1.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine
2.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
3.
Jonathan Cape
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Jonathan Cape was a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960. Cape and his business partner Wren Howard set up the house in 1921. They established a reputation for quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firms editor. Capes list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C, day Lewis, to childrens authors such as Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence. After Capes death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses, in 1987 it was taken over by Random House in 1987. Its name continues as one of Random Houses British imprints, Herbert Jonathan Cape was born in London on 15 November 1879, the youngest of the seven children of Jonathan Cape, a clerk from Ireby in what is now Cumbria, and his wife Caroline, née Page. He received a basic schooling and in his teens he was taken on by Hatchards bookshop in Piccadilly as an errand-boy. In 1904 he joined the house of Duckworth as London traveller. In 1914, on the outbreak of the Great War, he took over the charge of the business when the proprietor. In December of that year Cape joined the army, serving for the rest of the war, Cape returned to Duckworth in 1918. In 1920 he was appointed manager of the Medici Society, known mainly for publishing prints of paintings, while in this post he met George Wren Howard,14 years his junior, who was learning the publishing trade at the Medici Society. Capes biographer Rupert Hart-Davis writes, Cape quickly saw that Howard had a sense of design in book production, as well as a good business head. After some months they decided there was no future for them where they were. Howard was able to raise money from his family, Cape, with no such option, raised his share of the starting capital by selling cheap paperback reprints of novels by Elinor Glyn. Duckworth held the rights to her books, but did not wish to issue cut-price editions, Cape negotiated the rights in early 1920, with just enough starting capital, the firm of Jonathan Cape began trading on 1 January 1921 at 11 Gower Street, Bloomsbury. Cape and Howard recruited Edward Garnett as their editor and reader, Garnett, described by The Times as the prince of publishers readers, remained with the firm until his death in 1937. Hart-Davis credits Garnetts literary judgment and Howards production with gaining the firm an outstanding reputation for quality during the two decades. The firms first publication was regarded as a gamble, Cape published a new two-volume edition, at the high price of nine guineas
4.
For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)
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For Your Eyes Only is a collection of short stories by the British author Ian Fleming, featuring the fictional British Secret Service agent Commander James Bond. It was first published by Jonathan Cape on 11 April 1960 and it marked a change of format for Fleming, who had previously written James Bond stories only as full-length novels. The collection contains five stories, From a View to a Kill, For Your Eyes Only, Quantum of Solace, Risico. Four of the stories were adaptations of plots for a series that was never filmed, while the fifth Fleming had written previously. Fleming undertook some minor experiments with the format, including a story written as an homage to W. Somerset Maugham, an author he greatly admired. Elements from the stories have been used in a number of the Eon Productions James Bond film series, including the 1981 film, For Your Eyes Only, the film used some elements and characters from the short stories For Your Eyes Only and Risico. From a View to a Kill also gave part of its title to the fourteenth Bond film, plot elements from The Hildebrand Rarity were used in the sixteenth Bond film, Licence to Kill, and the twenty-fourth Bond film Spectre references the title. Quantum of Solace was used as the title for the twenty-second Bond film, Bond investigates the murder of a motorcycle dispatch-rider and the theft of his top-secret documents by a motorcycle-riding assassin. The rider was en route from SHAPE, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, then located in Versailles, to his base, Station F, since Bond is already in Paris, his superior, M, sends him to assist in the investigation in any way he can. Bond disguises himself as a dispatch-rider and follows the journey to Station F as the previous rider, as expected. Bond, however, is ready and kills the assassin and he then uncovers the assassins hidden base of operations. They are killed by two Cuban hitmen at the direction of their leader, Major Gonzales, all three work for von Hammerstein, the Havelocks turn out to be close friends of M, who served as the grooms best man during their wedding in 1925. When Bond arrives on the scene, he finds the Havelocks daughter, Judy, Judy kills von Hammerstein by shooting him in the back with an arrow from 100 yards away at the exact moment that he dives into a lake. A shoot-out then occurs between Bond and Gonzales and the two Cuban gunmen, Bond kills all of them and returns to Canada with Judy, who has been wounded during the gunfight. After completing a mission in the Bahamas, Bond is in Nassau, when the other guests have left, Bond remarks that, if he ever marries, he imagines it would be nice to marry an air hostess. The Governor then tells Bond the story of a relationship between a civil servant Philip Masters and air hostess Rhoda Llewellyn. After meeting aboard a flight to London, the married and went to live in Bermuda. As a result, Masters work deteriorated, and he suffered a nervous breakdown, after recovering, he was given a break from Bermuda by the Governor and sent on an assignment to Washington
5.
The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)
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The Spy Who Loved Me is the ninth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published by Jonathan Cape on 16 April 1962. Bond himself does not appear until two thirds of the way through the book, Fleming wrote a prologue to the novel giving Michel credit as a co-author. Broccoli, rather than any aspects of the plots, however, the character of Jaws is loosely based on one of the characters in the book and a British paperback edition was published after his death. A heavily adapted version of The Spy Who Loved Me appeared in the Daily Express newspaper in daily strip format in 1967–1968. In 1977 the title was used for the film in the Eon Productions series. It was the third to star Roger Moore as Bond and used no plot elements from the novel, Fleming structured the novel in three sections—Me, Them and Him to describe the phases of the story. Their physical relationship ended that night and Viv was subsequently rejected when Mallaby sent her a letter from Oxford University saying he was engaged to someone else by his parents. Vivs second love affair was with her German boss, Kurt Rainer and she informed Rainer and he paid for her to go to Switzerland to have an abortion, telling her that their affair was over. Two mobsters, Sluggsy Morant and Sol Horror Horowitz, both of work for Sanguinetti, arrive and say they are there to look over the motel for insurance purposes. The two have been hired by Sanguinetti to burn down the motel so that Sanguinetti can make a profit on the insurance, the blame for the fire would fall on Viv, who was to perish in the incident. The mobsters are cruel to Viv and, when she says she not want to dance with them, they attack her, holding her down. They are about to continue the attack with rape when the door buzzer stops them, Him British secret service agent James Bond appears at the door asking for a room, having had a flat tyre while passing. Bond quickly realises that Horror and Sluggsy are mobsters and that Viv is in danger, pressuring the two men, he eventually gets the gangsters to agree to provide him a room. That night Sluggsy and Horror set fire to the motel and attempt to kill Bond, a gun battle ensues and, during their escape, Horror and Sluggsys car crashes into a lake. Bond and Michel retire to bed, but Sluggsy is still alive and makes an attempt to kill them. As Viv finishes reading the note, a police detachment arrives. Viv reflects on this as she motors off at the end of the book, continuing her tour of America, continuation Bond author Raymond Benson sees Vivienne Michel as the best realised female characterisation undertaken by Fleming, partly because the story is told in the first person narrative. Academic Jeremy Black notes that Michel is the closest Fleming gets to kitchen sink realism in the Bond canon, she has been a victim of life in the past, but is wilful and tough, too
6.
Kevin McClory
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Kevin ODonovan McClory was an Irish screenwriter, producer, and director. McClory was best known for adapting Ian Flemings James Bond character for the screen, for producing Thunderball, McClory was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin, in 1924, and suffered from dyslexia. His grandmother, Alice McClory, was related to the Brontë family. McClorys parents, Thomas John ODonovan McClory and Winifred were actors, as a teenaged radio officer in the British Merchant Navy, McClory endured attacks by German U-boats on two different occasions. The first attack occurred on 20 September 1942 was while he was serving aboard The Mathilda, a U-Boat surfaced and attacked the ship with heavy machine gun fire. The crew of the ship fired back and the U-Boat retreated, the second attack occurred on 21 February 1943 when McClory was serving on the Norwegian tanker Stigstad, which was attacked by torpedo from multiple U-boats. The ship sank and McClory and the survivors made it to a life raft. They survived in conditions for two weeks and traveled more than 600 miles before being rescued off the coast of Ireland. Two seaman died on the raft and a third died soon after they were rescued, McClory suffered severe frostbite and lost the ability to speak for more than a year after the incident. When he recovered his voice he was left with a pronounced stammer and he served out the rest of the war in the British Navy. McClory started a career at Middlesexs Shepperton Studios as a boom operator and location manager. He was an assistant to John Huston on films including The African Queen and he was an Assistant Director on Hustons version of Moby-Dick, and Associate Producer and Second Unit Director on Mike Todds Around the World in 80 Days. McClory was romantically involved with Elizabeth Taylor, although he and Taylor reportedly had plans to marry, Taylor would eventually leave him for her future husband Mike Todd. Todd and McClory fell out over Taylor yet they managed to complete the cut of the film side by side. The trio would eventually reconcile and they remained friends until Todds untimely death in 1958, in 1957 McClory led an expedition of 25 men in an attempt to drive around the world. He filmed a documentary of the adventure, One Road, as well as a series of ads for his sponsor Ford Motor Company, the team completed the journey in 104 days. He later wrote, produced and directed the 1957 film, The Boy, Bryce was a close friend of Ian Fleming. In 1958 Fleming approached McClory to produce the first Bond film, McClory rejected all of Flemings books but felt that the character James Bond could be adapted for the screen
7.
SPECTRE
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SPECTRE is a fictional organisation featured in the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, the films based on those novels, and James Bond video games. Led by evil genius and supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the international organisation first formally appeared in the novel Thunderball and in the film Dr. No. SPECTRE began in the novels as a group of criminals but became a vast international organisation with its own SPECTRE Island training base in the films. In Ian Flemings novels, SPECTRE is a commercial enterprise led by Blofeld and their début is in the 9th Bond book, Thunderball. Flemings SPECTRE has elements inspired by mafia syndicates and organised crime rings that were hunted by law enforcement in the 1950s. During the events of Thunderball, SPECTRE successfully hijack two nuclear warheads and plan to hold the world to ransom, Blofeld, with a weakened SPECTRE, would appear for the final time in book 12, You Only Live Twice. By this point, the organisation has largely been shut down, in the films, the organisation often acts as a third party in the ongoing Cold War. Its long-term strategy, however, is illustrated by the analogy of the three Siamese fighting fish Blofeld keeps in an aquarium in the version of From Russia with Love. Blofeld notes that one fish is refraining from fighting two others until their fight is concluded, then, that cunning fish attacks the weakened victor and kills it easily. Thus SPECTREs main strategy is to instigate conflict between two enemies, namely the superpowers, hoping that they will exhaust themselves and be vulnerable when it seizes power. SPECTRE thus works with, and against, both sides of the Cold War, in both the film and the novel Thunderball, the physical headquarters of the organisation are laid in Paris, operating behind a terrorist front organisation aiding refugees. Organisational discipline is notoriously draconian, with the penalty for disobedience or failure being death, SPECTRE is headed by the supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld who usually appears accompanied by a Chinchilla Persian cat in the films, but not in the books. In both the films and the novels, Emilio Largo is the second in command and it is stated in the novel that if something were to happen to Blofeld, Largo would assume command. Largo appears in the novel Thunderball, the version and its remake, Never Say Never Again. Members are typically referred to by number rather than by name, in the novels, the numbers of members were initially assigned at random and then rotated on a regular basis to prevent detection. However, in the films the number indicates rank within the organisation, Blofeld is always referred to as Number 1 and Emilio Largo, the SPECTRE cabinet had a total of twenty-one members. Blofeld was the chairman and leader because he founded the organisation, a physicist named Kotze and an electronics expert named Maslov were also included in the group for their expertise on scientific and technical matters. In the original Bond novel series, SPECTREs first and last appearance as a power is in the novel Thunderball
8.
Secret Intelligence Service
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The Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence agency of the British government. The SIS Chief is held accountable to the Foreign Secretary, SIS is bound by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience during the First World War when it was known by many names, the existence of the SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994. It forms a part of the UKs intelligence machinery alongside GCHQ, MI5, in late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its then 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within the UK and his remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure. Since 1995, the SIS headquarters have been at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the River Thames, the service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities and this specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914 and its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink and this usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity. The services performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself, most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia. After the war, resources were reduced but during the 1920s. In August 1919, Cumming created the new passport control department, the post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity. Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office, the debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. In the immediate post-war years under Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, an economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband. A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives, Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would organise the Home Defence Scheme resistance organisation in the UK, with the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction. Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies, the extensive double-cross system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit
9.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
10.
Felix Leiter
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Felix Leiter is a fictional character created by Ian Fleming in the James Bond series. The character is an operative for the CIA and Bonds friend, after losing a leg and his hand to a shark attack, Leiter joined the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The name Felix comes from the name of Flemings friend Ivar Bryce, while the name Leiter was the surname of Flemings friend Marion Oates Leiter Charles. Leiter has also appeared in the video game 007 Legends, Fleming named the character after two of his American friends, Felix was Ivar Bryces middle name, whilst Tommy Leiter was a mutual friend. Academic Kerstin Jütting describes Leiter as a cool and quiet character who knows 007s strengths. Physically, Fleming describes Leiter in Casino Royale, a mop of straw-coloured hair lent his face a look which closer examination contradicted. Leiter is Bonds saviour in Casino Royale, providing him with 32 million francs when Bond has been cleaned out by SMERSH paymaster Le Chiffre, calling it Marshall Aid. Academic Jeremy Black agrees, although points out that the Bond and he, the American, takes orders from Bond, the Britisher, and that Bond is constantly doing better than he. Bond scholars Bennett and Woollacott note that although the two men share adventures, it is Bond who leads, not Leiter, Leiters role is to suppl Bond with technical support and hardware, add. Flemings second novel, Live and Let Die shows that in his early twenties, Leiter wrote a few pieces on Dixieland jazz for the New York Amsterdam News. Espionage scholar Rupert Allason, writing as Nigel West, noted that Leiters involvement in a domestic US matter was a breach of the CIAs charter, as laid out in the National Security Act of 1947. According to Bond scholar Henry Chancellor, the speed and comfort of it impressed Ian, for the post-Fleming continuation Bond authors, Leiter has also appeared on a periodic basis. Raymond Benson also included Leiters character in some of his novels, including The Facts of Death, similarly the more recent continuation Bond novels—the 2008 Sebastian Faulks novel Devil May Care and the 2011 novel Carte Blanche by Jeffery Deaver—both contained the character. Leiter, who was an agent for Station S, was a combination of the novels Felix Leiter, Jack Lord was the first Felix Leiter, appointed into the role for the first Bond film, Dr. No. Eon Productions started filming the series out of the written by Fleming. Leiter was not present in the Fleming novel, but the added the character to the film. Jeremy Black agrees, although points out that the inclusion of Leiter was a sign of American influence in the Caribbean, Lord played Leiter in a swaggering fashion, according to Smith and Lavington, and they considered him excellent, an effective American version of James Bond. Bond scholars Pfeiffer and Worrall agree, stating that Lords was one of the most satisfying portrayals of Leiter, the producers instead decided to recast the role, initially with Austin Willis
11.
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and a supervillain from the James Bond series of novels and films, created by Ian Fleming. A criminal with aspirations of world domination, he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond, Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE and is commonly referred to as Number 1, an official numerical position given to members of SPECTRE. The character was written by Fleming as a physically massive man, standing around 6 ft 3 in and weighing 21.6 stone. He also appears in Never Say Never Again, the remake of Thunderball. Blofeld has been played on screen by Donald Pleasence, Telly Savalas, Charles Gray, Max von Sydow and it was initially a convention of the films not to show Blofelds face, only a close-up of him stroking his white blue-eyed Persian cat. Evil and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth, Ian Fleming includes information about Blofelds background in his novel Thunderball. After the First World War, Blofeld became a Polish national, as a young man, he was well-versed in the social science disciplines, but also in the natural science and technology disciplines. He first graduated from the University of Warsaw with a degree in Political History and Economics and he was then hired by the Polish Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and appointed to a sensitive communication position, which he used for buying and selling stocks at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Correctly foreseeing the coming of World War II, Blofeld made copies of top-secret wires, during the war, he sold information to both sides. After the defeat of Erwin Rommel, he decided to back the Allied war effort, Blofeld then moved temporarily to South America before founding SPECTRE. In the John Gardner novel For Special Services, Blofeld is depicted as having had a daughter with a French mistress named Nena and it is commonly believed that the name Blofeld was inspired by the English cricket commentator Henry Blofelds father, with whom Fleming went to school. Henry Blofeld offered on the BBC Radio 4 series Just a Minute that Ian took my fathers name as the name of the baddie, Blofeld makes three appearances in Ian Flemings novels. He first appears in a role as the leader of SPECTRE in the 1961 novel Thunderball. The plot that he formulates is carried out by his second-in-command Emilio Largo, Blofeld is described physically as a massive man, weighing roughly 20 stone, has black crew-cut hair, black eyes, heavy eyelashes, a thin mouth, and long pointed hands and feet. He has violet-scented breath from chewing flavoured cachous, a habit he adopts whenever he must deliver bad news, a meticulous planner of formidable intellect, he seems to be without conscience but not necessarily insane, and is motivated solely by financial gain. Blofelds lifestyle is described in one chapter in Thunderball, For the rest, he didnt smoke or drink and he didnt even eat very much. Blofeld is absent from the novel, The Spy Who Loved Me. Perhaps less calculating than previously, he is saddled with the exploitable weakness of snobbery about his assumed nobility
12.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)
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On Her Majestys Secret Service is the tenth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 1 April 1963. The initial and secondary print runs sold out, with over 60,000 books sold in the first month, Fleming wrote the book in Jamaica whilst the first film in the Eon Productions series of films, Dr. No, was being filmed nearby. On Her Majestys Secret Service is the book in what is known as the Blofeld trilogy. The story centres on Bonds ongoing search to find Ernst Stavro Blofeld after the Thunderball incident, after meeting him and discovering his latest plans, Bond attacks the centre where he is based, although Blofeld escapes in the confusion. Bond meets and falls in love with Contessa Teresa Tracy di Vicenzo during the story, the pair marry at the end of the story but Blofeld kills Bonds wife, hours after the ceremony. Fleming made a number of revelations about Bonds character within the book, on Her Majestys Secret Service received broadly good reviews in the British and American press. The novel was adapted to run as a story in Playboy in 1963. In 1969 the novel was adapted as the film in the Eon Productions James Bond film series and was the only film to star George Lazenby as Bond. In 2014 On Her Majestys Secret Service was adapted as a play on BBC Radio, for more than a year, James Bond, British Secret Service operative 007, has been involved in Operation Bedlam, trailing the private criminal organisation SPECTRE and its leader, Ernst Stavro Blofeld. The organisation had hijacked two nuclear devices and subsequently blackmailed the western world, as described in Thunderball, convinced SPECTRE no longer exists, Bond is frustrated by MI6s insistence that he continue the search and his inability to find Blofeld. He composes a letter of resignation for his superior, M, the following day Bond follows her and interrupts her attempted suicide, but they are captured by professional henchmen. They are taken to the offices of Marc-Ange Draco, head of the Unione Corse, Tracy is the daughter and only child of Draco who believes the only way to save his daughter from further suicide attempts is for Bond to marry her. To facilitate this, he offers Bond a dowry of £1 million, Bond refuses the offer, afterwards Draco uses his contacts to inform Bond that Blofeld is somewhere in Switzerland. On a visit to the College of Arms, Bond finds that the motto of Sir Thomas Bond is The World Is Not Enough. Blofeld has undergone plastic surgery partly to remove his earlobes, but also to himself from the police. Bond learns Blofeld has been curing a group of young British and Irish women of their livestock, believing himself discovered, Bond escapes by ski from Piz Gloria, chased by SPECTRE operatives, a number of whom he kills in the process. Afterward, in a state of exhaustion, he encounters Tracy. She is in the town at the base of the mountain after being told by her father that Bond may be in the vicinity, Bond is too weak to take on Blofelds henchmen alone and she helps him escape to the airport
13.
You Only Live Twice (novel)
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You Only Live Twice is the eleventh novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series of stories. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1964, the book holds the distinction of being the last novel by Fleming to be published in his lifetime, with subsequent works being published posthumously. You Only Live Twice is the chapter in what is known as the Blofeld Trilogy. The story starts eight months after the murder of Tracy Bond, James Bond is drinking and gambling heavily and making mistakes on his assignments when, as a last resort, he is sent to Japan on a semi-diplomatic mission. Whilst there he is challenged by the Head of the Japanese Secret Service to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, Bond realises that Shatterhand is Ernst Stavro Blofeld and sets out on a revenge mission to kill him and his wife, Irma Bunt. The novel deals on a level with the change in Bond from a depressed man in mourning, to a man of action bent on revenge. Through the mouths of his characters, Fleming also examines the decline of post-World War II British power and influence, notably in relation to the United States. The book was popular with the public, with pre-orders in the UK totalling 62,000, critics were more muted in their reactions, the story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper and Playboy magazine, and also adapted for comic strip format in the Daily Express. In 1967, it was released as the entry in the Eon Productions James Bond film series. The novel has also adapted as a radio play and broadcast on the BBC. After the wedding-day murder of his wife, Tracy, Bond begins to let his slide, drinking and gambling heavily, making mistakes. In exchange, the Secret Service will allow the Japanese access to one of their own information sources, Bond is introduced to Tanaka—and to the Japanese lifestyle—by an Australian intelligence officer, Dikko Henderson. When Bond raises the purpose of his mission with Tanaka, it transpires that the Japanese have already penetrated the British information source and Bond has nothing left to bargain with. Instead, Tanaka asks Bond to kill Dr. Guntram Shatterhand, after examining photos of Shatterhand and his wife, Bond discovers that Shatterhand and his wife are Tracys murderers, Ernst Stavro Blofeld and Irma Bunt. Bond gladly takes the mission, keeping his knowledge of Blofelds identity a secret so that he can exact revenge for his wifes death. Made up and trained by Tanaka, and aided by former Japanese film star Kissy Suzuki, Bond attempts to live, Tanaka renames Bond Taro Todoroki for the mission. After surviving a near execution, Bond exacts revenge on Blofeld in a duel, Blofeld armed with a sword, Bond eventually kills Blofeld by strangling him, then blows up the castle. Upon escaping, he suffers an injury, leaving him an amnesiac living as a Japanese fisherman with Kissy, while the rest of the world believes him dead
14.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
15.
Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook
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The young Max Aitken had a gift for making money and was a millionaire by 30. His business ambitions quickly exceeded opportunities in Canada and he moved to Britain, There he befriended Andrew Bonar Law and with his support won a seat in the House of Commons at the general election held in December 1910. During World War I, he ran the Canadian Records office in London, the resulting Tory-led coalition government, rewarded Aitken with a peerage and, briefly, a Cabinet post as Minister of Information. Post-war, the now Lord Beaverbrook concentrated on his business interests, Beaverbrook supported appeasement throughout the 1930s but was persuaded by another long standing political friend, Winston Churchill, to serve as Minister of Aircraft Production in 1940. After numerous clashes with other Cabinet members he resigned in 1941, Beaverbrook spent his later life running his newspapers, which by then included the London Evening Standard and the Sunday Express. He served as Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and developed a reputation as a historian with his books on political, the following year, the family moved to Newcastle, New Brunswick which Aitken considered to be his hometown. It was here, at the age of 13, that he set up a school newspaper, whilst at school, he delivered newspapers, sold newspaper subscriptions and was the local correspondent for the St. John Daily Star. Aitken took the examinations for Dalhousie University, but because he had refused to sit the Greek. He registered at the Kings College Law School, but left after a short while and this was to be his only formal higher education. Aitken worked in a shop then borrowed money to move to Chatham, New Brunswick where he worked as a local correspondent for the Montreal Star, sold life insurance. Aitken attempted to train as a lawyer and worked for a time in the law office of Richard Bedford Bennett. Aitken managed Bennetts successful campaign for a place on Chatham Town Council, after an unsuccessful attempt to establish a meat business, Aitken returned to Saint John and to selling insurance. In 1900, Aitken made his way to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where John F. Stairs, in 1904, when Stairs launched the Royal Securities Corporation, Aitken became a minority shareholder and the firms general manager. Under the tutelage of Stairs, who would be his mentor and friend, Stairs unexpected early death in late September 1904 led to Aitken acquiring control of the company and moving to Montreal. There he bought and sold companies, invested in stocks and shares and he started a weekly magazine, the Canadian Century in 1910, invested in the Montreal Herald and almost acquired the Montreal Gazette. In 1907 he founded the Montreal Engineering Company, Canada was booming economically at the time and Aitken had a monopoly on the material. Aitken sold his shares, making a large amount of money, in 1910 Aitken moved to Britain and he became friends with Andrew Bonar Law, another native of New Brunswick and the only Canadian to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The two men had a lot in common—they were both sons of the manse from Scottish-Canadian families and both were successful businessmen, Aitken persuaded Bonar Law to support him in standing for the Unionist Party in the December 1910 general election at Ashton-under-Lyne
16.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
17.
Thunderball (film)
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Thunderball is the fourth spy film in the James Bond series starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is an adaptation of the novel of the name by Ian Fleming. It was directed by Terence Young with its screenplay by Richard Maibaum, the search leads Bond to the Bahamas, where he encounters Emilio Largo, the card-playing, eye patch-wearing SPECTRE Number Two. Backed by CIA agent Felix Leiter and Largos mistress, Domino Derval, the film had a complex production, with four different units and about a quarter of the film consisting of underwater scenes. Thunderball was the first Bond film shot in widescreen Panavision and the first to have running time of two hours. The lawsuit was settled out of court and Bond film series producers Albert R, the film was a success, earning a total of $141.2 million worldwide, exceeding the earnings of the three previous Bond films. In 1966, John Stears won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, Thunderball is the second-most financially successful film of the series when adjusting for inflation, after Skyfall. Some critics and viewers showered praise on the film and branded it an addition to the series, while others complained of the repetitively monotonous aquatic action. In 1983, Warner Bros. released a film adaptation of the novel under the title Never Say Never Again. James Bond attends the funeral of Colonel Jacques Bouvar, a SPECTRE operative, Bouvar is alive and disguised as his own widow, but Bond identifies him. Following him to a château, Bond fights and kills him, escaping using a jetpack and his Aston Martin DB5, conveniently driven up by French agent, at a SPECTRE meeting in Paris, chaired by the enigmatic No. 1, Emilio Largo introduces the groups latest project, stealing two atomic bombs and holding NATO for ransom, the plot begins at the Shrublands sanatorium, located close to an air force base. Coincidentally, James Bond is at Shrublands to improve his health, there he notices Count Lippe, a suspicious man with a Tong tattoo. Bond searches Lippes room, but is leaving by Lippes clinic neighbour. Lippe tries to murder Bond with a traction machine, but Bond is saved by his physiotherapist. Lippe and Angelo, the man, are part of SPECTRES plot. Derval is murdered by Angelo, who takes his place on the flight, hijacks the plane, Angelo submerges the jet and the atomic bombs are retrieved by SCUBA-equipped SPECTRE operatives, commanded by Largo. Angelo is killed by Largo for trying to more money than had been agreed
18.
Sean Connery
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Sir Thomas Sean Connery is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globes. He was knighted by Elizabeth II in July 2000 after receiving Kennedy Center Honors in the US in 1999, Connery was the first actor to portray the character James Bond in film, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables, Connery has been polled as The Greatest Living Scot and Scotlands Greatest Living National Treasure. In 1989, he was proclaimed Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine, Thomas Sean Connery, named Thomas after his grandfather, was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland on 25 August 1930. His mother, Euphemia McBain Effie, was a cleaning woman and his paternal grandfathers parents emigrated to Scotland from Ireland in the mid-19th century. The remainder of his family was of Scottish descent, and his maternal great-grandparents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife and his father was a Roman Catholic, and his mother was a Protestant. He has a brother, Neil. He was generally referred to in his youth as Tommy, although he was small in primary school, he grew rapidly around the age of 12, reaching his full adult height of 6 ft 2 in at 18. He was known during his teen years as Big Tam, and has stated that he lost his virginity to a woman in an ATS uniform at the age of 14. Connerys first job was as a milkman in Edinburgh with St. Cuthberts Co-operative Society, one tattoo is a tribute to his parents and reads Mum and Dad, and the other is self-explanatory, Scotland Forever. Connery was later discharged from the navy on medical grounds because of a duodenal ulcer, Scotland, Archie Brennan, a coffin polisher. The modelling earned him 15 shillings an hour, student artist Richard Demarco who painted several notable early pictures of Connery described him as very straight, slightly shy, too, too beautiful for words, a virtual Adonis. Connery began bodybuilding at the age of 18, and from 1951 trained heavily with Ellington, Connery was a keen footballer, having played for Bonnyrigg Rose in his younger days. He was offered a trial with East Fife, while on tour with South Pacific, Connery played in a football match against a local team that Matt Busby, manager of Manchester United, happened to be scouting. According to reports, Busby was impressed with his physical prowess, Connery admits that he was tempted to accept, but he recalls, I realised that a top-class footballer could be over the hill by the age of 30, and I was already 23. I decided to become an actor and it turned out to be one of my more intelligent moves, looking to pick up some extra money, Connery helped out backstage at the Kings Theatre in late 1951. He became interested in the proceedings, and a career was launched, the production returned the following year out of popular demand, and Connery was promoted to the featured role of Lieutenant Buzz Adams, which Larry Hagman had portrayed in the West End. While in Edinburgh, Connery was targeted by the notorious Valdor gang, there Connery launched an attack single-handedly against the gang members, grabbing one by the throat and another by a biceps and cracked their heads together
19.
Never Say Never Again
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It is the second adaption of Flemings Thunderball, which was previously adapted as the 1965 film of the same name. Unlike the majority of Bond films, Never Say Never Again was not produced by Eon Productions, McClory, one of the original writers of the Thunderball storyline, retained the filming rights of the novel following a rights controversy. Sean Connery played the role of James Bond for the seventh and final time, the films title is a reference to Connerys reported declaration in 1971 that he would never again play that role. As Connery was 52 at the time of filming, the features an aging Bond. Filming locations included France, Spain, the Bahamas and Elstree Studios in England, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, to date, owns the distribution rights and also distributes Eons Bond films, and the company has handled subsequent home video releases of the film. After MI6 agent James Bond,007, fails a routine training exercise, his superior, M, while there, Bond witnesses a mysterious nurse named Fatima Blush giving a sadomasochistic beating to a patient in a nearby room. The mans face is bandaged and after Blush finishes her beating, Bond is seen by Blush and an attempt is subsequently made to kill him in the clinic gym, but Bond manages to defeat the assassin. Blush and her charge, a United States Air Force pilot named Jack Petachi, are operatives of SPECTRE, a criminal organisation run by Ernst Stavro Blofeld. While doing so, he replaces the dummy warheads of two cruise missiles with nuclear warheads, SPECTRE then steals the warheads, intending to extort billions of dollars from NATO governments. Blush murders Petachi to cover SPECTREs tracks, under orders from the Prime Minister, M reluctantly reactivates the double-0 section and Bond is assigned the task of tracking down the missing weapons. He meets Domino Petachi, the sister, and her wealthy lover, Maximillian Largo. Bond follows Largo and his yacht to the Bahamas, where he spars with Blush, Bond is informed by Nigel Small-Fawcett of the British Consulate that Largos yacht is now heading for Nice, France. There, Bond joins forces with his CIA counterpart, Felix Leiter, Bond goes to a health and beauty centre where he poses as an employee and, whilst giving Domino a massage, is informed by her that Largo is hosting an event at a casino that evening. At the charity event, Largo and Bond play a 3-D video game called Domination, while dancing with Domino, Bond informs her that her brother had been killed on Largos orders. Bond returns to his villa to find that Nicole, his French contact, has killed by Blush. After a vehicle chase on his motorbike, Blush captures Bond and she admits that she is impressed with him, and forces Bond to declare in writing that she is his Number One sexual partner. Bond distracts her with promises, then uses his Q-branch-issue fountain pen to shoot Blush with an explosive dart, Bond and Leiter attempt to board Largos motor yacht, the Flying Saucer, in search of the missing nuclear warheads. He attempts to make Largo jealous by kissing Domino in front of a two way mirror, Largo becomes enraged, traps Bond and takes him and Domino to Palmyra, Largos base of operations in North Africa
20.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
21.
Toby Stephens
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Toby Stephens is an English stage, television, and film actor who has appeared in films in both Hollywood and Bollywood. Stephens, the son of actors Dame Maggie Smith and Sir Robert Stephens, was born in London. He was educated at Aldro and Seaford College and he trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Stephens began his career with the role of Othello in 1992s Orlando. He has since made appearances on television and on stage. He played the role in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Coriolanus shortly after graduation from LAMDA. He also played Stanley Kowalski in a West End production of Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire and he has appeared on Broadway in Ring Round the Moon. He played the lead in the film Photographing Fairies and played Orsino in Trevor Nunns 1996 film adaptation of William Shakespeares Twelfth Night, in 2002 he took on the role for which he is most widely known, that of Gustav Graves in the James Bond film Die Another Day. Aged 33 at the time of release, he remains the youngest actor to have played a Bond villain. In 2005 he played the role of a British Army captain in the Indian film, The Rising, Ballad of Mangal Pandey, the following year he returned to India to play a renegade British East India Company officer in Sharpes Challenge. During mid-2007, Stephens played the role of Jerry in a revival of Harold Pinters Betrayal under the direction of Roger Michell, later that year, Stephens also starred as Horner in Jonathan Kents revival of William Wycherleys The Country Wife. Various members of the company are expected to star in upcoming productions at the Haymarket Theatre with various artistic directors, the formation of the company is considered by many London theatre critics to be a bold move for West End theatre. In February 2008, the Fox Broadcasting Company gave the go-ahead to cast Stephens as the lead in a one hour, prime time US television show, Inseparable. Billed as a modern Jekyll and Hyde story, the show was to feature a partially paralysed forensic psychologist whose other personality is a charming criminal, Stephens casting was highly unusual, because Fox had not yet approved a script nor purchased a pilot for the show. However, in mid-May 2008, The Hollywood Reporter announced that y the time the network picked up the pilot. In May 2008, Stephens performed the role of James Bond in a BBC Radio 4 production of Ian Flemings Dr. No, as part of the centenary celebration of Flemings birth. The production was reportedly the first BBC radio dramatisation of the novel though Moonraker was on South African radio in 1956, also in May 2008, Stock-pot Productions announced that Stephens will have the lead role in a feature-length film entitled Fly Me, co-starring Tim McInnerny. Stock-pot was also the producer of One Day, a short 2006 film shown at film festivals
22.
Tom Conti
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Thomas Antonio Tom Conti is a Scottish actor, theatre director and novelist of Italian Scots descent. He has won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play in 1979 for his performance in Whose Life Is It Anyway and he has also been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1983 film, Reuben, Reuben. Conti was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, the son of hairdressers Mary and he was brought up Roman Catholic, but he considers himself anti-religious. Contis father was Italian and his mother was Scottish, Conti was educated at Hamilton Park School, an independent Catholic boys school in Glasgow, and at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. Conti is a theatre, film and television actor and he began working with the Dundee Repertory in 1959. He appeared on Broadway in Whose Life Is It Anyway, in 1979, and in London he played the lead in Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell at the Garrick Theatre. Contis novel The Doctor, about a former Secret Operations pilot with Intelligence Services, was published in 2004 and he appeared in the hit BBC sitcom Miranda alongside Miranda Hart and Patricia Hodge, as Mirandas father, in the 2010 seasonal episode The Perfect Christmas. Conti has been married to Scottish actress Kara Wilson since 1967 and their daughter Nina is an actress and ventriloquist, Conti is a prominent resident of Hampstead in north west London, having lived in the area for several decades. Conti was part of a campaign against the opening of a Tesco supermarket in nearby Belsize Park, Conti put his Hampstead house up for sale in 2015 for £17.5 million after his long running opposition to the building plans of his neighbour, the footballer Thierry Henry. Conti had also opposed development plans for Hampsteads Grove Lodge, the 18th-century Grade II listed former home of novelist John Galsworthy, Conti considered running as the Conservative candidate in the 2008 London mayoral election. However he did not, and in the election in 2012. In the run up to the 2015 general election, he said in an interview published in newspapers that he had come to view socialism as a religion with a vicious. And that Conservatism was about enabling people to improve their lives
23.
M (James Bond)
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M is a fictional character in Ian Flemings James Bond book and film series, the character is the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service—also known as MI6—and is Bonds superior. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence, M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. Fleming based much of Ms character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, after Flemings death, Godfrey complained He turned me into that unsavoury character, M. A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as M, the tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial C with green ink. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled a plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. A naval theme runs throughout Flemings description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist and Bond scholar Ben Macintyre as every inch the naval martinet. Macintyre also notes that in his study of Flemings work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described Ms voice, being, angry, brutal, cold, curt, dry, gruff, stern, testy. Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to Ms background. In On Her Majestys Secret Service it is revealed that Ms pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 in cash or gilt-edged securities. Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier, as a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as Infuriator and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a bad mood. In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun, M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, in Gardners final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. Continuation Bond author Raymond Bensons 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervys retirement, the book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley. M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, Dr. No, in Dr. No, M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7, Lee had originally said MI6, earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator. Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was the incarnation of Flemings crusty admiral. Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only, later films referred to Lees tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6s Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough. Featured in The likeness of Lee was used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of James Bond 007, after Lees death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy
24.
Macau
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Macau, also spelled Macao, officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the western side of the Pearl River Delta in East Asia. Macau is bordered by the city of Zhuhai in Mainland China to the north, Hong Kong lies about 64 kilometres to its east across the Delta. With a population of 650,900 living in an area of 30.5 km2, Macau was administered by the Portuguese Empire and its inheritor states from the mid-16th century until late 1999, when it constituted the last remaining European colony in Asia. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 1550s, in 1557, Macau was leased to Portugal from Ming China as a trading port. The Portuguese Empire administered the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887, sovereignty over Macau was transferred back to China on 20 December 1999. The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau and Macau Basic Law stipulate that Macau operate with a degree of autonomy until at least 2049. Macau participates in international organizations and events that do not require members to national sovereignty. Macau is a city in Southern China, known for its casinos. Its gaming revenue has been the worlds largest since 2006, with the heavily dependent on gaming. According to The World Factbook, Macau has the fourth highest life expectancy in the world, the present Chinese name means Inlet Gates. Macau is otherwise known in Chinese as Haojing or Jinghai, the name Macau is thought to be derived from the A-Ma Temple, a temple built in 1448 dedicated to Mazu, the goddess of seafarers and fishermen. It is said that when the Portuguese sailors landed at the coast just outside the temple and asked the name of the place, the Portuguese then named the peninsula Macau. The history of Macau is traced back to the Qin dynasty, the first recorded Chinese inhabitants of the area were people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols during the Southern Song. Under the Ming dynasty, fishermen migrated to Macau from Guangdong, the Macau native people were Tanka boat people. Macau did not develop as a settlement until the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. In 1513, Jorge Álvares became the first Portuguese to land in China, in 1535, Portuguese traders obtained the rights to anchor ships in Macaus harbours and to carry out trading activities, though not the right to stay onshore. In 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau, the Portuguese continued to pay an annual tribute up to 1863 in order to stay in Macau. By 1564, Portugal commanded western trade with India, Japan, but their pride was damaged by the indifference with which the Chinese treated them
25.
Bond girl
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A Bond girl is a character who is a love interest and/or female sidekick of James Bond in a novel, film, or video game. There is no set rule on what kind of person a Bond girl will be or what role she will play and she may be an ally or an enemy of Bond, pivotal to the mission or simply eye candy. However, it has argued that Ms pivotal role in the plot of Skyfall qualifies her as a Bond girl or Bond woman. Nearly all of Ian Flemings Bond novels and short stories include one or more characters who can be said to qualify as Bond girls. While Flemings Bond girls have some traits, they also have a great many characteristics in common. One of these is age, The typical Bond girl is in her early to mid-twenties, roughly ten years younger than Bond, examples include Solitaire, Tatiana Romanova, Vivienne Viv Michel, and Kissy Suzuki. The youngest Bond girl may be Gala Brand, she is named for the cruiser in which her father is serving at the time of her birth, Bonds youngest sexual partner in the books is Mariko Ichiban, an 18-year-old masseuse in You Only Live Twice. The eldest Bond girls are Pussy Galore, whom Bond speculates is in her early 30s, Bond girls conform to a fairly well-defined standard of beauty. They possess splendid figures and tend to dress in a masculine, assertive fashion, wear little jewellery—and that in a masculine cut—wide leather belts. Nearly all of them are white, they often sport light though noticeable suntans and their hair may be any colour, though they typically wear it in a natural or casual cut that falls heavily to their shoulders. Their features, especially their eyes and mouths, are widely spaced. Even Domino, however, wears rather masculine jewellery, the best-known characteristic of Bond girls apart from their uniform beauty is their pattern of sexually suggestive names, such as Pussy Galore. Names with less obvious meanings are sometimes explained in the novels, Flemings penchant for double-entendre names began with the first Bond novel Casino Royale. Several Bond girls, however, have normal names, most Bond girls are apparently sexually experienced by the time they meet Bond. Tiffany Case was gang-raped as a teenager, Honey Ryder, too, was beaten, Pussy Galore was sexually abused at age 12 by her uncle. While there is no such clear-cut trauma in Solitaires early life, there are suggestions that she, too, avoids men because of their unwanted sexual advances in her past. Kissy Suzuki reports to Bond that during her career in Hollywood, when she was 17, They thought that because I am Japanese I am some sort of an animal. The cliché reaches its most extreme level in Goldfinger, in this novel Pussy Galore is portrayed as a practising lesbian when she first meets Bond, but at the end of the novel she sleeps with him
26.
Avro Vulcan
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The Avro Vulcan is a jet-powered tailless delta wing high-altitude strategic bomber, which was operated by the Royal Air Force from 1956 until 1984. Roe and Company designed the Vulcan in response to Specification B. 35/46, of the three V bombers produced, the Vulcan was considered the most technically advanced and hence the riskiest option. Several scale aircraft, designated Avro 707, were produced to test, the Vulcan B.1 was first delivered to the RAF in 1956, deliveries of the improved Vulcan B.2 started in 1960. The B.2 featured more powerful engines, a larger wing, as a part of the V-force, the Vulcan was the backbone of the United Kingdoms airborne nuclear deterrent during much of the Cold War. The Vulcan had no defensive weaponry, initially relying upon high-speed high-altitude flight to evade interception, Electronic countermeasures were employed by the B.1 and B.2 from circa 1960. A change to low-level tactics was made in the mid-1960s, in the mid-1970s nine Vulcans were adapted for maritime radar reconnaissance operations, redesignated as B.2. In the final years of service six Vulcans were converted to the K.2 tanker configuration for aerial refuelling, B.2 XH558 flew for the last time in October 2015, before also being kept in taxiable condition at Robin Hood Airport, Doncaster. The origin of the Vulcan and the other V bombers is linked with early British atomic weapon programme, Britains atom bomb programme began with Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.1001 issued in August 1946. This anticipated a government decision in January 1947 to authorise research and development work on atomic weapons, atomic Energy Act of 1946 having prohibited exporting atomic knowledge, even to countries that had collaborated on the Manhattan Project. OR.1001 envisaged a weapon not to exceed 24 ft 2 in in length,5 ft in diameter and 10,000 lb in weight, the weapon had to be suitable for release from 20,000 ft to 50,000 ft. A cruising speed of 500 knots at heights between 35,000 ft and 50,000 ft was specified, the maximum weight when fully loaded ought not to exceed 100,000 lb. In addition to a bomb, the aircraft was to be capable of alternatively carrying a conventional bomb load of 20,000 lb. The similar OR.230 required a long range bomber with a 2,000 nautical miles radius of action with a weight of 200,000 lb when fully loaded. A total of six companies submitted technical brochures to this specification, the team estimated that an otherwise conventional aircraft, with a swept wing of 45°, would have doubled the weight requirement. Though Alexander Lippisch is generally credited as the pioneer of the delta wing, the initial design submission had four large turbojets stacked in pairs buried in the wing either side of the centreline. Outboard of the engines were two bomb-bays, in August 1947, Chadwick was killed in the crash of the Avro Tudor 2 prototype and was succeeded by Sir William Farren. The wingtip fins gave way to a single fin on the aircrafts centreline, rival manufacturer Handley Page received a prototype contract for its crescent-winged HP.80 B. 35/46 tender in November 1947. Though considered the best option, contract placement for Avros design was delayed whilst its technical strength was established, instructions to proceed with the construction of two Avro 698 prototypes was received in January 1948
27.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign
28.
Message
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A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients. A message may be delivered by means, including courier, telegraphy, carrier pigeon. A message can be the content of a broadcast, an interactive exchange of messages forms a conversation. One example of a message is a communiqué, which is a report or statement released by a public agency. In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal, A verbal message is an exchange of information using words, examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc. A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words, instant messaging and e-mail are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another. In a related use of this sense of a message, in object-oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk or Java, media related to Messages at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of message at Wiktionary
29.
V bomber
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The strategic bombers, whose names all started with the letter V and which were known collectively as the V-class, were the Vickers Valiant, Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor. The V-Bomber force reached its peak in June 1964, with 50 Valiants,70 Vulcans and 39 Victors in service, for long-range operations, aerial refueling tanker variants of each were developed. When it became clear that Soviet surface-to-air missiles could successfully bring down high flying aircraft, as a result, the Valiants were removed from service after problems with fatigue in their wings became apparent, a planned low-level variant of the Valiant did not progress beyond the prototype. The Valiants had been used during the Suez Crisis as conventional bombers, Victors had been deployed to the Malay Archipelago as a deterrent during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation but were not used in missions. Usage of all V bombers as weapons platforms, nuclear or conventional, RAF Bomber Command ended the Second World War with a policy of using heavy four-piston-engined bombers for massed raids and remained committed to this policy in the immediate post-war period. The RAF adopted the Avro Lincoln, a version of the Lancaster. In November 1944, the UK Chiefs of Staff had requested a report from Sir Henry Tizard on potential future means of warfare. Reporting without knowledge of the Allied effort to produce an atomic bomb and it foresaw the devastating effects of atomic weapons and envisaged high-flying jet bombers cruising at 500 mph at 40,000 ft. It was thought that potential aggressors may be deterred by the knowledge that Britain would retaliate with atomic weapons if attacked, massed bombers were unnecessary if a single bomber could destroy an entire city or military installation with a nuclear weapon. It would have to be a bomber, since the first generation of nuclear weapons were big. Such a large and advanced bomber would be expensive on a unit basis, the arrival of the Cold War also emphasised to British military planners the need to modernise UK forces. S. The RAFs then-current jet bomber the English Electric Canberra, introduced in May 1951 and designed during the war and this request went to most of the United Kingdoms major aircraft manufacturers. A third design was put forward by Shorts, based on the work of Geoffrey T. R. Hill, work on the Victor began in November 1947 and the Vulcan in January 1948. In August 1947 Short Brothers received a contract for the Short Sperrin SA.4 based on the earlier less-stringent Specification B. 14/46, the Sperrin was cancelled in late 1949, but work on the three V bombers continued. While more expensive than the American approach of building one bomber design per category, the three V-bombers were so called because of being given names starting with the letter V. During World War II, Churchill had popularized the V-sign as a symbol for victory over the axis powers, the Valiant went into production as the first V-bomber in 1955. 83, at RAF Waddington in May 1957, the American weapons supplied under Project E were not available for the RAF to use as part of the UKs national nuclear deterrent, only British-owned weapons could be used for that purpose. Although often referred-to as part of the V-force, the Valiants were actually assigned to SACEUR as part of the TBF, although remaining nominally part of Bomber Command
30.
MoD Boscombe Down
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MoD Boscombe Down is an aircraft testing site located at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England. It is run and managed by QinetiQ, the created as part of the breakup of the Defence Evaluation. It is the home of the Empire Test Pilots School, the site was formerly known as RAF Boscombe Down and since 1939 has evaluated aircraft for the British armed forces. The following squadrons were based here between 1930 and 1939, No.9 Squadron RAF between 1930 and 1935 with the Vickers Virginia, No.10 Squadron RAF between 1931 and 1937 with the Virginia and the Handley Page Heyford. No.51 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1938 with the Virginia, Avro Anson and the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, No.58 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1938 with the Anson and the Whitley. No.78 Squadron RAF between 1936 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.88 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1939 with the Hawker Hind and the Fairey Battle. No.97 Squadron RAF between 1935 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.150 Squadron RAF between 1938 and 1939 with the Battle. No.166 Squadron RAF between 1936 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.214 Squadron RAF between 1935 and 1935 with the Virginia. No.217 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1937 with the Anson, No.218 Squadron RAF between 1938 and 1939 with the Battle. No.224 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1937 with the Anson, No.35 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Handley Page Halifax I. No.56 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Hawker Hurricane I, No.109 Squadron RAF between 1940 and 1942 with the Whitley, Anson and Vickers Wellington. No.249 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Hurricane.1067, Westland Wyvern and it was also formerly home to the School of Aviation Medicine. In 1992 the site was renamed the Aircraft and Armament Evaluation Establishment when experimental work moved to the Defence Research Agency. Responsibility for the site passed from the MoD Procurement Executive to the Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation in 1993, following the creation of QinetiQ in 2001, a 25-year Long Term Partnering Agreement was established with the MOD. Boscombe Down remains a government airfield but operated by QinetiQ on behalf of the MOD, the Joint Test and Evaluation Group was established under the control of RAF Air Command and together with QinetiQ forms the Aircraft Test and Evaluation Centre. This unique partnership is charged with the test and evaluation of future, the military personnel of the JTEG play a central role in the test and evaluation process alongside their QinetiQ colleagues. A small part of Boscombes history is being preserved in the US, the Anglo American Lightning Organisation are returning to flight the former ETPS English Electric Lightning, XS422. The group is basing the restoration in the US as the CAA is expected to refuse permission for the aircraft to fly in the UK
31.
NATO
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved
32.
Disco Volante (ship)
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Throughout the James Bond series of films and novels, Q Branch has given Bond a variety of vehicles with which to battle his enemies. One car in particular that has linked to Mr. Bonds collection is the Aston Martin DB5. This is a list of the most noteworthy vehicles seen in James Bond, used by either Bond himself, Bamford & Martin 1.5 litre Side Valve The Bamford & Martin 1.5 litre Side Valve Short Chassis Tourer was James Bonds first car. He inherited it around Easter 1933 in the first Young Bond novel SilverFin from his uncle Max at the age of thirteen, Bond regularly drove the car, although he was underage, and stored it in a nearby garage while he attended Eton. The car was destroyed in the third Young Bond novel, Double or Die, Aston Martin DB Mark III Bond drives an Aston Martin DB Mark III, which is referred to as a DB III in the novel Goldfinger. The DB3 was a car designed specifically for racing and is unlikely that Bond would drive one, the DB Mark III is often called the DB III and is more comparable to its description in Flemings novel. This car was the only vehicle to be mentioned in the original Bond novels. Bentley Mark IV There has never been a Bentley model known as the Mark IV, Bentley firm, nor from Rolls-Royce after the takeover of Bentley Motors in 1931. The Mark IV appellation seems to have created by Ian Fleming. In contradistinction to the films, James Bonds official car in the Ian Fleming novels was a grey 1933 Bentley convertible, the car featured a 4.5 L engine with the Amherst Villiers supercharger. In the novels, no gadgets were installed, this was Bonds personal vehicle that is mentioned in Casino Royale as being a hobby that Bond enjoys working on. Its only armament, in the novels, is a.45 Colt Army Special revolver Bond keeps in the glove compartment, the novel version of the Bentley Mark IV was destroyed during a chase sequence in Moonraker. In From Russia with Love, the only known to be included was a car phone. The film version of Goldfinger strongly implies that the Bentley was issued to Bond by Q-Branch, since he asks Q about the vehicle and he is given the Aston Martin instead. In Casino Royale, Fleming writes that Bond bought the car almost new in 1933 and had it stored during the war, in Live and Let Die Fleming states the automobiles year as 1933, however in Moonraker Fleming states it is from 1930. This earlier date is the one, as the Bentley 4½ Litre ceased production in 1930. Bentley Mark VI Made in 1953, Bond purchases his second Bentley towards the end of the novel, like his previous Bentley, the Mark VI is grey with dark blue leather upholstery. After Moonraker this model is never mentioned again, Bentley Mark II Continental A Bentley Mark II Continental was featured in the novel Thunderball and is Bonds final Bentley
33.
Central Intelligence Agency
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As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
34.
Pinkerton (detective agency)
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Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. Pinkertons agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work, Pinkerton was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world at the height of its power. The ensuing battle between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to the deaths of seven Pinkerton agents and nine steelworkers, the organization was pejoratively called the Pinks by its opponents. The company now operates as Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations, Inc. d. b. a, Pinkerton Corporate Risk Management, a division of the Swedish security company Securitas AB. The former Government Services division, PGS, now operates as Securitas Critical Infrastructure Services, in the 1850s, Allan Pinkerton met Chicago attorney Edward Rucker in a local Masonic Hall and formed the North-Western Police Agency, later known as the Pinkerton Agency. Historian Frank Morn writes, By the mid-1850s a few businessmen saw the need for control over their employees. In February 1855, Allan Pinkerton, after consulting with six midwestern railroads, in 1871, Congress appropriated $50,000 to the new Department of Justice to form a suborganization devoted to the detection and prosecution of those guilty of violating federal law. The amount was insufficient for the DOJ to fashion an integral investigating unit, white, who had been hired as a Special Officer during a strike, was shot and killed. July 19,1919, Hans Rassmuson, Special Officer, was shot, March 12,1924, Frank Miller, Pinkerton Watchman, was shot and killed. Gowen, then president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, hired the agency to investigate the labor unions in the companys mines, the incident inspired Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes novel The Valley of Fear. This resulted in a fight and siege in which 16 men were killed and 23 others were wounded. To restore order, two brigades of the Pennsylvania militia were called out by the Governor, as a legacy of the Pinkertons involvement a bridge connecting the nearby Pittsburgh suburbs of Munhall and Rankin was named Pinkertons Landing Bridge. In 1895, detective Frank Geyer tracked down the murderer of the three Pitezel children, leading to the trial and execution of the United States first known serial killer H. H. Holmes. His story is told in his book, The Holmes-Pitezel Case, Pinkertons had previously apprehended Holmes in 1894 in Boston on an outstanding warrant for insurance fraud perpetrated in Chicago. Harry Orchard was arrested by the Idaho police and confessed to Pinkerton agent James McParland that he assassinated former Governor Frank Steunenberg of Idaho in 1905. Orchard testified, under threat of hanging, against Western Federation of Miners president Big Bill Haywood, with a stirring defense by Clarence Darrow, Haywood and the other defendants of the WFM were acquitted in a nationally publicized trial. Orchard received a sentence, but it was commuted. In 1890, Indiana University hired the Pinkerton Agency to investigate the authorship of a student bogus that had been distributed throughout town, while boguses were not uncommon, this particular one attacked IU faculty and students with such graphic language that Bloomington residents complained
35.
Nassau, Bahamas
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Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has an population of 274,400 as of 2016. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, nassaus modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American Revolutionary War. Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants, as the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today the city dominates the island and its satellite, Paradise Island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed, most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War, they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the Creole case in 1841, were allowed to settle there, Nassau was formerly known as Charles Town, it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 during one of their frequent wars with the English. The name Nassau derives from the House of Nassau and ultimately from the town of Nassau, due to a lack of effective Governors, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau, from 1703 to 1718 there was no governor in the colony and by 1713, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and they proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic, establishing themselves as governors. Examples of pirates that used Nassau as their base are Charles Vane, Thomas Barrow, Benjamin Hornigold, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, Mary Read, in 1718, the British sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on the pirates, reformed the civil administration, Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720 the Spanish made an attempt to capture Nassau. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies, Nassau experienced an economic boom, with funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled, in 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathburn, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two days. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for the last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5000 men
36.
Domino Vitali
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Dominetta Vitali, known simply as Domino, is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond novel, Thunderball. For the 1965 film adaptation of the name, her name was changed to Dominique Derval, nicknamed Domino. In the 1983 film adaptation Never Say Never Again, her character was renamed Domino Petachi, born Dominetta Petacchi, she is an Italian beauty from Bolzano who went to school in England at Cheltenham Ladies College. She later studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art until being forced to return to Italy and she changed her surname to Vitali, a stage name. While in Italy she also became the mistress of Emilio Largo, Bond meets Domino while in Nassau. She is staying on Largos yacht, the Disco Volante, for reasons she does not understand Largo makes her stay on land while he and his partners go prospecting for the hidden treasure. She also tells Bond that she has never been able to see the map that they use, although Bond is successful in engaging Domino in conversation, she snubs him, but later agrees to meet with him again when she returns to land. She also becomes testy when Bond uses her given name, Dominetta, when Bond and Domino meet again at the casino later, she has entirely changed. She tells Bond that she is tired of watching Largo show off and she explains to Bond that she is trapped like a bird in a gilded cage. Domino later reveals that Giuseppe Petacchi is her brother who she hasnt seen for some time. Bond finds out that Largo had Petacchi killed after Petacchi had hijacked bomber on SPECTREs behalf and he proves this to Domino, and recruits her as an ally to spy on Largo. Domino returns to Largos yacht, the Disco Volante, with a counter to verify the ship as the location of the two stolen nuclear bombs, however, she is uncovered and taken prisoner. Largo tortures her by burning her with a cigar for heat, Domino ultimately escapes as Largo attempts to carry out his plan. Before he can kill a weakened James Bond, she appears behind him and shoots him through the neck with a harpoon from a gun, avenging her brother. In early drafts of the screenplay, the characters name was Dominetta Palazzi. When Claudine Auger was cast as Domino, the surname was changed to Derval to reflect her nationality. Dominique Derval is seen when Bond is swimming in Nassau, her foot stuck in coral on the ocean floor. She swims up to her boat and thanks Bond, Bond swims back to his boat with his Nassau contact, Paula Caplan
37.
Mistress (lover)
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A mistress is a relatively long-term female lover and companion who is not married to her partner, especially when her partner is married. Generally, the relationship is stable and at least semi-permanent, but the couple does not live together openly and the relationship is usually, but not always, secret. There is often also the implication that the mistress is kept – i. e. that her lover is paying for some of her living expenses, the term mistress was originally used as a neutral feminine counterpart to mister or master. Historically the term has denoted a kept woman, who was maintained in a lifestyle by a wealthy man so that she would be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan depending on her situation and environment, historically, a man kept a mistress. As the term implies, he was responsible for her debts and provided for her in much the way as he did his wife. In more recent times, it is likely that the mistress has a job of her own. There is usually an emotional and possibly social relationship between a man and his mistress, whereas the relationship to a prostitute is predominantly sexual. The keeping of a mistress in Europe was not confined to royalty and nobility, any man who could afford a mistress could have one, regardless of social position. A wealthy merchant or a noble might have a kept woman. Being a mistress was typically an occupation for a woman who, if she were fortunate. The ballad The Three Ravens extolls the loyal mistress of a slain knight and it is noteworthy that the ballad-maker assigned this role to the knights mistress rather than to his wife. In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a king might have numerous mistresses, but have a single favourite mistress or official mistress, as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour. The mistresses of both Louis XV and Charles II were often considered to exert influence over their lovers. Other than wealthy merchants and kings, Alexander VI is but one example of a Pope who kept mistresses, while the extremely wealthy might keep a mistress for life, such was not the case for most kept women. Occasionally the mistress is in a position both financially and socially to her lover. In literature, D. H. Lawrences work Lady Chatterleys Lover portrays a situation where a woman becomes the mistress of her husbands gamekeeper, until recently, a womans taking a socially inferior lover was considered much more shocking than the reverse situation. As divorce became more acceptable, it was easier for men to divorce their wives and marry the women who, in earlier years
38.
Geiger counter
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It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube, which gives its name to the instrument. In wide and prominent use as a radiation survey instrument. Since then it has very popular due to its robust sensing element. However, there are limitations in measuring high radiation rates and the energy of incident radiation, a Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-Müller tube, the sensing element which detects the radiation, and the processing electronics, which displays the result. The Geiger-Müller tube is filled with a gas such as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure. The tube briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of incident radiation makes the gas conductive by ionization, the ionization is considerably amplified within the tube by the Townsend discharge effect to produce an easily measured detection pulse, which is fed to the processing and display electronics. This large pulse from the tube makes the G-M counter relatively cheap to manufacture, the electronics also generates the high voltage, typically 400–600 volts, that has to be applied to the Geiger-Müller tube to enable its operation. There are two types of radiation readout, counts or radiation dose, the counts display is the simplest and is the number of ionizing events displayed either as a count rate, commonly counts per second, or as a total over a set time period. The counts readout is normally used when alpha or beta particles are being detected, more complex to achieve is a display of radiation dose rate, displayed in a unit such as the sievert which is normally used for measuring gamma or X-ray dose rates. A G-M tube can detect the presence of radiation, but not its energy influences the radiations ionising effect. Consequently, instruments measuring dose rate require the use of an energy compensated G-M tube, the electronics will apply known factors to make this conversion, which is specific to each instrument and is determined by design and calibration. The readout can be analog or digital, and increasingly, modern instruments are offering serial communications with a host computer or network, there is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the number of ionization events detected. This is the distinctive sound associated with hand held or portable Geiger counters. The purpose of this is to allow the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument whilst retaining auditory feedback on the radiation rate, there are two main limitations of the Geiger counter. Because the output pulse from a Geiger-Müller tube is always the same regardless of the energy of the incident radiation. A further limitation is the inability to measure radiation rates due to the dead time of the tube. This is a period after each ionization of the gas during which any further incident radiation will not result in a count. Typically the dead time will reduce indicated count rates above about 104 to 105 counts per second depending on the characteristic of the tube being used, whilst some counters have circuitry which can compensate for this, for accurate measurements ion chamber instruments are preferred for high radiation rates
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Submarine
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A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability, the term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine. The noun submarine evolved as a form of submarine boat, by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, Submarines were first widely used during World War I, and now figure in many navies large and small. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection, Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology, most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the sail in American usage, a conning tower was a feature of earlier designs, a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins, smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water, Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers, modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle and its unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel and it was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England, in 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft, a mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemens Magazine reported that a design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. By this point of development, further improvement in design stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion. The first military submarine was the Turtle, a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person and it was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion
40.
Raymond Benson
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Raymond Benson is an American author best known for being the official author of the James Bond novels from 1997 to 2003. Benson was born in Midland, Texas and graduated from Permian High School in Odessa in 1973, in primary school Benson took an interest in the piano which would later in his life develop into an interest in composing music. Other hobbies include film history and criticism, writing, and designing computer games, in 1984, Benson wrote The James Bond Bedside Companion, a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. The book was updated in 1988 and has since been re-released digitally without further updating and it was nominated for an Edgar Award by Mystery Writers of America in the Best Biographical/Critical Work category. In 1985, he worked as a designer and writer on the computer game James Bond 007 and he followed this in 1986 with work on a computer game version of Goldfinger and co-authoring the You Only Live Twice II module of the popular role-playing game James Bond 007. In 1996, John Gardner resigned from writing Bond books, glidrose Publications promptly chose Benson to replace him. As a James Bond novelist, Raymond Benson was initially controversial for being American, the author did much to placate these concerns, however, and promptly embarked on regular tours to promote his novels in the UK, as well as occasional trips to mainland Europe. Several signing sessions were held at the offices of his UK publisher Hodder & Stoughton, in total, Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelizations, and three short stories. He was the first Bond author since Ian Fleming to write short stories, glidrose changed its name to Ian Fleming Publications commencing with Bensons novel, High Time to Kill. Benson resigned from writing Bond books in 2003, in 2008 High Time to Kill, Doubleshot, Never Dream of Dying and his 1997 short story Blast from the Past were grouped and released as an omnibus called The Union Trilogy, Three 007 Novels. In 2004, Benson began writing the first of two based on the acclaimed video game series, Splinter Cell, although both are credited to the pseudonym, David Michaels. Further titles in the Splinter Cell series have also credited to David Michaels. The first book, Tom Clancys Splinter Cell was published in 2004 followed by Tom Clancys Splinter Cell, in 2008 Benson wrote A Hard Days Death about a private investigator who looks into the death of a rock star. The book spawned a novel in 2009 called Dark Side of the Morgue. The two novels plus a short story, On the Threshold of a Death, were collected in 2011 as an e-book anthology, The Rock n Roll Detectives Greatest Hits. Benson also wrote the novelization of the video game Metal Gear Solid in 2008 and followed it in 2009 with a novelization of Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. His entry in the Gabriel Hunt pulp adventure series, Hunt Through Napoleons Web, further video game novelizations continued in 2011, when Benson co-authored Homefront--the Voice of Freedom with John Milius, as a prequel to the THQ videogame Homefront. 2012 saw the announcement that Benson would also write Hitman, Damnation, Bensons first novel in a series of womens action/adventure thrillers, The Black Stiletto, was published in September 2011
41.
Live and Let Die (novel)
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Live and Let Die is the second novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series of stories, and is set in London, the US and Jamaica. It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 5 April 1954, Fleming wrote the novel at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica before his first book, Casino Royale, was published, much of the background came from Flemings travel in the US and knowledge of Jamaica. Bond becomes involved in the US through Mr Bigs smuggling of 17th-century gold coins from British territories in the Caribbean, as with Casino Royale, Live and Let Die was broadly well received by the critics. The initial print run of 7,500 copies quickly sold out, US sales, when the novel was released there a year later, were much slower. Major plot elements from the novel were incorporated into the Bond films For Your Eyes Only in 1981. The British Secret Service agent James Bond is sent by his superior, M, to New York City to investigate Mr Big, real name Buonaparte Ignace Gallia. These gold coins have been turning up in Harlem and Florida and are suspected of being part of a treasure that was buried in Jamaica by the pirate Sir Henry Morgan, in New York Bond meets up with his counterpart in the CIA, Felix Leiter. The two visit some of Mr Bigs nightclubs in Harlem, but are captured, Bond is interrogated by Mr Big, who uses his fortune-telling employee, Solitaire, to determine if Bond is telling the truth. Solitaire lies to Mr Big, supporting Bonds cover story, Mr Big decides to release Bond and Leiter, and has his henchman Tee-Hee Johnson break one of Bonds fingers. On leaving, Bond kills Tee-Hee and several more of Mr Bigs men, while Leiter is released with minimal physical harm by a gang member, sympathetic because of a shared appreciation of jazz. Solitaire later leaves Mr Big and contacts Bond, the travel by train to St. Petersburg, Florida. While Bond and Leiter are scouting one of Mr Bigs warehouses used for storing exotic fish, Bond finds him in their safe house with a note pinned to his chest He disagreed with something that ate him. Bond then investigates the warehouse himself and discovers that Mr Big is smuggling gold coins by hiding them in the bottom of tanks holding poisonous tropical fish, which he is bringing into the US. He is attacked in the warehouse by the Robber, another of Mr Bigs men, during the resultant gunfight, Bond outwits the Robber and causes him to fall into the shark tank. Bond continues his mission in Jamaica, where he meets a fisherman, Quarrel, and John Strangways. Quarrel gives Bond training in scuba diving in the local waters, Bond swims through shark- and barracuda-infested waters to Mr Bigs island and manages to plant a limpet mine on the hull of his yacht before being captured once again by Mr Big. Bond and Solitaire are saved when the mine explodes seconds before they are dragged over the reef. Between January and March 1952 the journalist Ian Fleming wrote Casino Royale, his first novel, Fleming conducted research for Live and Let Die, and completed the novel before Casino Royale was published in January 1953, four months before his second book was published
