The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodi
Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands of afterglow illuminating the troposphere in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the stratosphere in white and blue. Next the mesosphere (pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowest airglow, at about one hundred kilometers at the edge of space and the lower edge of the thermosphere (invisible). Continuing with green and red bands of aurorae stretching over several hundred kilometers.
Figure 1. Diagram shows: Electric Conductivity (lines on left, scale above), including DYNAMO REGION — Temperature (line in center, scale below), LOWER is Troposphere, MIDDLE is Stratosphere and Mesosphere, UPPER is Thermosphere and Exosphere — Electrons per m3 (line on right, scale above), the start of the inner Van Allen belt
Figure 2. Schematic meridian-height cross-section of circulation of (a) symmetric wind component (P20), (b) of antisymmetric wind component (P10), and (d) of symmetric diurnal wind component (P11) at 3 h and 15 h local time. Upper right panel (c) shows the horizontal wind vectors of the diurnal component in the northern hemisphere depending on local time.
Aeronomy is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physic
Representation of upper-atmospheric lightning and electrical-discharge phenomena
ISS 48 Towering cumulonimbus and other clouds over the Earth