1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
2.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
3.
Maryland's 4th congressional district
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Marylands 4th congressional district comprises portions of Prince Georges County and Anne Arundel County. The seat is represented by Anthony G. Brown, a Democrat, the district is located in the suburbs of Washington, D. C. Marylands Fourth Congressional District was one of the about 50 original Congressional districts, the First Congress of the United States of America. When it was organized in 1788 it covered Baltimore, Baltimore County, according to the 1790 Census, the Fourth District had a population of 53,913, nearly 20% of whom were slaves. In 1792, the Fourth District was moved to western Maryland, with its boundary being a north to south line running about the midpoint of Frederick County. The new district had a population of 36,026, with less than 10% of the population being slaves, the 1800 Census population was 38,015, and the boundaries remained unchanged in 1802. From 1835 to 1843, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on a general ticket, marylands congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Rep. Anthony Browns official House of Representatives website
4.
Robert Milligan McLane
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Robert McLane was also the name of the Mayor of Baltimore from 1903-1904. Robert Milligan McLane was an American politician, military officer, McLane was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1815, the son of Louis McLane and Catherine Mary Milligan. His birthplace, the Louis McLane House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and he received early education from a private school conducted by John Bullock, a Quaker. He received higher education from St. Mary’s College in Baltimore, Maryland until he moved with his family to Europe and he was sent to Paris to receive further education from Collège Bourbon, where he became acquainted with the Marquis de Lafayette. McLane and his moved back to the United States in 1833 when his father was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. McLane was deployed with his regiment to Florida during the Seminole War in 1837 under the command of General Thomas S. Jesup, in 1838, he was transferred to the Corps of Topographical Engineers under General Zachary Taylor. In 1841, he was sent to the Northern Lakes for survey work and was sent to Europe to examine the dikes and drainage systems in the Netherlands. While in Europe, he met his wife, Georgine Urquhart. McLane resigned his commission in 1843 to pursue the study of law and he commenced practice in Baltimore thereafter. In 1845, McLane was elected as a representative of Baltimore City to the Maryland House of Delegates after successfully campaigning for President James K. Polk a year previous. In 1846, McLane ran for Congress and defeated his Whig opponent, John P. Kennedy and he was re-elected two years later, and served from March 4,1847, to March 3,1851. In Congress, McLane was seen as an orator, and. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1850, after his tenure in Congress, McLane moved to the Western United States to become a counsel for a mining corporation, which was engaged in legal activities regarding property in California. He remained out West until 1852, when he returned to Maryland to serve as Presidential elector for Franklin Pierce and he successfully renewed trade relations between both nations, but returned to the United States in 1854 due to poor health. The United States and Mexico had broken off relations in 1858. He also negotiated, as ambassador, the McLane-Ocampo Treaty, which would have expanded the rights of the U. S. across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to include an interoceanic canal concession. However, the treaty was not ratified by the United States Senate, McLane retired as Ambassador to Mexico on December 22,1860. During the American Civil War, the Federal Government, under President Abraham Lincoln, McLane was a member of the delegation sent to Washington, D. C. to question the actions of the Federal Government
5.
Maryland's 3rd congressional district
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Marylands 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the state of Maryland. It comprises portions of Baltimore, Howard, Montgomery and Anne Arundel counties, the seat is currently represented by John Sarbanes, a Democrat. Landmarks in the district include Fort McHenry, the Maryland Science Center, three people who represented Maryland in the United States Senate were also former representatives of the 3rd district, including Ben Cardin, Barbara Mikulski, and Paul Sarbanes. The districts odd shape is attributed to gerrymandering in order to favor Democratic candidates following the 2000 and 2010 censuses. In 2012 the district was found to be the third least compact congressional district in the United States, Marylands 3rd district was one of the 61 districts that elected a representative to the 1st United States Congress. It also has the distinction of being one of the few districts that once included areas not currently in the state they are in. The 3rd congressional district originally was composed of Prince Georges County, Maryland and Anne Arundel County, at that point what is now Howard County, Maryland was in Anne Arundel County, and Prince Georges County included the eastern half of the District of Columbia. In 1792 the Maryland 3rd Congressional District was moved to include Montgomery County, Maryland, however, the western portion of what is today Carroll County, Maryland was at this point in Frederick County, and the western half of the District of Columbia was in Montgomery County. This latter fact explains why the district lost population even though it in theory did not experience redistricting after the 1800 census, with the population of Georgetown, D. C. no longer in the district, its 1800 population was about 31,000. At this point the 3rd was Marylands least populous district, barely having half the population of the Baltimore City and County 5th district, the boundaries remained the same after the 1810,1820 and 1830 censuses. While in 1820 the district had about 36,000 inhabitants its population had risen to 53,622 in 1830. With the formation of Carroll County in the 1830s as well as Maryland falling from 8 to 6 congressional seats, the only area that remained in the 3rd Congressional District was the part of Carroll County that had been in Frederick County. The 3rd also included Baltimore County and the half of the city of Baltimore. Its new population was 69,923,24. 5% of whom were black, in 1853 the 3rd district was redrawn again. The new district consisted of Baltimore County except for the northern and western parts of the county, the district now had a population of 95,729. In the redistricting following the 1860 census, Maryland was reduced to five congressional districts, the 3rd was moved so that it contained the part of Baltimore that had not been in the 3rd before 1863. It now a population of 130,040, in 1873 the 3rd district was moved again, to be the east side of Baltimore. It now had a population of 120,978, Marylands congressional districts List of United States congressional districts
6.
Charles E. Phelps
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Charles Edward Phelps was a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War, later received a brevet as a brigadier general of volunteers, served as a city councilman, a U. S. Congressman from the district of Maryland, and received the Medal of Honor. In later life, he was professor of equity at University of Maryland Law School, charles Edward Phelps was born in Guilford, Vermont, on May 1,1833. His father was John Phelps, a lawyer and Senator in the Vermont State government and he matriculated at Princeton University, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1852. He then studied at Harvard University Law School, graduating in 1853 and he joined the Maryland bar in 1855. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1859, in 1860, he was elected to the Baltimore city council. In 1861, he was commissioned a major of the Maryland Guard, during the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864 his horse was killed from under him. While leading a charge at Laurel Hill during the Battle of Spotsylvania, Phelps was wounded, however, he was later rescued by General Phillip Sheridan’s cavalry under the immediate command of Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer. Phelps received the Medal of Honor for valor at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 8,1864 and he was honorably discharged on account of wounds on September 9,1864. Place and date, At Laurel Hill, Va, entered service at, Born, Date of issue, March 30,1898. In 1868, Phelps married Martha Woodward of Baltimore and he was professor of equity at University of Maryland Law School, and served for many years as Judge of the Circuit Court of Baltimore. In 1901, he published the book Falstaff and Equity, relating legal arguments to Shakespeare, in 1907 he received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Princeton University. Charles E. Phelps died on December 27,1908 at Baltimore, Maryland and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, Baltimore. List of Medal of Honor recipients List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients, T–Z List of American Civil War brevet Generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, claim to Fame, Medal of Honor recipients. Vermont Civil War center – Minibio of Phelpss life and military record, archived from the original on February 21,2006. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
7.
William J. O'Brien
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William James OBrien was a U. S. Congressman from the district of Maryland, serving two terms from 1873 until 1877. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, OBrien attended the common schools and he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858, commencing practice in Baltimore. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses, serving from March 4,1873 until March 3,1877 and he is interred in Bonnie Brae Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
8.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
9.
Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
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The Lieutenant Governor of Maryland is the second highest-ranking official in the executive branch of the state government of Maryland in the United States. He or she is elected on the ticket as the Governor of Maryland. The current Lieutenant Governor is Boyd Rutherford, the position was first created by the Maryland Constitution of 1864. Under that system of government, the lieutenant governor served as president of the Senate and would assume the office of governor if the incumbent should die, resign, be removed, the states present constitution, adopted in 1867, abolished the lieutenant governorship. However, the position was re-established by an amendment ratified on November 3,1970. Under the 1970 amendment, the Lieutenant Governor shall have only the duties delegated to him by the Governor, marylands lieutenant governorship is thus weaker than the office in several, but not all, other states that have one. In both of those states, as in others, the lieutenant governor is elected in his or her own right. If there is a vacancy in the office of the governor, a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship is filled by a person nominated by the governor and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Assembly voting in joint session. Parties Unionist Democratic Republican Constitution amended November 4,1970 to create Lt. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. lieutenant governors of Maryland who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Maryland was that of Blair Lee III, Governor of Maryland Government of Maryland Lieutenant Governor Maryland State Archives. Maryland Manual On-Line, A Guide to Maryland Government
10.
Christopher C. Cox
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Christopher Christian Cox was known as an American surgeon, professor at Philadelphia College of Medicine and served briefly as a politician. Born in Baltimore, Cox was a member of the National Union Party and he received a Bachelor of Arts from Yale in 1835 and a Master of Arts thereafter. He graduated from Washington University with a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1838 and he moved to practice in Easton in 1843. He was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the Philadelphia College of Medicine from 1848 to 1849 and became Professor of Obstetrics, in 1857 and 1857 Cox was president of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. In 1861 he became a surgeon in the United States Army, Cox served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1865 to 1868. The relatively new office was abolished in 1868 and not reinstated until 1970, upon which the lieutenant governor. Re-creation of the involved a amendment to the Maryland Constitution of 1867. Trinity College conferred an LL. D. on Cox in 1867 and he was editor of the National Medical Journal in Washington, D. C. from 1870 to 1872, and also assistant editor of the Baltimore Patriot. Cox was one of the founders of the Literary Society of Washington in 1874, an Episcopalian, he died in Washington D. C
11.
Augustus Bradford
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Augustus Williamson Bradford, a Democrat, was the 32nd Governor of Maryland in the United States from 1862 to 1866. He served as governor during the Civil War and paid a price for his devotion to the Union. Augustus Williamson Bradford was born in Bel Air, Maryland on January 9,1806 and he graduated from St. Mary’s College in 1824. After graduation, he studied law under the tutelage of Otho Scott and he later moved to Baltimore and lived there for the rest of his life. He married Elizabeth Kell on November 10,1835, and they had twelve children, in 1845, Governor Thomas Pratt appointed Bradford the Clerk of the Baltimore County Court, a post he occupied until 1851. In February 1861, Governor Thomas H. Hicks appointed Bradford one of Maryland’s delegates to the Washington Peace Conference, following the conference, the Union Party named Bradford as its candidate for governor, opposing the Democratic candidate General Benjamin C. Bradford defeated Howard by approximately 30,000 votes and took office on January 8,1862, at the same time he upheld the Federal governments authority although he differed with its methods. In September 1862, he was one of the northern governors to attend the Loyal War Governors Conference in Altoona. During the Civil War, the Confederates invaded Maryland three times, during the last of these, Bradley T. Johnson’s raiders visited Bradford’s home in July 1864, and during his absence, burned it to the ground together with all his furniture, library, and papers. During his four years in office, Augustus Bradford released Samuel Green from jail on the condition he leave the state, Green was an African-American slave and minister, who was jailed in 1857 for possessing a copy of the novel Uncle Toms Cabin. In this respect, it was an extremely unsatisfactory document and it remained operative for only three years, Bradford objected to the federal government’s policy of enlisting slaves in the Union Army at least until their owners could be compensated. At the only election held under the Constitution of 1864, that of November 8,1864 and he took his oath of office on January 11,1865, but by a provision of the Constitution, he did not actually become Governor until January 10,1866. After his retirement from office, President Andrew Johnson appointed Bradford the Surveyor of the Port of Baltimore and he became a Democrat about 1872, and he was elected one of the Horace Greeley presidential electors in that year. He retired in 1869, and died in Baltimore on March 1,1881, funeral services were held at the Mount Vernon M. E. Church. He was buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland
12.
Oden Bowie
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Oden Bowie, a member of the United States Democratic Party, was the 34th Governor of the State of Maryland in the United States from 1869 to 1872. He was born in 1826 at Fairview Plantation in Collington, Prince Georges County, Maryland and he spent the bulk of his childhood at Fairview where he was educated by a private tutor until his mother died when he was nine years old. After his mothers death, he was sent to the department of St. Johns College in Annapolis. At age twelve, he enrolled in St. Marys Seminary and University, in 1846 Bowie enlisted in the U. S. Army as a private at the outbreak of the Mexican-American war. At the time he was the youngest Captain in the army, in 1849, he was elected to his first political office, as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, followed by the Maryland Senate from 1867 to 1869. Bowies term of Governor ended on January 10,1872 ending his career in politics, Walter Bowie was a major advocate of expanding the railroad system into southern Maryland, and wrote articles lobbying for this under the pen name Patuxent Planter. After significant lobbying together with Thomas Fielder Bowie, William Duckett Bowie, and Oden Bowie, two of the charter members were Walter Bowie and Thomas F Bowie. Directors included William Duckett Bowie and Oden, Oden became the first president of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad around 1853 and also president of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway in 1873. Oden Bowie was a horseman who served for nineteen years as President of the Pimlico Jockey Club. At Fairview Plantation he bred Thoroughbred racehorses, among his successful runners, Crickmore was voted the retrospective American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt of 1880. In 1868, at a party in Saratoga, New York, Bowie. A wager was placed and the winner of the race would host the losers for dinner, both Saratoga and the American Jockey Club made bids for the event, but Bowie pledged to build a grand racetrack in his home state if the race were to be run in Baltimore. The Dixie Stakes, and Pimlico Race Course were the results, before the Civil War, Fairview had many slaves. Charles Branch Clark wrote in 1946 in the Maryland Historical Magazine that seventy of Oden Bowies slaves enlisted in the Union Army, Bowie spent most of his life at Fairview Plantation. He married Alice Carter on December 3,1851 and she was the daughter of Charles H. Carter and Rosalie Eugenia Calvert Carter of Goodwood, Prince Georges County. Alices mother was a descendant of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore the first colonial proprietor of the Province of Maryland, Bowie died after a brief illness on December 4,1894 and was buried at Fairview. The city of Bowie, Maryland was founded as Huntington in 1870 at a junction of the Baltimore, the town was renamed Bowie in the 1880s after Governor Oden Bowie. Odenton, Maryland began as a junction of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, a 1, 800-home subdivision, Fairwood, was built on the land of Oden Bowies thousand acre plantation, Fairview, in Prince Georges County, Maryland
13.
Samuel Hinks
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Samuel Hinks was Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, from 1854 to 1856. He was a member of the Know-Nothing party and he was succeeded in 1856 by fellow Know-Nothing Thomas Swann. Samuel Hinks was born in Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland on May 1,1815, in his early adult life he became a steam engineer. Later he moved to Baltimore where he entered the grain business, in 1854 Samuel Hinks was elected Mayor of Baltimore, standing as a candidate for the nationalist anti-Catholic American Party. Members of the party were known as Know-Nothings because, when asked about their secret organizations. During the mid-1850s public order in Baltimore had been threatened by the election of candidates of the American Party. As the 1856 Mayoral elections approached, Hinks was pressed by Baltimorians to order the militia of General George H. Steuart in readiness to maintain order, Hinks duly gave Steuart the order to ready the militia, but he soon rescinded it. In the event, violence broke out on polling day, with shots exchanged by competing mobs, in the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, and many wounded. In the 6th ward artillery was used, and a battle fought on Orleans St between gangs of Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours. The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothing candidate, Thomas Swann, Swann duly succeeded Hinks as Mayor of Baltimore. In 1860 Hinks retired from the grain business, soon afterwards he was elected Water Registrar, a position which he continued to hold until 1863. He died on November 30,1887, Know-Nothing Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday Doran & Co, New York City. Samuel Hinks at www. msa. md. gov Retrieved July 2012
14.
George William Brown
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George William Brown was an American politician, judge and academic. He was mayor of Baltimore from 1860 to 1861, professor in University of Maryland School of Law and he was founder and president of the Bar Association of Baltimore City and the Library Company of the Baltimore Bar. Brown was admitted to the bar in 1834, Brown was a founder of the Library Company of the Baltimore Bar and from 1861 to 1874, he was its president. He was a founder of the Maryland Historical Society in 1844, the first digest of Maryland Court of Appeals decisions was compiled with his assistance and published in 1849. Brown was mayor of Baltimore, Maryland from 1860 to 1861, from 1871 to 1873, he was a University of Maryland School of Law professor from 1871 to 1873. He was elected in 1872 to serve as 2nd Chief Judge, Supreme Bench of Baltimore City and he was founder and 11th president of the Bar Association of Baltimore City from 1889-1890. Brown played an important role in controlling the Pratt Street Riot, during the riot, Brown accompanied a column of the Sixth Massachusetts regiment through the streets. This arrest sparked the case of Ex parte Merryman, president Lincoln agreed to reroute Union troops around Baltimore to Annapolis, so they could then travel to Washington. Northern troops were able to arrive in Washington, thus avoiding further bloodshed in Baltimore, on May 13,1861, the Union army entered Baltimore, occupied the city, and declared martial law. Mayor Brown, the city council, and the police commissioner, Francis Key Howard, the grandson of Francis Scott Key was also made a prisoner. Almost three years before he died, Brown wrote his memoir, Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science, extra vol. Mitchell, Charles W. Maryland Voices of the Civil War, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press,2007. Works by George William Brown at Project Gutenberg Works by or about George William Brown at Internet Archive Works by George William Brown at LibriVox
15.
Alexandria, Virginia
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Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is coterminous with the U. S. Census Bureau-census-designated place of Arlington, as a result, the county is often referred to in the region simply as Arlington or Arlington, Virginia. In 2015, the population was estimated at 229,164. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal district of Columbia. In 1846, Congress returned the land southwest of the Potomac River donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation, the General Assembly of Virginia changed the countys name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria. The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and City of Falls Church to the northwest, west and southwest, as of the 2010 census, the population was 207,627. Due to the proximity to downtown Washington, D. C. It is also home to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the many federal agencies, government contractors, and service industries contribute to Arlingtons stable economy. It is the county in the United States by median family income. According to a 2016 study by Bankrate. com, Arlington is the best place to retire, the area that now constitutes Arlington County was originally part of Fairfax County in the Colony of Virginia. Land grants from the British monarch were awarded to prominent Englishmen in exchange for political favors, one of the grantees was Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who lends his name to both Fairfax County and the City of Fairfax. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of First Lady Martha Washington, the estate was eventually passed down to Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E. Lee. The property later became Arlington National Cemetery during the American Civil War, the area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territorys borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the Districts southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, however, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac. As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles on each side
16.
Leesburg, Virginia
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Leesburg is a historic town within and the county seat of Loudoun County, Virginia. Leesburg is 33 miles west-northwest of Washington, D. C. along the base of Catoctin Mountain and its population according to the 2010 Census is 42,616. The town is also the terminus of the Dulles Greenway. The Federal Aviation Administrations Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center is in Leesburg, prior to European settlement, the area around Leesburg was occupied by various Native American tribes. John Lederer testified that the entire Piedmont region had once occupied by the Tacci, alias Dogi. In 1699, the Algonquian Piscataway moved to an island in the Potomac in the environs of Leesburg, what would become known as the Old Carolina Road was a major route of travel between north and south for Native tribes. According to local historians, a battle was fought near present Leesburg between the warring Catawba and Lenape tribes, neither of whom lived in the area. A war party of Lenape had traveled from their home in New Jersey and neighboring regions, all the way to South Carolina to inflict a blow on their distant enemies, the Catawba. As they were returning northward, a party of Catawbas overtook them before they reached the Potomac, the date of this conflict is unknown, but it seems the Lenape and Catawba were indeed at war in the 1720s and 1730s. European settlement of near Leesburg began in the late 1730s as tidewater planters moved into the area from the south and east establishing large farms, many of the First Families of Virginia were among those to settle in the area including the Carters, Lees and Masons. The genesis of Leesburg occurred sometime before 1755 when Nicholas Minor acquired land around the intersection of the Old Carolina Road, the villages prosperity changed the following year when the British Colonial Council ordered the establishment of the county Court House at the crossroads. Accordingly, Minor had a laid out on the traditional Virginia plan of six criss-cross streets. On October 12 of that year the Virginia General Assembly founded the town of Leesburg upon the 60 acres that Minor laid out, when the post office was established in Leesburg in 1803 the branch was named Leesburgh, the h persisted until 1894. During the War of 1812, Leesburg served as a haven for the United States Government and its archives when it was forced to flee Washington. When reconstruction began on the Capitol, Potomac Marble from quarries just south of Leesburg was used, early in the American Civil War Leesburg was the site of the Battle of Balls Bluff, a resounding Confederate victory. The battlefield is marked by one of Americas smallest national cemeteries, the town frequently changed hands over the course of the war as both armies traversed the area during the Maryland and Gettysburg campaigns. The Battle of Mile Hill was fought just north of the prior to its occupation by Robert E. Lee in September 1862. Leesburg also served as a base of operations for Col. John S. Mosby and his partisan Raiders, some people consider the local courthouse among the few courthouses in Virginia not burned during the Civil War, though it was not built until 1894
17.
Know Nothing
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The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. The motivators of the Partys rise were,1. )Nativist sentiment caused by the sudden, unprecedented influx of German and Irish immigrants in the late 1840s,2. )A rapid, steep decline in wages caused by the sudden influx of very large numbers of Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine,3. )The threat members perceived that the expansion of slavery into factory labor. In the eyes of supporters of both the Free Soil and Know Nothing movements, the existence of black slavery threatened to reduce free, white workers to wage slaves, and 4. )Fear that land in the western territories would be awarded to wealthy slave plantation owners rather than to white small farmers. It was due to fear that slavery would destroy the economic prospects of working families that the Party enrolled massive numbers of voters in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The Partys most prominent leaders were U. S, the American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election. Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played little role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and it then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration. It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843, under the banner of the American Republican Party, the movement quickly spread to nearby states, using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, in the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important. They merged in New York in the early 1850s as an order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics. The name Know Nothing originated in the organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, outsiders called them Know Nothings, and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label, the immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls, Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty, democracy and Republicanism. One Boston minister described Catholicism as the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school. In 1849, a secret society, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City. Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party, activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause. When asked about these organizations, members were to reply I know nothing. Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier, most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities
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Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
