part-owner of a plumbing and heating-supply business, and Julia Pauline, a housewife. His mother was of Irish descent and his father was of English, Irish, one of his grandmothers was from St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Newhart has three sisters, Virginia, Mary Joan, and Pauline, Newhart was educated at Roman Catholic schools in the Chicago area, including St. Catherine of Siena grammar school in Oak Park, and attended St. Ignatius College Prep, graduating in 1947. He then enrolled at Loyola University of Chicago from which he graduated in 1952 with a degree in business management. Newhart was drafted into the United States Army and served in the United States during the Korean War as a manager until being discharged in 1954. Newhart briefly attended Loyola University Chicago School of Law but did not complete a degree, in part, he says, after the war, Newhart got a job as an accountant for United States Gypsum. He later said that his motto, Thats close enough, in 1958, Newhart became an advertising copywriter for Fred A. Niles, a major independent film and television producer in Chicago. It was here that he and a co-worker would entertain each other with long telephone calls about absurd scenarios, when his co-worker ended his participation, Newhart continued the recordings alone, developing the shtick which was to serve him well for decades. In addition to his various stand-up bits, he incorporated that shtick into his series at appropriate times. The auditions led to his first recording contract, a disc jockey at a radio station - Dan Sorkin, who later became the announcer-sidekick on his NBC series — introduced Newhart to the head of talent at Warner Bros. Records, which signed him in 1959—only a year after the label was formed—based solely on those recordings and he expanded his material into a stand-up routine which he began to perform at nightclubs. Newhart became famous mostly on the strength of his audio releases, Newharts routine was to portray one end of a conversation, playing the comedic straight man and implying what the other person was saying
4.
Eva Gabor
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Eva Gabor was a Hungarian-born American actress, comedian, singer and socialite. She was widely known for her role on the 1965–71 television sitcom Green Acres as Lisa Douglas and she voiced Duchess in the 1970 Disney film The Aristocats, and Miss Bianca in Disney’s The Rescuers and The Rescuers Down Under. Gabor was successful as an actress in film, on Broadway and she was also a successful businessperson, marketing wigs, clothing and beauty products. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites, Gabor was born in Budapest, Hungary, the youngest of three daughters of Vilmos Gábor, a soldier, and his wife Jolie, a jeweler. Her parents were both from Jewish families and she was the first of the sisters to immigrate to the US, shortly after her first marriage, to a Swedish osteopath, Dr. Eric Drimmer, whom she married in 1939 when she was 20 years old. Her first movie role was in the US in Forced Landing at Paramount Pictures, during the 1950s she appeared in several “A”-movies, including The Last Time I Saw Paris, starring Elizabeth Taylor, and Artists and Models, which featured Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. These roles were bit parts. In 1953 she was given her own talk show, The Eva Gabor Show. Through the rest of the 1950s and early 1960s she appeared on television and she appeared in one episode of the mystery series Justice and was on the game show Whats My Line. as the mystery challenger. Her film appearances during this era included a remake of My Man Godfrey, Gigi, in 1965 Gabor got the role for which she is best remembered, Lisa Douglas, whose attorney husband Oliver Wendell Douglas decides to leave the rat race of city life. He buys a farm in a community, forcing Lisa to leave her beloved big-city urban life, in the Paul Henning sitcom Green Acres. Green Acres was set in Hooterville, the backdrop for Petticoat Junction. She was a panelist on the Gene Rayburn-hosted Match Game, from 1983–84, she was on the Match Game Hollywood Squares Hour starring Gene Rayburn and Jon Bauman. In 1983 she reunited with Eddie Albert on Broadway as the Grand Duchess Olga in Katrina You Cant Take It with You. In 1990, she attempted a TV series comeback in the CBS sitcom pilot Close Encounters, the pilot aired as a special that summer and she toured post-communist Hungary after a 40-year absence on an episode of Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous. In 1972 she launched her eponymous collection, with Luis Estevez. Eva Gabor was married five times and she had no children, Eric Valdemar Drimmer, a Swedish-born masseur turned osteopath and psychologist. Charles Isaacs, an American investment broker and they married on September 27,1943, and were divorced on April 2,1949
5.
Geraldine Page
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Geraldine Sue Page was an American film, television and stage actress. Page made her Broadway debut in 1953 and went on to receive Tony Award nominations for Sweet Bird of Youth, Absurd Person Singular, Agnes of God and she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1983. Page was born in Kirksville, Missouri and she was the daughter of Edna Pearl and Leon Elwin Page, who worked at Andrew Taylor Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery. He was an author whose works included Practical Anatomy, Osteopathic Fundamentals and she had a younger brother, Frederick. After graduating from Chicagos Englewood Technical Prep Academy in Chicago, Illinois, she attended the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago, Page was a trained method actor and worked closely with Lee Strasberg. She began appearing in theatre at age 17. Her appearance as Alma in the 1952 production of Summer and Smoke, written by Tennessee Williams and her work continued on Broadway as the spinster in the 1954–1955 production of The Rainmaker, written by N. She earned critical accolades for her performance in the 1959 production of Williamss Sweet Bird of Youth opposite Paul Newman. She originated the role of a larger-than-life, addicted, sexually voracious Hollywood legend trying to extinguish her fears about her career with a hustler named Chance Wayne. For her performance, Page received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and she and Newman later starred in the film adaptation of the same name and Page earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film. In 1964, she starred in a Broadway revival of Anton Chekhovs Three Sisters playing eldest sister Olga to Kim Stanleys Masha with Shelley Winters as the interloper Natasha, both Shirley Knight and Sandy Dennis played the youngest sister Irina at different stages in this production. It was directed by Lee Strasberg, in 1967, Page starred in Peter Shaffers Black Comedy/White Lies, a production which also included Michael Crawford and Lynn Redgrave who were making their Broadway debuts. Page received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 1975 production of Alan Ayckbourns Absurd Person Singular with Sandy Dennis and Richard Kiley. Page also starred as Zelda Fitzgerald in the last major Broadway production of a Williams play, Clothes for a Summer Hotel, in 1973, she played Mary Todd Lincoln opposite Maya Angelou in the Broadway production of the two-character play Look Away, written by Jerome Kilty. In 1983, Page was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame and this became the Mirror Theater Ltd with its repertory program the Mirror Repertory, and Geraldine accepted the role of Founding Artist in Residence. Vivat Regina. by Robert Bolt, Clarence by Booth Tarkington and she also appeared in The Circle by W. Somerset Maugham. It was during production that she received the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Trip to Bountiful. She received the award from F. Murray Abraham, who, after winning his Oscar for Amadeus, after winning an Academy Award in 1986, Page returned to Broadway in a revival of Noël Cowards Blithe Spirit as Madame Arcati
6.
Joe Flynn (American actor)
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Joseph A. Joe Flynn was an American character actor. He was best known for his role in the 1960s ABC television situation comedy and he was also a frequent guest star on 1960s TV shows, such as Batman, and appeared in several Walt Disney film comedies. He was born to a physician in Youngstown, Ohio, Flynn graduated from Rayen High School there and attended for one year the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. He then spent three years in the Army Medical Corps during World War II before moving west, in 1946, to pursue acting and he majored in political science at the University of Southern California. Flynns interest in theater was evident well before his departure from northeastern Ohio and he established himself early on as a ventriloquist and radio disc jockey. Flynn also gained local celebrity as a director by guiding the Canfield Players in such productions as Harvey, Antigone and he broke into television in pre-network days and, in 1948, starred in his own situation comedy, Yer Old Buddy. After appearing in a number of plays, Flynn returned to Youngstown. Following his electoral defeat, he pursued his career and appeared in nearly 30 films. Flynn would later recall watching an audiences reaction to his performance in the 1956 horror film The Indestructible Man starring Lon Chaney, although he played a serious part in the picture, people laughed, which convinced him that comedy was his forte. Over the years, Flynn achieved recognition in television, earning credits as a regular on William Bendixs The Life of Riley and on The Adventures of Ozzie and he appeared at least twice on NBCs The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. His appearance on March 30,1961, was a program set at sea on the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. He guest starred on Walter Brennans ABC sitcom, The Real McCoys and on the syndicated western, Pony Express. In 1961, Flynn was cast as a regular on the first season of NBCs The Joey Bishop Show and that same year, he guest starred on the Peggy Cass and Jack Weston series The Hathaways, an unusual sitcom about a suburban Los Angeles couple that adopts three chimpanzees. He appeared, too, in Edmond OBriens syndicated 1960 crime drama, Johnny Midnight and earlier on Jim Daviss syndicated adventure series, Rescue 8. From 1962 to 1966, Flynn played the irascible Captain Wallace Wally Burton Binghamton on ABCs McHales Navy, in which he became known for his catch phrases What is it, What. What in the name of, the Blue Pacific/Halsey/Nimitz, and I could just scream and he also starred in two 1964 theatrical films spun off from the series, McHales Navy and McHales Navy Joins the Air Force. The unsuccessful show ran for only 12 episodes, Flynn also starred in Did You Hear the One About the Traveling Saleslady. The Love Bug, The Barefoot Executive, The Million Dollar Duck, with Don Knotts in How to Frame a Figg, and in 1973 in The Girl Most Likely to
7.
Jim Jordan (actor)
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James Edward Jim Jordan was the American actor who played Fibber McGee in Fibber McGee and Molly and voiced the albatross Orville in Disneys The Rescuers. Jordan was born in 1896 on a farm near Peoria, Illinois and he attended St. Johns Church in Peoria, and his family eventually sold the farm and moved into Peoria. It was at church choir practice that he met Marian Driscoll, Jim Jordan went on the vaudeville circuit, both as a solo act and with his wife, Marian, at various times until 1924. They went entirely broke in 1923, having to be wired money by their parents to get back to Peoria from Lincoln, Illinois. By the end of the evening, Jim and Marian had their first radio contract, at $10 per show for 26 weeks as The OHenry Twins, Marian Jordan died in April 1961. Jim Jordan married Gretchen Stewart, the widow of radio comic Harry Stewart in 1962, they remained married for the rest of his life, and he remained in semi-retirement. In 1988, he died at the age of 91 in Los Angeles from a clot in his brain. He is buried next to Marian Jordan in the Saint Ann section of Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, and is next to the plot of Sharon Tate
8.
John McIntire
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John Herrick McIntire was an American character actor who appeared in sixty-five theatrical films and many more television series. McIntire is best known for having replaced Ward Bond, upon Bonds sudden death in November 1960 and he played Christopher Hale, the leader of the wagon train from early 1961 to the series end in 1965. He also replaced Charles Bickford, upon Bickfords death in 1967, John McIntire was born in Spokane, Washington and was of Irish descent, as one would expect from his surname. He grew up around ranchers, an experience that would inspire his performances in dozens of film. A graduate of the University of Southern California, McIntire began acting in radio on Tarzan and the Diamond of Asher, McIntire worked on many episodes of Suspense from the early 1940s. He was the narrator for the radio program The March of Time and he was active in the theatre, before he embarked on a lengthy film and television career as a character actor. He was already 40 when he made his debut in 1947. Though he technically played a part, McIntire received top billing. He played a real-life reform politician who was assassinated by the Mob, in the mid-1950s, McIntire moved into television, appearing in anthology series, sitcoms and dramas. He uest-starred as Judson in the episode Chinese Invasion of NBCs one-season western series, Cimarron City, with George Montgomery, McIntire procured a regular role on ABCs Naked City, before his character was killed off. His co-stars were Robert Horton, Robert Fuller, Denny Scott Miller, Terry Wilson, Frank McGrath, in 1967, he guest-starred in an episode of CBSs short-lived western, Dundee and the Culhane. McIntire replaced actor Charles Bickford on NBCs The Virginian in 1967 when Bickford abruptly died and his final film role was in Turner & Hooch. In 1935, McIntire married actress Jeanette Nolan, and the couple had two children together, one of whom was the actor Tim McIntire who starred in the 1978 film American Hot Wax, McIntire and Nolan both appeared in Psycho. He played a sheriff, while she voiced some of the mother lines, in the Wagon Train episode The Janet Hale Story McIntire and Nolan played husband and wife Chris and Janet Hale. In The Virginian, they played husband and wife. They both appeared again as husband and wife in The Fugitive season 3, episode 24, as workers, along with their real life son, Tim McIntire. In the 1984 comic spy adventure Cloak & Dagger, the two played a couple. This time they portrayed sinister spies posing as harmless elderly tourists, McIntire and Nolan also worked together as voice actors
9.
Jeanette Nolan
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Jeanette Nolan was an American radio, film, and television actress who was nominated for four Emmy Awards, in 1964,1966,1974 and 1978. She continued acting into the 1990s and she appeared regularly in several radio series, Young Dr. Malone, 1939–1940, Cavalcade of America, 1940–1941, Nicolette Moore in One Mans Family, 1947–1950, and The Great Gildersleeve, 1949-1952. She appeared episodically in many more and she made her film debut as Lady Macbeth in Orson Welles 1948 film Macbeth, based on Shakespeares play of the same name. Despite the fact that she and the film received withering reviews at the time, viewers of film noir may know her best as the corrupt wife of a dead police officer in Fritz Langs The Big Heat. She appeared on Rod Camerons syndicated series, State Trooper, Nolan was cast as Emmy Zecker in the 1959 episode Johnny Yuma of the ABC western series, The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. She appeared in two episodes of David Janssens crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, from 1959-60, she played Annette Deveraux, part-owner of the hotel in the CBS western series, Hotel de Paree, with Earl Holliman. In 1960, she appeared in season 4, episode 7, also, in 1962, season 5, episode 24, as proprietor of a secluded halfway house. She was cast in western films, most notably The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch. Nolan made six guest appearances on CBSs Perry Mason, including the role of murderer Mrs and she portrayed Janet Picard in the episode Woman in the River of the ABC/Warner Brothers detective series Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew Duggan. She gave a performance as a crazed old woman in the Parasite Mansion episode of NBCs Thriller. On April 27,1962, she appeared in the episode A Book of Faces on another ABC crime drama, Target, The Corruptors, starring Stephen McNally and she guest starred as Claire Farnham in the episode To Love Is to Live on the psychiatric medical dramaThe Eleventh Hour. She was cast as a teller, Mme. Di Angelo, in the 1963 episode The Black-Robed Ghost of the series, GE True. She was a member of the repertory cast of the The Richard Boone Show, appearing in 13 episodes. In 1963, Nolan was cast as Mrs. Mertens in the episode, Reformation of Willie, on the ABC drama series, Going My Way, coincidentally Going My Way followed the western series, Wagon Train, on the ABC schedule. Nolan herself appeared three times on Wagon Train, in which her husband, John McIntire, co-starred as wagon master Chris Hale from 1961-65. Nolan guest starred three times from 1963-64 on Dr. Kildare and in a 1964 episode of Richard Crennas short-lived Slatterys People, earlier, she had appeared with Crenna and Walter Brennan in their sitcom, The Real McCoys. On November 4,1965, Nolan portrayed the treacherous Ma Burns in The Golden Trail episode of NBCs Laredo, Ma Burns is a supposedly refined woman trying to hijack a presumed gold shipment headed to Laredo from St. Louis
10.
Pat Buttram
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Maxwell Emmett Pat Buttram was an American actor, known for playing the sidekick of Gene Autry and for playing the character of Mr. Haney in the television series Green Acres. He had a voice which, in his own words. Buttram was born in Addison in Winston County, Alabama, to Wilson McDaniel Buttram, a Methodist minister and he had an older brother, Augustus McDaniel Buttram, and five other elder siblings. When Pat Buttram was an old, his father was transferred to Nauvoo. Buttram graduated from Mortimer Jordan High School, which was located in Morris, Alabama. Buttram performed in plays and on a local radio station, before he became a regular on the National Barn Dance in Chicago. He also had his own program on CBS, Buttram went to Hollywood in the 1940s and became a sidekick to Roy Rogers. However, since Rogers already had two regulars, Buttram was soon dropped and he was then picked by Gene Autry, recently returned from his World War II service in the Army Air Force, to work with him. Buttram would co-star with Gene Autry in more than 40 films, buttrams first Autry film was Strawberry Roan in 1948. In the late 1940s, Buttram joined Autry on his show, Melody Ranch. During the first television season, Buttram went by Pat or Patrick, from the second season forward, he used his own name. Buttram guest starred on three episodes of Walter Brennans ABC sitcom, The Real McCoys, including the role of Cousin Carl in the episode Back to West Virginny. In the story line, Amos, Luke, and Kate McCoy return to Smokey Corners, West Virginia, for the 100th birthday gathering of Grandma McCoy, henry Jones guest starred in this segment as Jed McCoy. Buttram is remembered for his role as Mr. Haney in the 1965–1971 CBS television comedy Green Acres and he had a recurring role as the voice of Cactus Jake on Garfield and Friends. One of his last roles was a cameo in Back to the Future Part III and his final voice-over was A Goofy Movie, released a year after his death. In 1936, Buttram married Dorothy McFadden, the couple adopted a daughter but divorced in 1946. In 1952, he married actress Sheila Ryan, the marriage ended with her death in 1975 and they had a daughter named Kathrine born in 1954. Buttram retired from acting in 1980 and made his home in his native Winston County, however, he soon returned to California, where he made frequent personal appearances
11.
Bernard Fox (actor)
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Bernard Lawson, better known as Bernard Fox, was a Welsh actor. He is best remembered for his roles as Dr. Fox was a fifth-generation performer and he was born in Port Talbot, Glamorgan, the son of Queenie and Gerald Lawson, both stage actors. He had a sister, Mavis, and his uncle was actor Wilfrid Lawson. Fox began his career at the age of 18 months. In the latter, he delivered the line Iceberg dead ahead, while playing the part of the sailor in the ships crows nest. His other screen roles ranged from supporting parts in broad comedies to supplying the voice of the Chairmouse in the Disney animated features The Rescuers and he played the role of Winston Havelock, a put out to grass former Royal Flying Corps airman in the 1999 adventure film The Mummy. In 2004, Fox made his appearance before retirement in Surge of Power. On television, Fox portrayed the witch doctor Dr. Bombay on Bewitched, however, his first appearance in Bewitched was not as Dr. Bombay, but as a professional witch debunker. He repeated the role of Dr. Bombay on the 1977 sequel Tabitha, and again in 1999 on the soap opera Passions and he appeared in two episodes in the mystery series Columbo, Dagger of the Mind and Troubled Waters. Fox was the surviving adult recurring cast member of the sitcom Bewitched. Fox also appeared as English valet Malcolm Meriweather on The Andy Griffith Show, Fox appeared as a British Major in The Phantom Major, episode 3 of F Troop, and in Tea and Empathy, episode 17 of season 6 of M*A*S*H. In 1964, Fox appeared in episode 117 of The Dick Van Dyke Show, Fox plays the father of a little girl who keeps beating up Richie Petrie. He also appeared in episode 95, Teachers Petrie, where he played a night school creative writing teacher, in 1965 Fox made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as murderer Peter Stange in The Case of the Laughing Lady. Fox also appeared in McHales Navy, in The Man from U. N. C. L. E. and in the Murder, in addition, he co-starred with Michael Evans as Dr. Watson in Sherlock & Me in the early 1980s. Fox married his wife, Jacqueline, in 1961 and they had two children, daughters named Amanda and Valerie. Valerie had two children, a son named David-Mitchell and a daughter named Samantha, Valerie died on 17 May 2006. On the morning of 14 December 2016, Fox died of heart failure at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Van Nuys, Bernard Fox at the Internet Movie Database Bernard Fox at the TCM Movie Database Bernard Fox at AllMovie
12.
Walt Disney Animation Studios
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Founded on October 16,1923, it is a division of The Walt Disney Studios. The studio has produced 56 feature films, from Snow White and it was founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in 1923 and incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. The studio was dedicated to producing short films until it expanded into feature production in 1934. In 1983, Walt Disney Productions named its film studio Walt Disney Pictures. In 2006, Walt Disney Feature Animation took on its current name, the studio also pioneered the art of storyboarding, which is now a standard technique used in both animated and live-action filmmaking. Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to produce films using both traditional animation and computer-generated imagery, at the present, Andrew Millstein is the general manager of the studio for day-to-day business affairs, under the direction of Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter who also oversee Pixar. Kansas City, Missouri, natives Walt Disney and Roy O, in February 1924, the studio moved next door to office space of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. Disney refused, and as Universal owned the rights to Oswald rather than Disney, most of Disneys staff was hired away by Mintz to move over, once Disneys Oswald contract was done in mid-1928. The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho, were previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928, the Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons, distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions, quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States. A second Disney series of cartoons, the Silly Symphonies. Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks, who began producing cartoons at his own studio, columbia distributed Disneys shorts for two years before the Disney studio entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932. The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, the first film released in full Technicolor. Flowers and Trees was a success, and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor. In 1934, Walt Disney gathered several key members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film. In the course of teaching the classes, Graham and the created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets. During the production of Snow White, work had continued on the Mickey Mouse, Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935, by which time the series had added several major supporting characters, among them Mickeys dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, Goofy, and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940, the Silly Symphonies, which garnered seven Academy Awards, ended in 1939. The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new, larger studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank, Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering on April 2,1940, with Walt Disney as president and chairman and Roy Disney as CEO
13.
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
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Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American film distributor owned by The Walt Disney Company. The division took on its current name in late 2007, which before that had been Buena Vista Pictures Distribution since 1987, before 1953, Walt Disneys productions were distributed by Columbia Pictures, United Artists and RKO Radio Pictures. The name Buena Vista came from the street in Burbank, California, Buena Vistas first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature The Living Desert on November 10,1953 along with Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, Buena Vistas first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the film, Yang Kwei Fei, released in US theaters in September 1956, The Missouri Traveler in March 1958. In April 1960, the company dropped Film from its name, in 1961, Disney incorporated Buena Vista International, distributing its first PG rated film, Take Down, in January 1979. The low-budget movie was not produced by the Disney studios and was acquired from an independent studio, in July 1987, Buena Vista changed its name to Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a stake in one of Pacific Theatres chain leading to Disneys Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre. The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19,1991, the corporation purchased a 12. 8% share in Cinergi with its initial public offering in 1994. Soon, BVPD signed a 25 picture distribution deal with Cinergi, the Gaumont Film Company and Walt Disney formed Gaumont Buena Vista International, their joint venture French distribution company, in 1993. In August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten Publishing agreed that Disney would distribute internationally Studio Ghibli animated films, in September 1996, following Disneys acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. was merged into ABC, Inc. the parent company of that group. In July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution purchased the Hollywood Masonic Temple building to continue using it as a promotional venue, by 1997, BVPDs share in Cinergi dropped to 5%.4 million and other loans. In 2002, Disney signed a four animated film deal with Vanguard Animation, however, since 2004, BVI and Gaumont dissolved their French distribution joint venture, Gaumont Buena Vista International. Buena Vista International agreed to a deal with MegaStar Joint Venture Company Limited in April 2006 for the Vietnam market. In April 2007, Disney discontinued using the Buena Vista brand in its distribution branding, the distribution deal ended in 2016, after DreamWorks and Disney decided to not renew their agreement in December 2015, with Universal replacing Disney as DreamWorks distributor. By the end of the deal, Disney had distributed 14 of DreamWorks original 30-picture agreement, Disney took complete ownership of the DreamWorks II film library in exchange for loans made to that company. In addition, Disney is the first of three studios that have released at least two billion-dollar films in the same year. Furthermore, Disney is the studio that has achieved this four times, in 2010,2013,2015, and 2016—that latter year of which included four $1 billion releases. Four of the top five highest-grossing animated films have been released by Disney, in addition, four of the top-five opening weekends were Disney releases
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
16.
Orphan
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An orphan is a child whose parents are dead or have permanently abandoned the child. In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan, when referring to animals, only the mothers condition is usually relevant. If she has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the fathers condition, various groups use different definitions to identify orphans. One legal definition used in the United States is a minor bereft through death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, in the common use, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for him or her. However, the United Nations Childrens Fund, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, in this approach, a maternal orphan is a child whose mother has died, a paternal orphan is a child whose father has died, and a double orphan has lost both parents. This contrasts with the use of half-orphan to describe children that had lost only one parent. Orphans are relatively rare in developed countries, because most children can expect both of their parents to survive their childhood, much higher numbers of orphans exist in war-torn nations such as Afghanistan. 2001 figures from 2002 UNICEF/UNAIDS report China, A survey conducted by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2005 showed that China has about 573,000 orphans below 18 years old. Russia, According to Russian reports from 2002 cited in the New York Times,650,000 children are housed in orphanages and they are released at age 16, and 40% become homeless, while 30% become criminals or commit suicide. Latin America, Street children have a presence in Latin America. Although not all children are orphans, all street children work. Famous orphans include world leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Andrew Jackson, the Hebrew prophet Moses and the Muslim prophet Muhammad, writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, the American orphan Henry Darger portrayed the horrible conditions of his orphanage in his art work. Wars and great epidemics, such as AIDS, have created many orphans. The Second World War, with its numbers of deaths and population movements. Orphaned characters are common as literary protagonists, especially in childrens. The lack of leaves the characters to pursue more interesting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection, Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding through attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, all these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors
17.
Treasure hunting
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Treasure hunting is the physical search for treasure. Early work in Egyptology also included a similar motive, modern amateur treasure hunters use relatively inexpensive metal detectors to locate finds at terrestrial sites. Underwater archaeologist and sometime treasure hunter Peter Throckmorton, in a paper he wrote in 1969 as part of a Historical Archaeology Forum on E. Spence, I do not mean this to be so. More recently, most serious treasure hunters have started working underwater, where technology allows access to wrecks containing valuables. Starting with the suit, and moving on through Scuba and later to ROVs. Many of these wrecks have resulted in the salvage of many fascinating artifacts from Spanish treasure fleets as well as many others. This convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their cultural heritage. In 2013 the National Geographic Channel set off a firestorm of controversy with its reality show Diggers, capt. Martin Bayerle located the shipwreck of RMS Republic in 1981. Treasure Salvors, Inc. founded by Mel Fisher, located the Nuestra Señora de Atocha wreck and its mother lode of silver, gold and emeralds, in July 1985. Robert E. Burgess, Sunken Treasure Cork Graham, The Bamboo Chest,2004 Dr. E.2 million, Fayetteville Observer Lawmakers enter legal battle over Blackbeards ship, News & Observer
18.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
19.
Robin Hood (1973 film)
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Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated buddy musical adventure-comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions which was first released in the United States on November 8,1973. The 21st Disney animated feature film, it is based on the legend of Robin Hood, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the taxation of Prince John. Meanwhile, Prince John and his assistant Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham on a tour of the kingdom, knowing the royal coach is laden with riches, Robin and Little John rob Prince John by disguising themselves as fortune tellers. However, Robin Hood, disguised as a beggar, sneaks in and gives some money to the family, as well as his hat. Skippy and his friends test out the bow, but Skippy fires an arrow into the grounds of Maid Marians castle, the children sneak inside, meeting Maid Marian and her attendant Lady Kluck. Skippy rescues Marian from Lady Kluck, who pretends to be a pompous Prince John, meanwhile, Friar Tuck visits Robin and Little John, explaining that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John, Sir Hiss discovers Robins identity but is trapped in a barrel of ale by Friar Tuck and Alan-a-Dale. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and has him arrested for execution despite Maid Marians pleas. Little John threatens Prince John in order to release Robin, which leads to a fight between Prince Johns soldiers and the townsfolk, all of which escape to Sherwood Forest, enraged by the insult, Prince John triples the taxes, imprisoning most of the townsfolk who cannot pay. A paltry coin gets deposited into the box at Friar Tucks church. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hung, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend and give the potential for Robin to be caught, chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he is forced to return to rescue Tagalong, during the chase, Prince Johns castle catches fire and the Sheriff figures he has Robin where he wants, either to be captured, burned, or make a risky jump into the moat. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing tube. Later, King Richard returns to England, placing his brother, Sir Hiss, the alternate ending is a deleted version of the storys conclusion, primarily utilizing still images from Ken Andersons original storyboard drawings of the sequence. As Robin Hood leaps off of the castle and into the moat, Prince John, enraged that he has once again been outwitted by Robin Hood, finds Little John leaving the church, and suspects the outlaw to be there as well. Sure enough, he finds Maid Marian tending to an unconscious Robin Hood, before Prince John can strike, however, he is stopped by his brother, King Richard, having returned from the Crusades. King Richard is appalled to find that Prince John has left his kingdom bleak, abiding his mothers wishes, King Richard decides he cannot banish Prince John from the kingdom, but does grant him severe punishment
20.
The Rescuers Down Under
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The Rescuers Down Under is a 1990 American animated adventure comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 16,1990. The 29th Disney animated feature film, the film is the sequel to the 1977 animated film The Rescuers, which was based on the novels of Margery Sharp. Set in the Australian Outback, the film centers on Bernard, featuring the voices of Bob Newhart, Eva Gabor, John Candy, and George C. Scott, The Rescuers Down Under was the first animated film sequel produced by Disney. In the Australian Outback, a boy named Cody rescues and befriends a rare golden eagle called Marahuté. Later on, the boy falls in a trap set by Percival C. McLeach, a local poacher wanted by the Australian Rangers, a mouse, the bait in the trap, runs off to a secret outpost. They go to find Orville the albatross who aided them previously, Bernard and Bianca convince Wilbur to fly them to Australia to save Cody. In Australia, they meet Jake, a mouse who is the RAS local regional operative. Jake becomes infatuated with Bianca and starts flirting with her, much to Bernards chagrin and he serves as their tour guide and protector in search of the boy. At the same time, Wilbur is immobilized when his column is bent out of its natural shape. As Wilbur refuses to undergo surgery and flees, his back is unintentionally straightened by the efforts of the medical staff to prevent him from escaping through a window. Cured, Wilbur departs in search of his friends, at McLeachs ranch, Cody has been thrown into a cage with several of McLeachs captured animals after refusing to give up Marahutes whereabouts. Cody tries to himself and the animals, but is thwarted by Joanna. Realizing that Marahutes eggs are Codys weak spot, McLeach tricks Cody into thinking that someone else has shot Marahute, Bernard, Bianca and Jake, knowing that Cody is in great danger, jump onto McLeachs Halftrack to follow him. At Marahutés nest, the three try to warn Cody that he has been followed, just as they do, McLeach arrives and captures Marahute, along with Cody, Jake. On McLeachs orders, Joanna tries to eat Marahutés eggs, only to discover that they are just egg-shaped stones, fearing that McLeach might be angry with her, Joanna drops the stones over the cliff. When she leaves, Bernard crawls out of the nest with the hidden eggs, Wilbur arrives at the nest, whereupon Bernard convinces him to sit on the eagles eggs, so that Bernard can go after McLeach
21.
Message in a bottle
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A message in a bottle is a form of communication in which a message is sealed in a container and released into a medium, archetypically a bottle released into a large body of water. Message-in-a-bottle lore has often been of a romantic or poetic nature, bottled messages date to about 310 B. C. in water current studies by Greek philosopher Theophrastus. The Japanese medieval epic The Tale of the Heike records the story of a poet who. In the nineteenth century, literary works such as Edgar Allan Poe’s 1833 “MS, Found in a Bottle” and Charles Dickens 1860 A Message from the Sea inspired an enduring popular passion for sending bottled messages. Scientific experiments involving drift objects—more generally called determinate drifters—provide information about currents, using a network of beachcomber informants, rear admiral Alexander Becher is believed to be the first to study travel of so-called bottle papers around an ocean gyre. In the late 1800s, Albert I, Prince of Monaco determined that the Gulf Stream branched into the North Atlantic Drift, in the 1890s, Scottish scientist T. Wemyss Fulton released floating bottles and wooden slips to chart North Sea surface currents for the first time. Such experiments simulate the travel of such as oil spills, study formation of ocean gyre garbage patches. Persistent currents are detected to allow ships to ride favorable currents, projected travel paths of navigation hazards, such as naval mines, advise safer shipping routes. Outside science, many launch bottled messages to find pen pals, bottle preachers have sent sermon bottles and it was estimated in 2009 that since the mid-1900s, six million bottled messages had been released, including 500,000 from oceanographers. Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers, a mushroom-shaped seabed drifter design has also been used. Seabed drifters are designed to be scooped up by a trawler or wash up on shore, water pressure pressing on the cork or other closure was thought to keep a bottle better sealed, some designs included a wooden stick to stop the cork from imploding. Vessels of less scientific designs have survived for extended periods, including a food bottle a ginger beer bottle. A low percentage of bottles—thought by some to be less than 3 percent—are actually recovered, so they are released in large numbers, sometimes in the thousands. Reported recovery rates for large-scale scientific studies based on the ocean of release. Oceanographic drift card recovery rates have ranged from 50 percent if released in densely populated areas to 1 percent in uninhabited areas, a Scripps scientist said that marine organisms grow on the bottles, causing them to sink within eight to ten months unless washed ashore earlier. An unknown number are found but not reported, some drift bottles were not found for more than a century after being launched. Floating objects may ride gyres that are present in each ocean, further, objects may be sidetracked by wind, storms, countercurrents, and ocean current variation. Accordingly, drift bottles have traveled large distances, with drifts of 4,000 to 6,000 miles and more—sometimes traveling 100 miles per day—not uncommon, the bottle was retrieved on July 20 by Capt. Robert Oke on a revenue cutter off the coast of Newfoundland
22.
United Nations Secretariat Building
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The United Nations Secretariat Building is a 154 m tall skyscraper and the centerpiece of the headquarters of the United Nations, located in the Turtle Bay area of Manhattan, in New York City. The lot where the stands is considered United Nations territory. It is the first skyscraper in New York City to use a curtain wall and it has 39 stories and was completed in 1952. The building was designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier and this building is connected to the Conference Building to the north that houses the General Assembly, the Security Council, among others, and a library building to the south. The building houses the administrative functions of the UN, including day-to-day duties such as finance, as part of the UN complex, the building is subject to an agreement between the United Nations and its host country, the United States. The UN Secretariat Building was renovated, starting in May 2010, on October 29,2012, the basement of the UN complex was flooded due to Hurricane Sandy, leading to a three-day closure and the relocation of several offices. The building style has inspired some notable copies, including the Headquarters of South Lanarkshire Council in Hamilton, Scotland, list of tallest buildings in New York City Dag Hammarskjöld Library Notes Further reading Stichweh, Dirk. United Nations Visitors Centre United Nations Headquarters on Facebook
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Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
24.
Cat
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The domestic cat is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called house cats when kept as pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin, there are more than 70 cat breeds, though different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards. Cats are similar in anatomy to the felids, with a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche, cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness, like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a species and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations. Cats have a high breeding rate, under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering, as well as the abandonment of former household pets, has resulted in numbers of feral cats worldwide. In certain areas outside cats native range, this has contributed, along with destruction and other factors. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within specific regions, a genetic study in 2007 concluded that domestic cats are descended from Near Eastern wildcats, having diverged around 8,000 BC in the Middle East. As of a 2007 study, cats are the second most popular pet in the US by number of pets owned, in a 2010 study they were ranked the third most popular pet in the UK, after fish and dogs, with around 8 million being owned. The domestic cat is believed to have evolved from the Near Eastern wildcat, the felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats are part of the genus Felis, members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat of southeast Asia, European wildcat, African wildcat, the Chinese mountain cat, and the Arabian sand cat, among others. The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1758, because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, F. silvestris. This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the cat can be called by its subspecies name. Wildcats have also referred to as various subspecies of F. catus, but in 2003. The most common name in use for the cat remains F. catus
25.
Pawnbroker
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A pawnbroker is an individual or business that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The items having been pawned to the broker are themselves called pledges or pawns, if an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may redeem it for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest. The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbrokers policies, if the loan is not paid within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale to other customers by the pawnbroker. The pawnbroker also sells items that have been sold outright to them by customers, some pawnshops are willing to trade items in their shop for items brought to them by customers. The pawning process begins when a customer brings an item into a pawn shop, common items pawned by customers include jewelry, electronics, collectibles, musical instruments, tools, and firearms. Gold, silver, and platinum are popular items—which are often purchased, metal can still be sold in bulk to a bullion dealer or smelter for the value by weight of the component metals. Similarly, jewelry that contains genuine gemstones, even if broken or missing pieces, have value, the pawnbroker assumes the risk that an item might have been stolen. However, laws in many jurisdictions protect both the community and broker from unknowingly handling stolen goods and these laws often require that the pawnbroker establish positive identification of the seller through photo identification, as well as a holding period placed on an item purchased by a pawnbroker. In some jurisdictions, pawnshops must give a list of all newly pawned items and any associated serial number to police, many police departments advise burglary or robbery victims to visit local pawnshops to see if they can locate stolen items. Some pawnshops set up their own screening criteria to avoid buying stolen property, the pawnbroker assesses an item for its condition and marketability by testing the item and examining it for flaws, scratches or other damage. Another aspect that affects marketability is the supply and demand for the item in the community or region, in some markets, the used goods market is so flooded with used stereos and car stereos, for example, that pawnshops will only accept the higher-quality brand names. Alternatively, a customer may offer to pawn an item that is difficult to sell, such as a surfboard in an inland region, the pawnshop owner either turns down hard-to-sell items, or offers a low price. While some items never get outdated, such as hammers and hand saws, electronics and computer items quickly become obsolete, Pawnshop owners must learn about different makes and models of computers, software, and other electronic equipment, so they can value objects accurately. To assess value of different items, pawnbrokers use guidebooks, catalogs, Internet search engines, some pawnbrokers have trained in identification of gems, or employ a specialist to assess jewelry. One of the risks of accepting secondhand goods is that the item may be counterfeit, if the item is counterfeit, such as a fake Rolex watch, it may have only a fraction of the value of the genuine item. Once the pawnbroker determines the item is genuine and not likely stolen, and that it is marketable, the customer can either sell the item outright if the pawnbroker is also a licensed secondhand dealer, or offer the item as collateral on a loan. Most pawnshops are willing to negotiate the amount of the loan with the client, to determine the amount of the loan, the pawnshop owner needs to take into account several factors. A key factor is the resale value of the item
26.
Diamond (gemstone)
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A diamond is one of the best-known and most sought-after gemstones. Diamonds have been known to mankind and used as decorative items since ancient times, the hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light—giving the diamond its characteristic fire—make it useful for industrial applications and desirable as jewelry. Diamonds are such a highly traded commodity that multiple organizations have created for grading and certifying them based on the four Cs, which are color, cut, clarity. Other characteristics, such as presence or lack of fluorescence, also affect the desirability, the most famous use of the diamond in jewelry is in engagement rings. The practice is documented among European aristocracy as early as the 15th century, though ruby, the modern popularity of diamonds was largely created by De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. which established the first large-scale diamonds mines in South Africa. Through an advertising campaign beginning in the 1930s and continuing into the century, De Beers made diamonds into a key part of the betrothal process. The diamonds high value has been the force behind dictators and revolutionary entities, especially in Africa, using slave. The value of diamonds is attributed largely to the tight control over this supply. Early references to diamonds in India come from Sanskrit texts, the Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions diamond trade in India. Buddhist works dating from the 4th century BC describe the diamond as a well-known and precious stone, golconda served as an important center for diamonds in central India. Diamonds were traded to both the east and west of India and were recognized by various cultures for their gemological or industrial uses. In his work Naturalis Historia, the Roman writer Pliny the Elder noted diamonds ornamental uses, diamonds eventually spread throughout the world, even though India had remained the only major source of the gemstone until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in 1725. A Chinese work from the 3rd century BC mentions, Foreigners wear it in the belief that it can ward off evil influences. The Chinese, who did not find diamonds in their country, initially did not use diamond as a jewel, diamonds reached ancient Rome from India. Diamonds were also discovered in 700 AD in Borneo, and were used by the traders of southeast Asia, the modern era of diamond mining began in the 1860s in Kimberley, South Africa with the opening of the first large-scale diamond mine. The first diamond there was found in 1866 on the banks of the Orange River, in 1869, an even larger 83.50 carat diamond was found on the slopes of Colesberg Kopje on the farm Vooruitzigt belonging to the De Beers brothers. This sparked off the famous New Rush and within a month,800 claims were cut into the hillock which were worked frenetically by two to three thousand men, as the land was lowered so the hillock became a mine—in time, the world-renowned Kimberley Mine. Following agreement by the British government on compensation to the Orange Free State for its land claims
27.
Alligator
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An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator and the Chinese alligator, in addition, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Paleocene epoch about 37 million years ago, the name alligator is probably an anglicized form of el lagarto, the Spanish term for the lizard, which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Later English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto, an average adult American alligators weight and length is 360 kg and 4.0 m, but they sometimes grow to 4.4 m long and weigh over 450 kg. The largest ever recorded, found in Louisiana, measured 5.84 m, the Chinese alligator is smaller, rarely exceeding 2.1 m in length. In addition, it considerably less, with males rarely over 45 kg. Adult alligators are black or dark olive-brown with white undersides, while juveniles have strongly contrasting white or yellow marks which fade with age, no average lifespan for an alligator has been measured. In 1937, a specimen was brought to the Belgrade Zoo in Serbia from Germany. It is now at least 80 years old, although no valid records exist about its date of birth, this alligator, officially named Muja, is considered the oldest alligator living in captivity. Alligators are native only to the United States and China, according to the 2005 Scholastic Book of World Records, Louisiana has the largest alligator population. The majority of American alligators inhabit Florida and Louisiana, with over a million alligators in each state, southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side. American alligators live in environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes. When they construct alligator holes in the wetlands, they increase plant diversity and they are, therefore, considered an important species for maintaining ecological diversity in wetlands. Further west, in Louisiana, heavy grazing by coypu and muskrat are causing damage to coastal wetlands. Large alligators feed extensively on coypu, and provide a vital ecological service by reducing coypu numbers. The Chinese alligator currently is only in the Yangtze River valley and parts of adjacent provinces and is extremely endangered. Indeed, far more Chinese alligators live in zoos around the world than can be found in the wild, rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southern Louisiana has several in captivity in an attempt to preserve the species. Miami MetroZoo in Florida also has a pair of Chinese alligators
28.
Albatross
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Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds allied to the procellariids, storm petrels and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes. They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific and they are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the albatrosses have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, albatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using dynamic soaring and slope soaring to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on squid, fish and krill by either scavenging, albatrosses are colonial, nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. Pair bonds between males and females form over several years, with the use of ritualised dances, a breeding season can take over a year from laying to fledging, with a single egg laid in each breeding attempt. A Laysan albatross, named Wisdom, on Midway Island is recognised as the oldest wild bird in the world, longline fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the bait, become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified stakeholders such as governments, conservation organisations and people in the industry are all working toward reducing this bycatch. The albatrosses comprise between 13 and 24 species in four genera and these genera are the great albatrosses, the mollymawks, the North Pacific albatrosses, and the sooty albatrosses or sooties. The North Pacific albatrosses are considered to be a taxon to the great albatrosses. The taxonomy of the group has been a source of much debate. The albatrosses can be separated from the other Procellariiformes both genetically and through morphological characteristics, size, their legs, and the arrangement of their nasal tubes, within the family, the assignment of genera has been debated for over 100 years. By 1965, in an attempt to bring order back to the classification of albatrosses. Both the British Ornithologists Union and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, while some agree on the number of genera, fewer agree on the number of species. Historically, up to 80 different taxa have been described by different researchers, based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species, compared to the 14 then accepted. This expanded taxonomy elevated many established subspecies to species, but was criticised for not using, in every case. On all sides is the agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue. The molecular evidence suggests that the petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock
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Dragonfly
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A dragonfly is an insect belonging to the order Odonata, infraorder Anisoptera. Adult dragonflies are characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of transparent wings, sometimes with coloured patches and an elongated body. Dragonflies are agile fliers, while damselflies have a weaker, fluttery flight, many dragonflies have brilliant iridescent or metallic colours produced by structural coloration, making them conspicuous in flight. An adult dragonfly’s compound eye has nearly 24,000 ommatidia, fossils of very large dragonfly ancestors in the Protodonata are found from 325 million years ago in Upper Carboniferous rocks, these had wingspans up to about 750 mm. About 3000 species of Anisoptera are in the world today, most are tropical, with fewer species in temperate regions. Dragonflies are predators, both in their larval stage, when they are known as nymphs or naiads. Several years of their lives are spent as nymphs living in fresh water and they are fast, agile fliers, sometimes migrating across oceans, and are often found near water. They have a uniquely complex mode of reproduction involving indirect insemination, delayed fertilization, loss of wetland habitat threatens dragonfly populations around the world. Dragonflies are represented in human culture on artifacts such as pottery, rock paintings and they are used in traditional medicine in Japan and China, and caught for food in Indonesia. They are symbols of courage, strength, and happiness in Japan and their bright colours and agile flight are admired in the poetry of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and the prose of H. E. Bates. Dragonflies and their relatives are an ancient group, the forerunners of modern Odonata are included in a clade called the Panodonata, which include the basal Zygoptera and the Anisoptera Today there are some 3000 species extant around the world. On the cladogram, dashed lines indicate unresolved relationships, English names are given, About 3012 species of dragonflies were known in 2010, the distribution of diversity within the biogeographical regions are summarised below. Dragonflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, in contrast to the damselflies, which tend to have restricted distributions, some genera and species are found across continents. The globe skimmer Pantala flavescens is probably the most widespread species in the world, it is cosmopolitan. Most Anisoptera species are tropical, with far fewer species in temperate regions, Dragonflies can be found from sea level up to the mountains, decreasing in species diversity with altitude. Their altitudinal limit is about 3700 m, represented by a species of Aeshna in the Pamirs, Dragonflies become scarce at higher latitudes. They are not native to Iceland, but individuals are occasionally swept in by strong winds, including a Hemianax ephippiger native to North Africa, the treeline emerald is also found in northern Alaska, within the Arctic Circle, making it the most northerly of all dragonflies. Dragonflies are heavy-bodied, strong-flying insects that hold their wings horizontally both in flight and at rest
30.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
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Bat
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Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium. About 70% of bat species are insectivores, most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous. Bats are present throughout most of the world, with the exception of cold regions. They perform the vital roles of pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds. Bats are economically important, as they consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides, the smallest bat is the Kittis hog-nosed bat, measuring 29–34 mm in length,15 cm across the wings and 2–2.6 g in mass. It is also arguably the smallest extant species of mammal, with the Etruscan shrew being the other contender. The largest species of bat are a few species of Pteropus, the Mexican free-tailed bat is the fastest flying animal in horizontal flight. An older English name for bats is flittermouse, which matches their name in other Germanic languages, middle English had bakke, most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka, which may have undergone a shift from -k- to -t- influenced by Latin blatta, moth, nocturnal insect. They were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta, along with the treeshrews, colugos, genetic studies have now placed bats in the superorder Laurasiatheria, along with carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and cetaceans. A recent study by Zhang et al. places Chiroptera as a taxon to the clade Perissodactyla. The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate and this hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group, in the 1980s, a hypothesis based on morphological evidence was offered that stated the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera. The so-called flying primate hypothesis proposes that, when adaptations to flight are removed, one example is that the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates. Although recent genetic studies support the monophyly of bats, debate continues as to the meaning of available genetic. Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early Eocene and should be placed within the four lines of microbats. Consequently, two new suborders based on molecular data have been proposed and these two new suborders are strongly supported by statistical tests
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Fireworks
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Fireworks are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display, Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. Fireworks take many forms to produce the four primary effects, noise, light, smoke and they may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and silver. Displays are common throughout the world and are the point of many cultural. Fireworks were invented in ancient China in the 7th century to scare evil spirits. Such important events and festivities as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival were, China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world. Fireworks are generally classified as to where they perform, either as a ground or aerial firework, in the latter case they may provide their own propulsion or be shot into the air by a mortar. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube or casing filled with the combustible material, a number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of sparkling shapes, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a form of firework, although the first skyrockets were used in war. The aerial shell, however, is the backbone of todays commercial aerial display, such rocket technology has also been used for the delivery of mail by rocket and is used as propulsion for most model rockets. The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 7th century China, the fireworks were used to accompany many festivities. It is thus a part of the culture of China and had its origin there, the art and science of firework making has developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of techniques in mounting firework displays. Chinese people originally believed that the fireworks could expel evil spirits and bring about luck, during the Song Dynasty, many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng, rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Bowen and Jiao Yu. In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China, with the development of chinoiserie in Europe, Chinese fireworks began to gain popularity around the mid-17th century. Lev Izmailov, ambassador of Peter the Great, once reported from China and his writings would be translated in 1765, resulting in the popularization of fireworks and further attempts to uncover the secrets of Chinese fireworks
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Airboat
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An airboat is a flat-bottomed vessel propelled in a forward direction by an aircraft-type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine. They are commonly used for fishing, bowfishing, hunting, johns Rivers, as well as Louisiana Bayous. This design also makes it ideal for flood and ice rescue operations, the airboat is pushed forward by the propeller, which produces a rearward column of air behind it. The resulting prop wash averages 150-mile-per-hour, steering is accomplished by diverting that column of air left or right as it passes across the rudders, which the pilot controls via a stick located on the operators left side. Overall steering and control is a function of current, wind, water depth. Stopping and reversing direction are dependent upon good operator/pilot/driver skills since airboats do not have brakes and they are incapable of traveling in reverse, unless equipped with a reversible propeller. Some designs use a clam shell reversing device intended for braking or backing up very short distances, the operator/pilot/driver, and passengers in most instances, are seated in elevated seats that allow visibility over swamp vegetation. High visibility lets the operator and passengers see floating objects, stumps, the first airboat, called the Ugly Duckling, was built in 1905 in Nova Scotia, Canada by a team led by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell. It was used to test various engines and prop configurations, glenn Curtiss, an associate of Dr. Bell, is reported to have registered the first airboat in Florida, United States in 1920. It was called the Curtiss Scooter and had a closed cockpit design, an airboat called a Free Bottom Craft was built in the mid to late 1920s using a wood hull and a Curtiss aircraft engine. It was built by Charles Post and Herbert Ballantine in Huntington, NY, tested on the Long Islands Hewlett Bay, by the 1930s homemade airboats began appearing in the swamps and marshes of Florida and Louisiana. One company in Florida claims to have been providing airboat rides as entertainment since the mid-1930s, one well documented case of a homemade design was an airboat built by staff at the Bear River Bird Refuge near Brigham City, Utah in the 1940s. It appears to have involved collaborative efforts by three employees of the refuge - Leo Young, G. Hortin Jensen and Cecil Williams, a 1987 story in Ducks Unlimited magazine mentioned Young and Jensen and dated the building of the first boat in 1950. Refuge records, however, show the first boat came into use in 1943, prior to the introduction of the airboat, refuge biologists had to either walk through shallow water and deep, sticky mud or push unpowered flat-bottom boats with long poles. Staff had experimented with a called the Mud Queen, which had small paddle wheels on either side that pushed the boat. They built their first airboat nicknamed Alligator I from a flat-bottom boat pushed along by an aircraft engine purchased for $99.50, Young reported that he called the first airboat an air-thrust boat. Once word got out about the boat, Leo Young built, airboat manufacturers tend to be small, family run businesses that assemble built-to-order boats. Airboats are also manufactured in Russia, Australia, Italy and Finland, modern, commercially manufactured airboat hulls are made of aluminum or fiberglass
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Raft
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A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. It is the most basic of boat design, characterized by the absence of a hull, traditional or primitive rafts are constructed of wood or reeds. Modern rafts may also use pontoons, drums, or extruded polystyrene blocks, inflatable rafts use durable, multi-layered rubberized fabrics. Depending on its use and size, it may have a superstructure, masts, timber rafting is used by the logging industry for the transportation of logs, by tying them together into rafts and drifting or pulling them down a river. This method was common up until the middle of the 20th century but is now used only rarely. Large rafts made of logs and using sails for navigation were important in maritime trade on the Pacific Ocean coast of South America from pre-Columbian times until the 19th century. The type of raft used for recreational rafting is almost exclusively an inflatable boat, in biology, particularly in island biogeography, non-manmade rafts are an important concept. g. They stay afloat by its buoyancy and can travel for hundreds, even thousands of miles and ultimately are destroyed by wave action and decomposition. Rafting events are important means of dispersal for non-flying animals. World of Boats Collection ~ Australian Reed Raft World of Boats Collection ~ Brazilian Jangada Homemade Raft Plans and Photos of Rafts Neutrino Raft – vessels made from scrap
