In ancient Rome, thermae and balneae were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.
Roman public baths in Bath, England. The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction.
Bulla Regia, inside the thermal baths
Mosaic bath sign from Sabratha, Libya, showing bathing sandals, three strigils, and the slogan SALVOM LAVISSE, "A bath is good for you"
Plan of the Old Baths (Forum Baths) at Pompeii
Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.
The Asser Levy Public Baths in Manhattan, New York City (1904–1906, restored 1989–1990)
Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro
People bathing in Bhindyo Gaa Hiti in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2021
Public bathing as cleansing ritual in Tirta Empul, Bali.