1.
Order of Jamaica
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The Order of Jamaica is the fifth of the six orders in the Jamaican honours system. The Order was established in 1969, and it is considered the equivalent of a knighthood in the British honours system, membership in the Order can be conferred upon any Jamaican citizen of outstanding distinction. Honorary membership in the Order can be conferred upon any distinguished citizen of a other than Jamaica. Members and Honorary Members are entitled to, wear the insignia of the Order as a decoration, be styled The Honourable, the motto of the Order is For a covenant of the people. List of recipients of the Order of Jamaica Order of Jamaica
Order of Jamaica
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Order of Jamaica
Order of Jamaica
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Ribbon of the award
2.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
3.
May Pen
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May Pen is the capital and largest town in the parish of Clarendon in the Middlesex County, Jamaica. It is located on the Rio Minho river, and is a market centre for the Parish. The population is estimated at around 60,000, with the suburbs of Sandy Bay, Mineral Heights, Hazard, Palmers Cross, Denbigh. May Pen was established as a settlement by the British between 1660 and 1683 on a crossing point of the Rio Minho river. May Pen is well located from a point of view in the centre of a largely agricultural parish. Boasting a large open air market and transportation centre along Main Street and Sevens Road, may Pen also has many banks, hardware stores, pharmacies and eateries, including Juicy Beef Patties. The town also has a large post office and court house, may Pen is also an important citrus packing centre, including oranges and a hybrid citrus fruit called an ugli. The Denbigh Agricultural Showground is located three miles west of the centre of the town. May Pens geographical position is situated at near the centre of the entire island, may Pen has long been viewed as one of Jamaicas most important agriculture towns. During its heyday of Jamaica Bauxite Mining, Citrus and Sugar productions, the Alcoa mining and refinery in partnership with the Jamaican government, located south of the town, is the single largest employer of the town, and along with Trout Hall Citrus. The Denbigh Agricultural Show Ground is the largest in the English-speaking Caribbean, held annually during Jamaicas Independence Celebration weekend, Denbigh often attracted large crowds from all parts of the island to see Jamaicas best in show and enjoy festive activities. It is the birthplace of reggae and ska singer Frederick Toots Hibbert, statistical Institute of Jamaica Statistics Political Geography
May Pen
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May Pen town centre; the large open-air market is just behind the buildings on the left
May Pen
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Railway Train at May Pen Station
4.
Kingston, Jamaica
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Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States. The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. Greater Kingston, or the Corporate Area refers to areas under the KSAC, however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish. Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052, and St. Andrew parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001, Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east, communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, two parts make up the central area of Kingston, the historic Downtown, and New Kingston. Both are served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by the smaller, Kingston was founded in July 1692 as a place for survivors of the 1692 earthquake that destroyed Port Royal. Before the earthquake, Kingston’s functions were purely agricultural, the earthquake survivors set up a camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to mosquito-borne diseases, initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barrys Hog Crawle. The town did not begin to grow until after the destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, by 1716 it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal. Gradually wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the lands north on the plains of Liguanea. The first free school, Wolmerss, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street, in 1755 the governor, Sir Charles Knowles, had decided to transfer the government offices from Spanish Town to Kingston. It was thought by some to be a location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston. By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings, the harbour fostered trade, and played part in several naval wars of the 18th century
Kingston, Jamaica
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Photo of the city of Kingston taken from a helicopter
Kingston, Jamaica
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Map of Kingston 1897
Kingston, Jamaica
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Bird's eye view of Kingston after the 1907 earthquake
Kingston, Jamaica
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View of the Uptown New Kingston skyline (2007)
5.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
Ska
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The Specials
6.
Rocksteady
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Rocksteady is a music genre that originated in Jamaica around 1966. A successor of ska and a precursor to reggae, rocksteady was performed by Jamaican vocal harmony groups such as The Gaylads, The Maytals, The Heptones, the term rocksteady comes from a dance style that was mentioned in the Alton Ellis song Rock Steady. Dances performed to rocksteady were less energetic than the earlier ska dances, the first international rocksteady hit was Hold Me Tight by the American soul singer Johnny Nash, it reached number one in Canada. Rocksteady uses some of the elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, ska, African and Latin American drumming. One of the most easily recognizable elements, as in ska, are offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar and this offbeat can be counted so that it falls between each count as an and. Example,1 and 2 and 3 and 4, the perceived tempo became slower with the development of rocksteady than it had been in ska and this led to a number of changes in the music. The guitar and piano began to experiment with occasional accents around the basic offbeat pattern. This can be heard throughout Jamaican recordings in subsequent years, the snare drum often plays a side stick click rather that a full snare hit, an influence from Latin music. This differs markedly from the styles in R&B and rock and roll. Jamaican musicians sometimes refer to the second and fourth beats as the afterbeat, all the Jamaican styles of kit drumming since ska have incorporated a mixture of influences, including African burru percussion, American jazz and R&B, and Latin rhythms. The slowing in perceived tempo that occurred with rocksteady opened the door for drummers to explore these influences more, with the advent of the drum machine and computer in the 1980s, Jamaican popular music i. e. These new patterns fit very well with the modal chord progressions often used by Jamaican players. Byron Lee was the first ska band leader to have an electric bass. By 1966, the advantages of recording and performing with electric bass had meant most players made the switch to electric, a number of factors led to smaller band sizes and this in turn led to changes in the way the music was composed and arranged. The slower tempo and smaller sizes in turn led to a much larger focus on the bass line in general. In rocksteady, the lead guitar often doubles the bass line, in the muted picking style created by Lynn Taitt, smaller band sizes and slower tempos also led to a number of changes in the way horn parts were written and arranged. Rocksteady and reggae are perhaps best thought of and notated as a half time feel and this would mean the guitar-piano offbeats would fall on beats 2 and 4, and the one drop of the snare/kick drum would fall on beat 3. This also allows transcribers to use the term swing 8ths to help notate hi-hat patterns, there are rocksteady songs about religion and the Rastafari movement, though not to the same extent as in reggae
Rocksteady
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Ska/rocksteady rhythm Play (
help ·
info).
7.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
Reggae
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Bob Marley in 1980.
Reggae
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Aston Barret
Reggae
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UB40 's former frontman
Ali Campbell performing in 2009.
Reggae
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UB40 perform in Birmingham, 2010
8.
Roots reggae
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It also is identified with the life of the ghetto sufferer, and the rural poor. Lyrical themes include spirituality and religion, poverty, black pride, social issues, resistance to government and racial oppression, important early roots reggae releases included Winston Holnesss Blood & Fire and Yabby Yous Conquering Lion. Political unrest also played its part, with the 1972 election campaign of Michael Manley targeting the support of Jamaicas ghetto communities. Increasing violence associated with the political parties was also a common lyrical theme. Roots reggae also became popular in Europe in the 1970s. The Wailers popularity in Europe opened the door for other artists, when Jamaicans turned to dancehall, a lot of black, white and mixed roots reggae bands were formed in Europe. Later on roots reggae also made its way into the United States with the migration of Jamaicans to New York. This took place with the reforms made to American immigration laws in the early 1960s, along with localized traditions and food, reggae music was inevitably brought as well, contributing to the New York City soundscape, such as the development of hip-hop. In the 1990s younger Jamaican artists became interested in the Rastafari movement, while other notable dancehall stars like Capleton and Buju Banton became devout Rastas and changed their musical direction as a result. Other modern roots artists and bands also emerged at this time, including Luciano, Junior Kelly, Morgan Heritage, Anthony B, list of roots reggae artists Roots-Archives - Searchable database of Jamaican Roots Reggae albums from 1970 to 1985 Strictly Vibes, Roots Vinyl Database
Roots reggae
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Rastafari
9.
Jamaicans
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Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. Most Jamaicans are of African descent, with minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Mixed-Race. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in Canada, United States, according to the official Jamaica Population Census of 1970, ethnic origins categories in Jamaica include Negro or Black, East Indian, Chinese, Syrian or Lebanese, White, Mixed, and Other races. Negro or Black workers made up 89. 4% of the working population and those of mixed race were the second most prominent labour category, making up 6% of the working population. Within the Caribbean, there are an estimated 30,000 Jamaicans living in the Dominican Republic, an equal number reside in other CARICOM members states, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. Demographics of Jamaica Jamaican British Jamaican American Jamaican Canadian Jamaican Australian Jamaicans in Ethiopia
Jamaicans
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Paul Bogle
Jamaicans
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Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
Jamaicans
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Justin Masterson
Jamaicans
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Michael Manley
10.
Frontman
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The lead vocalist, lead vocals or lead singer in popular music is typically the member of a group or band whose voice is the most prominent in a performance where multiple voices may be heard. The lead singer either leads the ensemble, or sets against the ensemble as the dominant sound. In vocal group performances, notably in soul and gospel music, and early rock and roll, as an example in rock music, Mick Jagger is the lead singer of The Rolling Stones. Similarly in soul music, Smokey Robinson was the singer of The Miracles. The practice of using a lead singer in vocal groups, however, has a longer history, songs of the late nineteenth century frequently used a leading solo voice, followed by a choral response by other singers. From these various points - including Motown - it went on to become a device in much rock. In some bands - most famously, The Beatles - the role of lead singer alternated, while in others - for example, there are as many types and styles of lead singer as there are styles and genres of music. However, the singer of a group or band is usually the main focus of audiences attention. The lead vocalist of a band is called the front man or front woman. Pink Floyd also can be considered a band with two front men, as both the guitarist David Gilmour and the bassist Roger Waters sang and wrote most of the songs. In the beginning of the career, however, Pink Floyds lead singer and guitarist was Syd Barrett. Particularly before the 1970s, many bands were named for the leader or founder, rather than the lead singer, examples include the Dave Clark Five and Harold Melvin. In modern rock music, the singer is often, but not always, also the bands leader. While lead singers or spokespersons for any musical ensembles can be called a front man, since the position commonly has an expanded role from simple lead vocalists, there have been cases in which the front man for a band is someone other than the lead vocalist. In many bands, such as The Who, Fall Out Boy, Led Zeppelin, Living Colour, Queen and Oasis, usually, this is derived from that guitarists specific role as a co-songwriter, co-founder and/or co-vocalist. Also in some cases, there are two frontmen, such as Underoath, with singers Spencer Chamberlain and Aaron Gillespie sharing vocal duties, another example is Blink-182, in which vocal duties are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge. Hoppus usually carries out most media either by himself or together with DeLonge, linkin Park has two vocalists as well, Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda, both considered as frontmen. Another example is the metal band Metallica, in which James Hetfield
Frontman
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Queen illustrating a typical rock band layout during a 1984 concert. Lead vocalist (frontman)
Freddie Mercury stands centre-stage in front of drummer
Roger Taylor and positioned between bassist
John Deacon and guitarist
Brian May.
11.
Toots and the Maytals
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Toots and the Maytals, originally called The Maytals, are a Jamaican musical group and one of the best known ska and rock steady vocal groups. The Maytals were formed in the early 1960s and were key figures in popularizing reggae music, frontman Toots Hibberts soulful vocal style has been compared to Otis Redding, and led him to be named one of the 100 Greatest Singers by Rolling Stone. Their 1968 single Do the Reggay, was the first song to first use the word reggae, naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience. As Island Records founder Chris Blackwell says, “The Maytals were unlike anything else. sensational, raw and dynamic. ”Frederick Toots Hibbert, the frontman of the group, was born in May Pen, Clarendon, Jamaica, in 1945, the youngest of seven children. He grew up singing gospel music in a choir and moved to Kingston in the late 1950s. The first instrumentalist members added to the group included Jackie Jackson, Hux Brown, Rad Bryan, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, “We’re all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris’ house, and he says, “Alright gentleman, I think it’s time. This Toots and the Maytals looks like going to be a big thing”. By this time he had already signed Bob, so in his camp, Island Records, there was Toots and the Maytals / Bob Marley, we were talking about reggae is going international now. We kept on meeting and he decided that the band that back all of the songs. So everything came under Toots and the Maytals, and then we hit the road in 1975. we were the opening act for the Eagles, Linda Ronstadt, and Jackson Browne. We were the act for The Who for about two weeks. ”The Maytals first had chart success recording for producer Clement Coxsone Dodd at Studio One. With musical backing from Dodds house band, the Skatalites, the Maytals close-harmony gospel singing ensured success, overshadowing Dodds other up-and-coming vocal group, the Wailers. After staying at Studio One for about two years, the group moved on to do sessions for Prince Buster before recording with Byron Lee in 1966, with Lee, the Maytals won the first-ever Jamaican Independence Festival Popular Song Competition with their original song Bam Bam. The groups musical career was interrupted in late 1966 when Hibbert was jailed for 18 months for possession of marijuana and he stated that he was not arrested for ganja, but while bailing a friend. Hibbert reportedly wrote 54-46 Thats My Number about his time in jail, following Hibberts release in 1967, the Maytals began working with the Chinese Jamaican producer Leslie Kong, a collaboration which yielded a string of hits throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s
Toots and the Maytals
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Performing at the Summer Sundae festival, Leicester, August 2011
12.
Dave Matthews
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David John Dave Matthews is an South African-born American singer-songwriter, musician and actor, best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, and guitarist for the Dave Matthews Band. Matthews was born in Johannesburg, and lived in both South Africa and the United States while growing up, Matthews mainly plays acoustic guitar, which he started playing at the age of nine. From 1991 to 2003, Matthews predominantly focused on songwriting and performing with the Dave Matthews Band, since then, he has also done various solo performances and produced other records. During the period from 2000 to 2010, his band sold more tickets, the bands most recent album, Away from the World, released in 2012, made them the only group to have six consecutive studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard charts. In addition to music, Matthews has had acting roles. He has also won 2 Grammy Awards, one in 1997 for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group – So Much to Say, david John Matthews was born on January 9,1967 in Johannesburg, the third of four children of parents John and Valerie Matthews. At the age of two years, Matthews moved with his family to Yorktown Heights in Westchester County, New York, where his father, a physicist, started working for IBM. In 1974, the Matthews family moved to Cambridge, England for a year before returning to New York, biographer Nevin Martell argues that Daves fathers death may be an impetus for his carpe diem lyrics. At some point while residing in New York, Matthews attended his first concert, the family returned to Johannesburg in 1977. A Quaker, Matthews left South Africa to avoid service, in Charlottesville, he became part of the local music community. Pursuing various interests, Matthews acted in local productions. Although Matthews had started playing the guitar at age nine, it was only in Charlottesville that he started performing publicly. From time to time, local star Tim Reynolds had Dave join him on stage, in 1991, he hatched the idea to form his own band. Prior to recording his first demo, Matthews bartended at Millers in Charlottesville, the bands first show was on March 14,1991, as part of a benefit for the Middle East Childrens Alliance at Trax Nightclub in Charlottesville. In early 1994, Matthews older sister, Anne, who lived in South Africa, was murdered by her husband, the event had a profound effect on Matthews outlook on life and was referenced in a few of his songs. On January 29,1994, he performed with Tim Reynolds at The Wetlands in New York, Dave Matthews Bands Under the Table and Dreaming, released later that year, was dedicated to her. Anne Matthews was survived by her two children who, upon her death, traveled to America, where Dave and his sister, Jane. Matthews focused primarily on songwriting and performances with the Dave Matthews Band from 1990 to 2003, DMB is an artistic blend of acoustic guitar, bass, sax, drums and fiddle music
Dave Matthews
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Matthews at Virginia Tech in 2007
Dave Matthews
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L to R: Reynolds and Matthews in 2007 performing in Amherst, MA in one of many acoustic shows the two play as a duo.
Dave Matthews
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Matthews performing in 2009
13.
Dave Matthews Band
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Dave Matthews Band, also known by the initialism DMB, is an American rock band that was formed in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1991. The founding members were singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews, bassist Stefan Lessard, drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford, Boyd Tinsley joined the band as a violinist soon after the band was formed. Moore died suddenly in August 2008 due to complications from injuries sustained in an ATV accident, Grammy Award winner Jeff Coffin has since filled Moores spot as the bands saxophonist, trumpeter Rashawn Ross and guitarist Tim Reynolds have also become full-time members of the band. As of 2010, the Dave Matthews Band has sold over 30 million records worldwide, the band is known for playing the songs differently each time. This portion of the tour has become a stamp of DMB and has grown with the band since Fenton Williams began working with them in the early 1990s. Songwriter David John Matthews, working in Charlottesville, Virginia, as a bartender at Millers bar in November 1990, Hoffman convinced the usually reserved Matthews to record a demo of the few songs he had written. Hoffman hoped Matthews could shop the songs in order to other musicians to perform on some studio work with him. Hoffman encouraged Matthews to approach Carter Beauford, a drummer on the Charlottesville music scene. Beauford had been in bands and was then playing on a jazz show on BET. After hearing Matthews demo, Carter agreed to some time playing the drums. Matthews also approached LeRoi Moore, another jazz musician who often performed with the John Dearth Quintet. Moore skeptically listened to the demo, but liked what he heard, the trio began working on Matthews songs in 1991. At this jazz place I used to bartend at Millers, I would just sit back, I would be serving the musicians fat whiskeys and theyd be getting more and more hosed, but no matter how much, he used to still blow my mind. And it was the sense that everyone played from their heart, and when we got together and they asked, What do you want the music to sound like. I said, I know this is a song I wrote and I like what you guys play, there was a lot of breaking of our inhibitions. Matthews later said in an interview with Michael Krugman, In a way and they were both working on other things, but they had some afternoon time. The beginning stages of new band proved to be, in the words of Morgan Delancey. Beauford would later recall that, It started out as a thing with Dave
Dave Matthews Band
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Dave Matthews Band on 2006 "Last Stop" at the
Toyota Pavilion
Dave Matthews Band
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Miller's Bar on the
Downtown Mall in
Charlottesville
Dave Matthews Band
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Dave Matthews, Boyd Tinsley, and Butch Taylor in Melbourne during their first tour of
Australia
Dave Matthews Band
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The Dave Matthews Band at Vodafone Arena,
Melbourne,
Australia at the start of their second tour of Australia
14.
Carter Beauford
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Carter Anthony Beauford is an American drummer, percussionist, and founding member of Dave Matthews Band. He is known for his ability to adapt to a variety of genres and he plays the drums and sings backing vocals in the band. Beauford was ranked #10 by a Rolling Stone magazine readers poll in 2010 for greatest drummers of all time, Beauford was first exposed to the drums at age three. At the time, his father had bought tickets to a Buddy Rich concert and could not find someone to watch his son, Beauford was mesmerized by Buddy Rich on stage. After that show, Beaufords father bought his son a tin drum set with paper heads, Beauford began performing professionally when he was nine. This helped him to become completely ambidextrous at an early age. Beauford earned a degree in Occupational Therapy from Shenandoah University, in Winchester, eventually, he joined Secrets, a Richmond-based jazz fusion band. Secrets performed throughout Virginia, at such as The Jewish Mother in Virginia Beach, and at Millers. Beauford also played jazz in Blue Indigo with LeRoi Moore, Sal Soghoian, Blue Indigo performed regularly at Tokyo Rose and Millers, and was featured at the Delaware Water Gap Jazz Festival. Eventually, Matthews approached both Beauford and Moore regarding some music he had written that he wished to record, Beauford agreed to perform on a demo, which is how he became involved with the group that was to become the Dave Matthews Band. Beauford uses a Yamaha Drums Recording Custom drum kit, a Ludwig LB417T Black Beauty Supra-Phonic snare drum,6 and he also uses FootJoy golf gloves rather than traditional drum gloves. Prior to Vic Firth, Beauford was an endorser of Pro-Mark sticks, Beauford has used several Jeff Ocheltree, and Ron Dunnett custom metal snares in the past, the most common being a bright purple with gold hardware he used for the better half of the 2000s. Around the 2006/7 tour season, the Dunnetts were replaced by a prototype silver Yamaha metal snare later to be confirmed by BeaufordBuddy. com to be Carters forthcoming Signature Snare, the Yamaha Signature Carter Beauford Snare Drum is still a prototype, not in production. As of April 2009, photographs of Carter live showed him using a Ludwig Black Beauty in place of the Signature Snare and this has raised questions if the Signature snare has been dropped by Yamaha. Having married a second time, he now has two young children. Beauford discusses his family briefly while riding with the band in a helicopter over The Gorge Amphitheatre in their DVD The Gorge, in the features section
Carter Beauford
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Carter Beauford
15.
LeRoi Moore
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LeRoi Holloway Moore was an American saxophonist. He was a member of the Dave Matthews Band. Moore often arranged music for the written by frontman Dave Matthews. Moore also co-wrote many of the songs, notably Too Much. Moore was born September 7,1961, in Durham, North Carolina, to Roxie Holloway Moore, Moore began playing professionally after a brief stay in college. Moore helped found the Charlottesville Swing Orchestra, and the John Dearth Quintet, the latter played at Millers, a Charlottesville bar, every Thursday night in the late 1980s, where Moore first met Dave Matthews in 1991. In an effort to bring in some instrumental help for some songs Matthews had written, Moore played bass, baritone, tenor, alto, and soprano saxophones, as well as the flute, bass clarinet, the wooden penny whistle, and the oboe. Moores woodwind technician, David Saull, notes that Moore had quite an extensive horn collection, in addition to performing with the Dave Matthews Band, Moore appeared on Code Magentas self-titled album and Sokos album In November Sunlight. Moore also worked as a producer with artist Samantha Farrell on her second album, Moore was injured on June 30,2008, in an all-terrain vehicle accident on his farm outside Charlottesville, Virginia. His last live performance took place two days prior at the Nissan Pavilion in Bristow, Virginia, jeff Coffin, the saxophonist from Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, stood in for Moore on subsequent tour dates, starting July 1,2008, in Charlotte, North Carolina. This marked the first time a member had missed a show since 1993. Moore had been riding the ATV on his farm to check a fence when the hit a grass-covered ditch, causing the ATV to flip. He broke several ribs and punctured a lung, and was hospitalized at UVA for several days, after his release, he was re-hospitalized in mid-July for complications related to the accident. After Moore was released again from the University of Virginia Health System, he traveled to his home in Los Angeles, on the morning of August 19, Moore was feeling unwell and those present could see that his lips were turning blue. He was rushed to the hospital, but died shortly thereafter, while it was widely reported that he had died from a blood clot, the coroners office determined his cause of death to be pneumonia. LeRoi had recently returned to his Los Angeles home to begin a physical rehabilitation program. Matthews paid tribute to Moore on the day of his death at the Staples Center, Los Angeles, after the bands first song of the performance and we all had some bad news today, Matthews told the sold-out crowd. Our good friend LeRoi Moore passed on and gave his ghost up today, fans then shouted Moores name in remembrance
LeRoi Moore
–
LeRoi Moore
16.
Clarendon, Jamaica
–
Clarendon is a parish in Jamaica. It is located on the south of the island, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends. Located in the county of Middlesex, it is bordered by Manchester on the west, Saint Catherine in the east, Clarendon was named in honour of the Lord Chancellor Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. The most recent parish was formed from a combination of three parishes, St. Dorothys, Vere and the old parish of Clarendon, before the merger, the capital was Chapelton. Clarendon Parish was one of the original seven Anglican parishes of Jamaica set up by Sir Thomas Modyford in 1664, covering an area of 1,196 km², Clarendon ranks as Jamaicas third largest parish. The parish is predominantly a wide plain, marked by rivers, including the Rio Minho River. Toward the northern end of the lies the Mocho Mountain, and Bull Head Mountain range. The Vere plain is another significant geographical feature, Portland Point, the southernmost point of Jamaica, is on a peninsula in Clarendon which also hosts Portland Point Lighthouse. With a population at an estimated 246,322, Clarendon is one of the most populous parishes in the island, may Pen, the capital, has a population estimated at around 60,000. Chapelton Hayes May Pen Frankfield Lionel Town Palmers Cross Race Course Rocky Point Bauxite, Jamaicas major mineral source, Bauxite mining has been established in the parish by JAMALCO and ALCOA. Most of the tobacco is also grown in Clarendon, along with cotton, allspice, ginger, livestock, indigo, bananas, coffee. May Pen is also an important citrus packing centre, famous for Trout Hall oranges, additionally, dairy farming, fish farming, and copper mining have been carried on intermittently, and the sugar-cane production contributes significantly to the amount of sugar exported annually. The Denbigh agricultural showground is on the outskirts of May Pen, one of the top ten credit unions in Jamaica, GSB Co-operative Credit Union has a branch here. Clarendon is the location of the Milk River Bath, a mineral spa famous for the value of its waters. The oldest church on the island is in Alley, the old capital of Vere, Halse Hall Great House is one of the islands historic houses. The land on which the stands was given to an English officer, Major Thomas Halse, in 1655. Halse played a role in the Maroon Wars. The Denbigh Agricultural Show Grounds – once a year, on the prior to Independence celebrations
Clarendon, Jamaica
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May Pen town centre
Clarendon, Jamaica
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Whitney Estate 1824
Clarendon, Jamaica
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Young woman carrying a water bucket on her head, Clarendon, Jamaica
17.
Jamaica
–
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
Jamaica
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Henry Morgan was a famous
Caribbean pirate and privateer; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists.
Jamaica
Jamaica
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Prince Charles and the
Duchess of Cornwall during a visit to Jamaica in 2008.
Jamaica
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Inside the
Jamaican Parliament.
18.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
Gospel music
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Mahalia Jackson in the
Concertgebouw concert hall, The Netherlands
Gospel music
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Exemplification of gospel music: an open Bible and a CD, which represent the gospel in written and musical forms
19.
Church choir
–
A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
Church choir
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Evensong rehearsal in the
quire of
York Minster, showing carved choirstalls
Church choir
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Amelia Nagoski, DMA conducting a choral ensemble at Western New England University
Church choir
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Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue,
Alexandria, Egypt
Church choir
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An English school choir
20.
Coxsone Dodd
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Clement Seymour Sir Coxsone Dodd CD was a Jamaican record producer who was influential in the development of ska and reggae in the 1950s, 1960s and beyond. He received his nickname Coxsone at school, because of his talent as a cricketer, his friends compared him to Alec Coxon. Dodd used to records to the customers in his parents shop. During a spell in the American South he became familiar with the rhythm and blues music popular there at the time. In 1954, back in Jamaica, he set up the Downbeat Sound System, being the owner of an amplifier, a turntable, and some US records, which he would import from New Orleans and Miami. With the success of his system, and in a competitive environment. While he did, his mother Doris Darlington would run the sound system, Dodd opened five different sound systems, each playing every night. To run his sound systems, Dodd appointed people such as Lee Scratch Perry and his wife, Norma Dodd, was the co-administrator of his label and ran all of the accounts. When the R&B craze ended in the United States, Dodd, initially these recordings were exclusively for a particular sound system but the records quickly developed into an industry in their own right. In 1959 he founded a company called World Disc. In 1963 he opened Studio One on Brentford Road, Kingston and it was the first black-owned recording studio in Jamaica. He held regular Sunday evening auditions in search of new talent and he gave the group a five-year exclusive contract, paying them £20 for each song they recorded, for a time, Marley slept in a back room of the studio. The Marley-penned song Simmer Down, a Dodd production, went to one in Jamaica in February 1964. This eventually became their catalyst for leaving the label, when Marley left Coxsone in 1966, the former released The Wailers first album named The Wailing Wailers. In the early 1960s, Dodd was producing ska hits by Toots and the Maytals, the Gaylads, in 2002 he was awarded a Gold Musgrave Medal by the Institute of Jamaica. He died suddenly of a heart attack four days later while working at Studio One and he was survived by his wife Norma, who passed in 2010. Dodd was posthumously awarded the Order of Distinction, in the rank of Commander on 15 October 2007, from Kingston to Brooklyn, Sir Coxsone Turns On the Power The Guardian, Obituary. Coxsone Dodd at Find a Grave
Coxsone Dodd
–
Dodd at Studio One, Brooklyn
21.
Prince Buster
–
Cecil Bustamente Campbell OD, known professionally as Prince Buster, was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and producer. The records he released in the 1960s influenced and shaped the course of Jamaican contemporary music and created a legacy of work that would be drawn upon later by reggae, cecil Bustamente Campbell was born in Orange Street in Kingston, Jamaica, on 24 May 1938. His middle name was given to him by his family in honour of the Labour activist and first post-Independence Prime Minister William Alexander Clarke Bustamante, returning to live at Orange Street while still a young boy, Campbell attended the Central Branch School and St. Annes School. Upon leaving school he found himself drawn to the ranks of followers that supported the system of Tom the Great Sebastian. Campbell found himself fulfilling a variety of roles for Coxsone, providing security, handling ticket receipts, Campbell approached his family and a radio shop owner called Mr Wong for financial backing, both parties agreed. Campbells Voice of the People sound system was operational and within a short time had established itself as a rival to the sound systems of Coxsone. Campbell applied to the Farm Work Program with the intention of buying music for his sound system, knowing that he wouldnt be able to personally source records from the US, Campbell decided to record his own music. He approached Arkland Drumbago Parks, a drummer at the Baby Grand Club who had arranged and recorded a special for the Count Boysie sound system. Drumbago agreed to help and Campbell immediately began rehearsing with the musicians at the Baby Grand Club, including the guitarist Jah Jerry, in 1961, Campbell released his first single Little Honey/Luke Lane Shuffle featuring Jah Jerry, Drumbago and Rico Rodriquez recording under the name of Busters Group. In that same year, he produced Oh Carolina by the Folkes Brothers, the drumming on the record was provided by members of the Count Ossie Group, nyabinghi drummers from the Rastafarian community, Camp David, situated on the Wareika Hill above Kingston. After becoming a hit in Jamaica, Oh Carolina was licensed to Melodisc, Melodisc released the track on their subsidiary label Blue Beat, the label would go on to become synonymous with 1960s ska releases for the UK market. Campbell recorded prolifically throughout the 1960s, notable early ska releases include, Madness, Wash Wash, One Step Beyond, the documentary This is Ska, hosted by Tony Verity and filmed at the Sombrero Club, includes Campbell performing his Jamaican hit Wash Wash. In 1964 Campbell met World Heavyweight Champion boxer Muhammad Ali who invited him to attend a Nation of Islam talk at Mosque 29 in Miami. That year Campbell joined the Nation of Islam and also started to release material, including a version of Louis Xs White Mans Heaven is a Black Mans Hell, on his own imprint label called Islam. In 1965 he appeared in Millie in Jamaica which was broadcast on Rediffusions Friday evening pop show Ready, Steady, Campbell had a top twenty hit in the UK with the single Al Capone. He toured the UK in spring 1967 appearing at the Marquee Club in May, Ten Commandments reached #81 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his only hit single in the United States. By the late 1960s Campbell was once again at the forefront of a change in Jamaica. Campbell tracks like Shaking Up Orange Street were arranged with the slower, more soulful rocksteady template as used by Alton Ellis and many others
Prince Buster
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Prince Buster performing in 2008
22.
Marijuana
–
Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
Marijuana
–
A flowering cannabis plant
Marijuana
–
A joint prior to rolling, with a paper handmade filter on the left
Marijuana
–
Dried flower buds
Marijuana
–
Kief
23.
Island Records
–
Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
Island Records
–
Island Records
24.
Funky Kingston
–
Funky Kingston is the name of two albums by reggae singing group Toots and the Maytals. The first was issued in Jamaica and the United Kingdom in 1972 on Dragon Records, DRLS5002, a different album, with the same cover and title, was issued in the United States in 1975 on Mango Records, MLPS9330. That album peaked at #164 on the Billboard 200 and was voted the eleventh best album of 1975 in the annual Pazz & Jop poll, in 2003, the American version was placed at number 378 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The original Funky Kingston acknowledged American rhythm and blues covers of songs by Ike Turner and Shep. In 1975, a version of the album was released in the United States. On March 25,2003, Funky Kingston was released on disc by Universal complete in its original format, along with the Jamaican In the Dark album. When the music for this album was recorded at Dynamic Sound Studios in Kingston, reggae music was known outside of its native Jamaica. The first international release by The Wailers, Catch A Fire, the Maytals had been consistent hit makers in Jamaica during the 1960s, and had even given the genre its name with their single Do the Reggay. As he would with the Wailers the following year, producer Chris Blackwell tailored the Maytals for the market on this album. The title track, Funky Kingston, appears in the Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas video game soundtrack and it also features as the opening theme for the reality show Miami Ink. It was the basis for the Funky Vodka track, which in turn fueled Dont Stop The Party, the song can be heard in the film Notes On A Scandal where the Hart family can be seen dancing to it. Given the significant differences between the two versions of album, critical reception varies depending on which version is being reviewed. The reception of the US release invariably regards it as a classic given its inclusion in several best of lists, the original Rolling Stone review states that this is the cream of their crop, with a couple of exceptions. Funky Kingston, Toots and the Maytals’ first release to be distributed by Chris Blackwell’s Island Records label proved to be a critical triumph. Rock critic Lester Bangs, writing in Stereo Review, described the album as “perfection, the most exciting and diversified set of reggae tunes by a single artist yet released. ”All songs written by Frederick Toots Hibbert except as indicated
Funky Kingston
–
Funky Kingston
25.
Lester Bangs
–
Leslie Conway Lester Bangs was an American music journalist, critic, author, and musician. He wrote for Creem and Rolling Stone magazines and was known for his influence in rock music criticism. Bangs was born in Escondido, in San Diego County, California and he was the son of Norma Belle and Conway Leslie Bangs, a truck driver. Both of his parents were from Texas, his father from Enloe, Norma Belle was a devout Jehovahs Witness. Conway died in a fire when his son was young, when Bangs was 11, he moved with his mother to El Cajon, also in San Diego County. His interests and influences growing up were as wide-ranging as the Beats, jazz musicians like John Coltrane and Miles Davis, comic books and he had a connection with the San Diego Door, an underground newspaper of the late 1960s. In 1969 Bangs became a writer after reading an ad in Rolling Stone soliciting readers reviews. Vocals are sparse, most of the album being filled with plodding bass lines over which the lead guitar dribbles wooden Claptonisms from the masters tiredest Cream days. They even have discordant jams with bass and guitar reeling like velocitized speedfreaks all over each others musical perimeters yet never quite finding synch—just like Cream, in 1973, Jann Wenner fired Bangs from Rolling Stone for disrespecting musicians after a particularly harsh review of the group Canned Heat. Bangs began freelancing for Detroit-based Creem in 1970, in 1971, he wrote a feature for Creem on Alice Cooper, and soon afterward he moved to the Motor City. Named Creems editor in 1971, Bangs fell in love with Detroit, calling it rocks only hope and their writings would provide some of the conceptual framework for the later punk and new wave movements that emerged in New York, London, and elsewhere later in the decade. They would be quick to pick up on these new movements at their inception, Bangs wrote the essay/interview Let Us Now Praise Famous Death Dwarves about Reed in 1975. Creem was also among the earliest publications to give coverage to hard rock and metal artists, such as Motörhead, Kiss, Judas Priest. After leaving Creem in 1976, he wrote for The Village Voice, Penthouse, Playboy, New Musical Express, and many other publications. Writing in Stereo Review, Bangs described the album Funky Kingston, by Toots and the Maytals, as “perfection, the most exciting and diversified set of tunes by a single artist yet released. ”Bangs died in New York City on April 30,1982, at the age of 33, of an accidental overdose of dextropropoxyphene, diazepam. Bangss criticism was filled with references, not only to rock music but also to literature. He was known for his radical and critical style of working, apparent in this quotation, because it seemed to me that the whole thing of interviewing as far as rock stars and that was just such a suck-up. It was groveling obeisance to people who werent that special, really and its just a guy, just another person, so what
Lester Bangs
–
Bangs photographed by Roberta Bayley in 1976
26.
Bob Marley
–
Robert Nesta Bob Marley, OM was a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician and guitarist who achieved international fame and acclaim, blending mostly reggae, ska and rocksteady in his compositions. Starting out in 1963 with the group the Wailers, he forged a distinctive songwriting, the Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer Lee Scratch Perry. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks and it included four UK hit singles, Exodus, Waiting in Vain, Jamming, and One Love. In 1978 he released the album Kaya, which included the hit singles Is This Love, diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma in 1977, Marley died on 11 May 1981 in Miami at age 36. He was a committed Rastafari who infused his music with a sense of spirituality and he is credited with popularising reggae music around the world and served as a symbol of Jamaican culture and identity. Marley has also evolved into a symbol and inspired numerous items of merchandise. Bob Marley was born 6 February 1945 on the farm of his grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley. Norval Marley was a white Jamaican originally from Sussex, England, Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines, at the time of his marriage to Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away, Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of an attack at the age of 70. Marleys mother went on to marry Edward Booker, an American civil servant, the relationship brought Marley two American brothers, Richard and Anthony. Marley and Neville Livingston had been friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play together while at Stepney Primary. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Cedella Booker and Thadeus Livingston had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. The move to Trenchtown was proving to be fortuitous, and Marley soon found himself in a group with Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, resided on 3rd St. and his singing partner Roy Wilson had been raised by the grandmother of Junior Braithwaite. Higgs and Wilson would rehearse at the back of the houses between 2nd and 3rd Streets, and it wasnt long before Marley, Junior Braithwaite and the others were congregating around this successful duo. Marley and the others didnt play any instruments at this time, in February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, Judge Not, One Cup of Coffee, Do You Still Love Me. and Terror, at Federal Studio for local music producer Leslie Kong
Bob Marley
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Marley performing in 1980
Bob Marley
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Bob Marley's flat in 1972 at 34 Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London.
Bob Marley
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Bob Marley & The Wailers live at
Crystal Palace Park in south-east London, during the
Uprising Tour
Bob Marley
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Marley in concert in 1980, Zurich, Switzerland
27.
The Harder They Come
–
The Harder They Come is a 1972 Jamaican crime film directed by Perry Henzell and co-written by Trevor D. Rhone, and starring Jimmy Cliff. The film is most famous for its reggae soundtrack that is said to have brought reggae to the world, Ivanhoe Ivan Martin is a poor Jamaican man in search of a job. He leaves his home, after his grandmother dies, to live with his impoverished mother in Kingston. He meets Jose, who takes him to see Django, a Spaghetti Western, excited by urban life, he tries to get work but fails. He finally gets a job after taking a broken bicycle frame and rebuilding it into a working bicycle, and uses it to run errands for a record producer. When the frames legal owner insists that it is still his bicycle, after this Ivan interests the record producer in a song he writes and performs, The Harder They Come, but he only gets $20 for it. He dreams of stardom, but the stranglehold the producer has on the music industry condemns Ivan to work for a pittance. Eventually, Jose, one of the first people Ivan met after moving to Kingston, offers him an opportunity dealing marijuana, when Ivan complains about the pay and conditions, Jose informs on him to the police. On his next trip, when a policeman tries to flag Ivan to stop, he panics, next, Ivan meets a woman in a hotel. While he is in bed with her, the surround the room. He shoots his way out, killing three officers, on the run, he returns to shoot and wound the girl he slept with, believing she and Jose betrayed him. He then finds Jose and pursues him, shooting at him, Ivan returns to the countryside, but the police catch up with him, leading to another shootout and escape. Ivan seeks support from his friends, who help him hide out. The policeman leading the search cracks down on the drug trade, meanwhile, the record producer re-releases Ivans song, which rapidly becomes a hit because of Ivans notoriety. Enamoured of his new fame, Ivan has photographs of himself made holding two guns in gangster poses, and he sends them to the press and he also steals a flashy car and drives it around a golf course. One dealer friend advises Ivan to escape to Cuba, seeing the ship he hoped to escape on leaving, Ivan swims out towards the speeding vessel. However, he cannot grab onto the ladder dangling off the side, Ivan sleeps in the shade of a tree then awakens, alerted to the presence of policemen with rifles. He exchanges shots with the police while imagining himself being watched by an excited, applauding audience, out of bullets, he comes out and challenges the police to draw as in a Western
The Harder They Come
–
The Harder They Come
28.
Pressure Drop (song)
–
Pressure Drop is a song recorded in 1969 by The Maytals for producer Leslie Kong. The song appears on their 1970 album Monkey Man and From the Roots, Pressure Drop helped launch the bands career outside Jamaica when the song was featured in the soundtrack to the 1972 film The Harder They Come, which introduced reggae to much of the world. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated the song No.453 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and this song has been covered often, most notably by The Specials, Keith Richards, Izzy Stradlin and the Ju Ju Hounds, and The Clash. Pressure Drop refers to the barometric pressure and this song predates modern weather forecasting, and at that time in the context of this song, island populations relied on the simple but reliable instrument to predict adverse weather. The liquid barometer displays pressure as a measure of the fluid in a tube. A rapid drop in air pressure indicates the severity of the approaching storm, attention to pressure changes could spell the difference between life and death for an island dweller. Pressure drop is used as a poetic device in this song. The song was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto, in an interview in 2016, songwriter Frederick Toots Hibbert said that Pressure Drop was a song about karmic justice. It’s a song about revenge, but in the form of karma, if you do bad things to innocent people, the title was a phrase I used to say. If someone done me wrong, rather than fight them like a warrior, I’d say, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Pressure Drop (song)
–
Genres
29.
KMET-FM
–
KMET was a Los Angeles FM radio station owned by Metromedia that first took to the air in June 1968 at 94.7 MHz. It signed off on February 14,1987, the station, nicknamed The Mighty Met, was a pioneering station of the underground progressive rock format. As with many FM stations at the time, KMET featured a format in June 1968. The origin of KMET’s freeform rock format came about due to events at a rival radio station. In 1967, popular Top 40 disc jockey Tom Donahue and his wife Raechel brought the FM underground rock sound to KMPX in San Francisco, mitchel Reed, to KPPC-FM in Pasadena. Both stations quickly became popular with their innovative formats, and brought the more success than they ever encountered before. But it was to be short-lived, after conflicts with the stations’ owners, the Donahues, Reed and the rest of the KPPC and KMPX staff left both stations and went on strike. As prospects for resolving the strike looked hopeless, Tom Donahue looked elsewhere and they did likewise at KMET’s sister station, KSAN-FM in San Francisco. Many of the personalities at both stations wound up at Metromedia, the KPPC format was only mildly successful. After leaving KROQ AM/FM, Shadoe Stevens was hired by General Manager L. David Moorhead in 1974 to create something new for the struggling format KMET had put in place. With a staff that included B. Stevens also designed a billboard campaign called Hollywood as seen from Mulholland Drive in the year 2525. Artist Neon Park did ads for KMET as well as the famous billboards, with this new programming design and branded marketing, in 1975 KMET became the number one radio station in Los Angeles. The group changed the words to Mr. Shulers song to advertise the station, sandy Smith and Underwood had also rewritten the lyrics to Deep Elem Blues, renaming that traditional tune Deep L. A. Blues, specifically for Jeff Gonzers show. After the live performance, KMET asked the Rainbow Choir if they had any other stuff and this request was unexpected, and several station IDs were quickly thought up on the spot, all of them recorded, but only one was ever used. This ID jingle came to be emblematic for KMET, the live recording was used for years, but was rerecorded in the late 1970s or early 1980s with session singers. Stevens left in 1975 to begin a company and the stations programing was taken over by Sam Bellamy. Ms. Bellamy, who had hired from Billboard Magazine, had been Stevens assistant for most of the time he programmed the station. At the time, the studios of KMET and its local AM counterpart, in Summer 1976, both stations moved to the then-Metromedia complex where KTTV Channel 11 was located
KMET-FM
–
An original KMET
bumper sticker. The followup to the Hollywood billboard created by Stevens had big, bold letters and the logo was upside down. The bumper stickers were intentionally displayed upside down by the station's fans as well.
30.
The Roxy Theatre
–
The Roxy Theatre is a famous nightclub, on the Sunset Strip, in West Hollywood, California. The Roxy is owned by Lou Adler and Adlers son, Nic, the Roxy was opened on September 23,1973, by Elmer Valentine and Lou Adler, along with original partners David Geffen, Elliot Roberts and Peter Asher. They took over the previously occupied by a strip club owned by Chuck Landis called the Largo. Neil Young and his band The Santa Monica Flyers played the Roxy for the first week it was open, paul Reubens, then a struggling comedian, introduced his Pee-wee Herman character in a raunchy revue here in 1981 that included other aspiring comics including Phil Hartman and Elayne Boosler. The small On the Rox bar above the club has hosted a variety of debauchery in its history. The bar was a hangout for John Lennon, Harry Nilsson, Alice Cooper and Keith Moon during Lennons lost weekend in 1973-74. Jazz group The Crusaders recorded the live album Scratch at the Roxy in 1974, frank Zappa & The Mothers of Invention recorded most of their Roxy and Elsewhere album during December 1973. Since 1974 various albums have included material from those shows, in 2015 a live concert video was released showing those performances. Bob Marley & The Wailers recorded Live at the Roxy on May 26,1976, the Ramones played their first California concert at the Roxy on August 11,1976. The concert scenes for their 1979 movie Rock n Roll High School were filmed at the Roxy in December 1978, Peter Gabriel played several shows at the Roxy during his first solo world tour on April 9 and 10,1977. All of these shows was broadcast by FM local radio but has never released as an official record, george Bensons Platinum live album Weekend in L. A. was culled from a three-night engagement at The Roxy from September 30 – October 2,1977. Nine songs from Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Bands Live/1975-85 album were recorded at the Roxy from shows in 1975 and 1978, the 1978 show was also broadcast on local radio station KMET. Van Morrison recorded a show in November 1978 that was released as a promo LP Live at the Roxy. The live album Welcome to the Club by the Ian Hunter Band, featuring Mick Ronson, was recorded at the Roxy during seven shows over a week in November 1979 and released the following year. Prince very first leg of his debut North American tour, Prince Tour kicked off at the Roxy on November 26,1979 English prog rock band Gentle Giant played their last gig here on June 16,1980. The soundboard recording was released as the live album The Last Steps. Warren Zevons live album, Stand in the Fire, was recorded during five shows he played at The Roxy in 1980, musician Stevie Wonder played a concert at the Roxy featuring the first ever live performances of his hits Lately and Master Blaster. Billy & The Beaters 1981 debut album was recorded live at the Roxy January 15–17,1981, in 1984, Ratt recorded the video for their hit single Back for More from the album Out of the Cellar at The Roxy
The Roxy Theatre
–
The Roxy Theatre on the
Sunset Strip
The Roxy Theatre
–
Steve Morse live with the
Dixie Dregs at the Roxy, August 28, 1999.
31.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
32.
Evangelicalism
–
Its origins are usually traced back to English Methodism, the Moravian Church, and German Lutheran Pietism. While all these phenomena contributed greatly, John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening, today, Evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches, as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones. The movement gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in the United Kingdom. The Americas, Africa, and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals, United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals in the world, its community forms a quarter of the population, is politically important and based mostly in the Bible Belt. In the United Kingdom, Evangelicals are mostly represented in the Methodist Church, Baptist communities, Evangelicalism, a major part of popular Protestantism, is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world, alongside resurgent Islam. While on the rise globally, the world is particularly influenced by its spread. The first published use of evangelical in English came in 1531 when William Tyndale wrote He exhorteth them to proceed constantly in the evangelical truth. One year later Sir Thomas More produced the earliest recorded use in reference to a theological distinction when he spoke of Tyndale his evangelical brother Barns, during the Reformation, Protestant theologians embraced the label as referring to gospel truth. Martin Luther referred to the evangelische Kirche to distinguish Protestants from Catholics in the Roman Catholic Church, into the 21st century, evangelical has continued in use as a synonym for Protestant in continental Europe, and elsewhere. This usage is reflected in the names of Protestant denominations such as the Evangelical Church in Germany, the term may also occur outside any religious context to characterize a generic missionary, reforming, or redeeming impulse or purpose. For example, the Times Literary Supplement refers to the rise, one influential definition of Evangelicalism has been proposed by historian David Bebbington. Conversionism, or belief in the necessity of being again, has been a constant theme of Evangelicalism since its beginnings. To Evangelicals, the message of the gospel is justification by faith in Christ and repentance, or turning away. Conversion differentiates the Christian from the non-Christian, and the change in life it leads to is marked by both a rejection of sin and a corresponding personal holiness of life. A conversion experience can be emotional, including grief and sorrow for sin followed by great relief at receiving forgiveness, the stress on conversion is further differentiated from other forms of Protestantism by the belief that an assurance of salvation will accompany conversion. Among Evangelicals, individuals have testified to both sudden and gradual conversions, biblicism is reverence for the Bible and a high regard for biblical authority. All Evangelicals believe in inspiration, though they disagree over how this inspiration should be defined
Evangelicalism
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
Evangelicalism
–
Jonathan Edwards' account of the revival in Northampton was published in 1737 as
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton.
Evangelicalism
–
John Wesley preaching
33.
Rastafarian
–
It developed in Jamaica in the 1930s, following the coronation of Haile Selassie I as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930. There are many sects of Rastafari that have developed over the years and its adherents worship him in much the same way as Jesus in his Second Coming, or as God the Son. Members of the Rastafari way of life are known as Rastafari, Rastas, Rastafari are also known by their official church titles, such as Elder or High Priest. Rastafari has always been conceived as a way of life for, the name Rastafari is taken from Ras Tafari, the title and first name of Haile Selassie I before his coronation. In Amharic, Ras, literally head, is an Ethiopian title equivalent to prince or chief, while the personal given name Täfäri means one who is revered. Yah is a Biblical name of God, from a form of Jahweh or Yahuah found in Psalms 68,4 in the King James Version of the Bible. Most adherents see Haile Selassie I as Jah or Jah Rastafari, an incarnation of God the Father, Rastafari developed in Jamaica during the 1930s, having been influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back to Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures like Marcus Garvey. A number of Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, believed that the crowning of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 marked the fulfilment of a Biblical prophecy and this idea generated the Rastafari movement, which spread throughout Jamaica in that decade. By the 1950s the religion has come into conflict with other aspects of the islands society and had spread to other nations. In the 1960s it expanded and began to gain an increasing influence through music, the Rastafari way of life encompasses the spiritual use of cannabis and the rejection of the degenerate society of materialism, oppression, and sensual pleasures, called Babylon. It proclaims Zion, in reference to Ethiopia, as the birthplace of humankind, and from the beginning of the way of life calls for repatriation to Zion. This can mean moving to Ethiopia but also refers to mentally and emotionally repatriating before the physical. Some Rastafari also embrace various Afrocentric and Pan-African social and political aspirations, International awareness of Rastafari grew in the 1970s as a result of the popularity of reggae music, and especially the international success of singer-songwriter Bob Marley. By 1997 there were, according to one estimate, around one million Rastafari worldwide, in the 2011 Jamaican census,29,026 individuals identified themselves as Rastafari. Other sources estimated that in the 2000s they formed about 5% of the population of Jamaica, scholars of religion categorise Rastafari as a new religious movement. Many Rastas themselves do not however regard it as a religion, the term Rastafari derives from the pre-regnal title of Haile Selassie, the term Ras means a duke or prince, while Tafari Makonen was his name. Rastas refer to the totality of their religions ideas and beliefs as Rastalogy, the scholar of religion Ennis B. Edmonds described Rastafari as having a fairly cohesive worldview, attempts have been made to summarise Rastafari belief, but these have never been accorded the status of a catechism or creed within the movement
Rastafarian
–
Ethiopian Emperor
Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, considered by Rastas to be Christ.
Rastafarian
–
Rastafari
Rastafarian
–
Mount Zion in Jamaica
Rastafarian
–
Haile Selassie I
34.
Obeah
–
Obeah is a term used by the Igbo tribe in Nigeria, and also in the West Indies to refer to sorcery, and religious practices developed among West African slaves, specifically of Igbo origin. Obeah is similar to other Afro-American religions including Palo, Vodou, Santería, Obeah is practiced in Haiti, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean nations. Obeah is associated with both benign and malignant magic, charms, luck, and with mysticism in general, in some Caribbean nations, Obeah refers to folk religions of the African diaspora. In some cases, aspects of folk religions have survived through syncretism with Christian symbolism and practice introduced by European colonials. Casual observation may conclude that Christian symbolism is incorporated into Obeah worship, in parts of the Caribbean where Obeah existed, slaves were taken from a variety of African nations with differing spiritual practices and religions. It is from these arrivals and their spiritualisms that Obeah originates, the hypothesis of origin that is most accepted and is supported by the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute database traces obeah to the dibia or obia traditions of the Igbo people, specialists in Obia were known as Ndi Obia and practised the same activities as the obeah men and women of the Caribbean like predicting the future and manufacturing charms. Among the Igbo there were known as ọbiạ which were said to be able to talk. Parts of the Caribbean where Obeah was most active imported a number of its slaves from the Igbo dominated Bight of Biafra. In another hypothesis, the Efik language is the root of obeah where the word comes from the Efik ubio meaning a bad omen. The last hypothesis of the origin of Obeah lies with the Ashanti who called their priests Obayifoɔ, there is also evidence of Akan names among Obeah men of the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Akan origin of Obeah has been criticised by writers who hold that an Igbo origin is more likely. However, in colonies where Bight of Biafra slaves were represented and Akan were plenty. The first time in Jamaican history the term obeah was used was to refer to Nanny of the Maroons an Ashanti-Akan queen as an old witch, Obeah came to mean any physical object, such as a talisman or charm, that was used for evil magical purposes. Referred to as an Obeah-item Obeah incorporated various beliefs from the religions of later migrants to the colonies where it was present, Obeah also influenced other religions in the Caribbean, e. g. Christianity which incorporated some Obeah beliefs. In The Serpent Myth, William Wynn Westcott, one of the founders of the 19th century Golden Dawn magical order, claims Ob was an Egyptian word for serpent and is the source of the term Obeah. In 1787 a letter to an English newspaper referred to Obiu-women interpreting the wishes of the dead at the funeral of a slave in Jamaica. A continuing source of white anxiety related to Obeah was the belief that practitioners were skilled in using poisons, an anti-Obeah law passed in Barbados in 1818 specifically forbade the possession of any poison, or any noxious or destructive substance
Obeah
–
Establishments
Obeah
–
Obeah figure confiscated form a black man named Alexander Ellis on his arrest in suspicion of practicing as an 'obeah-man' in
Morant Bay, Jamaica in 1887.
35.
Grimoires
–
In this manner, while all books on magic could be thought of as grimoires, not all magical books should be thought of as grimoires. He also noted that the first grimoires could be found in Europe and it is most commonly believed that the term grimoire originated from the Old French word grammaire, which had initially been used to refer to all books written in Latin. By the 18th century, the term had gained its now common usage in France, Owen Davies presumed this was because many of them continued to circulate in Latin manuscripts. However, the term later developed into a figure of speech amongst the French indicating something that was hard to understand. The ancient Egyptians also employed magical incantations, which have been inscribed on amulets. The Egyptian magical system, known as heka, was altered and enhanced after the Macedonians, led by Alexander the Great. Under the next three centuries of Hellenistic Egypt, the Coptic writing system evolved, and the Library of Alexandria was opened, the ancient Greeks and Romans believed that books on magic were invented by the Persians. His claims are not, however, supported by modern historians, the ancient Jewish people were often viewed as being knowledgeable in magic, which, according to legend, they had learned from Moses, who had learned it in Egypt. Among many ancient writers, Moses was seen as an Egyptian rather than a Jew. Two manuscripts likely dating to the 4th century, both of which purport to be the legendary eighth Book of Moses, present him as a polytheist who explained how to conjure gods and subdue demons. Meanwhile, there is evidence of grimoires being used by certain, particularly Gnostic. In the Book of Enoch found within the Dead Sea Scrolls, for instance, there is information on astrology, israelite King Solomon was a Biblical figure associated with magic and sorcery in the ancient world. The book may have been the Testament of Solomon but was probably a different work. The pseudepigraphic Testament of Solomon is one of the oldest magical texts and it is a Greek manuscript attributed to Solomon and likely written in either Babylonia or Egypt sometime in the first five centuries AD, over 1,000 years after Solomons death. The work tells of the building of The Temple and relates that construction was hampered by demons until the angel Michael gave the king a magical ring, the ring, engraved with the Seal of Solomon, had the power to bind demons from doing harm. Subsequently, after losing favour with God, King Solomon wrote the work as a warning, when Christianity became the dominant faith of the Roman Empire, the early Church frowned upon the propagation of books on magic, connecting it with paganism, and burned books of magic. The New Testament records that St. Paul called for the burning of magic and pagan books in the city of Ephesus, in the Medieval period, the production of grimoires continued in Christendom, as well as amongst Jews and the followers of the newly founded Islamic faith. The use of books on magic continued
Grimoires
–
Man inscribed in a
pentagram, from
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa 's De Occulta Philosophia (Eng.,
Three Books of Occult Philosophy). The signs on the perimeter are
astrological.
Grimoires
–
This design for an
amulet comes from the
Black Pullet grimoire.
36.
Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
–
The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses is an 18th- or 19th-century magical text allegedly written by Moses, and passed down as hidden books of the Christian Old Testament. A grimoire, a text of magical incantations and seals, it purports to instruct the reader in the used to create the miracles portrayed in the Bible. The work was printed with annexes of reputed Talmudic magic names, words and incantation and it shows diagrams of Seals, magical drawings accompanied by incantations intended to perform various tasks, from controlling weather or people to contacting the dead or Christian religious figures. It influenced European Occult Spiritualism as well as religion in the American South, the Caribbean. No first version of work has been established, but early versions began to appear as inexpensive pamphlets in German in the 18th century. The work came to prominence when published as volume 6 of Das Kloster in 1849 in Stuttgart by antiquarian Johann Scheible. Historian Owen Davies traces copies of the work from the 18th century in Germany, after circulating there, the work was popularized in the United States first in the communities of the Pennsylvania Dutch. The growth of inexpensive paperback publication in the 19th century, like those of Chicago occult publisher L. W. de Laurence and its prominence as a source of popular rural Pennsylvanian and Appalachian folk magic spells has been recorded as late as the mid-20th century. There it became one of the works of the Rastafari movement of the early 20th century as well as influencing the earlier Jamaican Pocomania, Kumina. It was also influential in Christian occult movements in Anglophone West Africa, in early 20th century British West Africa and Liberia, The Sixth and Seventh Books was adopted widely. It served as a source for Christian Magic, both by West African spiritualist Christian cults and assimilated Africans. In colonial Gold Coast and Nigeria, it was seen as a form of magic that might be used by educated Africans seeking access to Britain or its power. The Nigerian press in the 1920s regularly featured advertisements for copies of The Sixth and Seventh Books, West African religious movements which blended Christianity and traditional magic were also influenced by the work. Josiah Olunowo Ositelus seals and mystical written incantations, used in the Nigerian Church of the Lord were likely derived from The Sixth and Seventh Books, versions of this work circulated throughout Scandinavia and Central Europe. In Sweden and Finland these books are compiled and published under the titles Den Svarta Bibeln and Musta Raamattu, respectively, in Christian circles, the text appealed to the same authority as did Biblical apocrypha, Biblical texts outside the current Biblical canon. Although these are allegedly Kabbalistic in nature, there is little or no influence of Kabbala within the pages. Most texts are reputed to be Hebrew, passed to the editors through European Talmudic scholars or Christian Medieval ecclesiastics who were privy to secret Biblical texts, no complete manuscripts older than Scheibles 1849 printing are extant, and the claimed origin must be regarded pseudepigraphic and spurious. It is rather of a school of European Medieval and Enlightenment grimoires, such as The Key of Solomon, The Red Dragon, Petit Albert and others
Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
–
Title page of the 1880 New York edition.
37.
Grammy
–
A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
Grammy
–
Grammy Awards
38.
Willie Nelson
–
Willie Hugh Nelson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist. He was one of the figures of outlaw country, a subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound. Nelson has acted in over 30 films, co-authored several books, and has involved in activism for the use of biofuels. Born during the Great Depression, and raised by his grandparents, Nelson wrote his first song at age seven, during high school, he toured locally with the Bohemian Polka as their lead singer and guitar player. After graduating from school in 1950, he joined the Air Force but was later discharged due to back problems. After his return, Nelson attended Baylor University for two years but dropped out because he was succeeding in music, during this time, he worked as a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in Honky-tonks. Nelson moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he wrote Family Bible, in 1958, he moved to Houston, Texas after signing a contract with D Records. He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey, during that time, he wrote songs that would become country standards, including Funny How Time Slips Away, Hello Walls, Pretty Paper, and Crazy. In 1960 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and later signed a contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Prices band as a bassist. In 1962, he recorded his first album. And Then I Wrote, due to this success, Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year. After mid-chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin, the ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement, performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters. In 1973, after signing with Atlantic Records, Nelson turned to country, including albums such as Shotgun Willie. In 1975, he switched to Columbia Records, where he recorded the acclaimed album. The same year, he recorded another outlaw country album, Wanted, the Outlaws, along with Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser. In 1990, Nelsons assets were seized by the Internal Revenue Service, the difficulty of paying his outstanding debt was aggravated by weak investments he had made during the 1980s. In 1992, Nelson released The IRS Tapes, Wholl Buy My Memories, the profits of the double album—destined to the IRS—and the auction of Nelsons assets cleared his debt. During the 1990s and 2000s, Nelson continued touring extensively, reviews ranged from positive to mixed. He explored genres such as reggae, blues, jazz, Nelson made his first movie appearance in the 1979 film The Electric Horseman, followed by other appearances in movies and on television
Willie Nelson
–
Nelson performing at
Farm Aid in 2009
Willie Nelson
–
A young Nelson poses for a photograph
Willie Nelson
–
Nelson's high school football portrait, c. 1950
Willie Nelson
–
Nelson performing on a
Grand Ole Opry package show in 1965
39.
Countryman (album)
–
Countryman is an album by Willie Nelson. Ten years in the making since 1995, Nelsons first ever reggae album merges the gospel and it was released on CD format on August 2,2005 by the Lost Highway label. Nelson made two videos for this album The Harder They Come and Im a Worried Man both videos were filmed in Jamaica, all tracks written by Willie Nelson except where noted
Countryman (album)
–
Countryman
40.
Radiohead
–
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Ed OBrien, Colin Greenwood and they have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. After signing to EMI in 1991, Radiohead released their debut single Creep in 1992 and it became a worldwide hit after the release of their debut album, Pablo Honey. Their popularity and critical standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their second album, despite initially dividing listeners, Kid A was later named the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone, Pitchfork and the Times. Radioheads sixth album, Hail to the Thief, mixed rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror and their subsequent releases have pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay-what-you-want and BitTorrent. Radiohead self-released their seventh album, In Rainbows, as a download for which customers could set their own price, to critical and their eighth album, The King of Limbs, an exploration of rhythm, was developed using extensive looping and sampling. Their ninth album, A Moon Shaped Pool, prominently featured Jonny Greenwoods orchestral arrangements, Radiohead have sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Their work places highly in both polls and critics lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s. In 2009, Rolling Stone readers voted the group the second-best artist of the 2000s, the members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. In 1985, they formed On a Friday, the name referring to the usual rehearsal day in the schools music room. At one point, On a Friday featured a saxophone section, the band disliked the schools strict atmosphere—the headmaster once charged the band for using a rehearsal room on a Sunday—and found solace in the schools music department. They credited their music teacher for introducing them to jazz, film scores, postwar avant-garde music, Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley had an active independent music scene in the late 1980s, but it centred on shoegazing bands such as Ride and Slowdive. Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, On a Friday continued to rehearse on weekends, in 1991, On a Friday regrouped, sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road, Oxford. As On a Friday continued to perform in Oxford, including performances at the Jericho Tavern, record labels. Chris Hufford, Slowdives producer and co-owner of Oxfords Courtyard Studios, impressed, he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Fridays managers, they remain Radioheads managers today. At the labels request, the changed their name, Radiohead was taken from the song Radio Head on the Talking Heads album True Stories. Radiohead recorded their debut release, the Drill EP, with Chris Hufford, released in May 1992, its chart performance was poor. The band enlisted Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who had worked with US indie bands Pixies and Dinosaur Jr. to produce their debut album, Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in February 1993
Radiohead
–
Radiohead: Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Colin Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Phil Selway
Radiohead
–
Jonny Greenwood has used a variety of instruments, such as this
glockenspiel, in live concerts and recordings.
Radiohead
–
Abingdon School, where the band formed
Radiohead
–
Yorke in concert with Radiohead in 2006
41.
Let Down (Radiohead song)
–
OK Computer is the third studio album by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released in 1997 on EMI subsidiaries Parlophone and Capitol Records. The members of Radiohead self-produced the album with Nigel Godrich, an arrangement that the band has used on all of their subsequent albums to date. Other than Lucky, which was recorded in 1995, Radiohead recorded the album in Oxfordshire, the band made a deliberate attempt to distance themselves from the guitar-oriented, lyrically introspective style of their previous album, The Bends. OK Computers abstract lyrics, densely layered sound and eclectic range of influences laid the groundwork for Radioheads later, upon the albums delivery to EMI and its global subsidiary distributors, label representatives generally lowered their sales estimates, deeming the records sound uncommercial and difficult to market. Nevertheless, OK Computer reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and became the bands highest album entry on the American charts at the time, four songs from the album—Paranoid Android, Karma Police, Lucky, and No Surprises—were released as promotional singles. The album expanded Radioheads international popularity and has sold at least 4.5 million copies worldwide to date, OK Computer received widespread critical acclaim and in subsequent years has been cited by listeners, critics and musicians as one of the greatest albums of all time. In 1995, Radiohead toured in support of their second album The Bends, midway through the tour, Brian Eno commissioned the band to contribute a song to The Help Album, a charity compilation organised by War Child. The Help Album was to be recorded over the course of a day,4 September 1995. Radiohead recorded Lucky in five hours with engineer Nigel Godrich, who had assisted producer John Leckie with The Bends, Godrich said of the Help Album session, Those things are the most inspiring, when you do stuff really fast and theres nothing to lose. So after establishing a bit of a rapport work-wise, I was sort of hoping I would be involved with the next album. To promote The Help Album, Lucky featured as the track on the Help EP. This disappointed Radiohead singer Thom Yorke, but he later said Lucky shaped the nascent sound and mood of their upcoming record and it was like the first mark on the wall. Radiohead found touring stressful and decided to take a break in January 1996 and they sought to distance their new material from the introspective style of The Bends. Drummer Phil Selway said, There was a lot of soul-searching. To do that again on another album would be excruciatingly boring, Yorke, Radioheads primary lyricist, said at the time that we could really fall back on just doing another miserable, morbid and negative record lyrically, but I dont really want to, at all. And Im deliberately just writing down all the things that I hear or see. Im not able to put them into music yet and I dont want to just force it, the critical and commercial success of The Bends gave Radiohead the confidence to self-produce their third album. Their label Parlophone gave them a £100,000 budget for recording equipment, guitarist Jonny Greenwood said the only concept that we had for this album was that we wanted to record it away from the city and that we wanted to record it ourselves
Let Down (Radiohead song)
–
OK Computer
Let Down (Radiohead song)
–
Thom Yorke (pictured in 2001) and the band sought a less melancholy direction than previous album
The Bends.
Let Down (Radiohead song)
–
Most of OK Computer was recorded between September and October 1996 at
St Catherine's Court, a rural mansion near
Bath, Somerset.
Let Down (Radiohead song)
–
The
jazz fusion of
Miles Davis (left, in 1986) and political writings of
Noam Chomsky (right, in 2005) influenced OK Computer.
42.
Easy Star All-Stars
–
Easy Star All-Stars is a reggae collective with a rotating roster of musicians and singers founded by the co-founders of New York City-based Easy Star Records in 1997. In April 2009, they released a cover of The Beatles Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band entitled Easy Stars Lonely Hearts Dub Band. In 2012, Easy Stars Thrillah was released, a cover of Michael Jacksons classic album and they originally formed as a studio band for the labels earliest recordings. Although they have backed many artists and produced several original releases, they are best known for covering popular albums in a reggae and dub style and have released four cover albums to date. In February 2003, Easy Star All-Stars released an album of Pink Floyds The Dark Side of the Moon entitled Dub Side of the Moon. Dub Side of the Moon has remained on the Billboard Reggae Charts since its release in 2003 and it features instructions on how to synchronize the record with The Wizard of Oz, referencing the audiovisual pairing sometimes referred to as Dark Side of the Rainbow. Dub Side of the Moon was followed by the 2006 release of Radiodread, at a 2006 Radiohead concert, Thom Yorke praised Toots & The Maytals version of Let Down on Radiodread. Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood has also praised the version, calling it truly astounding. In March 2008, Easy Star All-Stars released Until that Day, an EP consisting of original material except for Dubbing Up the Walls, on 5 April 2011, they released their first original album entitled First Light. The only constant member of the band is Michael Goldwasser, on January 13,2009 the Easy Star All-Stars posted a statement on their website that they had completed their next album, a reworking of Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles titled Easy Stars Lonely Hearts Dub Band, however it was exclusively released on imeem a day prior. Sydney street press Music Feeds rated the album 10/10, Easy Stars Lonely Hearts Dub Band cracked the Billboard Top 200 twice, making it the first reggae album to do so in over two years. Victor Axelrod aka Ticklah compiled a dub version of a song by the Iowa reggae band Public Property on an upcoming album Work to Do set for release in July 2009, Michael Goldwasser compiled a dub version of the song Turn & Run by Umphreys McGee. & Easy Star All-Stars, and J. Viewz, on August 28,2012 the Easy Star All-Stars released Thrillah, a reimagining of Michael Jacksons album Thriller. The rotating roster includes, Buford OSullivan Cliff Simpson Elenna Canlas Ive-09 Jenny Hill Jared Yee Joanne Williams Kirsty Rock Ras I Ray Ruff Scott Shelton Garner, Jr. com
Easy Star All-Stars
–
Album Cover of the Easy Star All-Stars first release "Dub Side of the Moon"
43.
Radiodread
–
Radiodread is a 2006 tribute album by the Easy Star All-Stars that covers Radioheads 1997 album OK Computer in reggae, ska and dub styles. Their previous release, Dub Side of the Moon, is a take on Pink Floyds The Dark Side of the Moon. Michael Goldwasser, who produced Dub Side of the Moon and produced and arranged Radiodread, OK Computer has elements that are perfect -- strong melodies, intense dynamics and trippy soundscapes. On the other hand, it has complex time signatures, lots of chord changes, however, the more we looked at it, the more we realized that this was an album we had to do. Radiohead has given their blessing to the tracks theyve heard so far, in fact, the band did approve of the album, with Thom Yorke praising it and Jonny Greenwood describing it as truly astounding. The track listing is identical to OK Computers, and no songs were changed by the Easy Star All-Stars, except for Fitter Happier, the new lyrics are essentially the same, but phrased differently, including some Jamaican patois. For example, God loves his children becomes Jah loves his children
Radiodread
–
Radiodread
44.
OK Computer
–
OK Computer is the third studio album by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released in 1997 on EMI subsidiaries Parlophone and Capitol Records. The members of Radiohead self-produced the album with Nigel Godrich, an arrangement that the band has used on all of their subsequent albums to date. Other than Lucky, which was recorded in 1995, Radiohead recorded the album in Oxfordshire, the band made a deliberate attempt to distance themselves from the guitar-oriented, lyrically introspective style of their previous album, The Bends. OK Computers abstract lyrics, densely layered sound and eclectic range of influences laid the groundwork for Radioheads later, upon the albums delivery to EMI and its global subsidiary distributors, label representatives generally lowered their sales estimates, deeming the records sound uncommercial and difficult to market. Nevertheless, OK Computer reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and became the bands highest album entry on the American charts at the time, four songs from the album—Paranoid Android, Karma Police, Lucky, and No Surprises—were released as promotional singles. The album expanded Radioheads international popularity and has sold at least 4.5 million copies worldwide to date, OK Computer received widespread critical acclaim and in subsequent years has been cited by listeners, critics and musicians as one of the greatest albums of all time. In 1995, Radiohead toured in support of their second album The Bends, midway through the tour, Brian Eno commissioned the band to contribute a song to The Help Album, a charity compilation organised by War Child. The Help Album was to be recorded over the course of a day,4 September 1995. Radiohead recorded Lucky in five hours with engineer Nigel Godrich, who had assisted producer John Leckie with The Bends, Godrich said of the Help Album session, Those things are the most inspiring, when you do stuff really fast and theres nothing to lose. So after establishing a bit of a rapport work-wise, I was sort of hoping I would be involved with the next album. To promote The Help Album, Lucky featured as the track on the Help EP. This disappointed Radiohead singer Thom Yorke, but he later said Lucky shaped the nascent sound and mood of their upcoming record and it was like the first mark on the wall. Radiohead found touring stressful and decided to take a break in January 1996 and they sought to distance their new material from the introspective style of The Bends. Drummer Phil Selway said, There was a lot of soul-searching. To do that again on another album would be excruciatingly boring, Yorke, Radioheads primary lyricist, said at the time that we could really fall back on just doing another miserable, morbid and negative record lyrically, but I dont really want to, at all. And Im deliberately just writing down all the things that I hear or see. Im not able to put them into music yet and I dont want to just force it, the critical and commercial success of The Bends gave Radiohead the confidence to self-produce their third album. Their label Parlophone gave them a £100,000 budget for recording equipment, guitarist Jonny Greenwood said the only concept that we had for this album was that we wanted to record it away from the city and that we wanted to record it ourselves
OK Computer
–
OK Computer
OK Computer
–
Thom Yorke (pictured in 2001) and the band sought a less melancholy direction than previous album
The Bends.
OK Computer
–
Most of OK Computer was recorded between September and October 1996 at
St Catherine's Court, a rural mansion near
Bath, Somerset.
OK Computer
–
The
jazz fusion of
Miles Davis (left, in 1986) and political writings of
Noam Chomsky (right, in 2005) influenced OK Computer.
45.
Malik Al Nasir
–
Malik Al Nasir is a British author and performance poet, born to a Welsh mother and a Guyanese father. He grew up partly with his family in Liverpool and after the paralysis of his father and he successfully sued the government for neglect, racism and physical abuse whilst in their care, and received a public apology from Liverpools Lord Mayor. Malik is the leader of Malik & the O. Gs. Malik is the author of the book Ordinary Guy under his previous name Mark T. Watson and he is the founder and Chief Executive of UK publishing house Fore-Word Press. Ordinary Guy is a collection of poetry and explanatory prose that spans a period of 10 years within the late teens. The book includes Maliks Mode – A foreword by Jalal Mansur Nuriddin of the Last Poets, Ordinary Guy was written in tribute to Gil Scott-Heron & The Last Poets and contains 33 poems along with illustrations and explanatory prose. Malik also featured in a film about his poetry along with Gil Scott Heron, The Last Poets. The film is called Word Up - From Ghetto to Mecca and featured commentary on Maliks work, the albums were recorded at Sarm Studios in Readding, Mercredi 9 Studios in Paris and Wyclef Jeans Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York. Mixed by Serge Tsai and mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound New York, in 2006, Malik co-founded Dubai-based production company MediaCPR and its record label MCPR Music. Conceptually MediaCPR wanted to develop clean content in mainstream music, that could entertain listeners without being offensive or explicit, in this context, Malik along with a team of music producers, pioneered a new genre of music which they called Drum Fusion. The idea was to unite traditional rhythms with contemporary arrangements and apply positive lyrical content to produce a new style of music. The first album to hit the streets using the drum fusion formulae is that of Jamaican master percussionist Larry McDonald, lenny B did a dub-dance remix of one of the tracks off the album called Set the Children Free. Malik Al Nasir was also co-writer on two tracks on the album Drumquestra, Peace of Mind and Crime Or Music Featuring veteran ska musician Stranger Cole and reggae drummer Sly Dunbar. Additional percussion on track was provided by Sticky Thompson of The Wailers. The software allows for the building of interactive multimedia family trees, ancestory was probably the first interactive multimedia family tree builder, with social network integration. Malik also holds a BA Hons, in Geography & Sociology from Liverpool Hope University and a PgDip in Applied Social Research from The University of Liverpool. The band included Malik Al Nasir, Orphy Robinson, Rod Youngs, Mohammed Nazam, Paislie Reid, Shaza Tiago Coimbra and engineer Tom Parker. Malik is a commentator and has periodically participated in news items on issues relating to refugees, social exclusion, asylum seekers in the UK, social unrest in Liverpool
Malik Al Nasir
–
This article is about the British author and poet. For Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad ben Qalawun of Egypt, see
Malik al-Nasir.
46.
Iowa
–
Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
Iowa
–
Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams.
Iowa
–
Flag
Iowa
–
DeSoto lake at
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa.
Iowa
–
Fountain Springs Park in Delaware County, Iowa.
47.
Public Property
–
Public Property is a play by the English playwright Sam Peter Jackson. It is about a news anchor called Geoffrey Hammond, who caught in a public sex scandal. The play was published by Oberon Books, the production was presented by Tara Wilkinson on behalf of Whippet Productions and directed by Hanna Berrigan. It also featured cameos by Stephen Fry, Elize du Toit. Variety review Official Website Public Property on Amazon Sam Peter Jackson Website Guardian Review Public Property in National Theatre Bookshop
Public Property
48.
Blues
–
Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
Blues
–
John Lomax (left) shaking hands with musician "Uncle" Rich Brown in Sumterville,
Alabama
Blues
–
Charley Patton, one of the originators of the Delta blues style, playing with a
pick or a
bottleneck slide.
Blues
–
Sheet music from "
Saint Louis Blues " (1914)
Blues
–
Bessie Smith, an early blues singer, was known for her powerful voice.
49.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
–
BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
–
BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
50.
Marcia Griffiths
–
Marcia Llyneth Griffiths is a Jamaican singer. One reviewer described her by noting she is primarily for her strong, smooth-as-mousse love songs. Her performance was sufficiently impressive that the following day Ronnie Nasralla, in 1968 she had her first success as a solo artist, with Feel Like Jumping, which like her other early Studio One solo hits, were written by Andy. From 1970 to 1974 she worked together with Bob Andy as a duo and she also recorded for Lloyd Charmers. Between 1974 and 1981 she was a member of the I Threes, a trio of backing singers and she continued to record as a solo artist throughout the 1970s, working with producers such as Sonia Pottinger, and Joseph Hoo Kim. In 1983, she released her re-recording of the Bunny Wailer song Electric Boogie, originally recorded and released by Wailer in 1976. Although the 1983 version became a hit for Griffiths, the song was remixed in 1989, and it was this version that made the Electric Slide, a line dance. It reached number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it her most successful single and it remains the highest-selling single by a female reggae singer of all time. She has more recently had further hits with producer Donovan Germain and she had two children with JBC disc jockey Errol Thompson, and raised them alone after his death in 1983. A Brazilian documentary film about Griffiths, Reggae Meets Samba, was in production as of December 2013, in August 2014 it was announced that Griffiths would receive the Jamaican Order of Distinction in October that year
Marcia Griffiths
–
Marcia Griffiths (right) with the
I Threes
