Thomas Johann Seebeck was a German physicist, who, in 1822, observed a relationship between heat and magnetism. Later, in 1823, Ørsted called this phenomenon the thermoelectric effect.
Thomas Johann Seebeck
A plaque in honor of Seebeck in Tallinn, Estonia
A thermocouple, also known as a "thermoelectrical thermometer", is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the Seebeck effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are widely used as temperature sensors.
Thermocouple connected to a multimeter displaying room temperature in °C
Reference junction block inside a Fluke CNX t3000 temperature meter. Two white wires connect to a thermistor (embedded in white thermal compound) to measure the reference junctions' temperature.
Typical low cost type K thermocouple (with standard type K connector). While the wires can survive and function at high temperatures, the plastic insulation will start to break down at 300 °C.
A thermocouple (the right most tube) inside the burner assembly of a water heater