1.
Witney
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Witney is a town on the River Windrush,12 miles west of Oxford in Oxfordshire, England. The place-name Witney is first attested in a Saxon charter of 969 as Wyttannige, the Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin was originally Norman. The north porch and north aisle were added in this late in the 12th century. In this rebuilding the present chancel, transepts, tower and spire were added, in the 14th century a number of side chapels and some of the present windows were added in the Decorated style. In the 15th century the transept was extended and the present west window of the nave were added in the Perpendicular style. The tower has a peal of eight bells, Holy Trinity parish church in Wood Green was built in 1849 in the Early English style. Both St. Mary the Virgin and Holy Trinity are now members of a team parish. Witney Market began in the Middle Ages, thursday is the traditional market day but there is also a market on Saturday. The buttercross in the square is so called because people from neighbouring towns would gather there to buy butter. It was built in about 1600 and its clock was added in 1683, a local legend holds that it was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, but there is little evidence to support this claim. Witney has long been an important crossing over the River Windrush, the architect Thomas Wyatt rebuilt the bridge in Bridge Street in 1822. The Friends Meeting House in Wood Green was built in the 18th century, since 1997 Quakers in Witney have met at the corn exchange. The Methodist church in High Street was built in 1850 and it is now one of five Methodist churches and chapels in Witney. The Roman Catholic parish of Our Lady and Saint Hugh was founded in 1913 and it originally used a chapel in West End built in 1881 but now has its own modern building. The old chapel in West End is now Elim Christian Fellowship, West End, part of the road to Hailey, is one of Britains best-preserved streets and inspired the song Just an Old Fashioned House in an Old Fashioned Street. Although it is called West End, it is actually on the side of the town and gets its name from when it was not actually in Witney parish. Witney Workhouse was on Razor Hill and it was built in 1835–36 by the architect George Wilkinson. It had four wings radiating from a central building, similar to Chipping Norton workhouse
2.
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
3.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
4.
Rory Byrne
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Rory Byrne is a South African semi-retired engineer and car designer, most famous for being the chief designer at the Benetton and Scuderia Ferrari Formula One teams. Byrne-designed cars have won ninety-nine Grands Prix, seven constructors titles and this makes Byrne the third most successful Formula One designer, behind rivals Adrian Newey and Colin Chapman. Byrne became interested in racing at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa, firstly as a competitor. It was in period that he first began to design racing cars. His first car, a Formula Ford racer, was competitive, following his success in 1972 Byrne relocated to England to pursue a career in racing car design. An introduction to Ted Toleman in 1977 offered the opportunity for the thirty-three-year-old who was by now an established figure in British motor racing. Toleman was owner of a Formula 2 team and hired the South African as its designer, several seasons of increasingly respectable results culminated in first and second place in the 1980 European Formula 2 championship. The team with Rory Byrne as its designer was now ready to make the jump into Formula One. The first Byrne-designed car to appear at a grand prix was the Hart-powered TG181, lacking the finances to reach the first three long-haul races Toleman entered Formula One at the San Marino Grand Prix. It was in the off-season of 1983/84 that Toleman signed Ayrton Senna – a move that almost made Byrne, Senna, the teams steady progress towards the front of the grid was given a boost in 1985 when the Benetton family announced plans to purchase Toleman. After a brief spell with the abortive Reynard F1 project in 1991 Byrne returned to Benetton that fall, what he found was a changed team now firmly under the control of Flavio Briatore and with hotshot Michael Schumacher installed as number one driver. Byrnes B193 car was a substantial technical advancement on the previous car, incorporating a semi-automatic gearbox, four-wheel steering. The car took a win in the hands of Schumacher. It was immediately obvious at the first race of 1994 that Byrnes B194 chassis would be the car to beat. Critics suggested that the domination was more a result of an uncharacteristic slump by Williams star designer Adrian Newey. A late-season charge by Williams robbed Byrne of his first constructors title, with the accusations of cheating behind them, the Benetton team secured both titles before the season was finished – finally Byrne had what he wanted most. His car had won the Formula One constructors crown, with the hugely influential Schumacher leaving Benetton for Ferrari at the end of the season, the team began to fragment. Byrne announced that he would retire in 1996, Benetton technical director Ross Brawn was hired and Ferrari approached Rory Byrne to replace the teams existing chief designer John Barnard who refused to re-locate to Italy
5.
Pat Symonds
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Patrick Bruce Reith Pat Symonds is a British motor racing engineer. He was the Chief Technical Officer at Williams Grand Prix Engineering, from 2013 until 2016 having previously worked at the Benetton, Renault, after starting his career in lower motor sport categories, he joined Toleman in the early 1980s. As Toleman grew, it was taken over to become Benetton Formula, Symonds remained throughout this entire period with the team, working his way through the technical ranks. Symonds served as an engineer for many of the drivers, including Alessandro Nannini. Symonds remained with the team when Schumacher departed to Ferrari in 1996, when Ross Brawn was also lured to Ferrari, Symonds became the teams Technical Director. When Mike Gascoyne joined Benetton in 2001, Symonds was promoted to Executive Director of Engineering, the ING Renault F1 Team released a statement on 16 September 2009 stating that Symonds was no longer part of the team. Symonds was subsequently suspended from F1 events for 5 years after expressing his “eternal regret, however, his ban was overturned by the French Tribunal de Grande Instance on 5 January 2010, and he was also paid €5,000 in compensation. In April, he and Briatore reached a settlement with the FIA where he could return to F1 in 2013. In 2011, Symonds returned to F1 as a consultant for the Virgin Racing team in order to conduct a thorough overview of its operation, shortly afterwards, the team parted company with existing technical director Nick Wirth. Symonds is believed by many to have effectively taken Wirths place, Symonds had a column in the F1 Racing magazine, and serves on the committee for the MSc in Motorsport Engineering and Management at Cranfield University. In July 2013 it was announced that Symonds has been appointed as Chief Technical Officer to the Williams F1 Team, Williams confirmed in December 2016 that Symonds would be leaving upon the expiration of his contract at the end of the year. In March 2017 it was announced that Symonds was to join the Sky F1 team
6.
Derek Warwick
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Derek Stanley Arthur Warwick is a British former racing driver from England, who lives in Jersey. He raced for many years in Formula One, collecting four podiums and he did, however, win the 199224 Hours of Le Mans and 1992 World Sportscar Championship. In 2005 and 2006 he raced in the season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers. He has served as the steward for three Grands Prix in 2010 and 2011. He is president of the British Racing Drivers Club, succeeding Damon Hill, Warwick was born in Alresford, Hampshire, England. He began his career in British stock car racing under the Spedeworth organisation at tracks such as his local Aldershot Stadium and he won the Superstox English Championship in 1971 and the World Championship at Wimbledon Stadium in 1973. His younger brother Paul also raced with success in Superstox before progressing to Formula 3000. Derek won the 1978 British Formula 3 Championship, Warwick began his Formula One career with the fledgling F1 team Toleman for the 1981 season. He managed to qualify for one race that year, the season finale at Las Vegas. Warwick had mainly dismal 1982 and 1983 seasons in the Toleman car and he joined Renault in 1984 after Alain Prost left them at the end of 1983. He finished in place in both the Belgian and British Grands Prix in 1984 and placed seventh in the championship. 1984 would prove to be the beginning of the end for the factory Renault team, neither Warwick nor new teammate Patrick Tambay won a race in 1984, the first time since 1978 that the team did not win a Grand Prix. The turning point in Warwicks career was his decision to stay at Renault for 1985,1985 was a poor one for Renault and the team withdrew from Formula One at the end of the year. Following the death of Elio de Angelis in a accident in May, however. Warwick explained, I got a call from Bernie, who said that he really appreciated the fact that I didn’t call him five minutes after Elio had died. As no Grands Prix clashed with his Sportscar commitments, Warwick was able to race in world championships. In 1987, Warwick moved to the Arrows team alongside his Jaguar teammate Eddie Cheever and his best race of the season was 4th in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where he finished only half a second behind Cheever. For the first time this allowed both Warwick and Cheever to fully exploit the power of the 640 bhp Megatron engine and be closer to the front than they had been previously
7.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
8.
Teo Fabi
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Teodorico Teo Fabi is an Italian former racing driver who drove in Formula One and sportscar racing and claimed the pole position in his rookie year at the Indianapolis 500. He is the brother of former Formula One driver Corrado Fabi. Fabi became European Karting Champion in 1975 and followed that up with the European Formula Ford 1600 title in 1977, Fabi would compete in European Formula Three in 1978 for Forti Corse in a March-Toyota. Fabi would compete in seven races during the season and would take wins at Circuit Zolder, Dijon-Prenois, Fabi would finish 4th in points with 45 points. Fabi would then compete in European Formula Two in 1979 for March Racing Ltd. in a March 792-BMW, Fabi would get a best finish of 2nd at Circuit Park Zandvoort. Fabi would finish 10th in points with 13 points, Fabi would return to the series in 1980 for the ICI Roloil Racing Team in a March 802-BMW. Fabi would take three wins dueing the season at the Jim Clark Rennen at Hockenheimring, the Eifelrennen at Nürburgring, Fabi would finish out the season 3rd in points with 38 points. Fabi would begin to compete in Formula One in 1982 and would drive the #36 Candy Toleman TG181C-Hart 415T, the team had only qualified twice the previous season. The season got off to a start when the season-opening South African Grand Prix was disrupted by a drivers strike. Fabi, under pressure from Toleman manager Alex Hawkinge, was the driver to break the strike. His place was then jeopardised when Candy switched their support to Tyrrell, the TG181C was uncompetitive and the team largely focused on lead driver Derek Warwick. This resulted in Fabi only qualifying for 6 races out of a possible 14, the season would get off to a poor start with Fabi failing to qualify at the South African Grand Prix, the Brazilian Grand Prix and the 1982 United States Grand Prix West. Fabi would manage to qualify at the San Marino Grand Prix, in the race Fabi finished 7th,8 laps down. Fabi would go unclassified in the race and scored no points, Fabi would then qualify for the Belgian Grand Prix, starting and finishing 21st. Fabi would follow that up by failing to qualify at the Monaco Grand Prix, Fabi would then skip the Detroit Grand Prix and the Canadian Grand Prix. When Fabi returned he only failed to qualify at the German Grand Prix, Fabis best finish in the remaining races was a 20th-place finish at the Austrian Grand Prix. Fabi would go unranked in the due to the fact that he scored no points. Fabi would continue to drive in the CART/PPG World Series for Forsythe Racing, in these races his younger brother Corrado Fabi would drive in his place
9.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
10.
Ayrton Senna
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He was killed in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix for Williams. Senna began his career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year, in 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One, Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994. Senna has often voted as the best and most influential Formula One driver of all time in various motorsport polls. He was recognised for his speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and he holds a record six victories at the Monaco Grand Prix, and is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Prost, in the Japanese Grands Prix of 1989 and 1990, each of which decided the championship of that year, collisions between Senna and Prost determined the eventual winner. Senna was born in the Pro-Matre Maternity Hospital of Santana, a neighbourhood of São Paulo, the middle child of wealthy Brazilian landowner and factory owner Milton da Silva and his wife Neide Senna da Silva, he had an older sister, Viviane and a younger brother, Leonardo. The house where Senna spent the first four years of his life belonged to Neides father, Senna was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four. He also suffered from poor coordination and had trouble climbing stairways by the age of three. An electroencephalogram found that Senna was not suffering from any problems and his parents gave Senna the nickname Beco. At the age of seven, Senna first learned to drive a Jeep around his familys farm, Senna attended Colegio Rio Branco in the São Paulo neighbourhood of Jardins and graduated in 1977 with a grade 5 in physics along with other grades in mathematics, chemistry, and English. He later enrolled in a college that specialised in business administration, overall, his grades amounted up to 68%. Sennas first kart was built by his father using a small 1-HP lawnmower engine, Senna started racing at Interlagos and entered a karting competition at the age of 13. He started his first race on pole position, facing rivals who were some older than him, despite this. His father supported his son and Lucio Pascal Gascon soon managed the developing talent, Senna went on to win the South American Kart Championship in 1977
11.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
12.
Johnny Cecotto
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Alberto Johnny Cecotto is a Venezuelan former Grand Prix motorcycle World Champion and Formula One driver. The son of Italian immigrants, he is one of the few people to have competed in motorcycle and Formula One Grands Prix. His son Johnny Cecotto Jr. is also a racing driver. Cecotto showed impressive riding ability by passing almost the entire field while working his way up to place by the end of the race. He went on to become the youngest World Champion ever at nineteen years of age when he defeated the champion, Giacomo Agostini. In 1976, Cecotto returned to Daytona, now full support from the Yamaha factory racing team. This time, he was victorious, coming out on top after a battle with American Champion Kenny Roberts. In the 1976 Grand Prix season, he lost his 350cc crown in a battle with Harley-Davidson mounted Walter Villa. At the beginning of the 1977 season, he was injured in a deadly four rider accident at the Austrian Grand Prix that claimed the life of Swiss rider Hans Stadelmann. Cecotto never seemed to come to grips with the 500cc Yamaha, Cecotto finished third in the 1978 500cc title chase and added the Formula 750 World Championship to his titles. He suffered a broken kneecap at the 1979 Austrian Grand Prix at the Salzburgring. Cecotto soldiered on through the 1980 Grand Prix season but his numerous injuries curtailed his racing career. After the 1980 season, he decided to quit motorcycling to pursue a racing career. He retired with twelve 500cc pole positions in 27 starts, giving him one of the highest pole position per start ratios in motorcycle Grand Prix history, Cecotto made his four-wheeled debut with Minardi in the 1980 Formula Two Championship. Nevertheless, his performance garnered enough attention that he was offered a seat in Formula One, in Formula One, Cecotto participated in 23 races, debuting on March 13,1983 for the Theodore Racing team. He had a start as he scored a sixth place in only his second race, however. For the 1984 season, he joined the Toleman racing team with Ayrton Senna as his team mate, while qualifying for the British Grand Prix, he crashed heavily, breaking both of his legs which effectively ended his Formula One career. His sixth place at Long Beach stood as the best result for a Venezuelan driver until Pastor Maldonados victory in the Spanish Grand Prix 29 years later
13.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
14.
Stefan Johansson
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Stefan Nils Edwin Johansson is a Swedish racing driver who drove in Formula One for both Ferrari and McLaren, among other teams. Since leaving Formula One he has won the 199724 Hours of Le Mans and raced in a number of categories, including CART, various kinds of Sports car racing, and Grand Prix Masters. He is also the manager of New Zealander Scott Dixon, winner of the 2008 Indianapolis 500, Johanssons route to Formula One was via the British Formula 3 Championship, which he won in 1980 driving for future McLaren team boss Ron Dennis Project Four team. In Formula One he participated in 103 grands prix, debuting on 13 January 1980 for the Shadow Racing Team at the 1980 Argentine Grand Prix when he was still a Formula Three regular. Johanssons first Formula One race with Spirit was at the non-championship 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch where he failed to finish due to failure of the Honda engine on lap four and he moved up to 7th place before pulling into the pits with yet another engine failure. Spirit continued to test and develop the 201C and Johansson re-entered Formula One at the 1983 British Grand Prix at Silverstone where he qualified the car in a credible 14th position. He raced in a further five Grands Prix in 1983 with a best finish of seventh in the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort. He then went on to Toleman for the last few Grands Prix of the season in place of the injured Johnny Cecotto, while at Toleman, Johanssons regular teammate was future triple World Drivers Champion Ayrton Senna. Johansson signed a contract with Toleman for 1985 but it fell through when Toleman failed to secure a tyre agreement, in 1986 he often outpaced Alboreto, despite the Italian being the teams lead driver. Johansson finished the 1986 Drivers Championship his best ever in 5th place while Alboreto and he was replaced at Ferrari by Austrian Gerhard Berger for 1987, and he moved to McLaren as number two driver behind double and reigning World Champion Alain Prost. McLaren werent as competitive in 1987 as they had been in 1984–1986, further podium finishes did follow for the Swede and Johansson finished sixth in the Drivers Championship. Johansson famously finished the 1987 German Grand Prix on three wheels having had a puncture on the last lap and he also finished second behind Prost in Belgium, and added further podium finishes in Brazil, Spain and Japan. Despite 11 podiums in three seasons, Johansson was still winless and was not wanted by a top team and he did return to McLaren in a test-driver capacity in 1991, testing the Honda V12 engine at Suzuka in Japan. Unfortunately for Johansson, he failed to come to grips with the JS31 and he did record the cars two best finishes of the year though, 9th placings in the opening race of the season in Brazil and the last race in Australia. Better was to follow in 1989 as he was signed to lead the new Onyx team and their car was temperamental and didnt always qualify, but Johansson finished a surprise and popular third in Portugal for his last podium finish. He fell out with new team owner Peter Monteverdi in early 1990 and was sacked, making further appearances for AGS. Johanssons record of podium finishes without a win was equalled by Nick Heidfeld at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix, who then took the record outright at the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix. In his 11-year Grand Prix career, in which he drove for 10 different teams, Johansson achieved 12 podiums, including 4 second places, and scored a total of 88 championship points
15.
Piercarlo Ghinzani
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Piercarlo Ghinzani is a former racing driver from Italy. He currently manages his own racing team, Team Ghinzani, which was created in 1992 and is involved in several Formula Three championships. He also raced in Formula 2 in 1978 and he participated in 111 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 17 May at the 1981 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. Though he participated in 111 Grands Prix, he qualified for 77 of those. He spent much of the 1980s racing for the small Osella team, Ghinzani explained his continued association with unsuccessful teams such as Osella by saying it was better to be in Formula One, even at the back of the grid, than it was not being in it. Despite achieving no points finishes he was retained for 1984, after qualifying 20th for the second race of the season at Kyalami in South African, he crashed in the morning warm-up at high speed through the Jukskei Sweep. His Osella hit the wall and with almost a full load of 220 litres, went up in flames and he suffered burns to his hands. He recovered to take his only points when he finished a surprising 5th at the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix in a race marked by high attrition, crumbling tarmac. Ghinzani remained with Osella for 1985, in the half of that year Ghinzani was drafted into the Toleman team to partner fellow Italian Teo Fabi. Despite the competitiveness of the car, Ghinzani was suffered reliability problems and was unable to register a finish for the team, for 1987 he was contracted to the Ligier team, alongside former Grand Prix winner René Arnoux. This forced the team to adapt their cars to fit Megatron engines. Ghinzani occasionally ran in the points for Ligier, notably in Germany, despite being one of the few teams to use turbo powered engines in 1988, Ghinzani and Schneider often struggled to qualify for races and were often slower than the atmospheric cars. One such time was at the ultra fast Silverstone Circuit for the British Grand Prix, with turbo engines both drivers should have easily made the grid with their power advantage. Neither driver qualified however, with Ghinzani 6 seconds and Schneider 8 seconds slower than the pole winning Ferrari of Gerhard Berger, for 1989 he once again linked with Osella as team mate to young Italian driver Nicola Larini. Ghinzani announced his decision to retire from Grand Prix racing before official practice of the race of the 1989 season in Australia. Piquet, whose helmet was hit by one of the Osellas rear wheels but thankfully wasnt hurt, the race saw 1989 World Champion Alain Prost refuse to drive more than one lap in protest of the dangerous conditions brought on by persistent and heavy rain. Piercarlo Ghinzani also holds the record for the most Formula One appearances without qualifying in the top ten
16.
Benetton Formula
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Benetton Formula Ltd. commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, in 2002 the team became Renault F1. The Benetton Group entered Formula One as a company for Tyrrell in 1983, then Alfa Romeo in 1984 and 1985. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when the Toleman team was sold to the Benetton family, the team began with BMW engines and then later switched to Ford then Renault and finally Playlife. The team was managed by Flavio Briatore from 1990 until 1997, in about 1991, TWR acquired a one-third stake in the team, bringing in Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn to run the engineering operations. Rocco Benetton, the youngest son of Luciano Benetton joined the team as Chief Executive in 1998 and he replaced him with Prodrive boss David Richards, who lasted only for a year when he too was fired, due to a disagreement with the Benetton family about future strategy. Following Richards departure, Rocco Benetton managed the team for three years until its sale to Renault, the Benetton team is best known for its success with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 of the teams 27 career victories and their 2 drivers championships. After switching to Renault engines, they won the constructors championship in 1995 with Schumacher. After 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari along with Ross Brawn, on 16 March 2000, the team was sold to Renault for $120 million US. As part of their restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore as team manager, the team still used the Playlife engines they had been using for the last two years. The drivers were Giancarlo Fisichella and Alexander Wurz, the team scored 20 points, as well as 3 podium finishes in 2000 at Brazil, Monaco and Canada. During their final season in 2001 the drivers, Jenson Button and this was in part attributed to the new 111-degree wide angle engine. But continued development allowed Benetton to leave Formula 1 on something of a high, Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for the team, including a podium finish for Fisichella in Belgium. During the 1994 season, some teams claimed Benetton had found a way to violate the FIA-imposed ban on electronic aids, including traction control. On investigation, the FIA discovered start sequence software in the Benetton B194 cars, FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found with the software received little to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, Flavio Briatore, Benettons chief in 1994, said in 2001 that Our only mistake was that at the time we were too young and people were suspicious. During the 1994 season Benetton removed a fuel filter from the rig used during pit stops
17.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
18.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
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The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for another to beat him whatever the outcome of the remaining races. The Drivers Championship has been won in the race of the season 29 times in the 67 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers Championship has been clinched was in 2002, overall, thirty-three different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004, the United Kingdom has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with ten, Brazil, Germany and Finland are next with three each. Of the 33 drivers to win the World Championship,20 are still alive, the most recently deceased is John Surtees. Among teams, Scuderia Ferrari has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with 15, bold indicates the team also won the Constructors Championship. ^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations, ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. ^ Rindts championship was confirmed two rounds after he had killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points, Drivers in bold will compete in the 2017 World Championship. Drivers in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship, Constructors in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship. ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati and this shared championship is counted for each of these constructors. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the tyre supplier. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers Championships
19.
Pole position
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The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game
20.
1985 Australian Grand Prix
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The 1985 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on a street circuit in the city of Adelaide on 3 November 1985. The Australian Grand Prix was the sixteenth and final race of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the 50th running of the AGP and the first to be held on the streets of Adelaide on a specifically designed for the debut of the World Championship in Australia. The race was held over 82 laps of the 3.780 km circuit for a race distance of 310 kilometres. The Adelaide circuit was wide and fast in places, and included a 900 metre long straight where the cars reached over 200 mph. The reception for the track, and the way in which the event was organised and executed was sufficiently positive to see the promoters awarded the Formula One Promotional Trophy for 1985. Over the course of the weekend, the complaint from the drivers was of a lack of grip on the newly laid surface. The new surface was causing graining in both qualifying and race tyres, other than a bump in the road at the end of the Brabham Straight, the circuit itself was generally given the thumbs up by those that really mattered, the teams and their often highly paid drivers. Bernie Ecclestone had arranged for Jones to do a lap of the track before any cars were released from the pits. Jones Straight led directly onto the fast Brabham Straight, official qualifying became a battle royal between the Williams-Hondas of 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg and his team mate Nigel Mansell, and the Lotus-Renault of Ayrton Senna. Rosberg took the honors on Friday with a lap of 1,22.402, only 0.001 faster than Senna, as such, Senna was the only driver to record a time under 1,20. Outgoing World Champion Niki Lauda was 16th on the grid in his McLaren, Alan Jones ended up 19th on the grid after engine and turbo problems throughout practice and qualifying. The slowest qualifier for the race, Huub Rothengatter in the Osella-Alfa Romeo, was 10.473 seconds slower than Senna with a time of 1,30.319, with only 25 cars appearing for the race, all cars that attended qualified for the start. The race of attrition, which was run in 35 °C heat, was won by Finnish driver Keke Rosberg driving the Williams-Honda. Rosberg was the front running driver to finish strongly and one of only eight cars to be classified. Keke had some problems which could have lost him the race, his race engineer. Keke gave the trophy to Frank. It would remain a career best finish for Streiff, a delayed Stefan Johansson finished fifth in his Ferrari ahead of Gerhard Berger in his Arrows-BMW
21.
List of Formula One Grands Prix
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The following is a complete list of Grands Prix which have been a part of the FIA World Championship since its inception in 1950. As of the 2017 Australian Grand Prix,957 World Championship Grands Prix have been held, major auto racing events are often named Grands Prix, a tradition dating back to the first decade of the 20th Century and the Grand Prix motor racing of the 1920s and 1930s. Formally, for a race to be called a Grand Prix and this rule held for every Grand Prix which was ever on the Formula 1 calendar with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix – which has had a race distance of less than 300 km since 1968. The information below is correct as of the 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, bold denotes the 20 Grands Prix scheduled to be held in the 2017 season. Bold denotes the 20 Grands Prix scheduled to be held in the 2017 season, bold denotes the 20 Grands Prix scheduled to be held in the 2017 season
22.
Old Trafford, Manchester
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Old Trafford is an area of Stretford, in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, two miles southwest of Manchester city centre. The crossroads sites of two old toll gates roughly delineate the borders of the area, Brookss Bar to the east and Trafford Bar to the west. Old Trafford is the site of two sporting venues, Old Trafford football stadium, home of Manchester United F. C. and Old Trafford Cricket Ground. These are at end of Warwick Road, two parts of which have been renamed Brian Statham Way and Sir Matt Busby Way. The interconnecting strip of road between retains the name Warwick Road, and the section on the other side of the Metrolink line is called Warwick Road South. Old Trafford was a point over the River Irwell in ancient times. The name Old Trafford possibly derives from the time there were two Trafford Halls, Old Trafford Hall and New Trafford Hall. The name of the area around Old Trafford Hall may subsequently have become shortened to Old Trafford, the old hall was demolished in 1939. The popularity of the botanical gardens – which was a kind of northern Crystal Palace – led wealthy people to large houses in the area. In 1857, and again in 1887, the gardens staged exhibitions of art treasures, the former as part of the Art Treasures Exhibition, the Hallé Orchestra was formed to participate in the first of these exhibitions. The site of the gardens was purchased by White City Limited in 1907. From the 1950s to the 1970s, White City Stadium was used as a racing track. This site is now White City Retail Park, the front entrance is all that has been preserved of the old botanical gardens. Nearby, on the site of what is now the Greater Manchester Police Headquarters, was Henshaws Institute for the Blind, next door on the same site was the Royal Institute for the Deaf, where the film Mandy was made. Trafford Park provided employment for thousands of local residents, employment was also provided on a smaller scale, notably by the railways, Duerrs Jams, Vimto, Arkady Soya Mill and Ludwig Oppenheimer Mosaics. The Royal Army Medical Corps and the Territorial Army have well-established bases in the area, slum clearances during the 1960s and early 1970s saw some of the old Victorian housing stock demolished. However, after the failure of the deck-access concrete crescents of Hulme. As a result, there are still many Victorian terraced streets in the area, by 1985, employment at Trafford Park had fallen to 24,500, as unemployment in the northwest soared above 30 per cent in some inner-city areas
23.
Dagenham
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Dagenham is a large suburb of east London, England. In the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, it is 11.5 miles east of Charing Cross and 9.5 miles east of the City of London. Historically in Essex, it was a village and remained mostly undeveloped until 1921. The population of the significantly increased in the 20th century, with the parish of Dagenham becoming an urban district in 1926. It has formed part of Greater London since 1965 and is a residential area, with some areas of declining industrial activity. The southern part of Dagenham, adjacent to the River Thames, Dagenham first appeared in a document in a charter of Barking Abbey dating from 666 AD. The name almost certainly originated with a farmstead, the ham or farm of a man called Daecca. In 1931 the Ford Motor Company relocated from Trafford Park in Manchester, to a plant in Dagenham, by the 1950s Ford had taken over Briggs at Dagenham and its other sites at Doncaster, Southampton, Croydon and Romford. At its peak the Dagenham plant had 4 million square feet of floor space, in 2005 Cummins went into a joint venture and offered $15 million to reinstate the factory. Ford and Cummins offered a good redundancy package, billed as one of the best in UK manufacturing and it is the location of the Dagenham wind turbines. Some 4,000 people now work at the Ford plant, the movie Made in Dagenham is a dramatisation of the 1968 Ford sewing machinists strike at the plant, when female workers walked out in protest against sexual discrimination and unequal pay. Sterling Ltd who were famous for manufacturing British Army weapons and Jaguar car parts were based in Dagenham until they went bankrupt in 1988. The May & Baker plant, owned and run by Sanofi-Aventis, occupies a 108-acre site in Rainham Road South and it was abandoned in 2013 when the company closed this plant. The council has decided how to use the vacant site and they will redevelop it with a new shopping centre, stores announced so far are a Sainsburys supermarket and a pub restaurant. More stores will be announced in the future, Dagenham was an ancient, and later civil, parish in the Becontree hundred of Essex. The Metropolitan Police District was extended in 1840 to include Dagenham, the parish formed part of the Romford Rural District from 1894. Dagenham Parish Council offices were located on Bull Street, separately, the London County Council proposed that its area of responsibility should be expanded beyond the County of London to cover the area. Instead, in 1926 the Dagenham parish was removed from the Romford Rural District, in 1938, in further recognition of its development, Dagenham became a municipal borough
24.
Brentwood, Essex
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Brentwood is a town in and the principal settlement of the Borough of Brentwood, in the county of Essex in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt,20 miles east-north-east of Charing Cross, according to the 2011 Census the town had a population of 49,463. It is a town with a small but expanding shopping area. Beyond this are residential developments surrounded by countryside and woodland. Brentwood has been twinned since 1978 with Roth, Germany and since 1994 with Montbazon and it also has a relationship with Brentwood, Tennessee in the United States. The name was assumed by antiquaries in the 1700s to derive from a corruption of the burnt and wood. However, brent was the middle English for burnt, the name describes the presumed reason for settlement in the part of the Forest of Essex that would have covered the area, where the main occupation was charcoal burning. An alternative meaning of brent is holy one, which could refer to the dedicated to Thomas Becket. Rather, it is believed that despite the Roman road between London and Colchester passing through, the Saxons were the earliest settlers of the area. Robert Graves, in his book Claudius the God, refers to Brentwood as the site of the battle where Claudius defeated the Ancient Britons in 44 AD, however, Graves also states that names and places in the book are sometimes fictitious. The borough began as a clearing in the middle of a dense forest, created by fire, giving it the name of Burntwood. A chapel was built in or around 1221, and in 1227 a market charter was granted, the new township, occupying the highest ground in the parish, lay at the junction of the main London-Colchester road with the Ongar-Tilbury road. The ruin stands in the centre of the street, next to the tourist information office. Pilgrims Hatch, or Pilgrims gate, was named from pilgrims who crossed through on their way to the chapel. It is likely, however, that Brentwoods development was due chiefly to its main position, its market. Early industries were connected mainly with textile and garment making, brewing, during the Peasants Revolt of 1381, Brentwood was the meeting place for some of the instigators, such as John Ball and Jack Straw. They, apparently, met regularly in local pubs and inns, Bampton insisted that the peasants pay what was demanded of them. The peasants refused to pay and a riot ensued as Bampton attempted to arrest the peasants, the peasants moved to kill Bampton, but he managed to escape to London
25.
Formula Ford
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Formula Ford is an entry-level class of single seater, open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held across the world form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers, Formula Ford has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone into formula racing after karting. The series typically sees professional career minded drivers enter alongside amateurs, success in Formula Ford can lead directly to other junior formulae such as a Formula Renault 2.0 or a Formula Three seat. Formula Ford is not a one-make championship and it allows freedom of chassis design, engine build and numerous technical items of specification on the car. This opens the door to many manufacturers, large and small. Many other single-seater formulae impose fixed specifications, only two other professional single seater racing formulae in the world offer the same freedom of chassis and engine build, Formula Three and Formula One. Many aspiring Formula One stars looked to schools in the hope of learning the craft. However, although there was no shortage of aspiring drivers, these schools had much trouble avoiding bankruptcy. The 1-litre Formula Three engines, the 1. 1-litre Coventry Climax FJ and later the Ford Anglia 105E, furthermore, these engines were incredibly fragile and had a tendency to self-destruct. All these factors contributed to a maintenance and upkeep cost of the schools. In 1963, Geoff Clarke, the owner of Motor Racing Stables and this brought him in contact with John Webb, managing director of developments at Brands Hatch. At about this time, two of the school’s Lotus Formula Junior chassis were fitted with a standard 1498cc Ford pushrod engine as featured in the recently introduced Cortina GT saloon. The 1500 Cortina, with its reliability and horsepower output fairly close to “F3 proper” proved a resounding success in the school. The earliest experiments with radial tires bore fruit as well, the students of the day did not care that these were not the engines or racing tyres. Not only would make ideal school cars, but would also provide a new entry level formula for a race series. They felt if they called it “Formula Ford they could get backing from Ford itself, Webb was on the phone the next day to Ford competition manager Henry Taylor, who agreed to provide Clarke and MRS with 54 Cortina GT engines at £50 each. Webb also approached the Royal Automobile Clubs competition director, to establish rules for this new class, late in 1967, Ford announced the new Formula Ford class to the world. Clarke then set about approaching existing race car constructors to build the first Formula Fords, both Bruce McLaren and Jack Brabham turned down the idea, Colin Chapman however dusted off the obsolete Lotus 31 Chassis and reinvented it as the Lotus 51
26.
March Engineering
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March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
27.
Formula Two
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Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of open wheel formula racing first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009–2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The goal of the 2009 revival was to develop a low-cost series to young drivers a chance to compete in the highest tiers of motorsport. In December 2012, series promoter MSV announced that Formula Two would not take place after 2013 due to declining entrant numbers, a third attempt at establishing the series was announced in 2015. Formula 2 returned in 2017, the former GP2 series became FIA Formula 2 in the March leading up to the 2017 season, for much of the history of Formula One, Formula Two has represented the penultimate step on the motorsport ladder. Prior to the Second World War, there existed a division of racing for cars smaller. This category was usually called voiturette racing and provided a means for amateur or less experienced drivers and smaller marques to prove themselves. By the outbreak of war, the rules for voiturette racing permitted 1.5 L supercharged engines, in 1946, the 3.0 L supercharged rules were abandoned and Formulae A and B introduced. This left no category below Formula A/Formula One, so Formula Two was first formally codified in 1948 by FIA as a smaller and cheaper complement to the Grand Prix cars of the era. Among the races held in this first year of Formula Two was the 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix, the rules limited engines to two-litre naturally aspirated or 750 cc supercharged. As a result, the cars were smaller, lighter, and this encouraged new marques such as Cooper to move up to Formula Two, before competing against the big manufacturers of Alfa Romeo and Maserati. In fact, Formula One in its early years attracted so few entrants that in 1952 and 1953 all World Championship Grand Prix races, except the unique Indianapolis 500, were run in Formula Two. F2 went into decline with the arrival of the 2.5 L F1 in 1954 and this became dominated by rear-engined Coopers drawing on their Formula 3 and Bobtail sports car, with Porsches based on their RSK sports cars enjoying some success. Ferrari originally developed their Sharknose Dino 156 as a Formula Two car, the dominant engine of this formula was the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder, with the rare Borgward sixteen-valve unit enjoying some success. A slightly enlarged version of the F2 Cooper won the first two Formula One Grands Prix in 1958, marking the beginning of the era in Formula One. Formula Two was largely the domain of Formula One stars on their days off, engines were mostly by Cosworth and Honda, though some other units appeared, including various Fiat based units and dedicated racing engines from BMC and BRM. For 1967, the FIA increased the engine capacity to 1600cc. The FIA also introduced the European Formula Two Championship in 1967, Ickx, driving a Matra MS5, won the inaugural championship by 11 points from the Australian, Frank Gardner
28.
Ralt
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Ralt was a manufacturer of single-seater racing cars, founded by ex-Jack Brabham associate Ron Tauranac after he sold out his interest in Brabham to Bernie Ecclestone. Ron and his brother had built some specials in Australia in the 1950s under the Ralt name, Tauranac won the 1954 NSW Hillclimb Championship in the Ralt 500. Built with the assistance of Tauranacs younger brother, Austin, in Australia, the Mk was powered by a 1, 932cc pushrod Norton ES2. Tauranac made his own flywheel, connecting rods, and cylinders, the Mk2 was a sports car built by and for Austin, with a Ford 10 engine, Standard 10 gearbox, and Morris 8 rear axle. The Mk3 was purchased from the Hooper brothers when they retired, Tauranac designed a new chassis for it, and the car was primarily driven by Austin. The Mk4 began as a special, using a Vincent-HRD1,000 cc V-twin, the car took two years to develop in Tauranac’s spare time. After just two events, somebody insisted on buying it, so plans were made for a run of five. The Mk5 was planned by Austin as a Peugeot-engined car, Tauranac founded Ralt in 1974 and the first product was the RT1, a simple and versatile car used in Formula Two, Formula Three and Formula Atlantic racing between 1975 and 1978. In 1979, the RT2 was developed for Formula Two, with three cars being built for the Toleman team, later, three more cars were built for private owners, including one exclusively for the revival of the Can-Am series. For 1980 Toleman built its own car, the TG280, which was based somewhat on the RT2 design, Two of the original Toleman RT2s were later raced in Can-Am, while the third ended up in South Africa, where copies called Lants were made. Related cars have appeared in hillclimb and sprint events in the UK as Romans, the RT2 also provided the basis for three cars in other categories, the RT3 in Formula Three, the RT4 in Formula Atlantic, and the RT5 in Formula Super Vee. The RT4 was the car of choice in Australian Formula 1, other F1 drivers to drive a Ralt RT4 in Australia during this period included Jacques Laffite and Andrea de Cesaris, as well as World Champions Alan Jones, Nelson Piquet, Keke Rosberg and Niki Lauda. The RT4, generally powered by a 1, in 1980, Honda asked John Judds Engine Developments to develop an engine for Formula Two, which would be used by the works Ralt team. Tauranac had previously associated with Honda through Brabhams introduction of the Japanese marque to F2 in the 1960s. The cars proved successful, winning 20 championship races and the 1981,1983 and 1984 championships with Geoff Lees, Jonathan Palmer. In 1985, Formula Two was replaced by the new Formula 3000 category, Ralts first F3000 car was the RB20, essentially a further development of the RH6/84 but fitted with a Cosworth DFV engine. The car won four races of the inaugural International F3000 Championship with Thackwell, for 1986, the RT20 was developed - a cheaper, more economical car with a traditional aluminium tub that was easier to maintain. Honda returned as the supplier for the works team, while customers used Cosworths
29.
Pirelli
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SpA is a multinational company based in Milan, Italy, formerly listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922. It was acquired in 2015 by ChemChina, the company is one of the largest tyre manufacturers behind Bridgestone, Michelin, Continental and Goodyear. It is present in over 160 countries, has 20 manufacturing sites in 14 countries, Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Formula One Championship for 2011–2019 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship. Pirelli is now a pure tyre manufacturing company, in the past it has also launched fashion project and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility. Founded in Milan in 1872 by Giovanni Battista Pirelli, the company specialised in rubber and derivative processes. Thereafter, Pirellis activities were focused on the production of tyres and cables. In 2005, Pirelli sold its division to Goldman Sachs. In the 1950s, Alberto Pirelli commissioned the building of a skyscraper, Pirelli Tower, in 1974, Pirelli invented the wide radial tyre, upon a request from the Lancia rally racing team for a tyre strong enough to withstand the power of the new Lancia Stratos. At that time, racing tyres were either slick tyres made with the cross ply technique, or radial tyres, both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in 1975 Pirelli created a wide tyre with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, subsequently, Porsche started using the same tyres with the Porsche 911 Turbo. In 1988, Pirelli acquired the Armstrong Rubber Company, which was headquartered in New Haven, Connecticut, in 2002 the company started a range of Pirelli branded clothing, watches and eyewear. In March 2015, it was announced that Pirelli shareholders has accepted a €7.1 billion bid from ChemChina for the company, the transaction was completed and the company was delisted in November 2015. The list of Pirelli main shareholders As of September 2016 The list of Pirelli Board of Directors, the Pirelli Calendar is published annually, and regularly features famous actresses and fashion models. The Pirelli Internetional Award is given annually for the best international multimedia involving the communication of science, power is nothing without control is the well known slogan of Pirelli Tyre Company, and is featured in numerous television and print advertisements. Pirelli is the main sponsor of Italian football club Inter Milan. Pirelli has a history of sponsoring football teams, Pirelli is well known for its long term primary sponsorship of the Italian football team Inter Milan. Pirelli previously appeared as a sponsor on the shirts of the Maltese football club Valletta for a short time, Pirellis sponsorship of football teams is not limited to Europe, South America is a key market and as a result successful clubs have also been sponsored by the tyre company. The Brazilian team Palmeiras, Uruguayan team Peñarol and Argentinian side Vélez Sársfield all had Pirelli as a shirt sponsor, when English Football League One side Burton Albion Football Club built their new stadium in 2005, Pirelli became the title sponsor of the new ground
30.
BP
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BP P. L. C. also referred to by its former name, British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels and wind power, the company has around 17,200 service stations worldwide. Its largest division is BP America in the United States, in Russia BP owns a 19. 75% stake in Rosneft, the worlds largest publicly traded oil and gas company by hydrocarbon reserves and production. BP has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, BPs origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908, established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954 British Petroleum, in 1959, the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska and it was one of the the first companies to strike oil in the North Sea. British Petroleum acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978, formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. British Petroleum merged with Amoco in 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc, from 2003 to 2013, BP was a partner in the TNK-BP joint venture in Russia. BP has been involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. 1.8 million gallons of Corexit oil dispersant were used in the cleanup response, legal proceedings continued into January 2015 which determined payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. BP appealed the ruling, which raised concerns about BPs future and they settled in July 2015 in the amount of $19 billion plus the original amount. In May 1908 a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjid-i-Suleiman in Mohammerah and it was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox DArcy, by contract with the Emir of Mohammerah, Sheikh Khazal Khan al-Kaabi and this event changed the history of the Middle East. The oil discovery led to petrochemical industry development and also the establishment of industries that depended on oil. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was incorporated as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company, some of the shares were sold to the public. The first chairman and minority shareholder of the company became Lord Strathcona, the refinery was built and began operating in 1912. In 1913, the British Government acquired a controlling interest in the company and at the suggestion of Winston Churchill, the Royal Navy, which projected British power all over the world, came to be run 100% on oil from Iran. In 1919, the became a shale-oil producer by establishing a subsidiary named Scottish Oils which merged remaining Scottish oil-shale industries
31.
Formula 2
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Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of open wheel formula racing first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009–2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The goal of the 2009 revival was to develop a low-cost series to young drivers a chance to compete in the highest tiers of motorsport. In December 2012, series promoter MSV announced that Formula Two would not take place after 2013 due to declining entrant numbers, a third attempt at establishing the series was announced in 2015. Formula 2 returned in 2017, the former GP2 series became FIA Formula 2 in the March leading up to the 2017 season, for much of the history of Formula One, Formula Two has represented the penultimate step on the motorsport ladder. Prior to the Second World War, there existed a division of racing for cars smaller. This category was usually called voiturette racing and provided a means for amateur or less experienced drivers and smaller marques to prove themselves. By the outbreak of war, the rules for voiturette racing permitted 1.5 L supercharged engines, in 1946, the 3.0 L supercharged rules were abandoned and Formulae A and B introduced. This left no category below Formula A/Formula One, so Formula Two was first formally codified in 1948 by FIA as a smaller and cheaper complement to the Grand Prix cars of the era. Among the races held in this first year of Formula Two was the 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix, the rules limited engines to two-litre naturally aspirated or 750 cc supercharged. As a result, the cars were smaller, lighter, and this encouraged new marques such as Cooper to move up to Formula Two, before competing against the big manufacturers of Alfa Romeo and Maserati. In fact, Formula One in its early years attracted so few entrants that in 1952 and 1953 all World Championship Grand Prix races, except the unique Indianapolis 500, were run in Formula Two. F2 went into decline with the arrival of the 2.5 L F1 in 1954 and this became dominated by rear-engined Coopers drawing on their Formula 3 and Bobtail sports car, with Porsches based on their RSK sports cars enjoying some success. Ferrari originally developed their Sharknose Dino 156 as a Formula Two car, the dominant engine of this formula was the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder, with the rare Borgward sixteen-valve unit enjoying some success. A slightly enlarged version of the F2 Cooper won the first two Formula One Grands Prix in 1958, marking the beginning of the era in Formula One. Formula Two was largely the domain of Formula One stars on their days off, engines were mostly by Cosworth and Honda, though some other units appeared, including various Fiat based units and dedicated racing engines from BMC and BRM. For 1967, the FIA increased the engine capacity to 1600cc. The FIA also introduced the European Formula Two Championship in 1967, Ickx, driving a Matra MS5, won the inaugural championship by 11 points from the Australian, Frank Gardner
32.
Lancia
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Lancia is an Italian automobile manufacturer founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia as Lancia & C. It became part of the Fiat Group in 1969, the current company, the company has a strong rally heritage and is noted for using letters of the Greek alphabet for its model names. Lancia vehicles are no longer sold outside of Italy, and comprise only the Ypsilon supermini range, fabbrica Automobili was founded on 29 November 1906 in Turin by Fiat racing drivers, Vincenzo Lancia and his friend, Claudio Fogolin. The first car manufactured by Lancia was the Tipo 51 or 12 HP and it had a small four-cylinder engine with a power output of 28 hp. In 1910 Lancia components were exported to the United States where they were assembled, in 1915, Lancia also manufactured its first truck, the Jota that continued as a dedicated series. In 1937, Vincenzo died of an attack and both his wife, Adele Miglietti Lancia, and his son, Gianni Lancia, took over control of the company. They persuaded Vittorio Jano to join as an engineer, Jano had already made a name for himself by designing various Alfa Romeo models, including some of its most successful race cars ever such as the 6C, P2 and P3. Lancia is renowned in the world for introducing cars with numerous innovations. These include the Theta of 1913, which was the first European production car to feature a complete system as standard equipment. 1948 saw the first 5 speed gearbox to be fitted to a production car, Lancia premiered the first full-production V6 engine, in the 1950 Aurelia, after earlier industry-leading experiments with V8 and V12 engine configurations. It was also the first manufacturer to produce a V4 engine, other innovations involved the use of independent suspension in production cars and rear transaxles, which were first fitted to the Aurelia and Flaminia range. This drive for innovation, constant quest for excellence, fixation of quality, complex construction processes, with little commonality between the various models, the cost of production continued to increase extensively, while demand did not eventually affecting Lancias viability. Gianni Lancia, an engineer was president of Lancia from 1947 to 1955. In 1956 the Pesenti family took control of Lancia with Carlo Pesenti in charge. Fiat launched a bid in October 1969 which was accepted by Lancia as the company was losing significant sums of money. During the 1970s and 1980s, Lancia had great success in rallying, winning many World Rally Championships, during the 1980s, the company cooperated with Saab Automobile, with the Lancia Delta being sold as the Saab 600 in Sweden. The 1985 Lancia Thema also shared a platform with the Saab 9000, Fiat Croma, during the 1990s, all models were closely related to other Fiat models. Starting from 1 February 2007, Fiats automotive operations were reorganised, Fiat Auto became Fiat Group Automobiles S. p. A
33.
Turbocharger
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Turbochargers were originally known as turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices were classified as superchargers. Nowadays the term supercharger is usually applied only to mechanically driven forced induction devices, compared to a mechanically driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to be more efficient, but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine with both a supercharger and a turbocharger, turbochargers are commonly used on truck, car, train, aircraft, and construction equipment engines. They are most often used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines and they have also been found useful in automotive fuel cells. Forced induction dates from the late 19th century, when Gottlieb Daimler patented the technique of using a pump to force air into an internal combustion engine in 1885. During World War I French engineer Auguste Rateau fitted turbochargers to Renault engines powering various French fighters with some success, in 1918, General Electric engineer Sanford Alexander Moss attached a turbocharger to a V12 Liberty aircraft engine. Turbochargers were first used in aircraft engines such as the Napier Lioness in the 1920s. Ships and locomotives equipped with turbocharged diesel engines began appearing in the 1920s, turbochargers were also used in aviation, most widely used by the United States. During World War II, notable examples of U. S. aircraft with turbochargers include the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, P-38 Lightning, and P-47 Thunderbolt. Turbochargers are widely used in car and commercial vehicles because they allow smaller-capacity engines to have improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, higher power, in contrast to turbochargers, superchargers are mechanically driven by the engine. Belts, chains, shafts, and gears are common methods of powering a supercharger, for example, on the single-stage single-speed supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, the supercharger uses about 150 horsepower. Yet the benefits outweigh the costs, for the 150 hp to drive the supercharger the engine generates an additional 400-horsepower, a net gain of 250 hp. This is where the principal disadvantage of a supercharger becomes apparent, another disadvantage of some superchargers is lower adiabatic efficiency as compared to turbochargers. Adiabatic efficiency is a measure of an ability to compress air without adding excess heat to that air. Even under ideal conditions, the compression process always results in elevated temperature, however. Roots superchargers impart significantly more heat to the air than turbochargers, thus, for a given volume and pressure of air, the turbocharged air is cooler, and as a result denser, containing more oxygen molecules, and therefore more potential power than the supercharged air. In practical application the disparity between the two can be dramatic, with turbochargers often producing 15% to 30% more power based solely on the differences in adiabatic efficiency. By comparison, a turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, in contrast to supercharging, the primary disadvantage of turbocharging is what is referred to as lag or spool time
34.
1981 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1981 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 13 September 1981. Formula One returned to the Monza circuit after a years absence, coming into Italy, both Nelson Piquet and Carlos Reutemann were tied on points in the Drivers Championship, Reutemann would eventually leave with the lead. Alain Prost was also becoming a challenger for the world title, the race would be known for the first time a Toleman-Hart qualified and finished in a race with Brian Henton qualifying the car in 23rd place. When the race started, pole-man René Arnoux fell back to third while Prost, behind, Didier Pironi was fourth after overtaking four cars on the run up to the first chicane. Pironi continued his charge with Reutemann and Arnoux soon behind him, as his opponents dropped behind, Prost increased his lead and would keep it for the rest of the race. Jacques Laffite also made an excellent start, and was running third when he retired from the race with a puncture on lap 11. One Lap 19, John Watson lost control of his car at the Lesmo and smashed into the barriers at high speed and his McLarens engine tub broke off from the car and debris littered the track. As the race reached the point, the standings stood as, Prost, Jones, Piquet, Reutemann. In an incredible case of misfortune, Piquets engine blew on the last lap, promoting Reutemann into third, the Brazilian, however, was able to score a point as the sixth driver to have covered the entire race distance. Andrea de Cesaris, suffered a puncture on the last lap, haunted by the trauma of nearly killing mechanic Dave Luckett in a previous race, Siegfried Stohr crashed his Arrows during the qualifying session. He ultimately decided to stop racing and started a motor racing academy. Nelson Piquet was running 3rd when his engine expired on the next to last lap, but Watson walked away unhurt- proving the strength of the McLarens carbon fibre construction. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
35.
1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
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The 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 17,1981, in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. It was the race of the 1981 Formula One season. Going into this race, three drivers were in contention for the World Championship, carlos Reutemann, driving a Williams, had 49 points having won two races, while Piquet, driving a Brabham, had 48 having won three. Jacques Laffite, driving a Ligier, had a chance on 43. Laffite needed to win this race with Reutemann finishing no higher than fourth and Piquet no higher than third, or to finish second with neither Reutemann nor Piquet finishing in the top six. If Laffite failed to finish first or second, then all Reutemann had to do was finish ahead of Piquet, while Piquet had to finish in the top six and this was the third year in succession that the United States hosted the final round of the World Championship. The track, created on the lot of the Caesars Palace hotel, had a smooth surface and provided speeds averaging over 100 mph. Unusually, however, its direction was counter-clockwise, which strained the drivers necks and this, together with the desert heat, meant that the drivers endurance would be tested in the extreme all weekend. Even in practice, Piquet suffered noticeably and became sick, he later got a 90-minute massage from Sugar Ray Leonards masseur to help sort out his troubled back. The Williams drivers, Alan Jones and Reutemann, were fastest from the start of the first practice with points leader Reutemann the faster of the two. Later, Jones became the other driver to break 1,18 in qualifying. In the race on Saturday, Jones jumped off the line into the lead, but Reutemann was quickly passed by Gilles Villeneuve, Alain Prost and Bruno Giacomelli, by the end of lap two, Jones had a five-second lead. Prost passed Villeneuve on lap three, but could not get enough to challenge Jones for the lead. Villeneuve, meanwhile, kept a line of cars behind him as he fought off the advances of Giacomelli and this allowed Mario Andretti to move right on to Piquets tail, as he desperately tried to overtake Reutemann. The Brazilian was nearly touching the back of the Williams as they approached the last left-hander before the pits on lap 17, Piquet got around Reutemann on the inside when Reutemann, fighting for the Championship, inexplicably braked early. Piquet said, I saw his car getting worse oversteer, then he braked very early, I think in the hope I would run into him, on the next lap, Andretti also went by. Piquet passed John Watson on lap 22, and put himself in a position to score points when he took sixth place. Reutemann continued to slip backwards with gearbox trouble, having lost fourth gear as early as lap two, on lap 30, crowd favorite Andretti retired from fourth place with broken suspension
36.
Las Vegas Valley
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The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Nevada. The largest urban agglomeration in the state, it is the heart of the Las Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, the Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada, Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas, six unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth, in 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion. The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, in the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas. The area was settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a center as well as a resort destination. Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley, the ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies, limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area. Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television, legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off. The Las Vegas area remains one of the top entertainment destinations. The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform and this includes the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson, and the unincorporated towns of Paradise, Spring Valley, Sunrise Manor, Enterprise, Winchester, and Whitney. The valley is located within the larger metropolitan area, as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County -including parts that do not fall within the valley. The government of Clark County has an Urban Planning Area of Las Vegas and this definition is a roughly rectangular area, about 20 mi from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. Notable exclusions from the Urban Planning Area include Red Rock, Blue Diamond, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. The department does not exercise jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base
37.
Toleman TG183
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The Toleman TG183 was a Formula One racing car designed by Rory Byrne and built and raced by Toleman Motorsport. The car first raced in the last two races of the 1982 Formula One season driven by Derek Warwick, in the 1983 Formula One season an updated version of the car, designated TG183B, was introduced and Warwick was joined at Toleman by Bruno Giacomelli. The TG183 was distinctive in that it had twin rear wings, unfortunately the front wing configuration caused the front of the car to move about at high speed and was eventually replaced by a more conventional front wing set up. The TG183Bs last race meeting, the 1984 San Marino Grand Prix saw the time that Ayrton Senna would fail to qualify for a Grand Prix. After a dispute with tyre supplier Pirelli which saw the switch to Michelin. In the second, wet qualifying session Sennas Hart 415T engine suffered a fuel pressure problem at the Tosa section of the Imola circuit and he was unable to get back to the pits in time to record a time. The TG183B was replaced after four races of 1984 by the Toleman TG184, *14 points scored in 1984 using the Toleman TG184
38.
1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
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The 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on September 25,1982, in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was won by Michele Alboreto for Tyrrell and this was also Mario Andrettis last F1 race. For the first time since the World Championship began in 1950, the final race of the year, and the third in the US, would once again decide the Championship. Keke Rosberg of Williams had 42 points, to 33 for McLarens John Watson, meanwhile, the race was former world champion Mario Andrettis final grand prix. The courses tight turns and short straights allowed the cars to be more competitive than usual, with Michele Alboretos Tyrrell. The turbocharged Renaults of Alain Prost and René Arnoux took first and second positions in qualifying, the two Championship contenders, Rosberg and Watson, meanwhile, were in sixth and ninth places respectively, separated by the Ferraris of Mario Andretti and Patrick Tambay. At the green light for the race on Saturday, Prost led from the pole, cheever, from the fourth spot on the grid, was determined to get around the outside of Alboreto on the first left-hander. They touched wheels, but both continued with Alboreto still in front, Cheevers Ligier sporting a front wheel and the Tyrrell of Alboreto bearing a tire mark on the right sidepod. For the first ten laps, the Renaults steadily pulled away from Alboreto, the Tyrrell began to match Arnouxs times, however, and then to close on him, as Prost took back the lead on lap 15. Speculation of a problem with Arnouxs car proved true, as the Renault was faltering, among the leaders, Alboreto began inching closer to Prost again, and Watson continued to close on both of them. Niki Laudas McLaren retired on lap 54, while Alboreto had eliminated the gap to Prost, prosts tires were picking up rubber and had developed a vibration. In four more laps, Watson had also caught and passed him, but he was having the problem as Prost. Alboreto cruised to a victory, his first ever and the first for Tyrrell in four years. Alboreto was the 11th different victor that year, cheever was also able to overtake the ailing Prost for third, nine laps from the end. Less than three seconds behind Prost, and the last car on the lap, was Rosberg. Rosberg and Watson both entered this race with a chance of winning the Drivers Championship, Rosberg needed either 6th or higher Watson 2nd or lower Watson needed 1st, with Rosberg 7th or lower. For the first time in 18 years, three entered the final race with a chance of the Constructors Championship. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, 2nd Las Vegas Grand Prix, King Keke
Derek Warwick
Teo Fabi
Ayrton Senna
Johnny Cecotto
Stefan Johansson
