1.
Timberline Lodge ski area
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Timberline Lodge ski area is the ski and snowboarding area of Timberline Lodge, a National Historic Landmark in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is one of a few ski areas in the United States with most of the terrain below the main lodge. It is located on the face of Mount Hood, about 60 miles east of Portland. The lodge was constructed between 1936 and 1938 as a Works Progress Administration project during the Great Depression and that year, Timberline opened as Oregons first destination ski resort with a portable rope tow. The next year, the Magic Mile chairlift opened, as well as Silcox Hut, which sits about one thousand feet and a mile above the main lodge. Summer skiing and summer race camps began at Timberline in 1956, before the Palmer chairlift was constructed in 1983, the conditions at Timberline allowed skiing from the Mile November through July or August. With the Palmer, a surface is available year round. Timberline is the ski area in the states with lift accessed skiing and snowboarding all twelve months of the year. Ski and snowboard camps draw thousands of people to the slopes during the months of June, July, the Magic Mile chairlift was the longest chairlift in the world, and the second chairlift, of those built to be a chairlift when it opened in 1939. Financial troubles operating the Lodge and World War II closed it for years during the 1940s and 1950s. The ski area has operated since 1956. The original Palmer chairlift opened for 1978 summer ski season and it was a fixed double chair in basically the same location as the present chair, with the base station near Silcox Hut. The current Palmer chairlift was completed in 1996, and is built to withstand wind gusts of over 100 miles per hour and 200 inches of snow and its construction time was less than six months due to a limited building season imposed by the local weather conditions. The Jeff Flood Express detachable high speed quad chair opened for the 2007-2008 ski season, Jeff Flood also improves connectivity to Stormin Normin and Magic Mile lifts from the lower mountain. Thanks to the added terrain accessible from Jeff Flood, if the Palmer lift is open,3,620 Winter 2,500 early Summer 1,530 late Summer Timberline categorizes the terrain as beginner 20%, intermediate 50%, advanced 30%. Page 7 of the details the industry standard, which ranges from 2-5 expert skiers per acre up to 25-35 beginners per acre. It is scheduled for two weeks closure each September for maintenance, skiers, snowboarders, and sightseers ride up the Magic Mile chairlift to the Palmer Glacier and its lift, where most of the summer skiing takes place, particularly later in the season. In contrast to winter operations, the lifts are the busiest during the ski season Monday through Friday, mostly due to ski
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
Mount Hood
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Mount Hood, called Wyeast by the Multnomah tribe, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. It was formed by a zone on the Pacific coast. It is located about 50 miles east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties, in addition to being Oregons highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence. The height assigned to Mount Hoods snow-covered peak has varied over its history, the peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range, Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier. The mountain has six ski areas, Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny and they total over 4,600 acres of skiable terrain, Timberline offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America. The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass, native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls. The Multnomah name for Mount Hood was Wyeast, in one version of the legend, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wyeast and Pahto, burned forests and villages in their battle over her, Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell and he made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wyeast, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Pahto. There are other versions of the legend, in another telling, Wyeast battles Pahto for the fair La-wa-la-clough. Or again Wyeast, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe and their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods, the mountain was given its present name on October 29,1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouvers discovery expedition. Lt. and seemed to announce a termination to the river, Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Lord Hood, a British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake. Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October 18,1805 and it is at this time topped with snow. We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain, Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Vancouvers Mount Hood, two French explorers from the Hudsons Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818
4.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
5.
Great Depression in the United States
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The Great Depression was the worst economic times in American history. Though, it was not just in the United States it was a world wide conundrum, Great Depression began in August 1929, when the United States economy first went into an economic recession. Although the country spent two months with declining Gross Domestic Product, the Gross Domestic Rate is a very important part of the United States economy. It is so important because it represents each total dollar value of all goods and it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes. Although its causes are uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden. The economy reached bottom in the winter of 1932–33, then four years of very rapid growth until 1937. The Depression caused major changes in America. Three years into the depression, President Herbert Hoover, widely blamed for not doing enough to combat the crisis, Roosevelts economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics. The Depression also resulted in an increase of emigration of people to countries for the first time in American history. For example, some went back to their native countries, and some native US citizens went to Canada, Australia. It also resulted in the migration of people from badly hit areas in the Great Plains and the South to places such as California. Racial tensions also increased during this time, by the 1940s immigration had returned to normal, and emigration declined. A well-known example of an emigrant was Frank McCourt, who went to Ireland and it also shaped modern American literature, resulting in famous novels such as John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men. Banks began to fail in October 1930 when farmers defaulted on loans, there was no federal deposit insurance during that time as bank failures were considered quite common. This worried depositors that they might have a chance of losing all their savings, therefore, people started to withdraw money, the decreased money supply further aggravated price deflation, putting further pressure on already struggling businesses. The U. S. paper value lost an astonishing 40% value loss, the US governments commitment to the gold standard prevented it from engaging in expansionary monetary policy. High interest rates needed to be maintained, in order to attract investors who bought foreign assets with gold
6.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
7.
Mount Hood National Forest
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The Mount Hood National Forest is 62 miles east of the city of Portland, Oregon, and the northern Willamette River valley. The Forest includes and is named after Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, the Forest encompasses some 1,067,043 acres. Forest headquarters are located in Sandy, Oregon, a 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was 345,300 acres. The Forest is divided into four separate districts - Barlow, Clackamas River, Hood River, in descending order of land area the National Forest is located in parts of Clackamas, Hood River, Wasco, Multnomah, Marion, and Jefferson counties. Mount Hood National Forest was first established as the Bull Run Forest Reserve in 1892 and it was merged with part of Cascade National Forest on July 1,1908 and named Oregon National Forest. The name was changed again to Mount Hood National Forest in 1924, in 2010, Mount Hood National Forest was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters program. The Mount Hood National Forest is one of the most-visited National Forests in the United States, less than five percent of the visitors camp in the forest. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail passes through the National Forest on the flanks of the mountain, Mount Hood is a popular destination for mountain climbers. Several nonprofits lead free hikes into the National Forest to build support for protection from logging and off-road vehicle use, including BARK. Mount Hood National Recreation Area was established within Mount Hood National Forest on March 30,2009, the recreation area comprises three separate units. There are eight designated wilderness areas within Mount Hood National Forest collectively adding up to 311,448 acres that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. A campaign which began in 2004 and is still running as of December 31st 2016. Mt. Hood has attempted at becoming a National Park since the early 20th century, Mount Hood National Forest - US Forest Service Mount Hood National Forest - Wildernet. com Hiking Mount Hood National Forest - GORP Mount Hood National Park Campaign - MHNPC
8.
The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
9.
Weather vane
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A weather vane, wind vane, or weathercock is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. They are typically used as an ornament to the highest point of a building. Although partly functional, weather vanes are generally decorative, often featuring the traditional design with letters indicating the points of the compass. Other common motifs include ships, arrows and horses, not all weather vanes have pointers. The word vane comes from the Old English word fana meaning flag, below this was a frieze adorned with the eight Greek wind deities. The eight-metre-high structure also featured sundials, and a clock inside. It dates from around 50 BCE, the oldest existing weather vane with the shape of a rooster is the Gallo di Ramperto, made in 820 CE and now preserved in the Museo di Santa Giulia in Brescia, Lombardy. Pope Leo IV had a cock placed on the Old St. Peters Basilica or old Constantinian basilica. As a result of this, the cock gradually began to be used as a weather vane on church steeples, the Bayeux Tapestry of the 1070s depicts a man installing a cock on Westminster Abbey. One alternative theory about the origin of weathercocks on church steeples is that it was an emblem of the vigilance of the calling the people to prayer. Another theory says that the cock was not a Christian symbol, a few churches used weather vanes in the shape of the emblems of their patron saints. The City of London has two surviving examples, the weather vane of St Peter upon Cornhill is not in the shape of a rooster, but a key, while St Lawrence Jewrys weather vane is in the form of a gridiron. Early weather vanes had very ornamental pointers, but modern wind vanes are usually simple arrows that dispense with the directionals because the instrument is connected to a remote reading station, modern aerovanes combine the directional vane with an anemometer. Co-locating both instruments allows them to use the same axis and provides a coordinated readout, according to the Guinness World Records, the worlds largest weather vane is a Tío Pepe sherry advertisement located in Jerez, Spain. The city of Montague, Michigan also claims to have the largest standard-design weather vane, being a ship and arrow which measures 48 feet tall, a challenger for the title of worlds largest weather vane is located in Whitehorse, Yukon. The weather vane is a retired Douglas DC-3 CF-CPY atop a swiveling support, the weather vane only requires a 5 knot wind to rotate. The term weathervane is also a word for a politician who has frequent changes of opinion. The National Assembly of Quebec has banned use of this term as a slur after its use by members of the legislature
10.
Thuja plicata
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Thuja plicata is among the most widespread trees in the Pacific Northwest. It is associated with Douglas-fir and western hemlock in most places where it grows and it is found at the elevation range of sea level to a maximum of 2,290 m above sea level at Crater Lake in Oregon. In addition to growing in forests and mountainsides, western redcedar is also a riparian tree, growing in many forested swamps. The tree is shade-tolerant and able to reproduce under dense shade and it has been introduced to other temperate zones, including western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the eastern United States, and higher elevations of Hawaii. The species is naturalized in Britain, Thuja plicata is a large to very large tree, ranging up to 65 to 70 m tall and 3 to 4 m in trunk diameter, exceptionally even larger. Trees growing in the open may have a crown that reaches the ground, whereas trees densely spaced together will exhibit a crown only at the top and it is long-lived, some individuals can live well over a thousand years, with the oldest verified being 1460 years. The foliage forms flat sprays with scale-like leaves in opposite pairs, the foliage sprays are green above and green marked with whitish stomatal bands below, they are strongly aromatic, with a scent reminiscent of pineapple when crushed. The individual leaves are 1 to 4 mm long and 1 to 2 mm broad on most foliage sprays, the cones are slender,10 to 18 mm long, and 4 to 5 mm broad, with 8 to 12 thin, overlapping scales. They are green to yellow-green, ripening brown in fall about six months after pollination, the seeds are 4 to 5 mm long and 1 mm broad, with a narrow papery wing down each side. The pollen cones are 3 to 4 mm long, red or purple at first, Thuja plicata is one of two Thuja species native to North America, the other being Thuja occidentalis. The species name derives from the Latin word plicare, meaning folded in plaits or braided. In the American horticultural trade, it is known as the giant arborvitae. Other names include giant redcedar, Pacific redcedar, shinglewood, British Columbia cedar, canoe cedar, arborvitae comes from the Latin for tree of life, coincidentally, Native Americans of the West coast also address the species as long life maker. The Quinault Lake Redcedar was the largest known western redcedar in the world, the Quinault Lake Redcedar was 174 feet tall with a diameter of 19.5 feet at breast height. The Quinault Lake Red Cedar was destroyed by a series of storms in 2014 and 2016 and is now only a glorified stump, the second largest is the Cheewhat Lake Cedar, in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island, at 15,870 cubic feet. The tallest known individual is the Willaby Creek Tree south of Lake Quinault,195 feet in height, the fifth known largest was the Kalaloch Cedar in the Olympic National Park, at 12,370 cubic feet, until it was destroyed by storm in March 2014. A redcedar over 71 m tall,4.5 m in diameter and that tree now lies in Giants Grave, a self dug grave created by the force of its own impact. The soft red-brown timber has a tight, straight grain and few knots and it is valued for its distinct appearance, aroma, and its high natural resistance to decay, being extensively used for outdoor construction in the form of posts, decking, shingles, and siding
11.
Tsuga mertensiana
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Mertensiana refers to Karl Heinrich Mertens, a German botanist who collected the first specimens as a member of a Russian expedition in 1826-1829. Tsuga mertensiana is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to 20 to 40 m tall. They have a diameter of up to 2 m. The bark is thin and square-cracked or furrowed, and gray in color, the crown is a neat, slender, conic shape in young trees with a tilted or drooping lead shoot, becoming cylindric in older trees. At all ages, it is distinguished by the pendulous branchlet tips. The shoots are orange–brown, with dense pubescence about 1 mm long, the leaves are needle-like,7 to 25 mm long and 1 to 1. The cones are small, pendulous, cylindrical,30 to 80 mm long and 8 to 10 mm broad when closed, opening to 12 to 35 mm broad and they have thin, flexible scales 8 to 18 mm long. The immature cones are dark purple, maturing red–brown 5 to 7 months after pollination, the seeds are red–brown,2 to 3 mm long, with a slender,7 to 12 mm -long pale pink–brown wing. Their ranges, however, differ in California, where western hemlock is restricted to the Coast Ranges and mountain hemlock is found in the Klamath Mountains, there are three taxa, two subspecies and a minor variety, Tsuga mertensiana subsp. Cones smaller,30 to 60 mm long,12 to 25 mm broad when open, leaves greener, less glaucous above, paler below, cones indistinguishable from the type. At one time it was thought to be a hybrid with western hemlock, T. hookeriana Carrière, T. crassifolia Flous. Cones larger,45 to 80 mm long,20 to 35 mm broad when open, Mountain hemlock is usually found on cold, snowy subalpine sites where it grows slowly, sometimes attaining more than 800 years in age. Arborescent individuals that have narrowly conical crowns until old age and shrubby krummholz on cold, areas occupied by mountain hemlock generally have a cool to cold maritime climate that includes mild to cold winters, a short, warm-to-cool growing season and moderate to high precipitation. Best development of mountain hemlock is on loose, coarse-textured, well-drained soils with adequate moisture, adequate soil moisture appears to be especially important in California and Montana, where summer drought is most pronounced. Mountain hemlock will grow on most landforms, but individuals typically develop best in mixed stands of forest on sheltered slopes or in draws, from southern British Columbia south, the tree grows better on northerly exposures. In these locations, mountain hemlock typically grows in isolated populations in north-facing glens and cirque basins where snow collects, Mountain hemlock is adapted to sites with long-lasting snowpacks. In the spring, mountain hemlocks emerging through 2 to 4 m of snow were transpiring, Mountain hemlock is well adapted to cope with heavy snow and ice loads, with tough branches and the drooping branchlets shedding snow readily. Mountain hemlock is tolerant of shade and other forms of competition and it is more tolerant than all its associates except Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and Alaska cedar
12.
Juniperus occidentalis
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Juniperus occidentalis is a shrub or tree native to the western United States, growing in mountains at altitudes of 800–3,000 metres and rarely down to 100 metres. The Juniperus occidentalis shoots are of moderate thickness among junipers, 1-1.6 mm diameter, the leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three, the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad. The juvenile leaves are needle-like, 5–10 mm long, the cones are berry-like, 5–10 mm in diameter, blue-brown with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain one to three seeds, they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring, there are two Juniperus occidentalis varieties, treated as subspecies by some botanists, Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Western Juniper. Southeast Washington, eastern and central Oregon, southwest Idaho, northeastern California and extreme northwest Nevada, north of 40°30 N latitude, a shrub or small tree 4–15 m tall. About 50% of plants are monoecious with both sexes on the plant, 50% dioecious, producing cones of only one sex. Juniperus occidentalis var. australis Sierra juniper, California and westernmost Nevada, south of 40°30 N latitude in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains. A medium-sized tree 12–26 m tall with a trunk up to 3 m diameter. Most plants dioecious, but about 5-10% are monoecious, the Bennett Juniper in the Stanislaus National Forest of California is considered the oldest and largest example at possibly 3000 years old, with a height of 26 m and a diameter of 3.88 m. Juniperus occidentalis usually occurs on dry, rocky sites where there is competition from larger species like ponderosa pine. In very exposed positions at high altitude, they can assume a krummholz habit, hybrids with Juniperus osteosperma are occasionally found. Adams, R. P. Junipers of the World, The genus Juniperus, trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4250-X Chase, J. Smeaton. Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains, LCC QK495. C75 C4, with illustrations by Carl Eytel - Kurut, Gary F. Carl Eytel, Southern California Desert Artist, California State Library Foundation, Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20 retrieved Nov.13,2011 Conifer Specialist Group, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature
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