1.
Timberline Lodge ski area
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Timberline Lodge ski area is the ski and snowboarding area of Timberline Lodge, a National Historic Landmark in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is one of a few ski areas in the United States with most of the terrain below the main lodge. It is located on the face of Mount Hood, about 60 miles east of Portland. The lodge was constructed between 1936 and 1938 as a Works Progress Administration project during the Great Depression and that year, Timberline opened as Oregons first destination ski resort with a portable rope tow. The next year, the Magic Mile chairlift opened, as well as Silcox Hut, which sits about one thousand feet and a mile above the main lodge. Summer skiing and summer race camps began at Timberline in 1956, before the Palmer chairlift was constructed in 1983, the conditions at Timberline allowed skiing from the Mile November through July or August. With the Palmer, a surface is available year round. Timberline is the ski area in the states with lift accessed skiing and snowboarding all twelve months of the year. Ski and snowboard camps draw thousands of people to the slopes during the months of June, July, the Magic Mile chairlift was the longest chairlift in the world, and the second chairlift, of those built to be a chairlift when it opened in 1939. Financial troubles operating the Lodge and World War II closed it for years during the 1940s and 1950s. The ski area has operated since 1956. The original Palmer chairlift opened for 1978 summer ski season and it was a fixed double chair in basically the same location as the present chair, with the base station near Silcox Hut. The current Palmer chairlift was completed in 1996, and is built to withstand wind gusts of over 100 miles per hour and 200 inches of snow and its construction time was less than six months due to a limited building season imposed by the local weather conditions. The Jeff Flood Express detachable high speed quad chair opened for the 2007-2008 ski season, Jeff Flood also improves connectivity to Stormin Normin and Magic Mile lifts from the lower mountain. Thanks to the added terrain accessible from Jeff Flood, if the Palmer lift is open,3,620 Winter 2,500 early Summer 1,530 late Summer Timberline categorizes the terrain as beginner 20%, intermediate 50%, advanced 30%. Page 7 of the details the industry standard, which ranges from 2-5 expert skiers per acre up to 25-35 beginners per acre. It is scheduled for two weeks closure each September for maintenance, skiers, snowboarders, and sightseers ride up the Magic Mile chairlift to the Palmer Glacier and its lift, where most of the summer skiing takes place, particularly later in the season. In contrast to winter operations, the lifts are the busiest during the ski season Monday through Friday, mostly due to ski
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
4.
Government Camp, Oregon
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Government Camp is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, south of Mount Hood and north of Tom Dick and Harry Mountain. It is the town within 5 miles of Mount Hood. It is a gateway to several ski resorts, the most popular being Timberline Lodge, Government Camp also has its own, smaller ski resort, Summit Ski Area. Somewhat farther east there is very popular resort, Mount Hood Meadows. The community is located within the Mount Hood Corridor on U. S. Route 26, near its intersection with Oregon Route 35, as of the 2010 census, the community had a population of 193. Government Camp was given its name by settlers traveling the Barlow Road, who discovered several wagons abandoned there by the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen. A sign in front of the towns post office states, Formerly a camp on the old Barlow Road, over the last decade, Government Camp went through a revitalization effort due to a Clackamas County urban renewal district. With that district expiring in 2007, the community had been looking at ways to current services. At a town meeting on November 17,2006, citizens voted 41-58 not to form a village. Many residents voted against the proposal in order to seek incorporation, in May 2010, residents of the community voted on incorporation, but the measure failed by a vote of 48 against incorporation and 35 in favor of incorporation. Had the city been formed, the city would have had 138 registered voters within the city limits at the time of formation. S,26 road conditions near Government Camp, from Oregon Department of Transportation
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Gilbert Stanley Underwood
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Gilbert Stanley Underwood was an American architect best known for his National Park lodges. Born in 1890, Underwood received his B. A. from Yale in 1920, after opening an office in Los Angeles that year, he became associated with Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. This led to a commission with the Utah Parks Company of the Union Pacific Railroad which was developing the parks in hopes of producing destinations for travelers. During this time Underwood designed lodges for Cedar Breaks National Monument, Zion National Park, Bryce Canyon National Park, and his surviving Utah Parks Company buildings are considered exceptional examples of the Rustic style of architecture, and are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, Underwood was contracted to design Yosemite National Parks The Ahwahnee, also on the National Register, Underwood also designed stations for the Union Pacific, culminating in the magnificent Art Deco style station in Omaha in 1931. Then Underwood joined the Federal Architects Project in 1932. S, from 1947 to 1949, he was appointed as federal supervisory architect
7.
William Irving Turner
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William Irving Turner, commonly known as Tim Turner or W. I. Turner, was an American architect. He served as a U. S. Forest Service architect and is credited much of the design of Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon. He is given credit for design of Cascadian Rustic Silcox Hut. He contributed to works that are listed on the National Register with attribution to USDA Forest Svce. It is believed that Turners use of Picturesque style in the Timberline Lodge plans was influenced by architect A. E. Doyles works, with others he was recognized national Forest Service consulting architect W. Ellis Groben for developing the Cascadian Rustic style. Earlier in his career he worked for architect Victor W. Voorhies, including on the Vance Building
8.
Linn A. Forrest
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Linn Argyle Forrest, Sr. was an American architect of Juneau, Alaska who worked to restore authentic Southeast Alaska Native architecture, especially totem poles. During the 1930s and the Great Depression, he oversaw Civilian Conservation Corps programs of the New Deal to preserve totem poles and other aspects of traditional, native architecture. Drawing on this experience, he later wrote The Wolf and the Raven, Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska, Forrest designed the Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Center, the Juneau Federal Building and, with Harold B. Foss, the nearby Chapel by the Lake and he designed the Elvey Building and the Ernest N. Patty Gymnasium at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Forrest came to Alaska after working in the 1930s in Oregon, at one time he worked for the architecture group within the United States Forest Service Northwest regional office. Forrest married and had a family and his son, Linn Forrest, Jr. also became an architect. Together the two men designed the Alaska State Centennial Museum, Linn A. Forrest Photograph Collection, 1930s-1950s | Sealaska Heritage Institutes Collections Picasa collection of Linn A Forrest photos
9.
Mount Hood
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Mount Hood, called Wyeast by the Multnomah tribe, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. It was formed by a zone on the Pacific coast. It is located about 50 miles east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties, in addition to being Oregons highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence. The height assigned to Mount Hoods snow-covered peak has varied over its history, the peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range, Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier. The mountain has six ski areas, Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny and they total over 4,600 acres of skiable terrain, Timberline offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America. The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass, native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls. The Multnomah name for Mount Hood was Wyeast, in one version of the legend, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wyeast and Pahto, burned forests and villages in their battle over her, Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell and he made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wyeast, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Pahto. There are other versions of the legend, in another telling, Wyeast battles Pahto for the fair La-wa-la-clough. Or again Wyeast, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe and their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods, the mountain was given its present name on October 29,1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouvers discovery expedition. Lt. and seemed to announce a termination to the river, Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Lord Hood, a British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake. Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October 18,1805 and it is at this time topped with snow. We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain, Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Vancouvers Mount Hood, two French explorers from the Hudsons Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818
10.
Clackamas County, Oregon
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Clackamas County /ˈklækəmᵻs/ is a county in the U. S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 375,992 and its county seat is Oregon City. The county was named after the Native Americans living in the area, the Clackamas Indians, Clackamas County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Willamette Valley, originally named Clackamas District, it was one of the four original Oregon districts created by Oregons Provisional Legislature on July 5,1843 along with Twality, Champooick, and Yamhill. The four districts were redesignated as counties in 1845, at the time of its creation, Clackamas County covered portions of four present-day U. S. states and a Canadian province. The Columbia River became the boundary of the county in 1844. Soon after John McLoughlin staked a claim in Oregon City. Oregon City was also the site of the federal court west of the Rockies in 1849. The plat was filed in 1850 in the first plat book of the first office of records in the West Coast and is still in Oregon City, in 1902, the Willamette Meteorite was recovered from a field just outside present-day West Linn. As of August 2005, Clackamas is the first county in Oregon to have four models of governance for its communities, like the rest of Oregon, it has cities and rural communities. After completion of a process began late in 1999, the county adopted an ordinance on August 11,2005 which defined hamlets. By the November 30,2005 deadline, three communities had submitted petitions to start the process of becoming one, boring petitioned to become a village, but the application was rejected in a town hall referendum in August 2006. The communities along US26 near Mount Hood from Brightwood to Rhododendron petitioned to become The Villages at Mount Hood, Beavercreek petitioned to become a hamlet, and was officially recognized as such in September 2006. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,883 square miles. The county includes parts of two forests, Mount Hood National Forest and Willamette National Forest. The population density was 181 people per square mile, there were 136,954 housing units at an average density of 73 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 27% White,2. 45% Asian,0. 71% Native American,0. 66% Black or African American,0. 17% Pacific Islander,2. 28% from other races, and 2. 46% from two or more races. 4. 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 7% were of German,11. 6% English,9. 1% Irish and 7. 5% American ancestry
11.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
12.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
13.
Great Depression in the United States
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The Great Depression was the worst economic times in American history. Though, it was not just in the United States it was a world wide conundrum, Great Depression began in August 1929, when the United States economy first went into an economic recession. Although the country spent two months with declining Gross Domestic Product, the Gross Domestic Rate is a very important part of the United States economy. It is so important because it represents each total dollar value of all goods and it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes. Although its causes are uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden. The economy reached bottom in the winter of 1932–33, then four years of very rapid growth until 1937. The Depression caused major changes in America. Three years into the depression, President Herbert Hoover, widely blamed for not doing enough to combat the crisis, Roosevelts economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics. The Depression also resulted in an increase of emigration of people to countries for the first time in American history. For example, some went back to their native countries, and some native US citizens went to Canada, Australia. It also resulted in the migration of people from badly hit areas in the Great Plains and the South to places such as California. Racial tensions also increased during this time, by the 1940s immigration had returned to normal, and emigration declined. A well-known example of an emigrant was Frank McCourt, who went to Ireland and it also shaped modern American literature, resulting in famous novels such as John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men. Banks began to fail in October 1930 when farmers defaulted on loans, there was no federal deposit insurance during that time as bank failures were considered quite common. This worried depositors that they might have a chance of losing all their savings, therefore, people started to withdraw money, the decreased money supply further aggravated price deflation, putting further pressure on already struggling businesses. The U. S. paper value lost an astonishing 40% value loss, the US governments commitment to the gold standard prevented it from engaging in expansionary monetary policy. High interest rates needed to be maintained, in order to attract investors who bought foreign assets with gold
14.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
15.
Mount Hood National Forest
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The Mount Hood National Forest is 62 miles east of the city of Portland, Oregon, and the northern Willamette River valley. The Forest includes and is named after Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, the Forest encompasses some 1,067,043 acres. Forest headquarters are located in Sandy, Oregon, a 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was 345,300 acres. The Forest is divided into four separate districts - Barlow, Clackamas River, Hood River, in descending order of land area the National Forest is located in parts of Clackamas, Hood River, Wasco, Multnomah, Marion, and Jefferson counties. Mount Hood National Forest was first established as the Bull Run Forest Reserve in 1892 and it was merged with part of Cascade National Forest on July 1,1908 and named Oregon National Forest. The name was changed again to Mount Hood National Forest in 1924, in 2010, Mount Hood National Forest was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters program. The Mount Hood National Forest is one of the most-visited National Forests in the United States, less than five percent of the visitors camp in the forest. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail passes through the National Forest on the flanks of the mountain, Mount Hood is a popular destination for mountain climbers. Several nonprofits lead free hikes into the National Forest to build support for protection from logging and off-road vehicle use, including BARK. Mount Hood National Recreation Area was established within Mount Hood National Forest on March 30,2009, the recreation area comprises three separate units. There are eight designated wilderness areas within Mount Hood National Forest collectively adding up to 311,448 acres that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. A campaign which began in 2004 and is still running as of December 31st 2016. Mt. Hood has attempted at becoming a National Park since the early 20th century, Mount Hood National Forest - US Forest Service Mount Hood National Forest - Wildernet. com Hiking Mount Hood National Forest - GORP Mount Hood National Park Campaign - MHNPC
16.
Mount Hood Highway
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It is marked as U. S. Route 26 from Portland to near Mount Hood and Oregon Route 35 the rest of the way to Hood River. Much of the highway is part of the Mount Hood Scenic Byway, the Byways route includes parts of present-day U. S. Route 26 and Oregon Route 35 and the historic Barlow Road through the Mount Hood Corridor. It also forms a loop with the Historic Columbia River Highway, the portion from Sandy to Barlow Pass on the south flank of Mount Hood is aligned to the land portion of the historic Oregon Trail. It was developed in the 1840s as the Barlow Road, the highway begins in Portland at the west end of the Ross Island Bridge, with access to the Oswego Highway, Pacific Highway and Pacific Highway West. US26 itself heads west on Arthur Street, which is not a state-maintained Highway, after crossing the Willamette River on the Ross Island Bridge, the Highway is locally known as Powell Boulevard through Portland and Gresham. State maintenance ends at the Portland/Gresham border, beginning again where the Highway turns southeast at Burnside Street east of downtown Gresham, soon after that turn, Highway 26 uses the completed part of the Mount Hood Freeway to Sandy, where it runs through downtown on a one-way couplet. The section of Powell Boulevard from Interstate 205 east into downtown Gresham carries only two lanes. When I-205 was built, the ramps at Powell Boulevard were configured to allow traffic towards the west, with US26 east pointed along the four-lane Division Street. Division Street runs east into Gresham, where it meets Burnside Road, at which a turn to the southeast leads into the Mount Hood Highway. Despite this signage pointing US26 east on Division Street, traffic already on US26 is pointed straight along Powell Boulevard, in agreement with ODOTs route description. East of Sandy, the highway is an undivided highway approaching the slopes of Mount Hood. It is four lanes again through Government Camp, east of Government Camp is an interchange with Oregon Route 35, where US26 heads southeast on the Warm Springs Highway towards Madras and the Mount Hood Highway heads north with Route 35. Route 35 winds over Bennett Pass and around the side of Mount Hood. The Mount Hood Highway designation ends at the intersection with the Historic Columbia River Highway, to the north, the road continues as a spur of the Columbia River Highway No. 2, bringing US30 back onto that freeway, officially Route 35 heads west from there on US30 through Hood River to end at I-84 west of that town, but all signage ends at the end of the Mount Hood Highway. The general public uses the name Mount Hood Highway to refer to much the same route, excluding the portions inside Portland and western Gresham. Between 1955 and 1978, the 15-mile segment of the route through southeast Portland was proposed to be moved from Powell Boulevard to a new similar alignment known as the Mount Hood Freeway, due to intense local opposition, this proposed freeway was cancelled. From Troutdale, the Mount Hood Scenic Byway starts at the end of the Historic Columbia River Highway where the Troutdale Bridge crosses the Sandy River
17.
The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
18.
Weather vane
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A weather vane, wind vane, or weathercock is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. They are typically used as an ornament to the highest point of a building. Although partly functional, weather vanes are generally decorative, often featuring the traditional design with letters indicating the points of the compass. Other common motifs include ships, arrows and horses, not all weather vanes have pointers. The word vane comes from the Old English word fana meaning flag, below this was a frieze adorned with the eight Greek wind deities. The eight-metre-high structure also featured sundials, and a clock inside. It dates from around 50 BCE, the oldest existing weather vane with the shape of a rooster is the Gallo di Ramperto, made in 820 CE and now preserved in the Museo di Santa Giulia in Brescia, Lombardy. Pope Leo IV had a cock placed on the Old St. Peters Basilica or old Constantinian basilica. As a result of this, the cock gradually began to be used as a weather vane on church steeples, the Bayeux Tapestry of the 1070s depicts a man installing a cock on Westminster Abbey. One alternative theory about the origin of weathercocks on church steeples is that it was an emblem of the vigilance of the calling the people to prayer. Another theory says that the cock was not a Christian symbol, a few churches used weather vanes in the shape of the emblems of their patron saints. The City of London has two surviving examples, the weather vane of St Peter upon Cornhill is not in the shape of a rooster, but a key, while St Lawrence Jewrys weather vane is in the form of a gridiron. Early weather vanes had very ornamental pointers, but modern wind vanes are usually simple arrows that dispense with the directionals because the instrument is connected to a remote reading station, modern aerovanes combine the directional vane with an anemometer. Co-locating both instruments allows them to use the same axis and provides a coordinated readout, according to the Guinness World Records, the worlds largest weather vane is a Tío Pepe sherry advertisement located in Jerez, Spain. The city of Montague, Michigan also claims to have the largest standard-design weather vane, being a ship and arrow which measures 48 feet tall, a challenger for the title of worlds largest weather vane is located in Whitehorse, Yukon. The weather vane is a retired Douglas DC-3 CF-CPY atop a swiveling support, the weather vane only requires a 5 knot wind to rotate. The term weathervane is also a word for a politician who has frequent changes of opinion. The National Assembly of Quebec has banned use of this term as a slur after its use by members of the legislature
19.
Federal Writers' Project
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The Federal Writers Project was a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program and it was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal Project Number One. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, the Federal Writers Project was established July 27,1935, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The project operated under journalist and theatrical producer Henry Alsberg, and later John D. Newsome, compiling local histories, oral histories, ethnographies, childrens books, the most well-known of these publications were the 48 state guides to the United States known as the American Guide Series. The format was uniform, comprising essays on the history and culture, descriptions of its major cities, automobile tours were one of the important attractions. The Federal Writers Project was funded and put to work, as a Public Works in and around the west coast, through Washington, Oregon, the Federal Writers Project was charged with employing writers, editors, historians, researchers, art critics, archaeologists, geologists and cartographers. Some 6,600 individuals were employed by the Federal Writers Project, in each state a Writers Project non-relief staff of editors was formed, along with a much larger group of field workers drawn from local unemployment rolls. Many of these had never completed school, but most had formerly held white collar jobs of some sort. Most of the Writers Project employees were young in age. Some Federal Writers Project writers supported the movement and left-wing social and political themes. The rise of fascism and the opposition to Roosevelt administration policies by conservative critics led many WPA artists to voice a political position. Most Writers Project works were apolitical by their nature, but some histories and ethnographies were not, some projects were strongly opposed by some state legislatures, particularly the American Guide Series books, and in a few states Guide printings were kept to a minimal number of copies. Some of the work was an art in the sense that these were not attempts to sugar-coat the lives of the authentic folk in the realm of culture. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Marist College, and IBM, adding, The times had provided a human drama of immense proportions, thus, many fiction writers turned toward documenting the common people, those who suffered most brutally the effects of the Depression. The results were such books as Jack Conroys The Disinherited and John Steinbecks enduring classic The Grapes of Wrath, thousands worked on the project, including several well-known authors. Blakey estimates that at any one time the Indiana office had no fewer than 150 men and women on the payroll, fieldworkers made about $80 a month, working 20 to 30 hours a week. Very few African Americans worked for the projects, with the notable exception of the Illinois Writers Project. Federal sponsorship for the Federal Writers Project came to an end in 1939, a National Endowment for the Humanities-funded documentary about the Federal Writers Project, entitled Soul of a People, Writing Americas Story premiered on the Smithsonian Channel in September 2009
20.
Thuja plicata
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Thuja plicata is among the most widespread trees in the Pacific Northwest. It is associated with Douglas-fir and western hemlock in most places where it grows and it is found at the elevation range of sea level to a maximum of 2,290 m above sea level at Crater Lake in Oregon. In addition to growing in forests and mountainsides, western redcedar is also a riparian tree, growing in many forested swamps. The tree is shade-tolerant and able to reproduce under dense shade and it has been introduced to other temperate zones, including western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the eastern United States, and higher elevations of Hawaii. The species is naturalized in Britain, Thuja plicata is a large to very large tree, ranging up to 65 to 70 m tall and 3 to 4 m in trunk diameter, exceptionally even larger. Trees growing in the open may have a crown that reaches the ground, whereas trees densely spaced together will exhibit a crown only at the top and it is long-lived, some individuals can live well over a thousand years, with the oldest verified being 1460 years. The foliage forms flat sprays with scale-like leaves in opposite pairs, the foliage sprays are green above and green marked with whitish stomatal bands below, they are strongly aromatic, with a scent reminiscent of pineapple when crushed. The individual leaves are 1 to 4 mm long and 1 to 2 mm broad on most foliage sprays, the cones are slender,10 to 18 mm long, and 4 to 5 mm broad, with 8 to 12 thin, overlapping scales. They are green to yellow-green, ripening brown in fall about six months after pollination, the seeds are 4 to 5 mm long and 1 mm broad, with a narrow papery wing down each side. The pollen cones are 3 to 4 mm long, red or purple at first, Thuja plicata is one of two Thuja species native to North America, the other being Thuja occidentalis. The species name derives from the Latin word plicare, meaning folded in plaits or braided. In the American horticultural trade, it is known as the giant arborvitae. Other names include giant redcedar, Pacific redcedar, shinglewood, British Columbia cedar, canoe cedar, arborvitae comes from the Latin for tree of life, coincidentally, Native Americans of the West coast also address the species as long life maker. The Quinault Lake Redcedar was the largest known western redcedar in the world, the Quinault Lake Redcedar was 174 feet tall with a diameter of 19.5 feet at breast height. The Quinault Lake Red Cedar was destroyed by a series of storms in 2014 and 2016 and is now only a glorified stump, the second largest is the Cheewhat Lake Cedar, in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island, at 15,870 cubic feet. The tallest known individual is the Willaby Creek Tree south of Lake Quinault,195 feet in height, the fifth known largest was the Kalaloch Cedar in the Olympic National Park, at 12,370 cubic feet, until it was destroyed by storm in March 2014. A redcedar over 71 m tall,4.5 m in diameter and that tree now lies in Giants Grave, a self dug grave created by the force of its own impact. The soft red-brown timber has a tight, straight grain and few knots and it is valued for its distinct appearance, aroma, and its high natural resistance to decay, being extensively used for outdoor construction in the form of posts, decking, shingles, and siding
21.
Douglas fir
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Pseudotsuga menziesii, commonly known as Douglas fir or Douglas-fir, is an evergreen conifer species native to western North America. The common name honors David Douglas, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature, the common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i. e. not a member of the genus Abies. For this reason the name is written as Douglas-fir. The specific epithet, menziesii, is after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician, Menzies first documented the tree on Vancouver Island in 1791. Colloquially, the species is known simply as Doug-fir or as Douglas pine. One Coast Salish name for the tree, used in the Halkomelem language, is lá, one variety, coast Douglas fir, grows in the coastal regions, from west-central British Columbia southward to central California. In Oregon and Washington, its range is continuous from the edge of the Cascades west to the Pacific Coast Ranges. In California, it is found in the Klamath and California Coast Ranges as far south as the Santa Lucia Range, in the Sierra Nevada, it ranges as far south as the Yosemite region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to 1,800 m above sea level in the mountains of California. Further inland, coast Douglas fir is replaced by another variety, mexican Douglas fir, which ranges as far south as Oaxaca, is often considered a variety of P. menziesii. Coast Douglas fir is currently the second-tallest conifer in the world. Extant coast Douglas fir trees 60–75 m or more in height and 1. 5–2 m in diameter are common in old growth stands, Douglas firs commonly live more than 500 years and occasionally more than 1,000 years. The bark on trees is thin, smooth, and gray. On mature trees, it is thick and corky, the shoots are brown to olive-green, turning gray-brown with age, smooth, though not as smooth as fir shoots, and finely pubescent with short, dark hairs. The buds are a distinctive, narrow, conic shape, 4–8 mm long. Unlike the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, coast Douglas fir foliage has a noticeable sweet fruity-resinous scent, the mature female seed cones are pendulous, 5–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide when closed, opening to a 4 cm width. They are produced in spring, green at first, maturing orange-brown in the autumn 6–7 months later, the seeds are 5–6 mm long and 3–4 mm wide, with a 12–15-mm wing. The male cones are 2–3 cm long, dispersing yellow pollen in spring, in forest conditions, old individuals typically have a narrow, cylindric crown beginning 20–40 m above a branch-free trunk
22.
Tsuga mertensiana
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Mertensiana refers to Karl Heinrich Mertens, a German botanist who collected the first specimens as a member of a Russian expedition in 1826-1829. Tsuga mertensiana is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to 20 to 40 m tall. They have a diameter of up to 2 m. The bark is thin and square-cracked or furrowed, and gray in color, the crown is a neat, slender, conic shape in young trees with a tilted or drooping lead shoot, becoming cylindric in older trees. At all ages, it is distinguished by the pendulous branchlet tips. The shoots are orange–brown, with dense pubescence about 1 mm long, the leaves are needle-like,7 to 25 mm long and 1 to 1. The cones are small, pendulous, cylindrical,30 to 80 mm long and 8 to 10 mm broad when closed, opening to 12 to 35 mm broad and they have thin, flexible scales 8 to 18 mm long. The immature cones are dark purple, maturing red–brown 5 to 7 months after pollination, the seeds are red–brown,2 to 3 mm long, with a slender,7 to 12 mm -long pale pink–brown wing. Their ranges, however, differ in California, where western hemlock is restricted to the Coast Ranges and mountain hemlock is found in the Klamath Mountains, there are three taxa, two subspecies and a minor variety, Tsuga mertensiana subsp. Cones smaller,30 to 60 mm long,12 to 25 mm broad when open, leaves greener, less glaucous above, paler below, cones indistinguishable from the type. At one time it was thought to be a hybrid with western hemlock, T. hookeriana Carrière, T. crassifolia Flous. Cones larger,45 to 80 mm long,20 to 35 mm broad when open, Mountain hemlock is usually found on cold, snowy subalpine sites where it grows slowly, sometimes attaining more than 800 years in age. Arborescent individuals that have narrowly conical crowns until old age and shrubby krummholz on cold, areas occupied by mountain hemlock generally have a cool to cold maritime climate that includes mild to cold winters, a short, warm-to-cool growing season and moderate to high precipitation. Best development of mountain hemlock is on loose, coarse-textured, well-drained soils with adequate moisture, adequate soil moisture appears to be especially important in California and Montana, where summer drought is most pronounced. Mountain hemlock will grow on most landforms, but individuals typically develop best in mixed stands of forest on sheltered slopes or in draws, from southern British Columbia south, the tree grows better on northerly exposures. In these locations, mountain hemlock typically grows in isolated populations in north-facing glens and cirque basins where snow collects, Mountain hemlock is adapted to sites with long-lasting snowpacks. In the spring, mountain hemlocks emerging through 2 to 4 m of snow were transpiring, Mountain hemlock is well adapted to cope with heavy snow and ice loads, with tough branches and the drooping branchlets shedding snow readily. Mountain hemlock is tolerant of shade and other forms of competition and it is more tolerant than all its associates except Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and Alaska cedar
23.
Juniperus occidentalis
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Juniperus occidentalis is a shrub or tree native to the western United States, growing in mountains at altitudes of 800–3,000 metres and rarely down to 100 metres. The Juniperus occidentalis shoots are of moderate thickness among junipers, 1-1.6 mm diameter, the leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three, the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad. The juvenile leaves are needle-like, 5–10 mm long, the cones are berry-like, 5–10 mm in diameter, blue-brown with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain one to three seeds, they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring, there are two Juniperus occidentalis varieties, treated as subspecies by some botanists, Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Western Juniper. Southeast Washington, eastern and central Oregon, southwest Idaho, northeastern California and extreme northwest Nevada, north of 40°30 N latitude, a shrub or small tree 4–15 m tall. About 50% of plants are monoecious with both sexes on the plant, 50% dioecious, producing cones of only one sex. Juniperus occidentalis var. australis Sierra juniper, California and westernmost Nevada, south of 40°30 N latitude in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains. A medium-sized tree 12–26 m tall with a trunk up to 3 m diameter. Most plants dioecious, but about 5-10% are monoecious, the Bennett Juniper in the Stanislaus National Forest of California is considered the oldest and largest example at possibly 3000 years old, with a height of 26 m and a diameter of 3.88 m. Juniperus occidentalis usually occurs on dry, rocky sites where there is competition from larger species like ponderosa pine. In very exposed positions at high altitude, they can assume a krummholz habit, hybrids with Juniperus osteosperma are occasionally found. Adams, R. P. Junipers of the World, The genus Juniperus, trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4250-X Chase, J. Smeaton. Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains, LCC QK495. C75 C4, with illustrations by Carl Eytel - Kurut, Gary F. Carl Eytel, Southern California Desert Artist, California State Library Foundation, Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20 retrieved Nov.13,2011 Conifer Specialist Group, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature
24.
Pinus ponderosa
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It is the most widely distributed pine species in North America. It grows in various forms from British Columbia southward and eastward through 16 western U. S. states and has been successfully introduced in temperate regions of Europe. It was first documented into modern science in 1826 in eastern Washington near present-day Spokane, on that occasion, David Douglas misidentified it as Pinus resinosa. In 1829, Douglas concluded that he had a new pine among his specimens, in 1836, it was formally named and described by Charles Lawson, a Scottish nurseryman. It is the state tree of Montana. Pinus ponderosa is a large pine tree. The bark helps to distinguish it from other species, mature to over-mature individuals have yellow to orange-red bark in broad to very broad plates with black crevices. Younger trees have blackish-brown bark, referred to as blackjacks by early loggers, ponderosa pines five subspecies, as classified by some botanists, can be identified by their characteristically bright, green needles. The Pacific subspecies has the longest—19.8 cm or 7.8 in—and most flexible needles in fascicles of three. The Columbia ponderosa pine has long—12. 0–20.5 cm or 4. 7–8.1 in—and relatively flexible needles in fascicles of three. The Rocky Mountains subspecies has shorter—9. 2–14.4 cm or 3. 6–5.7 in—and stout needles growing in scopulate fascicles of two or three. The southwestern subspecies has 11. 2–19.8 cm or 4. 4–7.8 in, needles are widest, stoutest, and fewest for the species. Sources differ on the scent of P. ponderosa, but it is more or less of turpentine, some state that it has no distinctive scent. The National Register of Big Trees lists a ponderosa pine that is 235 ft tall and 324 in in circumference, in January 2011, a Pacific ponderosa pine in the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest in Oregon was measured with a laser to be 268.35 ft high. The measurement was performed by Michael Taylor and Mario Vaden, a professional arborist from Oregon, the tree was climbed on October 13,2011, by Ascending The Giants and directly measured with tape-line at 268.29 ft high. This is the second tallest known pine after the sugar pine and this species is grown as an ornamental plant in parks and large gardens. The trees were burned and blown over. Pinus ponderosa is a dominant tree in the Kuchler plant association, like most western pines, the ponderosa generally is associated with mountainous topography
25.
Ahwahnee Hotel
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The Ahwahnee Hotel is a grand hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, on the floor of Yosemite Valley, constructed from steel, stone, concrete, wood and glass, which opened in 1927. It is an example of National Park Service rustic architecture and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The hotel was built by two companies that were merged when the National Park Service began leasing concessions to a single concessionaire in 1925. The Curry Company, owned by David and Jennie Curry and the Yosemite Park Company, the structure originally served as both a luxury hotel and the company offices of YPC&CC. Delaware Norths contract ended on March 1,2016 when The National Park Service selected Aramark as the new concessionaire, David and Jennie Curry, owners and operators of Curry Village, were schoolteachers who arrived in Yosemite Valley in 1899. The couple offset some of their costs by giving camping tours. For three summers in a row, the Currys led teachers on camping outings to Yellowstone with horse and wagon, arriving in Yosemite with a cook, despite the two week, round trip travel period from Merced, California, the camp registered 292 guests its first year. The couple brought their three children with them, foster, Mary and Marjorie all helped out where they were able. The Curry Company came to dominate the politics of the park for decades, David wrote the Secretary of the Interior, Franklin Lane, in an effort extend the parks tourist season, hoping to expand his business. The Currys were adept at promotion and revived an old tradition started by James McCauley on the Fourth of July 1872, at sunset, piles of burning logs were pushed off Glacier Point creating what was known as the Fire Fall. The theory was, national parks were for recreational use, David Curry died in 1917 and left the management of Camp Curry to his widow Jennie, now known as Mother Curry. She received help from her children, particularly Mary and Marys husband Donald Tresidder, in 1915, Stephen T. Mather convinced D. J. Desmond to convert an old army barracks into the Yosemite Lodge, desmond also began a hotel at Glacier Point the following year, while buying out a number of businesses to improve Yosemite Park Companys position in upcoming park leasing contracts. A congressional act allowed for efficient supervision of the parks for the enjoyment of the public, beginning in 1916, the newly formed National Park Service began a concerted effort to attract visitors to the parks and create better accommodations and services. Under the direction of Mather, whose greatest desire was to build a hotel in Yosemite, an attempt was made to build near Yosemite Falls. Prominent socialite Lady Astor and other wealthy tourists had refused to stay at the due to the horrible conditions of the facilities. In 1925, the Park Service, unhappy with the declining concessions situation within the parks, decided to grant a monopoly to single entities to run the hotel and food services in each park. Two existing companies, Curry Company and The Yosemite Park Company, were merged to create one company to run all of the hotels
26.
University of Washington
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The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, the university has three campuses, the oldest and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked among the top 15 universities in the world by a variety of international publications. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and its athletic teams are called the Huskies. Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the new Washington Territory, in 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley and they convinced early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, in 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and this tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened on November 4,1861, as the Territorial University of Washington, the following year, the legislature passed articles incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times, in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially, enrollment increased from 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created to find a new campus able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, the university relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, the University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of estate in Seattle. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UWs first building are four 24-foot, white, hand-fluted cedar and they were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the Universitys first graduates and the former head of the history department
27.
Historic Columbia River Highway
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The historic roadway was bypassed by the present Columbia River Highway No.2 from the 1930s to the 1950s, leaving behind the old two-lane road. The original highway was promoted by lawyer and entrepreneur Sam Hill, Lancaster, to be modeled after the great scenic roads of Europe. When the United States highway system was established in 1926. The Columbia River Gorge is the lowest crossing of the Cascade Mountains, a wagon road was finally built through the gorge in the 1870s, when The Dalles and Sandy Wagon Road was constructed along the south shore from The Dalles to the Sandy River east of Portland. At Shellrock Mountain to the east, long believed to be a barrier, Governor Oswald West used prison labor in 1912 to prove that it was possible to build a road. The eventual highway was designed by engineer and landscape architect Samuel C. Lancaster, a friend of good roads promoter Samuel Hill. His first contribution to the Pacific Northwest was as a consultant for Seattles Olmsted boulevard system, in 1908, the two traveled to Europe for the First International Road Congress, where Hill represented the state of Washington. With Lancasters help, Hill built the experimental Maryhill Loops Road from the river east of the gorge up the Columbia Hills to his planned Quaker utopian community at Maryhill, the road was the first asphalt road in the state, designed with gradual horseshoe curves to avoid steep grades. With the help of his model at Maryhill, he convinced the state legislature to create the State Highway Commission in 1913. The Multnomah County commissioners agreed later that year that the state should design the route to distance it from county politics, according to locating engineer John Arthur Elliott, The ideals sought were not the usual economic features and considerations given the location of a trunk highway. Grades, curvature, distance and even expense were sacrificed to some scenic vista or to develop a particularly interesting point. All the natural beauty spots were fixed as control points and the location adjusted to include them, although the highway would have a commercial value in connecting the Coast country with the eastern areas, no consideration was given the commercial over scenic requirements. The one prevailing idea in the location and construction was to make this highway a great scenic boulevard surpassing all other highways of the world. Lancaster began surveying near the Chanticleer Inn, where Larch Mountain Road, part of Multnomah Countys existing road network, for five months, from September 1913 to January 1914, he laid out a route for about 21 miles to the Hood River County line west of Cascade Locks. The alignment generally had a grade of 5% and curve radius of 200 feet. To accomplish this, Lancaster used curves similar to the road he had designed at Maryhill where the highway descended from Crown Point. Masonry was used for retaining walls, which kept the highway from falling off the hillside, and guard walls, at Oneonta Bluff, the highway passed through the first of five tunnels, as the land to the north was taken by the rail line
28.
Civilian Conservation Corps
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The Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was expanded to young men ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency, the CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. At the same time, it implemented a general natural resource conservation program in every state, maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Over the course of its nine years in operation,3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them shelter, clothing. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs, principal benefits of an individuals enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans, approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency and it depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, as governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, the Emergency Conservation Work Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5,1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, the organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program, to end the opposition from labor unions Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. Reserve officers from the U. S. Army were in charge of the camps, General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of the program but said that the number of Army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the Regular Army. But the Army also found benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals, CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the performance of both Regular and Reserve Officers
29.
Federal Art Project
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The Federal Art Project was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, the Federal Art Project was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era Works Progress Administration, a Federal One program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29,1935, the Federal Art Project operated community art centers throughout the country where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited and educated others. The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of art in the country. The Federal Art Projects primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to art for non-federal municipal buildings. Artists were paid $23.60 a week, tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals, the work was divided into art production, art instruction and art research. The primary output of the group was the Index of American Design. As many as 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the WPA Federal Art Project. The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art, abstraction had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s and, thus, was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Art Project supported such artists as Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income. One particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability. The project came to employ approximately 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women, historian John Gurda observed that the citys unemployment hovered at 40 percent in 1933. In that year, he said,53 percent of Milwaukees property taxes went unpaid because people just could not afford to make the tax payments, workers were taught bookbinding, block printing and design, which they used to create handmade art books and childrens books. They produced toys, dolls, theatre costumes, quilts, rugs, draperies, wall hangings and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals and municipal organizations for the cost of materials only. In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, Holger Cahill was national director of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region, haupers, director for Minnesota, and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington state. Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Art Project, notable artists include the following, The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Index of American Design program of the Federal Art Project produced a survey of the crafts
30.
Tenino people
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The Warm Springs bands are today a part of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, which governs the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Central Oregon. The Tenino people spoke a dialect of the Sahaptin language, a tongue shared by the neighboring Umatilla people located to the East. The Tenino people historically recalled only one war with other Columbia River peoples. One brief battle was fought with the Klamath, a group which was otherwise a valuable trading partner. The tribe did have an enemy in the Northern Paiute, however. Up to the 19th Century the Warm Springs bands were semi-nomadic peoples, the fishing of salmon, the hunting of game animals, and the gathering of wild foodstuffs were essential activities of the tribal bands. Labor was differentiated on the basis of gender, with men doing the hunting, men also produced all implements from stone, bone, or horn and were responsible for felling trees and stockpiling firewood. Men produced the dugout canoes used for transport and constructed the permanent winter dwellings. Women also cooked the food in each group and produced, repaired. Women also produced thread, rope, baskets, bags, trade exports of the Tenino people included dried salmon, fish oil, and animal furs. Imported products included baskets, horses, slaves, buffalo hides, feathers, the Warm Springs bands did not live communally, but rather divided themselves into family groups, each of which had its own dwellings. In the summer months, generally April through October, the band would relocate to the river and these were divided, with half used for sleeping while the other half was used as a covered area for the processing of salmon for later use. The Tenino people participated in regular festivals related to the obtaining of the first foods of the new year and this ritual of the First Fish was common to most of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast and Columbia River plateau. Typically with First Fish rituals of the region, one versed in specific verbal incantations was called upon to use of his skill to catch the ceremonial fish. Following this festival about half the families in the departed on a hunting expedition to the south, while the rest remained at the summer village on the river. Each July the entire community congregated again, this time to partake of berries, following this festival the community would again divide, with half remaining to catch and smoke salmon while the others departed to gather nuts and berries and to hunt. Reeds would be gathered for the manufacture of mats in October, followed by the disbanding of the summer village. A full day was spent moving supplies, while entertained onlookers gathered to witness the spectacle
31.
William Gray Purcell
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William Gray Purcell was a Prairie School architect in the Midwestern United States. He partnered with George Grant Elmslie, and briefly with George Feick, the firm of Purcell & Elmslie produced designs for buildings in twenty-two states, Australia, and China. The firm had offices in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Chicago, Illinois, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Purcell was born in Wilmette, Illinois on July 2,1880. His parents, Charles A. and Anna Cora Purcell lived first with William Cunningham and Catherine Garns Gray, Annas parents, in Oak Park, Illinois. Although the Purcells eventually moved into their own home, except for brief periods the young boy remained with his grandparents over the five years. In 1886, William Gray Purcell began living permanently with them at his own request and his father was an important grain trader, and his grandfather was editor of The Interior, and a writer of national repute. Gray had taken fishing vacations on the peninsula of upper Michigan, in 1885, however, he was saddened to realize the extent to which the environment had been despoiled by destructive logging and mining practices. Every following summer from 1887 until his death in 1901, Gray brought his family, friends, Purcell received his first camera from W. C. Gray in 1888, a Kodak model given to The Interior office just before release of the product. When Purcell was fifteen, Frank Lloyd Wright built his Oak Park studio on the block where Charles A. Purcell lived. In Chicago, where Purcell went frequently to visit his grandfather at The Interior offices, after graduation from Cornell in 1903, Purcell returned to Oak Park, Illinois. Purcell considered applying to Frank Lloyd Wright for a position in his architectural practice, instead, Purcell took a clerking position with Ezra E. Roberts, a stable and prosperous architect of whom Charles A. Purcell thought well. During a dinner party in Oak Park, Purcell met George Grant Elmslie, the two men liked one another immediately, not least because of their shared interest in progressive architecture. When Purcell complained of his situation with Roberts, Elmslie offered to secure Purcell a position in the Sullivan office, however, there was not a great deal of work to be done in the office. Purcell spent five months there, from August to December 1903, in 1904, Purcell ventured to the West Coast by way of an extended journey through the southwestern United States. He eventually arrived at Los Angeles and applied for work at the office of Myron Hunt, on the recommendation of those with whom he interviewed, Purcell left southern California for San Francisco. Hired by John Galen Howard, Purcell became clerk of the works for the construction of California Hall, in 1905 Purcell moved farther up the coast to Seattle, Washington, where he worked for several months in the office of A. Warren Gould. Purcells father, who was afraid of the effects of the weather on the health of his son
32.
Prairie School
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Prairie School was a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the prairie landscape. The Prairie School developed in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement begun in the late 19th century in England by John Ruskin, William Morris, and others. Many talented and ambitious young architects had been attracted by building opportunities stemming from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 was supposed to be a heralding of the city of Chicagos rebirth. But many of the young Mid-western architects of what would become the Prairie School were offended by the Greek, in reaction, they sought to create new work in and around Chicago that would display a uniquely modern and authentically American style, which came to be called Prairie. The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Louis Sullivan or Frank Lloyd Wright, although the Prairie School originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects moved away spreading the influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes, The Prairie School houses were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement, an alternative to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style. Some firms, like Purcell & Elmslie, however, consciously rejected the term Arts and Crafts for their work, the Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, the Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the Minimalists and Bauhaus, architectural historians have debated the reasons why the Prairie School went out of favor by the mid-1920s. Perhaps a serious consideration of one of its own members would be worth their serious attention. Mahonys and Griffins work in Australia and India, notably the collection of homes at Castlecrag, isabel Roberts Veterans Memorial Library in St. Cloud, Florida, is another. The House at 8 Berkley Drive at Lockport, New York was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, the Oak Circle Historic District is a historic district in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. It primarily consists of fifteen single-family homes representative of the Prairie School, the Oak Circle Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21,2001, it was the first historic district to be designated in Wilmette. Several not-for-profit organizations and on-line communities have formed to educate people about the Prairie School movement
33.
Ranch
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A ranch is an area of land, including various structures, given primarily to the practice of ranching, the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle or sheep for meat or wool. The word most often applies to livestock-raising operations in Mexico, the Western United States and Canada, people who own or operate a ranch are called ranchers, cattlemen, or stockgrowers. Ranching is also a used to raise less common livestock such as elk, American bison or even ostrich, emu. Ranches generally consist of areas, but may be of nearly any size. In the western United States, many ranches are a combination of owned land supplemented by grazing leases on land under the control of the federal Bureau of Land Management. If the ranch includes arable or irrigated land, the ranch may also engage in an amount of farming, raising crops for feeding the animals, such as hay. Ranches that cater exclusively to tourists are called guest ranches or, colloquially, most working ranches do not cater to guests, though they may allow private hunters or outfitters onto their property to hunt native wildlife. Ranching is part of the iconography of the Wild West as seen in Western movies, the person who owns and manages the operation of a ranch is usually called a rancher, but the terms cattleman, stockgrower, or stockman are also sometimes used. If this individual in charge of management is an employee of the actual owner. A rancher who primarily raises young stock sometimes is called an operator or a cow-calf man. This person is usually the owner, though in cases, particularly where there is absentee ownership. The people who are employees of the rancher and involved in handling livestock are called a number of terms, including cowhand, ranch hand, people exclusively involved with handling horses are sometimes called wranglers. Ranching and the tradition originated in Spain, out of the necessity to handle large herds of grazing animals on dry land from horseback. During the Reconquista, members of the Spanish nobility and various military orders received large land grants that the Kingdom of Castile had conquered from the Moors and these landowners were to defend the lands put into their control and could use them for earning revenue. When the Conquistadors came to the Americas in the 16th century, followed by settlers, they brought their cattle, huge land grants by the Spanish government, part of the hacienda system, allowed large numbers of animals to roam freely over vast areas. A number of different traditions developed, often related to the location in Spain from which a settlement originated. For example, many of the traditions of the Jalisco charros in central Mexico come from the Salamanca charros of Castile, however, there were cattle on the eastern seaboard. Deep Hollow Ranch,110 miles east of New York City in Montauk, New York, claims to be the first ranch in the United States, the prairie and desert lands of what today is Mexico and the western United States were well-suited to open range grazing
34.
Columbia River
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The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada and it flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River and its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. By volume, the Columbia is the fourth-largest river in the United States, the rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and they have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of fish, which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route, steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade, the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have developed the river. The development, commonly referred to as taming or harnessing of the river, has been massive, to aid ship and barge navigation, locks have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and dredging has opened, maintained, and enlarged shipping channels. Since the early 20th century, dams have been built across the river for the purposes of power generation, navigation, irrigation, and flood control. Today, a reservoir lies along nearly every US mile of the once free-flowing river. Production of nuclear power has taken place at two sites along the river, plutonium for nuclear weapons was produced for decades at the Hanford Site, which is now the most contaminated nuclear site in the US. All these developments have had a impact on river environments, mainly through industrial pollution. The Columbia begins its 1, 243-mile journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia, Columbia Lake –2,690 feet above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the rivers headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbias confluence with the Kootenay River, the Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about 2 miles north of the US–Canada border
35.
United States National Forest
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National Forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands in the United States. The National Forest System was created by the Land Revision Act of 1891, abbot Kinney and forester Theodore Lukens were key spokesmen for the effort. In the United States there are 155 National Forests containing almost 190 million acres of land and these lands comprise 8.5 percent of the total land area of the United States, an area about the size of Texas. Some 87 percent of National Forest land lies west of the Mississippi River in the ranges of the Western United States. Alaska has 12 percent of all National Forest lands, the U. S. Forest Service also manages all of the United States National Grasslands, and around half of the United States National Recreation Areas. There are two different types of forests within the National Forest system. Those east of the Great Plains in the Midwestern and Eastern United States were primarily acquired by the government since 1891. The land had long been in the domain and sometimes repeatedly logged since colonial times. These are mostly lands that were kept in the domain, with the exception of inholdings. Land management of these areas focuses on conservation, timber harvesting, livestock grazing, watershed protection, wildlife, unlike national parks and other federal lands managed by the National Park Service, extraction of natural resources from national forests is permitted, and in many cases encouraged. National Forests are categorized by the U. S. as IUCN Category VI protected areas, however, the first-designated wilderness areas, and some of the largest, are on National Forest lands. There are management decision conflicts between conservationists and environmentalists, and natural resource extraction companies and lobbies, over the protection and/or use of National Forest lands, many ski resorts and summer resorts operate on leased land in National Forests
36.
Skiing
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Skiing is a mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Skiing has a history of almost five millennia, although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, it may have been practiced as early as 600 BC in what is now China. The word ski is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community and it comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means split piece of wood or firewood. Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden until the late 19th century, on one leg the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early skiers used one long pole or spear, the first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Until the mid-19th century skiing was primarily used for transport, and since then has become a recreation, military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century, and ski warfare was studied in the late 18th century. As equipment evolved and ski lifts were developed skiing evolved into two main genres during the late 19th and early 20th century, Alpine and Nordic, also called downhill skiing, alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skiers boot, because alpine equipment is somewhat difficult to walk in, ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be accessed by helicopter, snowcat, hiking, facilities at resorts can include night skiing, après-ski, and glade skiing under the supervision of the ski patrol and the ski school. Alpine skiing branched off from the older Nordic skiing around the 1920s, Alpine equipment specialized to where it can only be used with the help of lifts. The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which share in common the use of binding that attach at the toes of the skiers boots, cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Ski jumping skiing is practiced at certain areas that are deemed for ski jumping only, Telemark skiing is a ski turning technique and FIS-sanctioned discipline. It is named after the Telemark region of Norway, using equipment similar to nordic skiing, the ski bindings having the ski boot attached only at the toe. This allows the skier to raise his/her heel throughout the turn, the following disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS and USSA. Many have their own cups and are in the Winter Olympic Games. Cross-country, The sport encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths, such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic and free-style events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. Alpine skiing discliplines include combined, downhill, slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, one run of each even like one run of Super-G and one run of Slalom skiing this is called a Super Combined
37.
Toboggan
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A toboggan is a simple sled which is a traditional form of transport used by the Innu and Cree of northern Canada. In modern times, it is used on snow to carry one or more people down a hill or other slope for recreation, designs vary from simple, traditional models to modern engineered composites. A toboggan differs from most sleds or sleighs in that it has no runners or skis on the underside, the bottom of a toboggan rides directly on the snow. Some parks include designated toboggan hills where ordinary sleds are not allowed, the traditional toboggan is made of bound, parallel wood slats, all bent forward at the front to form a sideways J shape. A thin rope is run through the top of the loop to provide rudimentary steering, the frontmost rider places their feet in the loop and sits on the flat bed, any others sit behind them and grasp the waist of the person before them. Modern recreational toboggans are typically manufactured from wood or plastic, larger, more rugged models are made for commercial or rescue use. Each individual who is able to walk, is furnished with one of these, on them they stow all their goods, and also their infants, which they bundle up very warm in deer-skins. The two ends of a leather thong are tied to the corners of the sled, the bight or double part of which is placed against the breast, the toboggan is a recurring prop in the Calvin and Hobbes comic. Comic author Bill Watterson uses it as a device to add some physical comedy to the strip. Bobsled Luge Pulk, a Scandinavian low, flat load-carrying sled
38.
Winter sport
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A winter sport or winter activity is a recreational activity or sport which is played on snow or ice. Most such sports are variations of skiing, ice skating and sledding, traditionally such sports were only played in cold areas during winter, but artificial snow and artificial ice allow more flexibility. Artificial ice can be used to provide ice rinks for ice skating, ice hockey, common individual sports include cross-country skiing, Alpine skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping, speed skating, figure skating, luge, skeleton, bobsleigh and snowmobiling. Common team sports include ice hockey, curling and bandy, based on the number of participants, ice hockey is the worlds most popular winter sport, followed by bandy. Winter sports often have their own tournaments, such as the Winter Olympic Games. Snow and ice during the wintertime has led to other means of transportation, such as sledges, skis and this also led to different pastimes and sports being developed in the winter season as compared to other times of the year. Naturally, winter sports are popular in countries with longer winter seasons. While most winter sports are played outside, ice hockey, speed skating, indoor ice rinks with artificial ice allow ice skating and hockey to be played in hot climates. Note, the Olympic rings next to a sport indicates that particular sport is included in the Winter Olympic Games. The Paralympic logo indicates the same for a sport not in the Olympics but in the Winter Paralympic Games
39.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. President Harry S. Truman later called her the First Lady of the World in tribute to her human rights achievements, Roosevelt was a member of the prominent American Roosevelt and Livingston families and a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. She had a childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended Allenwood Academy in London and was influenced by its feminist headmistress Marie Souvestre. Returning to the U. S. she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, though widely respected in her later years, Roosevelt was a controversial First Lady at the time for her outspokenness, particularly her stance on racial issues. On a few occasions, she disagreed with her husbands policies. She launched a community at Arthurdale, West Virginia, for the families of unemployed miners. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace, the rights of African Americans and Asian Americans. Following her husbands death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life and she pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, later she chaired the John F. Kennedy administrations Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. By the time of her death, Roosevelt was regarded as one of the most esteemed women in the world, in 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top ten of Gallups List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 at 56 West 37th Street in Manhattan, New York City, to socialites Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt, from an early age, she preferred to be called by her middle name, Eleanor. Through her father, she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, through her mother, she was a niece of tennis champions Valentine Gill Vallie Hall III and Edward Ludlow Hall. Her mother nicknamed her Granny because she acted in such a manner as a child. Her mother was somewhat ashamed of Eleanors plainness. Eleanor had two brothers, Elliott Jr. and Gracie Hall Roosevelt, usually called Hall. She also had a brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, through her fathers affair with Katy Mann. Roosevelt was born into a world of wealth and privilege
40.
Magic Mile
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The Magic Mile is an aerial chairlift at Timberline Lodge ski area, Mount Hood, Oregon, U. S. It was named for its location above the tree line. When constructed by Byron Riblet in 1938, it was the longest chairlift in existence, the second in the world to be built as a passenger chairlift, the chairlift has been replaced twice, in 1962 and 1992. Like its predecessors, the current chairlift loads near the lodge at 5,950 feet and unloads at 7,000 foot, up an average gradient of 20%. Except for the very lowest part of the route, the lift is not protected by trees or land features and faces the full force of snow storms, heavy winds frequently produce huge snowdrifts and copious and dense snow challenge lift crews to keep the lift open. The lift is generally closed when winds exceed 50-60 mph or dense fog reduces visibility below about 25 feet — in all, construction of the original Magic Mile began in mid-1938, a few months after Timberline Lodge opened for business with a portable rope tow. The chairlift was the first built by the Riblet company, which drew heavily on its designs for aerial trams for mining companies, completed in late 1939, it loaded its first passengers on November 17,1939, and was dedicated by the Crown Prince and Princess of Norway. The original chairlift was a single — each chair held one rider, the ride took 11 minutes and carried 225 passengers per hour. It was as popular a summer tourist attraction then as it is now, the lift line was slightly east of the present chair. The upper bullwheel was inside Silcox Hut, which is 212 m ESE and 40 ft lower in elevation, the bottom was east of the lodge about 377 m ENE at essentially the same elevation as the present chair. Timberline Lodge shut down for World War II and struggled financially through the 1940s, mounting disrepair, vandalism, neglect and unpaid taxes closed it February 17,1955, at which time the Magic Mile was nonfunctional. The lodge reopened late that year under the management of Richard Kohnstamm, the Mile was made functional again, and in the following summer, ski racing camps began. In 1950, a cable car system began operation between 3,800 feet and the Timberline Lodge at 6,000 feet, a 3-mile trip that took 10 minutes. Each 36-person bus pulled itself up the mountain along the cable By 1962, the bottom of the Mile was placed at the west side of the lodge for easy access, and for skier convenience from the top of the Pucci chairlift, which was installed in 1956. The Palmer chairlift, which opened July 1,1980, was situated for convenient skier, the Palmer was upgraded to a high-speed quad in 1996. In 1992, the Magic Mile chairlift was upgraded from a fixed grip double to a high speed quad. The midway station was removed, and a new top station built slightly higher than its predecessor and this Poma-built chair can move 3,000 passengers per hour, but is operated at 1,600 passengers per hour, with a ride time of just under 6 minutes. The use of a detachable chairlift reduces maintenance needed to clear the haul rope, when bad weather is expected, the chairs are removed and stored in the lower lift house
41.
Ski resort
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A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area – a mountainous area with pistes, ski trails, the ski industry has identified advancing generations of ski resorts, First generation Developed around a well-established summer resort or village. Second generation Created from a non-tourist village or pasture, third generation or integrated Designed from scratch on virgin territory to be a purpose-built ski resort, all the amenities and services nearby. Fourth generation or village resorts Created from virgin territory or around an existing village, the term ski station is also used, particularly in Europe, for a skiing facility which is not located in or near a town or village. A ski resort which is open for summer activities is often referred to as a mountain resort. Ski areas have marked paths for skiing known as runs, trails or pistes, Ski areas typically have one or more chairlifts for moving skiers rapidly to the top of hills, and to interconnect the various trails. Rope tows can also be used on short slopes, larger ski areas may use gondolas or aerial trams for transportation across longer distances within the ski area. Ski areas usually have at least a basic first aid facility, the ski patrol is usually responsible for rule enforcement, marking hazards, closing individual runs, and removing dangerous participants from the area. Some ski resorts offer lodging options on the slopes themselves, with ski-in, après-ski is a term for entertainment, nightlife or social events that occur specifically at ski resorts. These add to the enjoyment of resort-goers and provide something to do besides skiing and snowboarding, the culture originated in the Alps, where it is most popular and where skiers often stop at bars on their last run of the day while still wearing all their ski gear. People that browse ski resort & hotel websites will commonly seek mention of the quality of après-ski in the area and it is therefore seen as an important factor for skiers to consider before booking a holiday. The concept is similar to the hole in golf. The process of development have progressed since the birth of the skiing industry. Amenities and infrastructure such as buildings, ski-lifts, gondolas, access roads, parking lots. In recent years, the use of snow cannons have increased due to the fall in the volume of snow, in order to obtain good quality snow, dust or bacteria is mixed with the water in the process of snow making to form better snowflakes. Not only that the manufacture of artificial snow is costly and uses large amounts of water, snow cannons redistributes a large amount of water unnaturally over the land and freezes the ground vegetation late into spring, preventing growth and leaving pistes bare. With enough amount of water, and the likelihood of landslides and avalanches would be drastically higher. The required space for hotels, flats and secondary residences has increased the amount of space occupied by roads, while a large amount of people requires special water, sewage and electricity systems, a great deal of construction work is needed
42.
Snowboarding
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Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a riders feet. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, sledding, surfing and skiing and it was developed in the United States in the 1960s, became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and first featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. Its popularity in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since, and, in 1966 alone over half a million snurfers were sold. In the early 1970s, Poppen organized snurfing competitions at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country, one of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s, articles about his invention in such mainstream magazines as Newsweek helped publicize the young sport. The pioneers were not all from the United States, in 1976, Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and that same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont. The snowboards were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps, very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business. The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, in 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board, paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A modified Open division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant and that race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, in 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont, at Suicide Six. The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burtons first team rider Doug Bouton, in 1983, the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs, California. Tom Sims, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, in 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs, Austria, further cementing snowboardings recognition as an official international competitive sport. In 1990, the International Snowboard Federation was founded to provide universal contest regulations, many alpine resorts have terrain parks. At the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event, initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud. Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials, for several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that a snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain
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United States home front during World War II
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Everyone agreed that the sacrifices were for the national good for the duration. Peacetime conflicts with respect to race and labor took on a special dimension because of the pressure for national unity, the Hollywood film industry was important for propaganda. Every aspect of life from politics to personal savings changed when put on a wartime footing and this was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low to high productivity jobs in industrial centers. Millions of students, retirees, housewives, and unemployed moved into the labor force. Hours worked increased as leisure activities declined sharply, gasoline, meat, and clothing were tightly rationed. Most families were allocated 3 US gallons of gasoline a week, Production of most durable goods, like cars, new housing, vacuum cleaners, and kitchen appliances, was banned until the war ended. In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up, Americans saved a high portion of their incomes, which led to renewed growth after the war. Federal tax policy was highly contentious during the war, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt battling a conservative Congress, Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully, by executive order 9250, to impose a 100% surtax on after-tax incomes over $25,000. However, Roosevelt did manage to impose this cap on executive pay in corporations with government contracts, Congress also enlarged the tax base by lowering the minimum income to pay taxes, and by reducing personal exemptions and deductions. By 1944 nearly every employed person was paying federal income taxes, many controls were put on the economy. The most important were price controls, imposed on most products, in 1942 a rationing system was begun to guarantee minimum amounts of necessities to everyone and prevent inflation. Tires were the first item to be rationed in January 1942 because supplies of rubber were interrupted. Gasoline rationing proved a better way to allocate scarce rubber. In June 1942 the Combined Food Board was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with attention to flows from the U. S. Some items, like automobiles and home appliances, were no longer made, the rationing system did not apply to used goods like clothes or cars, but they became more expensive since they were not subject to price controls. To get a classification and a book of rationing stamps, one had to appear before a local rationing board, each person in a household received a ration book, including babies and children. When purchasing gasoline, a driver had to present a gas card along with a ration book, ration stamps were valid only for a set period to forestall hoarding. All forms of racing were banned, including the Indianapolis 500 which was cancelled from 1942 to 1945
44.
Bend of the River
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Bend of the River is a 1952 American Western film directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart, Arthur Kennedy, Julie Adams, and Rock Hudson. Based on the 1950 novel Bend of the Snake by Bill Gulick, Bend of the River was filmed on location in Sandy River, Mount Hood and Timberline, Oregon. This is the second Western film collaboration between Anthony Mann and James Stewart, in 1866, remorseful former border raider Glyn McLyntock is scouting for a wagon train of settlers to Oregon. While he is checking the trail ahead, he rescues Emerson Cole from being lynched for stealing a horse, Cole, who says the horse is not exactly stolen, thinks hes heard of McLyntock, but doesnt pursue the subject. One of the pioneers in the train is the eligible Laurie Baile. That night, they are attacked by five Shoshone Indians and Laurie is wounded by an arrow, McLyntock and Cole go out to deal with the Shoshones and Cole saves McLyntocks life in the process. McLyntock welcomes Cole, but Jeremy Baile, the leader of the settlers, does not trust Cole, when they reach Portland, Oregon, Laurie remains there to recover. Cole also leaves the party saying that he wants to go to California to find gold and that night, they have a big party and meet a professional gambler named Trey Wilson. With winter fast approaching and the supplies at least six weeks late, McLyntock and Jeremy Baile go back to Portland to investigate. They find that a gold rush has inflated prices enormously, Laurie and Cole are working for Tom Hendricks and have no intention of going to the settlement. McLyntock is not happy to see them together as a couple, Hendricks, their greedy supplier, has reneged on their business deal and has decided to sell their supplies at the new higher prices to a mining camp. Cole helps McLyntock round up some bad men to load the food, when they are pursued, McLyntock sets up an ambush. Hendricks and some of his gang are killed, and the rest are driven off, on the way to the settlement, some of the miners show up and offer an exorbitant price for the food. The hired men begin thinking about ways to commandeer the wagon train, Cole cannot resist the temptation of all that money and double-crosses his friend but doesnt kill him. That proves to be a mistake, McLyntock tracks them down and retakes the supplies with the assistance of Jeremy, Laurie, and Trey. Cole brings the miners to help him retake the supplies, but they are miners, not gunfighters, in a climactic brawl in the river, McLyntock kills Cole and they watch the current take his body toward the falls. At the end, they reach the settlement with the supplies and its apparent that Laurie. James Stewart as Glyn McLyntock Arthur Kennedy as Emerson Cole Julie Adams as Laura Baile Rock Hudson as Trey Wilson, prentiss James Stewart, best known for his down-to-earth persona, established another persona along with director Anthony Mann with the 1950 Western film Winchester 73
45.
All the Young Men
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All the Young Men is a 1960 Korean War feature film starring Alan Ladd and Sidney Poitier dealing with desegregation in the United States Marine Corps. Poitier plays a U. S. Marine sergeant commanding a small, the film explores the racial integration of the American military, centering on the African-American sergeants struggle to win the trust and respect of the men in his unit. When the platoon commander is wounded in an ambush, he passes the role of platoon leader to the next highest ranking man. Towler initially feels the role should be taken by the experienced former Sergeant now Private Kincaid who has eleven years of service as a Marine. However, Kincaid lost his rank through misconduct and doing things his own way. Kincaids prowess as a hero is demonstrated in the battle scene where he picks up a M1919 Browning machine gun. Before he dies, the Lieutenant reminds Towler that he is next in line for command, one of the platoon, Pvt Bracken, openly questions Towlers authority in favour of Kincaid. With their radio destroyed in the ambush, Sgt Towler leads the ten survivors of the platoon to a strategically located at a pass that the men can hold until the rest of the battalion arrives. Bartlett came up with the story with Gene Coon and wrote the script himself. He aimed to make the film independently, though the start date was going to be dependent on Poitiers success in A Raisin in the Sun. Columbia Pictures agreed to finance on the proviso that Bartlett rewrite the script for a white co-star, Bartlett found the only major star willing to do the movie was Alan Ladd who co-produced the film. Bartlett, I could have done it on a shoestring in some canyon in the Hollywood Hills, I realized that I could not stay in my ivory tower forever, making nice, small, critically praised films. You dont go very far here if not successful when the right time comes. The film features an unusual cast who works well together, I just play myself, said Johansson. All the Young Men was filmed in Glacier National Park and Mt. Hood Oregon, Poitiers commitment to make the film meant he had to leave the run of A Raisin in the Sun early. Columbia planned two separate advertising campaigns for the film to white and black audiences, columbia also used Quentin Reynolds to promote the film in advertising campaigns. A paperback novelisation of the film was written by Marvin Albert, the United States Marine Corps had disbanded separate black Marine units and bases since 18 November 1949. All the Young Men at the Internet Movie Database All the Young Men at AllMovie All the Young Men at the TCM Movie Database All the Young Men at the American Film Institute Catalog
46.
Lost Horizon (1973 film)
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The film is a remake of Frank Capras film of the same name, with a screenplay by Larry Kramer. Both the 1937 version and this one adapted their story from James Hiltons novel Lost Horizon, Lost Horizon was not a critical or commercial success at the time of release, nor has its reputation improved since. This was the film produced by Ross Hunter. This version is closer to the 1937 film than to the original James Hilton novel. It tells the story of a group of travellers whose aeroplane is hijacked while fleeing a bloody revolution, the aeroplane crash lands in an unexplored area of the Himalayas, where the party is rescued and taken to the lamasery of Shangri-La. Miraculously, Shangri-La, sheltered by mountains on all sides, is a temperate paradise amid the land of snows, perfect health is the norm, and inhabitants live to very old age while maintaining a youthful appearance. The newcomers quickly adjust, especially Richard Conway, the groups leader and he falls in love with Catherine, a school teacher. Sally Hughes, a drug-addicted Newsweek photographer, is suicidal at first, sam Cornelius discovers gold, but Sally convinces him to use his engineering skills to bring better irrigation to the farmers of Shangri-La instead of attempting to smuggle out the gold. Harry Lovett is a comic and song and dance man who has a flair for working with the children of Shangri-La. Everyone is content to stay except Conways younger brother, George, George has fallen in love with Maria, a dancer, and wants to take her along when he leaves. Chang warns Richard that Maria came to Shangri-La over eighty years before, If she were to leave the valley, she would revert to her actual age. Richard is summoned to meet the High Lama, who informs him that he was there for a reason. However, on the night that the High Lama dies, George and Maria insist to Richard that everything the High Lama and they convince him to leave immediately. Still in shock from the High Lamas death, Richard leaves without saying goodbye to Catherine. Not long after their departure, Maria suddenly ages and dies, Richard struggles on alone, ending up in a hospital bed in the Himalayan foothills. He runs away, back to the mountains, and miraculously finds the portal to Shangri-La once more, Lost Horizon is considered one of the last in a string of box office musical failures which came in the wake of the success of The Sound of Music. Attempts to update the idea of Shangri-La with its racial inequalities intact and she noted that Shangri-La was depicted as, a middle-class geriatric utopia. You can live indefinitely, lounging and puttering about for hundreds of years, the Orientals are kept in their places, and no blacks
47.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
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