1.
Rural Municipality of Thompson
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Thompson is a rural municipality in the Pembina Valley Region of Manitoba, Canada. It had a population of 1,259 according to the Canada 2006 Census, the RM was incorporated on 1 November 1908. It took its name from a settler and its first postmaster. Thompson homesteaded on 5-5-6W in about 1874 and his home was central to the early community, the area was known locally as Thompsonville at that time. Deerwood Miami - The main village in Thompson, rosebank Manitoba Municipalities, Rural Municipality of Thompson Geographic Names of Manitoba - the Millennium Bureau of Canada Thompson RM, MB Community Profile Map of Thompson R. M. at Statcan
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
4.
Northern Region, Manitoba
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The Northern Region is a region in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is situated on the Canadian Shield and includes Manitobas Hudson Bay coastline, the major economic activities are mining and tourism. The region is composed of four divisions,19 and 21–23. The land area of the region is 438,491.51 km², the vast majority of the region is undeveloped wilderness. Its total population at the 2011 census was 88,146, the largest municipality is the city of Thompson. Other major population centers include the city of Flin Flon and the town of The Pas, indian reserves comprise more than 49% of the regions population. There are 54 reserves with a population of 40,572. The largest of these are Norway House 17 and Peguis 1B and this region is covered by large extents of stunted Black Spruce dominant forest, with association of Tamarack. There are several mammals in the including the Arctic fox, Beluga whale. The Polar bear has a significant denning area within the Wapusk National Park, the following communities are within the Northern Region of Manitoba, First Nations in the Northern Region of Manitoba Nelson River Hydroelectric Project Southern Manitoba C. Michael Hogan. 2008 Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher. com, ed. N. Stromberg Manitoba, Manitoba Regional Profiles, Northern Region Official Site, Government of Manitoba Community Profile, Census Division No. 19, Manitoba, Statistics Canada Community Profile, Census Division No,21, Manitoba, Statistics Canada Community Profile, Census Division No. 22, Manitoba, Statistics Canada Community Profile, Census Division No
5.
Division No. 22, Manitoba
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22, also informally known as Thompson-North Central, is a census division in the Canadian provinceof Manitoba. The division had a population of 38,421 in the Canada 2006 Census, the economic base of the area is mining, forestry, manufacturing, commercial fishing, trapping and tourism. 22, Manitoba, Statistics Canada Thompson-North Central Census Map Map of Division No
6.
Thompson (electoral district)
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Thompson is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1968, and has existed since the provincial election of 1969. Thompson is located in the north of the province and it is bordered by Rupertsland to the north and east, Flin Flon to the north and west, and The Pas to the south. The city of Thompson was incorporated shortly before the ridings creation, almost half of the ridings residents live in that community. The ridings population in 1996 was 19,349, in 1999, the average family income was $56,402, and the unemployment rate was 12. 60%. The ridings character is primarily working-class, with 17% of its coming from the mining sector. Forty-two per cent of the residents are aboriginal, the third highest rate in the province. Thompson was considered safe for the New Democratic Party, which represented the riding almost continually since its creation, the current MLA, Kelly Bindle knocked off longtime MLA Steve Ashton in the 2016 election, returning the seat to the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since 1977. June 2003, Steve Ashton 3291 Bill Archer 532 Myrle Traverse 155
7.
Niki Ashton
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Niki Christina Ashton MP is a Canadian politician. She is the New Democratic Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Churchill—Keewatinook Aski in Manitoba. She was first elected in the 2008 federal election, a resident of Thompson, Manitoba, she is the daughter of former Manitoba provincial NDP cabinet minister Steve Ashton. She has been an instructor at the University College of the North, Ashton was born in Thompson and attended École Riverside School and R. D. Parker Collegiate. She later attended the Li Po Chun United World College in Hong Kong, later, she was a coordinator and promoter of volunteering at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. At the event, she assisted the team from China and she has studied human rights in Canada, and was awarded the Ahmed Ali Hashi Human Rights Scholarship for her work. Ashton speaks Greek, French, English and Spanish fluently, in 2011 it was reported that she was also studying Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish, and Cree. Ashton married Ryan Barker in August 2011 in Alexandroupoli, Greece, ashtons major themes in her campaign included getting federal funding for the University College of the North, as well as getting a federal government northern development agreement. Although the labour unions in Thompson endorsed Ashton, the NDP vote nevertheless split between Ashton and Desjarlais, and the riding was won by Liberal Party candidate Tina Keeper, Ashton defeated Keeper in the 2008 election to regain the riding for the NDP. In 2011 Ashton received the support of American documentary film maker Michael Moore in her fight to prevent the closing of Brazilian mining company Vales smelter and refinery in Thompson, Manitoba. A media investigation found that Vale broke this agreement, but as of May 2011 the government has yet to file punitive action against Vale, on November 7,2011, in Montreal, Ashton launched her campaign as the ninth person to join the 2012 NDP leadership race. She placed seventh with 5. 7% of the vote at the March 24,2012 leadership election and was eliminated on the first ballot, Ashton currently serves as the Aboriginal Affairs Critic in Canadas Official Opposition. After the 2015 federal election, Ashton was appointed the NDP critic for Jobs, Employment, in June 2016, Ashton spent a Sunday when the House of Commons was not sitting to visit North Dakota and volunteer on the campaign of presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Ashton announced her candidacy for the 2017 NDP leadership election on March 7,2017, Official website Niki Ashton – Parliament of Canada biography
8.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
9.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Area codes 204 and 431
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Area codes 204 and 431 are the North American telephone area codes for the Canadian province of Manitoba, encompassing the province. 204 is one of the original 86 area codes assigned in 1947 in the contiguous United States, the incumbent local exchange carrier for the 204 and 431 area codes is MTS. In 2009 the Canadian Numbering Administrator forecast that area code 204 would be exhausted within a few years, while an area code provides 7. Once allocated, it is not possible to re-assign numbers to a different rate center, the situation was exacerbated by the proliferation of cell phones, particularly in Winnipeg. In July 2010, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved a province-wide overlay with area code 431, on July 30,2012, 10-digit dialing became mandatory throughout the province. List of NANP area codes Bende, Jim,431 area code slow to catch on. CNA exchange list for area +1-204 CNA exchange list for area +1-431 Area Code Map of Canada
12.
Manitoba Highway 6
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Provincial Highway 6 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from the Perimeter Highway of Winnipeg to the Thompson south city limits and it is also the main highway connecting Winnipeg to northern Manitoba. The speed limit is 100 km/h, the route is also used to deliver nickel from the Thompson mine to the Royal Canadian Mint in Winnipeg. The portion of the highway between Ponton and Thompson was previously known as Highway 391, there have been talks of extending PTH6 North to Churchill and the Nunavut border. If plans to make a highway in Nunavut connecting from Churchill, and Arviat, Nunavut to Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut go through, then the first ever major road connection to Nunavut will be made
13.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
14.
Burntwood River
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The Burntwood River is a river in northeast Manitoba, Canada between the Churchill River and the Nelson River. Outsiders may know it as the river passes through Thompson. It is over 320 kilometres long and flows mostly east to join the Nelson River at Split Lake, near its headwaters around Burntwood Lake, the Kississing Portage connects it to the Churchill River. The route was used by lighter Indian canoes to carry the rich Athabasca furs to Hudson Bay or, by going up the Nelson, the route was not much used by voyageurs partly because there was more Pemmican further south. Just south of the Burntwood, the Grass River, which ends at Split Lake, was a parallel canoe route. In 1790 the Hudsons Bay Company built Lakes House at the mouth of the Burntwood, in 1793 David Thompson followed a large part of the Burntwood. In 1825–26 George Simpson tried to use the Burntwood as a route from York Factory to the Pacific. Today it forms part of the Churchill River Diversion, the Wuskwatim Dam and Generating Station west of Thompson are expected to be completed in 2012. List of rivers of Manitoba Bois-Brûlés
15.
Winnipeg
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Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
16.
Flin Flon
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Flin Flon is a mining city in Canada. It is located on the boundary of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city located within Manitoba, Flin Flon was founded in 1927 by Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting to exploit the large copper and zinc ore resources in the region. In the 1920s, HBM&S invested in a railway, mine, smelter, by 1928 the rail line reached the mine. The town grew considerably during the 1930s as farmers, who were impoverished by the Great Depression, abandoned their farms, the municipality was incorporated on January 1,1933, and in 1970, the community reached city status. The city has continued to be a centre with the development of several mines adding to its industrial base. With a scenic setting and a number of lakes, Flin Flon has also become a moderately popular tourist destination. The towns name is taken from the character in a paperback novel. Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin piloted a submarine through a lake where he passed into a strange underground world through a hole lined with gold. A copy of the book was found and read by prospector Tom Creighton. When Tom Creighton discovered a high-grade exposure of copper, he thought of the book and called it Flin Flons mine, Flin Flon shares with Tarzana, California, the distinction of being named after a character in a science fiction novel. A statue representing Flinty was designed by cartoonist Al Capp and is one of the points of interest of the city, in 1978, the National Film Board of Canada produced the short documentary Canada Vignettes, Flin Flon about the origin of the citys name. Flin Flon straddles the boundary of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city being located in Manitoba. Due to the nature of the Saskatchewan-Manitoba boundary, the Saskatchewan section of town lies south of the Manitoba section. The citys Main Street crosses the boundary just south of its intersection with Church Street. The town of Creighton, Saskatchewan, is adjacent to Flin Flon. The majority of Flin Flons surface topology is exposed Canadian Shield bedrock, due to this and climatic factors, agriculture is generally not possible, although grain farming is found 130 kilometres southeast in The Pas, Manitoba. Flin Flon experiences a continental climate. There is a range in seasonal temperatures, with warm summers
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Ore
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An ore is a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock. The ores are extracted from the earth through mining, they are refined to extract the valuable element. The grade or concentration of an ore mineral, or metal, as well as its form of occurrence, will directly affect the costs associated with mining the ore. The cost of extraction must thus be weighed against the value contained in the rock to determine what ore can be processed. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates, or native metals that are not commonly concentrated in the Earths crust, the ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock and from the ore minerals. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of geological processes, the process of ore formation is called ore genesis. An ore deposit is an accumulation of ore and this is distinct from a mineral resource as defined by the mineral resource classification criteria. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type, Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or ore genesis. Stratiform arkose-hosted and shale-hosted copper, typified by the Zambian copperbelt and this identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. This is because the distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand. Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices and this generally makes determining the price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include lithium, niobium-tantalum, bismuth, antimony and rare earths, most of these commodities are also dominated by one or two major suppliers with >60% of the worlds reserves. The London Metal Exchange aims to add uranium to its list of metals on warrant, the World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the USA and Japan. Economic geology Mineral resource classification Ore genesis Petrology Froth Flotation Extractive metallurgy DILL, the “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits, Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 100, Issue 1-4, June 2010, Pages 1-420
18.
Politics of Manitoba
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Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, similar to the other Canadian provinces and territories. The executive branch is formed by the majority party, the party leader is the Premier of Manitoba, the head of the executive branch. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, the head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring that Manitoba always has a duly constituted government. Manitoba is represented in politics by fourteen Members of Parliament. The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on July 14,1870, the Legislative Assembly consists of the fifty-seven Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba. Manitobas primary political parties are the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, the current premier of Manitoba is Brian Pallister, who replaced Greg Selinger of the New Democratic Party to lead the Conservative majority government of 40 seats. Historically, political parties first appeared between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system, the United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932 to form the dominant political party. The CCF became the NDP, which came to power in 1969, since then, the Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties. Manitobas judiciary consists of three courts, the Court of Appeal, the Court of Queens Bench, and the Provincial Court, the Provincial Court is primarily a criminal court, 95% of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard in this court. The Court of Queens Bench is the highest trial court in Manitoba and it has four jurisdictions, family law, civil law, criminal law, and appeals for Provincial Court decisions. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both the Court of Queens Bench and the Provincial Court, decisions of this court can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. List of Manitoba general elections Monarchy in Manitoba Politics of Canada Political culture of Canada Council of the Federation
19.
Vale Limited
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Vale Canada Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Brazilian mining company Vale. Vales nickel mining and metals division is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario and it produces nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, gold, and silver. Prior to being purchased by CVRD in 2006, Inco was the second largest producer of nickel. It was also a member of the 30-stock Dow Jones Industrial Average formed on October 1,1928. The Company was founded following the discovery of deposits in Sudbury. Initially, ore was shipped for smelting to a plant in Constable Hook, New Jersey, processing soon revealed that the ore was also rich in nickel and exploration tests revealed an enormous potential. In 1902 the International Nickel Company, Ltd. was created in New York, in 1916, the International Nickel Company of Canada, Ltd. was incorporated as the operating company in Copper Cliff in Sudbury, and in 1918 the company built a new refinery in Port Colborne. The International Nickel Company of Canada, Ltd. first began using the trade name Inco in 1919, in 1929, the corporation expanded by absorbing the British-owned Mond Nickel Company. A head office was established in Toronto, during World War II, Incos Frood Mine produced 40% of the nickel used in artillery by the Allies. Inco also maintained a plant located in Sterling Forest, New York. The Sterling Forest Site was sold and is now owned and occupied by International Business Machines, in 1972 the Inco Superstack was built in Sudbury. In 1976, the name was officially changed to Inco Limited. In order to generate cash Inco sold its sites of nickel alloys to Special Metals Corporation in 1998. Special Metals Corporation however filed Chapter 11 in March 2002, on October 11,2005, Inco announced a friendly takeover bid to buy out the operations of longtime rival Falconbridge for $12 billion. If approved, the deal would have made Inco the worlds largest producer of nickel, Xstrata subsequently submitted a hostile takeover bid for Falconbridge, resulting in a bidding war between Inco and Xstrata. The Xstrata bid was successful, but not before Falconbridge employed a poison pill to delay the acquisition, teck Cominco submitted a hostile takeover bid to purchase Inco on May 8,2006 for $16 billion if it agreed to abandon its takeover of Falconbridge. On August 14,2006 Brazilian mining company CVRD extended an offer to buy Inco for $17 billion. That offer received approval from the Canadian governments investment review agency on October 19, Inco was delisted from the NYSE on November 16,2006 and the TSX on January 5,2007
20.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
21.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
22.
Winnipeg Free Press
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The Winnipeg Free Press is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It provides coverage of local, provincial, national, international, sports, business, various consumer-oriented features such as homes and automobiles appear on a weekly basis. The newspapers main competition is the Winnipeg Sun, a print daily tabloid, founded in 1872, as the Manitoba Free Press, it is the oldest newspaper in western Canada. It has the largest readership of any newspaper in the province and is regarded as the newspaper of record for Winnipeg, the newspapers existence began only two years after Manitobas joining of Confederation in 1870, and predated Winnipegs incorporation in 1873. The Manitoba Free Press was launched November 30,1872, by William Fisher Luxton, Luxton bought a press in New York and they rented a shack at 555 Main Street, near the present corner of Main Street at James Avenue. In 1874 the Free Press moved to a new building on Main Street, in 1882, control of the Free Press passed to Clifford Sifton, and the paper moved to a building on McDermot Avenue. The organization remained at the McDermot Avenue location until 1900, when it moved to a new address on McDermot, from 1901 to 1944, John Wesley Dafoe served as editorial writer, editor-in-chief and president. In 1905 the newspaper moved to a building at Portage. In 1913 the paper moved to 300 Carlton Street, and remained there for 78 years, in 1920, the Free Press took their newsprint supplier before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for violating the World War I War Measures Act. In 1931 the name of the Manitoba Free Press became the Winnipeg Free Press, in 1991 the Free Press moved to its current location in the Inkster Industrial Park, a $150–million plant at 1355 Mountain Avenue. In December,2001, the newspaper, along with sister paper Brandon Sun, was bought from Thomson Newspapers by FP Canadian Newspapers Limited Partnership, as of November 1,2009, the paper ceased publishing a regular Sunday edition. In its place, a Sunday-only tabloid called On 7 was launched, on March 27,2011, the Sunday newspaper was retooled as a broadsheet format called Winnipeg Free Press SundayXtra, due to the impending arrival of Metro in the Winnipeg market. The Sunday edition is available for purchase only from vending boxes, according to Canadian Newspaper Association figures, the newspapers average weekday circulation for 2013 was 108,583, while on Saturdays it was 144,278. Because of the small population of Manitoba, this means that over ten percent of the population will look at the paper. The Winnipeg Free Press remains profitable and viable, the newspaper is a print news source in a largely isolated area, with a high percentage of viewers. The strike ended 16 days later, when the union ratified the final offer on Tuesday, the contract was ratified by 67 per cent of newspaper carriers,75 per cent of the pressmen and 91 per cent of the inside workers, including journalists. The recent five-year contract was negotiated, ratified, and signed in 2013, workers and managers negotiated directly with great success, without the need of a lawyer as previous contracts required. List of newspapers in Canada Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher, the worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 361–65 Winnipeg Free Press site
23.
Mining
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Mining is extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner, ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water. Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times, Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Work safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines, levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products, due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone, ceramics and, later and these were used to make early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France, southern England and Poland was used to create flint tools. Flint mines have been found in areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts. The mines at Grimes Graves and Krzemionki are especially famous, other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the Lion Cave in Swaziland, at this site Paleolithic humans mined hematite to make the red pigment ochre. Mines of an age in Hungary are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons. Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi, at first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of Wadi Maghareh in order to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself. Quarries for turquoise and copper were found at Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan and various other Nubian sites on the Sinai Peninsula. Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, the gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus, who mentions fire-setting as one used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known maps, the miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust
24.
Mill (grinding)
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A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Such comminution is an important unit operation in many processes, there are many different types of mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically mills were powered by hand, working animal, wind or water, today they are usually powered by electricity. The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcoming of the interior bonding forces, after the grinding the state of the solid is changed, the grain size, the grain size disposition and the grain shape. Milling also refers to the process of breaking down, separating, sizing, aggregate milling processes are also used to remove or separate contamination or moisture from aggregate or soil and to produce dry fills prior to transport or structural filling. To calculate the needed grinding work against the grain size changing three half-empirical models are used and these can be related to the Hukki relationship between particle size and the energy required to break the particles. In stirred mills, the Hukki relationship does not apply and instead, a reliable value for the grain sizes dA and dE is d80. This value signifies that 80% of the matter has a smaller grain size. The Bonds grinding coefficient for different materials can be found in various literature, to evaluate the grinding results the grain size disposition of the source material and of the ground material is needed. Grinding degree is the ratio of the sizes from the grain disposition, pretended grinding degree Z a = d 1 a The discharge die gap a of the grinding machine is used for the ground solid matter in this formula. In materials processing a grinder is a machine for producing fine particle size reduction through attrition, see also crusher for mechanisms producing larger particles. A typical type of grinder is the ball mill. Ball mills normally operate with a ball charge of 30%. Ball mills are characterized by their diameter and longer length. The feed is at one end of the cylinder and the discharge is at the other, ball mills are commonly used in the manufacture of Portland cement and finer grinding stages of mineral processing, one example being the Sepro tyre drive Grinding Mill. Industrial ball mills can be as large as 8.5 m in diameter with a 22 MW motor, however, small versions of ball mills can be found in laboratories where they are used for grinding sample material for quality assurance. A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between steel rods and ore particles, but note that the term rod mill is also used as a synonym for a slitting mill, which makes rods of iron or other metal. Rod mills are less common than ball mills for grinding minerals, the rods used in the mill, usually a high-carbon steel, can vary in both the length and the diameter
25.
Smelting
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Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy, its main use is to produce a base metal from its ore. This includes production of silver, iron, copper and other metals from their ores. Smelting makes use of heat and a reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag. The reducing agent is commonly a source of such as coke. The carbon removes oxygen from the ore, leaving behind the elemental metal, the carbon is thus oxidized in two stages, producing first carbon monoxide and then carbon dioxide. As most ores are impure, it is necessary to use flux, such as limestone. Plants for the reduction of aluminium are also generally referred to as aluminium smelters. Smelting involves more than just melting the metal out of its ore, most ores are a chemical compound of the metal with other elements, such as oxygen, sulfur or carbon and oxygen together. To produce the metal, these compounds have to undergo a chemical reaction, smelting therefore consists of using suitable reducing substances that will combine with those oxidizing elements to free the metal. In the case of carbonates and sulfides, a process called roasting drives out the carbon or sulfur, leaving an oxide. Roasting is usually carried out in an oxidizing environment, a few practical examples, Malachite, a common ore of copper, is primarily copper carbonate hydroxide Cu22. This mineral undergoes thermal decomposition to 2CuO, CO2, and H2O in several stages between 250 °C and 350 °C, the carbon dioxide and water are expelled into the atmosphere, leaving copper oxide which can be directly reduced to copper as described in the following section titled Reduction. Galena, the most common mineral of lead, is primarily lead sulfide, the sulfide is oxidized to a sulfite which thermally decomposes into lead oxide and sulfur dioxide gas. The sulfur dioxide is expelled, and the oxide is reduced as below. Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting and it is here that the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal, the required temperature varies over a very large range, both in absolute terms and in terms of the melting point of the base metal. Fluxes are used in smelting for several purposes, chief among them catalyzing the desired reactions, of the seven metals known in antiquity, only gold occurred regularly in native form in the natural environment. The others – copper, lead, silver, tin, iron and mercury – occur primarily as minerals and these minerals are primarily carbonates, sulfides, or oxides of the metal, mixed with other components such as silica and alumina
26.
Nickel
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Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the metals and is hard and ductile. Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earths inner core, use of nickel has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as an element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. The elements name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel, an economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. Nickels other important ore minerals include garnierite, and pentlandite, major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada, New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia. Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant, historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 6% of world production is still used for corrosion-resistant pure-nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy, Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years. Nickel is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic around room temperature, alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys, about 60% of world production is used in nickel-steels, other common alloys and some new superalloys comprise most of the remainder of world nickel use, with chemical uses for nickel compounds consuming less than 3% of production. As a compound, nickel has a number of chemical manufacturing uses. Nickel is a nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site. Nickel is a metal with a slight golden tinge that takes a high polish. It is one of four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature. Its Curie temperature is 355 °C, meaning that bulk nickel is non-magnetic above this temperature, the unit cell of nickel is a face-centered cube with the lattice parameter of 0.352 nm, giving an atomic radius of 0.124 nm
27.
Labrador
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Labrador /ˈlæbrədɔːr/ LAB-rə-dor is the distinct northerly region of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It comprises the portion of the province, separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in Atlantic Canada, Labrador occupies the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and the south by the Canadian province of Quebec, Labrador also shares a small land border with the Canadian territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island. Though Labrador covers 71 percent of the land area, it has only 8 percent of the provinces population. The aboriginal peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern Inuit-Métis of Nunatukavut, many of the non-aboriginal population in Labrador did not permanently settle in Labrador until the natural resource developments of the 1940s and 1950s. Before the 1950s, very few people lived in Labrador year-round. The few European immigrants who worked seasonally for foreign merchants and brought their families were known as Settlers, Labrador has a roughly triangular shape that encompasses the easternmost section of the Canadian Shield, a sweeping geographical region of thin soil and abundant mineral resources. Its western border with Quebec is the divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands that drain into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, Northern Labradors climate is classified as polar, while Southern Labradors climate is classified as subarctic. Labrador can be divided into four regions, the North Coast, Central Labrador, Western Labrador. Each of those regions is described below, from Cape Chidley to Hamilton Inlet, the long thin northern tip of Labrador holds the Torngat Mountains, named after an Inuit spirit believed to inhabit them. The mountains stretch along the coast from Port Manvers to Cape Chidley, the Torngat Mountain range is also home to Mount Caubvick, the highest point in the province. This area is predominantly Inuit, with the small Innu community of Natuashish being the exception, the north coast is the most isolated region of Labrador, with snowmobiles, boats, and planes being the only modern modes of transportation. The largest community in this region is Nain, Nunatsiavut is an Inuit self-government region in Labrador created on June 23,2000. The Settlement area comprises the majority of Labradors North Coast, while the area also includes land farther to the interior. Nain is the center of Nunatsiavut. The most populous region of Labrador, Central Labrador extends from the shores of Lake Melville into the interior and it contains the Churchill River, the largest river in Labrador and one of the largest in Canada
28.
Calm Air
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Calm Air International LP. is an airline based in Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. It is owned by the Exchange Income Corporation and it operates services in northern Manitoba and the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut. Charter and freight services are also undertaken and its main base is Thompson Airport. The airline was established and started operations in 1962 and it was founded by Carl Arnold Lawrence Morberg, and his wife, as a charter service in northern Saskatchewan. In 1976 it took over the Transair passenger service in the Northwest Territories, in 1981, Calm Air took over many of the passenger and cargo routes of Lamb Air. Canadian Airlines acquired a 45% holding in Calm Air in 1987, on April 8,2009 Calm Air was purchased by the Exchange Income Corporation which also owns Perimeter Aviation, Provincial Airlines, Bearskin Airlines, Custom Helicopters and Keewatin Air. Calm Air has codeshare agreements with Canadian North and First Air
29.
Thompson Airport
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Thompson Municipal Airport is an airport located 3 nautical miles north of Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. It is the third busiest airport in Manitoba after Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Thompson Airport was developed originally by the International Nickel Company in 1961 to support their mining operations and had one runway 3,000 ft in length. The airport was transferred to Transport Canada in 1963 and it has since been operated by the Local Government District of Mystery Lake, and in March 2000 ownership was taken over by the Thompson Regional Airport Authority and they are the current operators. The airport is served by Calm Air and Perimeter Aviation with flights to Winnipeg, there are also bases for Custom Helicopters, Wings Over Kississing, Fast Air Royal Canadian Mounted Police Air Services Branch and Manitoba Government Air Services. During the fire fighting season, Thompson is home to the Government Air water bombers, Thompson Municipal Airport Past three hours METARs, SPECI and current TAFs for Thompson Municipal Airport from Nav Canada as available
30.
Boeing 737
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The Boeing 737 is an American short- to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. The 737 is Boeings only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation variants currently being built, production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967, Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, the 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded glass cockpit. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner in history, the 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 9,401 aircraft delivered and 4,423 orders yet to be fulfilled as of February 2017. Assembly of the 737 is performed at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington, many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707,727,757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11,1964, and Boeings intense market research yielded plans for a 50- to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi long, consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. On April 5,1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s, United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing, the longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time, Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727 and this fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9s five-abreast layout. Design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the low to the ground for easy ramp inspection. Originally, the arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727. However, an improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, with the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727
31.
Noorduyn Norseman
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The Noorduyn Norseman is a Canadian single-engine bush plane designed to operate from unimproved surfaces. Distinctive stubby landing gear protrusions from the lower fuselage make it easily recognizable, originally introduced in 1935, the Norseman remained in production for almost 25 years with over 900 produced. A number of examples remain in commercial and private use to this day, Norseman aircraft are known to have been registered and/or operated in 68 countries throughout the world and also have been based and flown in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Noorduyn, the Noorduyn Norseman was produced from 1935 to 1959, originally by Noorduyn Aircraft Ltd. and later by the Canada Car and Foundry company. With the experience of working on many ground-breaking designs at Fokker, Bellanca and Pitcairn-Cierva, Noorduyn decided to create his own design in 1934, from the outset, Noorduyn designed his transport to have interchangeable wheel, ski or twin-float landing gear. Unlike most aircraft designs, the Norseman was first fitted with floats, then skis and, finally, the final design looked much like Noorduyns earlier Fokker designs, a high-wing braced monoplane with an all-welded steel tubing fuselage. Attached wood stringers carried a fabric skin and its wing was all fabric covered wood, except for steel tubing flaps and ailerons. The divided landing gear were fitted to fuselage stubs, legs were secured with two each to allow the alternate arrangement of floats or skis. The tail wheel strut could be fitted with a wheel or tail skid, in summer 1941, Warner Brothers leased CF-AYO for the filming of Captains of the Clouds starring James Cagney. Principal aerial photography took place near North Bay, Ontario with CF-AYO carrying temporary registration CF-HGO, CF-AYO was lost in a crash in Algonquin Park in 1952. Its wreckage currently is on display at the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre, almost immediately, the Norseman proved itself to be a rugged, reliable workhorse with steady sales. The first aircraft, CF-AYO, was designated the Norseman Mk I, cF-BAU would be modified on June 26,1937 to become the prototype Norseman Mk IV, powered by a Pratt & Whitney Wasp S3H-1. The Mk IV became the model but the production run might have ended at a few hundred examples if not for the advent of the Second World War. Until 1940, the Noorduyn company had sold only 17 aircraft in total, primarily to operators in Canadas north. With the outbreak of war in Europe, demand for a utility transport led to military orders. USAAF Colonel Bernt Balchen had been involved in establishing a route across Greenland to facilitate the ferrying of aircraft from North America to Europe. He required a bush plane rugged enough to survive in the conditions of the Arctic. After evaluating six Norsemans diverted from a previous RCAF order, late in 1941, after the US entry into the Second World War, the USAAF placed the first of several orders for a production version C-64A Norseman
32.
Bush plane
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They are used where ground transportation infrastructure is inadequate or does not exist. None of these traits are mandatory - merely that they are commonly seen features of bush planes, the undercarriage is designed to be fitted with floats, skis or wheel/skis to permit operation from water or snow. A high wing is likely to be damaged during loading or unloading than a low wing. A failure is less critical as a broken tailwheel is easily repaired and wont prevent the aircraft from flying. Very large, low-pressure tundra tires may be fitted to enable the pilot to operate from broken ground and its not uncommon for a bush pilot to land from unprepared surfaces. Years in brackets are of first flight, Bush flying Anderson, Frank W. Downs, Art. The Death of Albert Johnson - Mad Trapper of Rat River, surrey, BC, Heritage House Publishing Co. Bush Pilots - Canadas Wilderness Daredevils, Frank Barr - Bush pilot in Alaska and the Yukon. Edmonds, WA, Alaska Northwest Publishing Co, the Bush Pilots - A pictoral history of a Canadian phenomenon. Toronto, ON, McClelland & Stewart Inc, keith, Ronald A. Bush Pilot with a briefcase. Bent Props and Blow Pots - A Pioneer Remembers Northern Bush Flying, the Firebirds - How bush flying earned its wings. Austin Airways - Canadas Oldest Airline
33.
Flight length
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In aviation, the flight length is defined as the distance of a flight. Eurocontrol defines short-haul routes as shorter than 1,500 km, the Association of European Airlines defines Long-haul as flights to Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Australasia and medium haul as flights to north Africa and Middle East. Air Berlin defines Short and medium-haul as flights to Europe/northern Africa, Air France defines short haul as domestic, medium haul as within Europe/North Africa and long haul as the rest of the world. Virgin Australia defines domestic flights as within Australia, Short Haul to South East Asia/Pacific, the Hong Kong Airport considers destinations in North and South Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Southwest Pacific and the Indian Subcontinent Long Haul and others are Short Haul. Japan Air Lines defines routes to Europe and North America as Long haul, thomson Airways defines the Boeing 737 as a short and mid-haul airliner while the Boeing 767 and B787 as long haul. The Loganair Westray to Papa Westray route is the shortest commercial flight in the world over 2.8 km in two minutes scheduled flight time including taxiing. The Longest commercial flight is the Qatar Airways flight between Auckland and Doha, covering 14,535 km with a Boeing 777-200LR, the longest ever was Singapore Airlines Flight 21 from Newark to Singapore, covering 15,343 km in 18.5 hours using an Airbus A340-500. The absolute distance between two points is the distance, which is always the shortest geographical route. In the example, the aircraft travelling westward from North America to Japan is following a route extending northward towards the Arctic region. The apparent curve of the route is a result of distortion when plotted onto a map projection. Stretching a string between North America and Japan on a globe will demonstrate why this really is the shortest route despite appearances, Air time is the elapsed time that the aircraft is airborne, regardless of what time-zone the flight began and ended in. Local clock time flying westward, or chasing the sun, is slowed, however, flights over the International Date Line located at approximately 180o E in the Pacific will subtract 24 hours from the schedule time going eastwards and add 24 hours going westwards. The flight classification as long-, medium- or short-haul is classified according to the air time
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Thompson Transit
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Thompson Transit is the public transit agency in Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. The City of Thompson contracts the bus services, operation conducted under contract by Thompson Bus Lines. Contract operator switched to Grey Goose Bus Lines, on Saturday hours of operation are from 11,00 am to 6,10 pm, with no Sunday service. Thompson Transit operates two bus routes, which meet up at The Plaza Mall and Southwood as transfer points, on November 18,2008, The installation of new bus shelters. Council passes a resolution for the purchase of 2 New D35LFR Transit Buses from NewFlyer with City of Brandon order, as well revise current Transit routes for a more feasible bus service. City Approves the purchase of 2 new Transit buses from New Flyer at a cost of $845,136, on September 13,2010 City Council approved new contract with Greyhound, the total cost to the city will be $1,364,393 over five years. Grey Goose Bus Lines Bus Depot @81 Berens Road
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Hudson Bay Railway (1997)
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Hudson Bay Railway is a Canadian short line railway operating over 1,300 kilometres of track in northeastern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba. Operations began on August 20,1997, at the same time, OmniTRAX also took over the operation and marketing of the Port of Churchill from Transport Canada. Previous owner CN had limited the tonnage to operate on the lines as a result of the light rail. HBRY is considered a transportation link in northern Manitoba, hauling ores and concentrates, copper, zinc, logs, kraft paper, lumber. Via Rail Canada also uses HBRY tracks to operate its passenger service between The Pas and Churchill. Major customers for HBRY include HudBay Minerals, Tolko, Vale, Gardwine North, Stittco Energy, Farmers of North America, the line was constructed by an earlier company of the same name. The Hudson Bay Railway was built starting in the early 1900s under Canadian Northern Railway before being taken over by the Government of Canada, the lines were operated by Canadian National Railway from 1929-1997 before being sold to OmniTRAX. Service was restored on August 2,2005, two ahead of initial expectations. The American novelist Courtney Ryley Coopers 1931 adventure novel End of Steel is a recounting of the lines original construction. Calgary performer John Leeder wrote and recorded a song titled Hudson Bay Line about the rigors of bygone train travel on this route, according to Leeder, its been recorded six times that I know of. Hudson Bay Railway corporate site Timetables and bookings Hudson Bay Route Association website
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National Research Council (Canada)
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The National Research Council is the primary national research and technology organization of the Government of Canada, in science and technology research and development. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the National Research Council, the transformation of the NRC into an RTO that focuses on business-led research was part of the federal governments Economic Action Plan. With these services, NRC intends to shorten the gap between early research and development and commercialization. NRC now has over 30 approved programs, NRC is a Government of Canada organization. It’s mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act, in 2011, NRC President John R. McDougall, began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industrial-relevant research. This included the development of programs, shifting research budget out of existing research. The NRC was not involved in this area of prior to the arrival of Mr. McDougall. The Canadian Wheat Improvement Program is a collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre. Working with breeders and scientists at the Crop Development Centre and at AAFC, the GaN Electronics program supports partner research and development activities with a goal of ensuring that GaN technology will create wealth and a greener future for Canadians. NRC is the only Canadian foundry for GaN electronics, and offers both normally-on and normally-off devices, the GaN500v2 Foundry Design Kit was released on June 28,2014. The NRC is managed by a governing council, current members of the council are, Patricia Béretta, PhD. Wayne Gulliver, dermatologist, President Newlab Clinical Research Inc. James P, louise Proulx, PhD, Vice-President, Product Development, Topigen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Close to 4,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC, in addition, the Council also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. The NRC was established in 1916 under the pressure of World War I to advise the government on matters of science, in 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes became a military science, a special branch known as the Examination Unit was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa was a prime target during the Cold War. The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946
Thompson
