1.
Corruption
–
Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries, government, or political, corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Stephen D. Morris, a professor of politics, writes that corruption is the use of public power to benefit a private interest. The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, lower the quality, Corruption can occur on different scales. Petty corruption occurs at a scale and takes place at the implementation end of public services when public officials meet the public. For example, in small places such as registration offices, police stations and many other private. Grand corruption is defined as occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal. Such corruption is found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments. Systemic corruption is corruption which is due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system, factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers, monopolistic powers, lack of transparency, low pay, and a culture of impunity. Specific acts of corruption include bribery, extortion, and embezzlement in a system where corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception, some scholars argue that there is a negative duty of western governments to protect against systematic corruption of underdeveloped governments. Corruption can occur in any sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs, therefore, the owners investors or sponsors profits are largely decisive. Recent research by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face. Political corruption is the abuse of power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, by extortion. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers money, evidence suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or region. One common form of corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects—for example, more rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct, similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission
Corruption
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A billboard in
Zambia exhorting the public to "Just say no to corruption".
Corruption
–
A political cartoon from
Harper's Weekly, January 26, 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior
Carl Schurz investigating the
Indian Bureau at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: "THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES."
2.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
3.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
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Flag
Germany
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
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Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Peter Eigen
–
Peter Eigen founded the Advisory Council of Transparency International, a non-governmental organization promoting transparency and accountability in international development since 1993. Headquartered in Berlin, TI supports National Chapters in more than 90 countries, a lawyer by training, Eigen has worked in economic development for 25 years, mainly as a World Bank manager of programmes in Africa and Latin America. Under Ford Foundation sponsorship, he provided legal and technical assistance to the governments of Botswana and Namibia, in September 2001, Eigen joined the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as Visiting Scholar while teaching at Johns Hopkins University/ SAIS. He also joined the Board of The Centre for International Environmental Law and since 2002, has been teaching as an Honorary Professor of Political Science of the Freie Universität, Berlin. In 2005, Eigen chaired the International Advisory Group of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in 2000, he received the award of Honorary Doctor of the Open University, UK and in 2004, received the Readers Digest Award European of the Year 2004. Eigen is a member of the Africa Progress Panel, a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. As a Panel Member he facilitates coalition building to leverage and broker knowledge, in 2007 Peter Eigen, together with Burkhard Gnärig, founded the Berlin Civil Society Center, and is currently the organisations Chair. In 2004 he married Gesine Schwan, the candidate for the federal presidential elections in Germany in 2004 and 2009. Africa Progress Panel Website Transparency International Website How to expose the corrupt, talk at TED, Berlin Nov.2009 Berlin Civil Society Center official website
Peter Eigen
–
Peter Eigen
6.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
Nonprofit organization
–
Front building of the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in
Seattle
7.
Corruption Perceptions Index
–
The CPI generally defines corruption as the misuse of public power for private benefit. The CPI currently ranks 168 countries on a scale from 100 to 0, Transparency International commissioned Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the University of Passau to produce the Corruption Perceptions Index. The 2012 CPI draws on 13 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions, countries must be assessed by at least three sources to appear in the CPI. The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts, early CPIs used public opinion surveys. The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption, (Note that a lower index on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher economic growth, as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1. 7% for every unit increase in a countrys CPI score. Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of investment in a country. Because corruption is willfully hidden, it is impossible to directly, instead. Seligson states that corruption is a very “difficult phenomenon to measure, ” there have been attempts to solve this problem. The Index has been criticized on the basis of its methodology, political scientist Dan Hough pointed out three flaws in the Index, Corruption is too complex to be captured by a single score. The nature of corruption in rural Kansas will, for instance, by measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing stereotypes and cliches. The Index only measures public-sector corruption, leaving out private actors and this for instance means the Libor scandal or the VW emissions scandal are not counted. Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, the local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the countrys scores to increase, media reported it as an improvement. In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International, Cobham writes, the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that its hard to see a justification for its continuing publication. In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations, Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, Corruption Perceptions Index 2010, Long methodological brief. Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 Interactive world map of the Corruption Perception Index, 2000-2008 A Users Guide to Measuring Corruption critiques the CPI, Global Integrity Index List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings
Corruption Perceptions Index
–
A world map of the 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index by
Transparency International which measures "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians". High numbers (blue) indicate less perception of corruption, whereas lower numbers (red) indicate higher perception of corruption.
8.
World Bank
–
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital programs. It comprises two institutions, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Development Association, the World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, which is part of the United Nations system. The World Banks stated official goal is the reduction of poverty, the president of the World Bank is, traditionally, an American. The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D. C. and work closely with each other, although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations. Before 1974 the reconstruction and development loans provided by the World Bank were relatively small, the Banks staff were aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. Fiscal conservatism ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria, the first country to receive a World Bank loan was France. The Banks president at the time, John McCloy, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile, the loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and it came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed, the French government complied with this diktat and removed the Communist coalition government - the so-called tripartisme. Within hours, the loan to France was approved, when the Marshall Plan went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European countries, in 1960, the International Development Association was formed, providing soft loans to developing countries. From 1974 to 1980 the bank concentrated on meeting the needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and these changes can be attributed to Robert McNamara, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson. McNamara implored bank treasurer Eugene Rotberg to seek out new sources of capital outside of the banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the bond market to increase the capital available to the bank. One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rise of third world debt. From 1976 to 1980 developing world debt rose at an annual rate of 20%
World Bank
–
John Maynard Keynes (right) and
Harry Dexter White, the "founding fathers" of both the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
World Bank
–
The Gold Room at the
Mount Washington Hotel where the IMF and World Bank were established
World Bank
–
The
World Bank Group headquarters bldg. in
Washington, D.C.
World Bank
–
Jim Yong Kim, the current President of the World Bank Group
9.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
10.
John Githongo
–
In 2005 he left that position, later accusing top ministers of large-scale fraud. The story of his fight against corruption is told in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat and his father Joe Githongo owned an accounting firm, President Jomo Kenyatta being one of its clients. John Githongo went to the prestigious St. Marys School in Nairobi and he studied Economics and Philosophy at the University of Wales before returning to his native Kenya. He briefly worked as a management consultant and researcher before moving into journalism, in this role he wrote extensively for the Nairobi-based EastAfrican and Executive magazine, attacking corruption throughout Kenyan society under the Moi regime. He was also a correspondent for the British journal The Economist, in the 1990s he received the CNN African Journalist of the year award. Following in his fathers footsteps he joined the Transparency International movement and he founded and served as founder-Executive Director of the Kenyan chapter of Transparency International in 1999 after years of the government refusing it registration. He also served a member of Transparency International in Berlin. The magazine folded after operating four issues, a case was instituted against SAREAT trustees by its donors but was apparently later withdrawn after SAREAT agreed to repay the funds under contention. In January 2003 he was appointed to the position of Permanent Secretary for Governance and Ethics by the incoming president Kibaki, as a result of his resignation international aid to Kenya was cut. He remains an advocate against corruption. On 22 January 2006, Githongo named VICE-PRESIDENT MOODY AWORI as one of four top politicians as being involved in scams worth $600M – known as the Anglo Leasing Scandal and he also claimed that PRESIDENT KIBAKI was complicit in the affair. The scandal centered on the award of a huge contract given to Anglo-Leasing – a company that DID NOT EXIST, Githongo claimed that the MONEY RAISED WOULD HAVE FUNDED THE GOVERNMENTS FORTHCOMING ELECTION CAMPAIGN. These allegations were denied by Awori and Murungaru and AN INVESTIGATION WAS PROMISED, Githongo moved to the UK to live in exile after claiming that there have been threats to his life. In a secret cable by the US ambassador in Kenya to Washington dated the 16/9/09, released by Wikileaks and this TD corroborates Githongos conclusion about Ringera who is identified in a room with leading Kikuyu politicians, including Ministers of government, plotting to kill Githongo in 2009. Wikileaks He took up a post at an Oxford college and it has also been recently revealed that he taken up an additional position as a Visiting Fellow of the Ottawa-based International Development Research Centre. He reveals that at the end of his investigations, he came to the conclusion that the Anglo Leasing scandal went all the way to the top. Anglo Leasing, and many other deals, were rumoured by some people to be back-door financing to pay for NARCs election bid in 2007. While in Britain, Githongo spent two days giving evidence to a delegation of Kenyan MPs who were investigating the scandal, both parties were positive about the outcomes of the meetings
John Githongo
–
John Githongo
11.
General Electric
–
General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
General Electric
–
General Electric in Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896
General Electric
–
General Electric Company
General Electric
–
Plan of Schenectady plant, 1896
General Electric
–
A 23-ton
diesel-electric locomotive made at the General Electric Corp. plant in
Schenectady, New York
12.
Military intelligence
–
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions. In order to provide an analysis, the information requirements are first identified. These information requirements are incorporated into intelligence collection, analysis. Areas of study may include the environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations. Intelligence activities are conducted at all levels, from tactical to strategic, in peacetime, the period of transition to war, most governments maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and information collection personnel in both specialist units and from other arms and services. The military intelligence capabilities interact with civilian intelligence capabilities to inform the spectrum of political, personnel selected for intelligence duties may be selected for their analytical abilities and personal intelligence before receiving formal training. Intelligence operations are carried out throughout the hierarchy of political and military activity, strategic intelligence is concerned with broad issues such as economics, political assessments, military capabilities and intentions of foreign nations. Operational intelligence is focused on support or denial of intelligence at operational tiers, operational tier is below strategic level of leadership and refers to the design of practical manifestation. Tactical intelligence is focused on support to operations at the tactical level, at the tactical level, briefings are delivered to patrols on current threats and collection priorities. These patrols are then debriefed to elicit information for analysis and communication through the reporting chain, Intelligence should respond to the needs of the commander, based on the military objective and the outline plans for the operation. The military objective provides a focus for the process, from which a number of information requirements are derived. In response to the requirements, the analysis staff trawls existing information. Where gaps in knowledge exist, the staff may be able to task collection assets to collect against the requirement, analysis reports draw on all available sources of information, whether drawn from existing material or collected in response to the requirement. The analysis reports are used to inform the planning staff. This process is described as Collection Co-ordination and Intelligence Requirement Management, the process of intelligence has four phases, collection, analysis, processing and dissemination. In the United Kingdom these are known as direction, collection, processing, many of the most important facts are well known or may be gathered from public sources. This form of collection is known as open source intelligence. For example, the population, ethnic make-up and main industries of a region are important to military commanders
Military intelligence
–
Military intelligence diagram of defense positions during the
Battle of Okinawa, 1945
13.
Kamal Hossain
–
Kamal Hossain is a Bangladeshi jurist, statesman, politician and freedom fighter. After the independence of Bangladesh, he served as Minister of Law from 1972 to 1973 and he was also the Minister of Energy in 1974. Under his leadership, the Constitution of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Petroleum Act were enacted, Hossain was awarded a Bachelor of Jurisprudence degree with honours from the University of Oxford in 1957 and a Bachelor of Civil Law from the same institution in 1958. In 1964, he was awarded a Doctorate in International Law and he was called to the bar by Lincolns Inn, London. Hossain was arrested during the Bangladesh Liberation War in April 1971 by the Pakistani government and he was released together with Mujib when both of them flew to London and then to independent Bangladesh. After the independence of Bangladesh, Hossain served as the Minister of Law, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Petroleum, one of his earliest tasks as Minister of Law was the drafting of the Constitution of Bangladesh which was completed in 1972. Hossain is regarded as the father of the Bangladeshi constitution and he was a member of the Awami League until the early 1990s, when he formed his own political party, Gano Forum, following disputes with Awami League leader Sheikh Hasina. He is a leading jurist in Bangladesh and has conducted a number of landmark cases, in addition, he has appeared in several international arbitrations, both as a lawyer and an arbitrator, including acting as an arbitrator in the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. Hossain is renowned worldwide as a jurist and enjoys an association with the United Nations. Between 1998 and 2003, he served as the UN Special Rapporteur on Afghanistan and he is a current member of the UN Compensation Commission. He has also acted as an observer in elections around the world. Hossain has a daughter, Sara Hossain and she is married to British journalist, David Bergman
Kamal Hossain
–
Kamal Hossain কামাল হোসেন
Kamal Hossain
–
Dr. Kamal Hossain is speaking at the Orientation Ceremony for the 2nd batch of
Notre Dame University Bangladesh on 30 January 2015.
14.
Bangladesh
–
Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
Bangladesh
–
Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in Bangladesh. It dates back to 700 BCE and was the ancient capital of the
Pundra Kingdom
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
–
Asia in 323 BC, the
Gangaridai Empire in relation to the
Nanda Empire,
Alexander 's Empire and neighbours
Bangladesh
–
The
Somapura Mahavihara, once the largest
Buddhist vihara in South Asia, built by Emperor
Dharmapala of Bengal
15.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
16.
Sugar
–
Sugar is the generic name for sweet, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. There are various types of derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose, the table sugar or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. Sugar is used in prepared foods and it is added to some foods, in the body, sucrose is hydrolysed into the simple sugars fructose and glucose. Other disaccharides include maltose from malted grain, and lactose from milk, longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Some other chemical substances, such as glycerol may also have a sweet taste, low-calorie food substitutes for sugar, described as artificial sweeteners, include aspartame and sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose. Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants and are present in sufficient concentrations for efficient commercial extraction in sugarcane, the world production of sugar in 2011 was about 168 million tonnes. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms of sugar each year, equivalent to over 260 food calories per person, since the latter part of the twentieth century, it has been questioned whether a diet high in sugars, especially refined sugars, is good for human health. Sugar has been linked to obesity, and suspected of, or fully implicated as a cause in the occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, macular degeneration, the etymology reflects the spread of the commodity. The English word sugar ultimately originates from the Sanskrit शर्करा, via Arabic سكر as granular or candied sugar, the contemporary Italian word is zucchero, whereas the Spanish and Portuguese words, azúcar and açúcar, respectively, have kept a trace of the Arabic definite article. The Old French word is zuchre and the contemporary French, sucre, the earliest Greek word attested is σάκχαρις. The English word jaggery, a brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice, has a similar etymological origin – Portuguese jagara from the Sanskrit शर्करा. Sugar has been produced in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times and it was not plentiful or cheap in early times and honey was more often used for sweetening in most parts of the world. Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness, sugarcane was a native of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. Different species seem to have originated from different locations with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule, one of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 8th century BC that state that the use of sugarcane originated in India. Sugar was found in Europe by the 1st century AD, but only as an imported medicine and it is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut, sugar is used only for medical purposes. Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that were easier to store, crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas, around the 5th century AD
Sugar
–
Closeup of raw (unrefined, unbleached) sugar
Sugar
–
Ant feeding on sugar crystals.
Sugar
–
Sugar cane plantation
Sugar
–
Still-Life with Bread and Confectionary, by
George Flegel, first half of 17th century
17.
Siemens
–
Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp
Siemens
–
A Siemens truck being used as a
Nazi public address vehicle in 1932
Siemens
–
Werner von Siemens
Siemens
–
A 1973 Siemens
electron microscope on display at the
Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris
Siemens
–
A
Siemens Velaro high speed train in service on the
Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
18.
Greenwashing
–
While greenwashing is not new, its use has increased over recent years to meet consumer demand for environmentally friendly goods and services. Many corporate structures use greenwashing as a way to public perception of their brand. The structuring of corporate disclosure is often set up so as to maximize perceptions of legitimacy, however, there is a growing body of social and environmental accounting research finds corporate posturing and deception in the absence of external monitoring and verification. Westervelt noted that, in most cases, little or no effort toward reducing energy waste was being made by these institutions—as evidenced by the lack of cost reduction this practice effected. Westervelt opined that the objective of this green campaign on the part of many hoteliers was, in fact. Westervelt thus labeled this and other outwardly environmentally conscientious acts with a greater, the origin of this phrase has been attributed to environmental activist and author Barry Commoner. Similarly, introduction of a Carbon Emission Trading Scheme may feel good, for example, Bank of America subsidiary MBNA offers an Eco-Logique MasterCard for Canadian consumers that rewards customers with carbon offsets as they continue using the card. Customers may feel that they are nullifying their carbon footprint by purchasing polluting goods with the card, however, only 0.5 percent of purchase price goes into purchasing carbon offsets, while the rest of the interchange fee still goes to the bank. In the mid 1960s, the movement gained momentum. This popularity prompted many companies to create a new green image through advertising, jerry Mander, a former Madison Avenue advertising executive, called this new form of advertising ecopornography. The first Earth Day was held on April 22,1970 and this encouraged many industries to advertise themselves as being friendly to the environment. Public utilities spent 300 million dollars advertising themselves as clean green companies and this was eight times more than the money they spent on pollution reduction research. In 1985, the Chevron Corporation launched one of the most famous greenwashing ad campaigns in history, Chevrons People Do advertisements were aimed at a hostile audience of societally conscious people. Two years after the launch of the campaign, surveys found people in California trusted Chevron more than other oil companies to protect the environment. In the late 1980s The American Chemistry Council started a program called Responsible Care, the loose guidelines of responsible care caused industries to adopt self-regulation over government regulation. In 1991, a study published in the Journal of Public Policy, another study found that 77% of people said the environmental reputation of company affected whether they would buy their products. One fourth of all household products marketed around Earth Day advertised themselves as being green, in 1998 the Federal Trade Commission created the Green Guidelines, which defined terms used in environmental marketing. The following year the FTC found that the Nuclear Energy Institute claims of being environmentally clean were not true, the FTC did nothing about the ads because they were out of their jurisdiction
Greenwashing
–
Hotel "greenwashed" laundry card
Greenwashing
–
The
Airbus A380 described as "A better environment inside and out."
19.
National Public Radio
–
NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
National Public Radio
–
1970s logo
National Public Radio
–
NPR
National Public Radio
–
NPR's former headquarters at 635
Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. (demolished in 2013)
20.
Transparency International India
–
Transparency International e. V. is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993. Its nonprofit purpose is to take action to combat corruption and prevent criminal activities arising from corruption and it publishes for example the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perceptions Index. Transparency International has the status of a German registered voluntary association. Its members are besides a few more than 100 national chapters which engage in fighting corruption in their home countries. Transparency International states, Transparency International is the civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TIs mission is to change towards a world free of corruption. The organization defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain which eventually hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority, Transparency International does not undertake investigations on single cases of corruption or expose individual cases. It develops tools for fighting corruption and works with other civil society organizations, companies, since 1995, Transparency International has issued an annual Corruption Perceptions Index, it also publishes a Global Corruption Report, a Global Corruption Barometer and a Bribe Payers Index. In 2013 Transparency International published the Government Defence Anti-corruption Index with which corruption in the sector of 82 countries was measured. Some governments expressed criticism towards the methodology of the report, mark Pyman defended the report in an interview and stressed the importance of transparency in the military sector. The plan is to publish the index every two years, the Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index – a combination of polls – drawing on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions, the CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world. The Corruption Perceptions Index has received criticism over the years, the main one stems from the difficulty in measuring corruption, which by definition happens behind the scenes. The Corruption Perceptions Index therefore needs to rely on third-party survey which have criticized as potentially unreliable. Data can vary depending on the public perception of a country, the completeness of the surveys. The second issue is that data cannot be compared from year to year because Transparency International uses different methodologies and samples every year and this makes it difficult to evaluate the result of new policies. The Corruption Perceptions Index authors replied to these criticisms by reminding that the Corruption Perceptions Index is meant to measure perception and they argue that perceptions matter in their own right, since
Transparency International India
–
Transparency International's headquarters in
Berlin (5th floor)
Transparency International India
–
The Global Coalition Against Corruption
Transparency International India
–
Competitiveness and
corruption. Presented at the workshop Corruption – how and why to avoid it in
Prague, November 1998
Transparency International India
–
Ethics and principles
21.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
22.
Corporate crime
–
In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation, or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity. Some negative behaviours by corporations may not actually be criminal, laws vary between jurisdictions, for example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading. The world’s gross criminal product has been estimated at 20 percent of world trade, and state-corporate crime because, in many contexts, the opportunity to commit crime emerges from the relationship between the corporation and the state. In English law, this was matched by the decision in Salomon v Salomon & Co AC22, in Australian law, under the Corporations Act 2001, a corporation is legally a person. Corporate crime has become politically sensitive in some countries, the Law Reform Commission of New South Wales offers an explanation of such criminal activities, Corporate crime poses a significant threat to the welfare of the community. Similarly, Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman assert, At one level and these may serve the economic interests of mass consumers by introducing new products and more efficient methods of mass production. On another level, given the absence of political control today, corporations serve to destroy the foundations of the civic community, Behavior can be regulated by the civil law or the criminal law. In deciding to criminalize particular behavior, the legislature is making the judgment that this behavior is sufficiently culpable to deserve the stigma of being labelled as a crime. In law, corporations can commit the same offences as natural persons, but states depend on the business sector to deliver a functioning economy, so the politics of regulating the individuals and corporations which supply that stability become more complex. For the views of Marxist criminology, see Snider and Snider & Pearce, for Left realism, see Pearce & Tombs and Schulte-Bockholt, more specifically, the historical tradition of sovereign state control of prisons is ending through the process of privatisation. Corporate profitability in these areas therefore depends on building more facilities, managing their operations. In turn, this requires a steady stream of prisoners able to work, bribery and corruption are problems in the developed world, and the corruption of public officials is thought to be a serious problem in developing countries, and an obstacle to development. Edwin Sutherlands definition of white collar crime also is related to notions of corporate crime, one paper discusses some of the issues that arise in the relationship between private sector and corruption. The findings can be summarized as follows, They present evidence that corruption induces informality by acting as a barrier to entry into the formal sector, firms that are forced to go underground operate at a smaller scale and are less productive. Corruption also affects the growth of firms in the private sector and this result seems to be independent of the size of the firm. A channel through which corruption may affect the prospects of firms is through its negative impact on product innovation. SMEs pay higher bribes as percentage of revenue compared with large companies, bribery is not the only form of corruption affecting large firms. Embezzlement by a company’s own employees, corporate fraud, and insider trading can be damaging to enterprises too
Corporate crime
–
Criminology and
penology
Corporate crime
–
Ethics and principles
23.
Lobbying
–
Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Lobbying is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including individuals in the sector, corporations, fellow legislators or government officials. Lobbyists may be among a legislators constituencies, meaning a voter or bloc of voters within their district, or not, they may engage in lobbying as a business. Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, individuals and nonprofit organizations can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential, the ethics and morality of lobbying are dual-edged. Lobbying is often spoken of with contempt, when the implication is that people with inordinate socioeconomic power are corrupting the law in order to serve their own interests. The failure of government officials to serve the public interest as a consequence of lobbying by special interests who provide benefits to the official is an example of agent misdirection. One story held that the term originated at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, a lobbyist is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest or a member of a lobby. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying as part of laws to prevent political corruption, Lobby groups may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for example, filed suits in state and their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional. They may use a device known as amicus curiae, literally friend of the court. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit, amici curiae briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the records, and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions, over the past twenty years lobbying in Australia has grown from a small industry of a few hundred employees to a multibillion-dollar per year industry. Lobbying has become a fact of life and is now endemic in local, state. It is not just the local councillors and state and federal politicians being lobbied, in Australia, lobbyists are expected to organise a pass to obtain access to the federal parliament. The Parliamentary Pass must be signed by two parliamentarians and it is administered by the Department of Parliamentary Services and has the enforcement of the Criminal Code Act 1995. The Pass is valid for two years, however, the Parliamentary Pass is not absolutely necessary, as some lobbyists are simply signed in on the day of their visit as guests of Senators or Members
Lobbying
–
Box offered by the
tobacco lobbyists to
Kartika Liotard in September 2013
Lobbying
–
Wikimania 2009, results of the discussion about possible contents of European lobbying
Lobbying
–
K Street NW at 19th Street in
Washington D.C., part of downtown Washington's maze of high-powered "
K Street lobbyist " and
law firm office buildings.
24.
Political corruption
–
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents, the activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another, in some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually, a state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning rule by thieves. Some forms of corruption – now called institutional corruption – are distinguished from bribery, a similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes and it violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions, although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition. Corruption also generates economic distortion in the sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes. Officials may increase the complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings. In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigerias leaders between 1960 and 1999, University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations external debts. In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and this encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suhartos New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through investment, law and order
Political corruption
–
Detail from Corrupt Legislation (1896) by
Elihu Vedder. Library of Congress
Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.
25.
Global Witness
–
Global Witness is an international NGO established in 1993 that works to break the links between natural resource exploitation, conflict, poverty, corruption, and human rights abuses worldwide. The organisation has offices in London and Washington, D. C, Global Witness states that it does not have any political affiliation. Gillian Caldwell joined the organisation as Executive Director in July 2015, investigation by Global Witness in April 2014 revealed there were nearly three times as many environmental defenders killed in 2012 than 10 years previously. Global Witness documented 147 deaths in 2012, compared to 51 in 2002, in Brazil 448 activists defending natural resources were killed between 2002 and 2013, in Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67 and Thailand 16. Others have been killed for protests over hydroelectric dams, pollution, the organisation explores how diamonds and other natural resources can fund conflict or fuel corruption. Global Witness’ methodology combines investigative research, publishing reports and conducting advocacy campaigns, reports are disseminated to governments, intergovernmental organizations, civil society and the media. Global Witness has worked on diamonds, oil, timber, cocoa, gas, gold and it has undertaken investigations and case studies in Cambodia, Angola, Liberia, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan and Ivory Coast. It has also helped to set up international initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the Kimberley Process, the organizations first campaign involved work against the trade of illegal timber between Cambodia and Thailand which was funding the Khmer Rouge guerrillas. Global Witness argues that resources can be, and have been, exploited to fund armies and militias who murder, rape. It says that resources can potentially be used to negotiate and maintain peace. Global Witness’s first campaign was in Cambodia in the 1990s where the Khmer Rouge was smuggling timber into Thailand, the Observer newspaper attributed the cessation to Global Witnesss detailed and accurate reporting. In 2009, Global Witness released Country for Sale, a report on corruption in the allocation of Cambodias natural resource licenses, in 2010 the report, Shifting Sand, was published. It examined sand dredging for export to Singapore, the report claimed that the trade was monopolised by two prominent Cambodian senators with close ties to Prime Minister Hun Sen. As part of its campaign against conflict diamonds, Global Witness helped establish the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, the international governmental certification scheme was set up to stop to trade in blood diamonds, requiring governments to certify that shipments of rough diamonds are conflict-free. Like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Sierra Leone is endowed with oil and mineral resources amid social inequality, high prevalence of poverty, under rebel movements headed by Charles Taylor, who dominated the diamond industry, diamonds were being traded for guns with the Revolutionary United Front. This rebel group alone earned as much as US$125 m, in 1998, Global Witness stated that diamonds were spurring those conflicts. Backed by investigation done by the UN in 2000, it was verified that the gems were being smuggled out of eastern Sierra Leone through Liberia. Sanctions were later imposed by the UN on Liberian diamonds in March 2001, on July 19,2000, the World Diamond Congress adopted at Antwerp a resolution to reinforce the diamond industrys ability to block sales of conflict diamonds
Global Witness
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Global Witness
26.
Group of States Against Corruption
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GRECO, which is also open to non-European States, currently has 49 members, including two States that are not members of the Council of Europe. Since August 2010, all Council of Europe members have been members of GRECO, the GRECO Secretariat is located in the Council of Europes Agora building completed in 2008. It helps to identify deficiencies in national policies, with a view to prompting the necessary legislative. GRECO does not have a mandate to measure the occurrence of corrupt practices in its individual member States, other organisations/bodies are better equipped to deal with this important matter. The OECD, the United Nations, ICPO-Interpol, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the themes and provisions to be evaluated within an evaluation round are decided on by GRECO. Members are called upon to implement the recommendations issued by GRECO within a period of 18 months, the ensuing compliance procedure assesses the implementation of each individual recommendation and establishes an overall appraisal of the level of a member’s compliance. Any member having joined GRECO after the close of the First Evaluation Round is subject to a joint evaluation of the First, gRECO’s current Fourth Evaluation Round, launched on 1 January 2012, deals with corruption prevention in respect of members of Parliament, judges and prosecutors. GRECO launched on the 20 of March its Fifth Evaluation Round which will focus on “Preventing corruption and promoting integrity in central governments, with regard to these functions, GRECO will look into issues such as conflicts of interest, revolving doors, declaration of assets and accountability mechanisms. At the opening of each Evaluation Round, GRECO adopts questionnaires with guidelines, members designate a maximum of five evaluators for any given Evaluation Round. The profile of evaluators is determined by the scope of each Evaluation Round. The principal stages of the procedure are described in the table below. Overall, the stages of the compliance procedure are similar to the above. A key ingredient of the procedure is the so-called Situation Report prepared by the member concerned, on the basis of the Situation Report, a Compliance Report is prepared which assesses the level of implementation of each recommendation issued by GRECO in the Evaluation Report. Members are required to back to GRECO on the action taken in order to address partially or non-implemented recommendations within another 18 months. The additional information submitted is appraised by GRECO and leads to the adoption of an Addendum to the relevant Compliance report, the adoption of the Addendum usually terminates the compliance procedure in respect of the country concerned. All information pertaining to evaluation and compliance procedures is confidential, however, it is standing practice for members to authorise the publication of Evaluation and Compliance Reports, usually shortly after their adoption by the plenary. Evaluations should also be based on clear and identifiable standards, on-site visits also have the potential of adding value to the “mere” evaluation of legislation. Round I Questionnaire Round II Questionnaire Round III Questionnaire Round IV Questionnaire First GRECO Report Second GRECO Report Third GRECO Report Fourth GRECO Report
Group of States Against Corruption
Group of States Against Corruption
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Council of Europe's Agora building, the seat of GRECO Secretariat
27.
International Anti-Corruption Academy
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The International Anti-Corruption Academy is an institution based in Laxenburg, Austria. It is an organization and a post-secondary educational institution, established under international law. IACA seeks to overcome shortcomings in knowledge and practice in the field of anti-corruption and its constituency includes 67 UN Member States and three international organizations. IACA was created by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the European Anti-Fraud Office, and it was set up on the basis of a multilateral treaty – the Agreement for the Establishment of the International Anti-Corruption Academy as an International Organization. IACA was inaugurated during the conference From Vision to Reality, in the Viennese Hofburg in September 2010, more than 1,000 delegates were present, representing over 120 UN member states, as well as international organizations, and the public and private sector. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon was the guest of honour, during this conference,35 UN member states and one international organization signed the IACA agreement. By the end of 2010, it had signed by 51 UN member states. IACA holds observer status with the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, noble added that the academy was intended to play a central role in enabling police and prosecutors worldwide to investigate and prosecute corruption. The core of IACAs current educational activities continues to be its MA in anti-corruption studies, for this it has an agreement with the Austrian government allowing it to act as a post-secondary educational institution providing university-level courses. However, IACAs work plan – for which the organisation drafted a budget at nearly 13 million euros in 2013 – envisages a number of roles and initiatives, a limited number of these objectives has been achieved. It offers annual open training in procurement and local governance and hosts ad hoc trainings with other organisations, in October 2017, it will launch, at the request of its major funder, the Siemens Integrity Initiative, a masters programme in collective action for the private sector. The organization is governed by its board of governors and its other four organs include the Assembly of Parties, Dean, International Senior Advisory Board, and International Academic Advisory Board. None of the appointments are advertised, no agency has standing representation. Funding is primarily from the Siemens Integrity Initiative, a set up by Siemens at the instigation of the World Bank after the companys various convictions for global corruption. In the first round the initiative allocated IACA over two million Euros for its school and scholarships for students from lesser developing countries for the masters programme. It was also allocated €2.34 million for training on corporate integrity, the IACA was the largest recipient of funding in the first round. In the second round, allocated in 2014, IACA was again the largest single recipient, the academic courses run by the academy are based on the Bologna process which lays down standards to ensure the compatibility and quality of education across Europe. Those standards require accreditation by the countrys ministries and quality assurance provided by countrys educational standards agencies
International Anti-Corruption Academy
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International Anti-Corruption Academy
International Anti-Corruption Academy
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Campus in
Laxenburg
28.
Mo Ibrahim Foundation
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The Mo Ibrahim Foundation was established in 2006 with a focus on the critical importance of leadership and governance in Africa. It was founded by Dr. Mo Ibrahim, a Sudanese philanthropist, Dr. Ibrahim is the Chair of the Board. Other Board members are Lord Simon Cairns, Nathalie Delapalme, Hadeel Ibrahim, Abdoulie Janneh, Sir Ketumile Masire, Jay Naidoo, Mary Robinson, the Foundation’s Secretariat is based in London. The stated aims of the foundation are to bring meaningful change on the continent, by providing tools to support progress in leadership. It is awarded to a former Executive Head of State or Government by an independent Prize Committee composed of eminent figures, including two Nobel Peace Prize Laureates. 3m Nobel Peace Prize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela, former United States President Bill Clinton, the winner of the Prize is chosen by an independent Prize Committee. The Committee is chaired by Salim Ahmed Salim, who took over from former chair Kofi Annan in 2011, other members of the Committee are Festus Mogae, Martti Ahtisaari, Mohamed ElBaradei, Mary Robinson, Aïcha Bah Diallo and Graça Machel. In 2007 the inaugural Prize was awarded to former president Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique, for his role in leading Mozambique from conflict to peace, Nelson Mandela was also made an Honorary Laureate in recognition of his extraordinary leadership qualities and achievements. In 2008 Festus Mogae, former leader of Botswana, won the Ibrahim Prize, both awards ceremonies were held in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. In 2009 the Prize Committee did not select a winner, the controversial decision came following the consideration of credible candidates and was interpreted by many as a laudable act in establishing a standard of credibility for the Prize. In 2010 the Prize Committee decided not to award the prize, Dr. Ibrahim said that the purpose of the Foundation is to challenge those in Africa and the world to debate what constitutes excellence in leadership. The standards set for the prize are high, and the number of eligible candidates small, so it is always likely that there will be years when no prize is awarded. In 2011 the Prize was awarded to Pedro Pires, former president of Cape Verde, Salim Ahmed Salim, Chair of the Prize Committee, presented President Pires with the award at a prize ceremony in Tunis, Tunisia. On the evening before the ceremony the Foundation organised a concert with the theme ‘Africa Celebrates Democracy’ to mark the events in Tunisia that inspired the Arab Spring. Artists including Youssou N’Dour, Angélique Kidjo, Bendir Man and Lotfi Abdelli performed, established in 2007, the Ibrahim Index of African Governance provides an annual assessment of the quality of governance in African countries. Compiled by combining over 100 variables from more than 30 independent African and global institutions, the IIAG provides a framework for citizens, governments, institutions and the private sector to accurately assess the delivery of public goods and services, and policy outcomes, across the continent. As well as being a tool to determine and debate government performance. The IIAG assesses progress under four main categories, Safety & Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity
Mo Ibrahim Foundation
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Mo Ibrahim (Uppsala, Sept. 2014)
29.
United Nations Convention against Corruption
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The United Nations Convention against Corruption is a multilateral treaty negotiated by member states of the United Nations and promoted by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. It is one of several legally binding international anti-corruption agreements, another goal of the UNCAC is to strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation between countries by providing effective legal mechanisms for international asset recovery. The Conference of the States Parties to the UNCAC provides participating countries with resources, UNCAC was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 31 October 2003 by Resolution 58/4. It was opened for signature in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, from 9–11 December 2003 and it was signed by 140 countries. As of December 2016, there are 181 parties, which includes 177 UN member states, the Cook Islands, the Holy See, the State of Palestine, and they have also recognized the need to develop effective measures against corruption at both the domestic and international levels. International action against corruption has progressed from general consideration and declarative statements to legally binding agreements, uNCACs comprehensive approach and the mandatory character of many of its provisions give proof of this development. UNODC acts as the secretariat to the CoSP, the CoSP has established a number of subsidiary bodies to further the implementation of specific aspects of UNCAC. The first session of the CoSP took place on 10–14 December 2006 at the Dead Sea, in its resolution 1/1, States Parties agreed that it was necessary to establish an appropriate and effective mechanism to assist in the review of the implementation of UNCAC. An inter-governmental working group was established to start working on the design of such a mechanism, two other working groups were set up to promote coordination of activities related to technical assistance and asset recovery, respectively. The second CoSP was held in Bali, Indonesia, from 28 January to 1 February 2008, the third session of the CoSP took place in Doha, Qatar, from 9 to 13 November 2009. The CoSP adopted the landmark Resolution 3/1 on the review of the implementation of UNCAC, the CoSP was preceded and accompanied by numerous side events, such as the last Global Forum for Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity and a Youth Forum. The fourth session of the CoSP took place in Marrakech, Morocco, the Conference considered the progress made in the IRM and recognized the importance of addressing technical assistance needs in the Review Mechanism. The next sessions of the CoSP will take place in Panama in 2013, UNCAC covers five main areas, preventive measures, criminalization and law enforcement, international cooperation, asset recovery, and technical assistance and information exchange. It includes both mandatory and non-mandatory provisions and they also include definitions of critical terms used in the instrument. UNCAC does not provide for a definition of corruption, in accordance with Article 2 of the UN Charter, Article 4 of UNCAC provides for the protection of national sovereignty of the States Parties. UNCAC recognizes the importance of the prevention in both the public and private sectors, Chapter II includes preventive policies, such as the establishment of anti-corruption bodies and enhanced transparency in the financing of election campaigns and political parties. Anti-corruption bodies should implement anti-corruption policies, disseminate knowledge and must be independent, countries that sign the convention must assure safeguards their public services are subject to safeguards that promote efficiency, transparency and recruitment based on merit. Once recruited, public servants should be bound by codes of conduct, requirements for financial and other disclosures, preventing corruption also requires an effort from all members of society at large
United Nations Convention against Corruption
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Signatories (orange) and Ratifications (green) of the treaty.
30.
Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh
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The Commission has formulated some forms of corruption in Bangladesh, for everyone to know, understand and prepare to completely erase corruption, if not reduce it. Bribery, It is the offering of money, services or other valuables to persuade someone to do something in return, synonyms, kickbacks, baksheesh, payola, hush money, sweetener, protection money, boodle, and gratuity. Embezzlement, Taking of money, property or other valuables by the person to whom it has been entrusted for personal benefit, extortion, Demanding or taking of money, property or other valuables through use of coercion and/or force. A typical example of extortion would be when armed police or military men exact money for passage through a roadblock, synonyms include blackmail, bloodsucking and extraction. Abuse of discretion, The abuse of office for private gain, improper political contributions, Payments made in an attempt to unduly influence present or future activities by a party or its members when they are in office. Anti Corruption Commission established district committees all over Bangladesh with each having 10 members, the commission is mandated as independent, self-governed and neutral entity. The commissioners function on full-time basis, they are not eligible for reappointment on expiry of the term in their office, the Commission filed cases against former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia regarding graft at the Zia Charitable Trust and Zia Orphanage Trust. Anti Corruption Commission was formed through an act in 2004, but is considered to be ineffective in investigating and preventing corruption because of governmental control over it. The commission is often criticised for being ineffective and a wastage of resources due to the influence of the government over it, in 2015, the ACC investigated the case of Padma Bridge Scandal. Even though the World Bank continuously pushed the government to take actions against the perpetrators, after 53 days of investigation, on the basis of ACCs report, Dhaka district judge court acquitted all the seven government officials who were believed to be involved in the corruption plot. Before that, ACC even exonerated Syed Abul Hossain and ex-state minister for foreign affairs Abul Hasan Chowdhury from the allegation of involvement in the corruption conspiracy
Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh
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Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh দুর্নীতি দমন কমিশন
31.
National Bureau of Corruption Prevention
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The National Bureau of Corruption Prevention is an agency of the Peoples Republic of China under the direct administration of the State Council. The bureau also seeks cooperation on corruption prevention at the multilateral level, the bureau is headed by Ma Wen, who also serves as the minister of supervision. Upon its inauguration, the National Bureau of Corruption Prevention established a website to publicize events, the website also provides citizens with a forum to directly submit complaints of corruption and opinions on the governments work. Within hours of its launch, the site crashed under the volume of complaints, the Bureau is a distinct entity from the Communist Partys Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is charged with investigating corruption and disciplinary infractions within party ranks. The CCDI operates independent of the government, and its jurisdiction is limited to party members, Corruption in the Peoples Republic of China Official website of the NBCP
National Bureau of Corruption Prevention
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China
32.
Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
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The Commission Against Corruption is an official entity of Macau responsible for the prevention, investigation and prosectution of corrupt activities. The CCAC replaced the High Commission Against Corruption and Administrative Illegality created in 1990, 10/2000 of 14 August, the CCAC carries the following major statutory duties, To carry out preventive actions against acts of corruption or fraud. To investigate any crimes of corruption and fraud committed by civil servants, to investigate allegation of corruption and fraud in electoral registration and election of members of the institutions in the Macau SAR. To protect human rights, freedom and legitimate interests of individuals, as well as to uphold fairness, lawfulness, a list of heads of the two commissions, HCACAI was appointed by the Governor of Macau. Mr Justice Jorge Alberto Aragao Seia 1991-1995 Luis Manuel Guerreiro de Mendonca Freitas 1995-1999 The head of the CCAC is appointed by the Chief Executive of Macau, the Commissions headquarters is located at 105 Avenida Xian Xing Hai, Centro Golden Dragon,17. o Andar. In November 2013, the CCAC releases an investigation and analysis report on complaints regarding the Granting of Public Service of Road Mass Transport. The original complaint was received on May 30,2013 and due to the filing of bankruptcy of Reolian on October 3,2013, as one of the results of the report, lawmakers in Macau suggested Secretary for Transport and Public Works, Lau Si Io, to resign. ICAC, an agency in Hong Kong and the model for Macau CCAC Website History of the Commission
Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
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CCAC logo
33.
Central Vigilance Commission
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Central Vigilance Commission is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964 to address governmental corruption. Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, was selected as the first Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India, the Commission shall consist of, A Central Vigilance Commissioner - Chairperson, Not more than two Vigilance Commissioners - Members, The current Central Vigilance Commissioner is Mr. K. V. Chowdary, and among the two Vigilance Commissioners, one is Mr. Rajiv former Director General of CISF and the other is Shri T. M, the CVC is not an investigating agency. The only investigation carried out by the CVC is that of examining Civil Works of the Government which is done r, Corruption investigations against government officials can proceed only after the government permits them. The CVC publishes a list of cases where permissions are pending, in 1998 the Government introduced the CVC Bill in the Lok Sabha in order to replace the Ordinance, though it was not successful. The Bill was re-introduced in 1999 and remained with the Parliament till September 2003, the CVC has also been publishing a list of corrupt government officials against which it has recommended punitive action. The CVC is headed by a Central Vigilance Commissioner who is assisted by two Vigilance Commissioners, the Central Vigilance Commission has its own Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners Wing and a wing of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries. The Chief Technical Examiners Organisation constitutes the technical wing of the Central Vigilance Commission and has two Engineers of the rank of Chief Engineers with supporting engineering staff. There are fourteen posts of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries in the Commission,11 in the rank of Director and 03 in the rank of Deputy Secretary, the CDIs function as Inquiry Officers to conduct inquiries in departmental proceedings initiated against public servants. The Directorate General of Vigilance, Income Tax is the body under the Central Board of Direct Taxes for the vigilance matters. CVC is an authority as defined in the Right to Information Act. Any interested citizen can seek information as per the procedure laid down by RTI Act. CVC is only an advisory body, Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVCs advice in corruption cases. CVC does not have adequate resources compared with number of complaints that it receives and it is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299. Whereas, it is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments, CVC cannot direct CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above on its own. Such a permission has to be obtained from the concerned department, CVC does not have powers to register criminal case. It deals only with vigilance or disciplinary cases, CVC has supervisory powers over CBI. However, CVC does not have the power to call for any file from CBI or to direct CBI to investigate any case in a particular manner, CBI is under administrative control of Department of Personnel and Training
Central Vigilance Commission
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Seal of the Central Vigilance Commission(CVC)
34.
Corruption Eradication Commission
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For the Pakistani province, see Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the Slovenian government commission, see Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, indonesias Corruption Eradication Commission, abbreviated as KPK, is a government agency established to fight corruption. As of 2015, its chairman is Agus Raharjo, and its deputy chairman is Basaria Panjaitan, anti-corruption efforts began in Indonesia in the 1950s. Following strong criticism of corruption at the beginning of the New Order regime in the late 1960s a Commission of Four was appointed by president Suharto in 1970. The report of the noted that corruption was rampant but none of the cases it said were in need of urgent action were followed up. Laws were passed in 1999 giving the Police and prosecution service the authority to investigate corruption cases, law No. 30/2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed in 2002 providing a legal basis for the establishment of the KPK. Since then, the Commission has engaged in significant work revealing and prosecuting cases of corruption in government bodies reaching as high as the Supreme Court. The KPK vision is to free Indonesia from corruption and its duties include investigating and prosecuting corruption cases and monitoring the governance of the state. It has the authority to request meetings and reports in the course of its investigations and it can also authorise wiretaps, impose travel bans, request financial information about suspects, freeze financial transactions and request the assistance of other law enforcement agencies. It also has the authority to detain suspects, including well-known figures, the work of the KPK is a source of continuing controversy in Indonesia. The commission is careful, but sometimes aggressive, in pursuing high-profile cases. Mallarangeng is the first minister to resign on graft allegations since the KPK began operating in 2003, a large number of the solid reports informed the KPK of alleged cases of corruption and misuse of budget funds by government agencies at national and regional levels. The main problem is the political will of the government at regional and national levels, everything is still at a lip-service level, he said. NGO activists often urge the KPK to be aggressive in its work. For example, Bali Corruption Watch head Putu Wirata Dwikora asked the KPK to investigate cases in Bali. He lamented the commissions practice of handing over corruption cases in Bali to the prosecutors office for further investigation. The KPK should be involved in investigations to create a deterrent effect. There have been reported attempts to undermine the Commission in Parliament, in the view of many Indonesian observers, the gecko vs crocodile dispute illustrated the tensions said to exist between the KPK and the National Police Force
Corruption Eradication Commission
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The KPK head office in
Jakarta
Corruption Eradication Commission
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Corruption Eradication Commission
Corruption Eradication Commission
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Johan Budi, the spokesman of the Commission
Corruption Eradication Commission
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Rally in support of the KPK. Slogan translates as "Killing the KPK is the same as killing this nation".
35.
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
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The MACC was modeled after top anti-corruption agencies, such as the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia. The MACC is currently headed by Chief Commissioner Tan Sri Abu Kassim Mohamed and he was appointed in January 2010 to replace former Chief Commissioner Datuk Seri Ahmad Said Hamdan. The agency is currently under the Prime Ministers Department, there are five independent bodies that monitor the MACC to ensure its integrity and to protect citizens’ rights. These bodies are managed separately from other government offices in order to provide an independent perspective, on 4 October 2016, the commission confiscated more than RM114. On 31 July 2010, the MACC Chief, Abu Kassim Mohamed, pledged to resign if any graft reports were not investigated by his agency, including high-profile cases involving government ministers. Also included is an investigation report based on a report where Kulim assemblyman Lim Soo Nee claimed that he was offered a bribe to defect to Barisan Nasional coalition. Beng Hock was the aide to state assemblyman and executive councillor Ean Yong Hian Wah. Beng Hock was being questioned on a corruption investigation involving Ean Yong. An inquest was held and the coroner returned an open verdict, following this, a Royal Commission of Inquiry was set up to ascertain the cause of death. The Royal Commission released their findings on 21 July 2011 deciding that Teoh Beng Hock had committed suicide, teohs family however refused to accept the findings and insists that he was actually murdered. On 6 April 2011, Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed was found dead on the court after falling from the 3rd floor of the Federal Territory MACC office in Kuala Lumpur. Ahmad Sarbani was a customs officer based in Port Klang and he was alleged to be involved in a corruption investigation involving 62 customs officers. Corruption by country MACC official website Thestar. com. my
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
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Logo of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission.
36.
Central Anticorruption Bureau
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The Central Anticorruption Bureau is a division of the Polish government, reporting to the Prime Minister of Poland, responsible for addressing corruption in Poland. Located in Warsaw, the CBA has been in operation since 24 July 2006, while it works in both public and private sectors, it is particularly focused on combatting corruption in State and self-government institutions. Its scope includes both investigating criminal corruption and preventing corruption which is not yet criminal and it is charged with informing the Prime Minister, the President of Poland and the National Assembly of the Republic of Poland of matters which may affect the economic well-being of the Polish state. CBA is headed by Ernest Bejda
Central Anticorruption Bureau
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This article includes a
list of references, related reading or
external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
inline citations. Please
improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013)
37.
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
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The origin of the service goes back to the creation of a paramilitary organization to protect the monopoly of tobacco of the Tabacalera, a Spanish tobacco monopoly which was established in 1636. Recent history of the service begins in 1944 with the creation of the Servicio Especial de Vigilancia Marítima y Terrestre de Tabacalera S. A. charged of preventing the tobacco contraband. The most common duties of the SVA are regulated by the Royal Decree 319/1982 and those are the investigation, discovery and prosecution of contraband violations throughout the nation, territorial waters and airspace. The SVA cooperates with international and European organizations such as the European Anti-Fraud Office, the Deputy Directorate of Customs Surveillance is integrated into the Department of Customs and Special Taxes of the Internal Revenue Agency of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The customs headquarters is in Madrid, the maritime component of the Customs Surveillance Service is one of the largest employed by the Spanish Government with approximately 90 vessels in service. The maritime units of the service are classed as Spanish Navy Auxiliary vessels, Special Operations ships,2 Ships for Special Operations and counterdrug patrols. These ships have both a helicopter deck, Long Range Interceptors and Deployable Pursuit Boats, detention cells. High Endurance ships,18 of different classes, medium Endurance ships and High Speed Interception boats,24 different classes. Depending of which class they are they carry Deployable Pursuit Boats, others, including Rigid Inflatable Boats, boats seized from smugglers and used by the service, etc. Most of the vehicles used are unmarked while some of them are marked and they also are equipped with mobile scanners for non-intrusive inspections. Investigation units have special equipment to accomplish their missions like thermal cameras, interceptions devices, Spanish Customs Agents are armed with the 9mm Heckler & Koch USP Compact pistols and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns. Also 7. 62mm MG3 and.50 caliber M2 machine guns are mounted on vessels, crime in Spain Official web site of the Spanish internal revenue agency Official EU web site dedicated to the European Customs Naval World On-Line web Customs Surveillance Service equipment
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
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SVA Fulmar class ship for counterdrug special operations
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
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Patch of the Spanish Customs Service
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
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Alcaraván class patrol ship Alcaraván IV
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
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Cormorán class (Rodman-55HJ) High Speed Interception boat Águila I
38.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
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The act was amended in 1988 and in 1998. As of 2012 there were continued congressional concerns, the idea of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is to make it illegal for companies and their supervisors to influence foreign officials with any personal payments or rewards. The FCPA applies to any person who has a degree of connection to the United States and engages in foreign corrupt practices. The Act also applies to any act by U. S. businesses, American nationals, citizens, and residents acting in furtherance of a foreign corrupt practice whether or not they are physically present in the U. S. This is considered the nationality principle of the act, any individuals that are involved in those activities may face prison time. This act was passed to make it unlawful for certain classes of persons, in the case of foreign natural and legal persons, the Act covers their deeds if they are in the U. S. at the time of the corrupt conduct. This is considered the principle of the act. These payments are not restricted to monetary forms and may include anything of value and this is considered the territoriality principle of the act. An ongoing debate asks about the laws effects, scholars have found that the FCPA discourages US firms from investing in foreign markets. Companies engaging in mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets face an increased level of regulatory. If the official has no choice but to bribe, and bribery is legal in the country, one major example was the Lockheed bribery scandals, in which officials of aerospace company Lockheed paid foreign officials to favor their companys products. Another was the Bananagate scandal in which Chiquita Brands had bribed the President of Honduras to lower taxes, congress enacted the FCPA to bring a halt to the bribery of foreign officials and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system. The Act was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 19,1977 and it was first amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, where Title V is known as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988. It introduced a standard in order to find violations of the Act, encompassing conscious disregard. Other amendments were for bona fide, reasonable and lawful gifts under the laws of the foreign country, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice are both responsible for enforcing the FCPA. This is because the FCPA both amends an SEC Act and the criminal code, the SEC enforces the Act for companies it regulates and the Department of Justice enforces the bill regarding all other domestic companies. This split was criticized even before the act was passed, in 2010 the SEC created a specialized unit for FCPA enforcement. In 2012, the SEC and the DOJ issued their first joint guide to the FCPA, since the 1998 Amendment of FCPA they also apply to foreign firms and persons who take any act in furtherance of such a corrupt payment while in the U. S
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
39.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
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The Bill was tabled in the Lok Sabha on 22 December 2011 and was passed by the House on 27 December as The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill,2011. It was subsequently tabled in the Rajya Sabha on 29 December, after a marathon debate that stretched until midnight of the following day, the vote failed to take place for lack of time. On 21 May 2012, it was referred to a Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha for consideration and it was passed in the Rajya Sabha on 17 December 2013 after making certain amendments to the earlier Bill and in the Lok Sabha the next day. It received assent from President Pranab Mukherjee on 1 January 2014, the Bill was introduced in the parliament following massive public protests led by anti-corruption crusader Anna Hazare and his associates. The Bill is one of the most widely discussed and debated Bills in India, the protests were named among the Top 10 News Stories of 2011 by the magazine Time. The bill received worldwide media coverage, in 2011, India ranked 95th in the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International. A recent survey estimated that corruption in India had cost billions of dollars, the term Lokpal was coined in 1963 by Laxmi Mall Singhvi, a member of parliament during a parliamentary debate about grievance mechanisms. The Administrative Reforms Commission headed by Morarji Desai submitted a report on Problems of Redressal of Citizens Grievances in 1966. In this report, ARC recommended the creation of two special authorities designated as Lokpal and Lokayukta for redress of citizens grievances, the word was derived from the Sanskrit words Lok and Pala, meaning Caretaker of People. Maharashtra was the first state to introduce Lokayukta through The Maharashtra Lokayukta, presently, there are no Lokayuktas in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal. The Lokpal bill was first introduced in the Lok Sabha in 1968, the version enacted in 2013 was from a draft prepared in 2010. The bill is an implementation of the Prevention of Corruption Act,1988, eleven parliamentary panels have been formed to discuss the Lokpal bill. The 2010 draft was created by the United Progressive Alliance to create an Ombudsman tasked with tackling political corruption, the draft was circulated to various ministries for their review. It provided a mechanism for filing complaints against the minister, ministers. However, civil society groups were not and rejected it as a body with only recommendatory powers. The fast led to protests in support. The fast ended on 9 April, one day after the government accepted his demands, the government issued a gazette notification on the formation of a joint committee, consisting of government and civil society representatives, to draft the legislation. A Joint Drafting Committee was established, consisting of five ministers, the chairman of the Joint Drafting Committee was Pranab Mukherjee
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
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Anna Hazare's hunger strike at
Jantar Mantar in New Delhi
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
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All of the Joint Draft meetings took place at the North Block
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
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Kapil Sibal, member of the Joint Drafting Committee of Lokpal
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
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The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha. But, it is pending in the Rajya Sabha
40.
International asset recovery
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International asset recovery is any effort by governments to repatriate the proceeds of corruption hidden in foreign jurisdictions. Such assets may include monies in bank accounts, real estate, vehicles, arts and artifacts, recovering stolen assets is important for a variety of reasons. US $20–40 billion of this originated in bribes to public officials from developing. As stated by the World Bank in 2004, corruption is, the single greatest obstacle to economic and social development. Corruption undermines development by distorting the rule of law and weakening the foundation on which economic growth depends. Successful conviction of criminals and/or confiscation of their assets creates a strong deterrent for potential corrupt officials that there is no safe haven for hiding illicit wealth, successes in recent years in recovering billions of dollars of stolen assets has demonstrated that asset recovery is feasible. For example, by 2005 Nigeria had recovered $1.2 billion stolen by former President Sani Abacha by requesting assistance from multiple jurisdictions including Switzerland, Jersey, and Liechtenstein. To recover Nigerian assets, the Swiss government designated the Abacha family a criminal organization, additionally, asset recovery was recognized as “a fundamental principle” of the UNCAC. Legal precedents, increasing international cooperation, as well as enhanced capacities make asset recovery more possible now than ever, managing the stages of an asset recovery investigation can be extremely time consuming, complex and requires a great deal of resources, expertise, and political will. First, a country must succeed in tracing the stolen assets. Third, legal processes must usually be initiated in the country in order to confiscate the assets. Following this, requested authorities must repatriate the assets back to the requesting country, Each of the necessary steps— tracing, freezing, confiscation and repatriation— presents its own unique challenges. Determining the existence of assets through a financial investigation is the first requirement in any asset recovery case. Assets must be followed not only to their hiding place. When assets do go through the system, tracing from one account to the next will usually leave an audit trail that can be exploited by financial investigators. Given the speed that monies can be transferred in the financial system, identifying and tracing the bank accounts of the perpetrators is not an easy task. A high degree of expertise, resources and cooperation between multiple intelligence and law enforcement agencies is essential for successful tracing, though not often, occasionally investigators may come across documentation that leads directly to the stolen assets. For example, investigations seeking to trace Ferdinand Marcos looted billions were greatly accelerated by finding Marcos bank records in the presidential palace
International asset recovery
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Each of the necessary steps— tracing, freezing, confiscation and repatriation—presents its own unique challenges.
International asset recovery
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Chapter V of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003) makes clear that Asset Recovery is an international priority in the fight against corruption
41.
Baksheesh
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Baksheesh or bagsheesh is tipping, charitable giving, and certain forms of political corruption and bribery in the Middle East and South Asia. Baksheesh comes from the Persian word بخشش, which originated from the Middle Persian language, the word had also moved to other cultures and countries. In the Albanian, Arabic, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Indian, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, in Greek, μπαξίσι can mean a gift in general. In German and French, Bakschisch is a small bribe, charity to beggars, In Pakistan, beggars solicit alms by crying baksheesh, baba. Tipping, This does not correlate with the European system of tipping, as it also includes demonstrations of gratitude, respect, an offering to the gods may be considered baksheesh. A faqir may also ask for baksheesh, but no thought is in his mind that he is begging, in fact, in Pakistan and the Muslim world, the giver of alms often salutes the beggar for having been given the opportunity to gain merit. In Egypt, baksheesh is often requested on top of fares to drivers, and as service charges to waiters, doormen, shopkeepers, garage attendants. Outright bribery, For instance, an officer may be swayed from arresting someone by a suitable bribe. When American mythologist Joseph Campbell travelled on his visit to India in 1954. I never was in a storm like that before, bram Stoker mentions backsheesh twice in Dracula
Baksheesh
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Drawing of a female beggar holding a large bowl, 1879
Baksheesh
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Beggars in India soliciting alms, 2010
Baksheesh
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Mounted policemen in Egypt allow to take photos of themselves for baksheesh, 2008
42.
Crony capitalism
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Crony capitalism is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks, the term crony capitalism made a significant impact in the public arena as an explanation of the Asian financial crisis. It is also used to describe governmental decisions favoring cronies of governmental officials, Crony capitalism exists along a continuum. In its lightest form, crony capitalism consists of collusion among market players which is tolerated or encouraged by the government. While perhaps lightly competing against each other, they present a unified front to the government in requesting subsidies or aid or regulation. Newcomers to a market may find it difficult to find loans, acquire shelf space, in technological fields, there may evolve a system whereby new entrants may be accused of infringing on patents that the established competitors never assert against each other. In spite of this, some competitors may succeed when the barriers are light. The term crony capitalism is generally used when these come to dominate the economy as a whole or to dominate the most valuable industries in an economy. Intentionally ambiguous laws and regulations are common in such systems, taken strictly, such laws would greatly impede practically all business, in practice, they are only erratically enforced. The specter of having such laws suddenly brought down upon a business provides incentive to stay in the graces of political officials. Troublesome rivals who have overstepped their bounds can have the laws suddenly enforced against them, even in high-income democracies with well-established legal systems and freedom of the press a larger state is associated with more political corruption. The term crony capitalism was initially applied to states involved in the 1997 Asian financial crisis such as Thailand, in these cases, the term was used to point out how family members of the ruling leaders become extremely wealthy with no non-political justification. Southeast Asian nations still score very poorly in rankings measuring this, Hong Kong, and Malaysia are perhaps most noted for this, and the term has also been applied to the system of oligarchs in Russia. Similar references to crony capitalism have been made to countries such as Argentina. Many prosperous nations have also had varying amounts of cronyism throughout their history including the United Kingdom, especially in the 1600s and 1700s, United States, the Economist benchmarks countries based on a crony-capitalism index calculated via how much economic activity occurs in industries prone to cronyism. Its 2014 Crony Capitalism Index ranking listed Hong Kong, Russia and Malaysia in the top 3 spots, Crony capitalism in finance was found in the Second Bank of the United States. It was a company, but its largest stockholder was the federal government which owned 20%. It was an early bank regulator and grew to be one being the most powerful organizations in the country due largely to being the depository of the government’s revenue, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 1999 completely removed Glass-Steagall’s separation between commercial banks and investment banks
Crony capitalism
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Transparency International 's overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2010
43.
Electoral fraud
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Electoral fraud, election manipulation, or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about a result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates. What constitutes electoral fraud under law varies from country to country, many kinds of election fraud are outlawed in electoral legislation, but others are in violation of general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Show elections, in only one candidate can win, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud. In national elections, successful electoral fraud can have the effect of a coup détat or corruption of democracy, in a narrow election, a small amount of fraud may be enough to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, revelation of fraud can have an effect, if not punished. A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage, is kept by the National Institute of Standards, Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions, deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy. In many cases it is possible for authorities to control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a number of voters into the electorate prior to an election. Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that a voter must have lived in a district for a minimum period in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to disenfranchise those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers, Roma, students, another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through public housing. One notable example of this occurred in the City of Westminster in England under Shirley Porter, immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. A method of manipulating primary contests and other elections of party leaders is related to this, people who support one party may temporarily join another party in order to elect a weak candidate for that partys leadership. The goal ultimately is defeat of the candidate in the general election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. The composition of an electorate may also be altered by disenfranchising some classes of people, from the turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states of the former Confederacy were disenfranchised by such measures. Compared to most European nations, many states in the US have much more severe laws that prevent convicted felons who have served their sentences from ever voting again, groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast a vote. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, in some cases voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud
Electoral fraud
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Transparent ballot box used in Russia to prevent election officials from pre-stuffing box with fake ballots.
Electoral fraud
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A specialized ballot box used to assist ballot stuffing, featured in
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper in 1856.
44.
Fraud
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In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud itself can be a wrong, a criminal wrong or it may cause no loss of money, property or legal right. The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, a hoax is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victim. In common law jurisdictions, as a wrong, fraud is a tort. Proving fraud in a court of law is said to be difficult. In cases of a fraudulently induced contract, fraud may serve as a defense in an action for breach of contract or specific performance of contract. Fraud may serve as a basis for a court to invoke its equitable jurisdiction, in common law jurisdictions, as a criminal offence, fraud takes many different forms, some general and some specific to particular categories of victims or misconduct. The elements of fraud as a crime similarly vary, section 380 of the Criminal Code provides the general definition for fraud in Canada,380. In addition to the penalties outlined above, the court can issue a prohibition order under s.380.2. It can also make an order under s.380.3. The Canadian courts have held that the offence consists of two elements, A prohibited act of deceit, falsehood or other fraudulent means. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that deprivation is satisfied on proof of detriment, prejudice or risk of prejudice, it is not essential that there be actual loss. Deprivation of confidential information, in the nature of a secret or copyrighted material that has commercial value, has also been held to fall within the scope of the offence. The BBC World Service reported in 2012 that the value lost through fraud in the UK was £66 billion a year. According to a review by the UK anti-fraud charity Fraud Advisory Panel business fraud accounted for £144bn, the FAP has been particularly critical of the support available from the police to victims of fraud in the UK outside of London. In July 2016 it was reported that fraudulent activity levels in the UK increased in the 10 years to 2016 from £52 billion to £193bn. This figure would be an estimate, since as the former commissioner of the City of London Police, Adrian Leppard, has said. Donald Toon, director of the NCAs economic crime command, stated in July 2016, Fraud affects one in ten people in the UK
Fraud
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A possibly fraudulent "work from home" advertisement.
Fraud
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A fraudulent Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price on a speaker.
45.
Gerrymandering
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In the process of setting electoral districts, gerrymandering is a practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries. The resulting district is known as a gerrymander, however, that word can refer to the process. The term gerrymandering has negative connotations, two principal tactics are used in gerrymandering, cracking and packing. S. Federal voting district boundaries that produce a majority of constituents representative of African-American or other racial minorities, Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. Gerrymandering should not be confused with malapportionment, whereby the number of voters per elected representative can vary widely without relation to how the boundaries are drawn. Nevertheless, the suffix has been applied to particular malapportionments. Sometimes political representatives use both gerrymandering and malapportionment to try to maintain power, the word gerrymander was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette on 26 March 1812. The word was created in reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate election districts under Governor Elbridge Gerry, in 1812, Governor Gerry signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts to benefit his Democratic-Republican Party. When mapped, one of the districts in the Boston area was said to resemble the shape of a mythological salamander. The original gerrymander, and original 1812 gerrymander cartoon, depict the Essex South state senatorial district for the legislature of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, gerrymander is a portmanteau of the governors last name and the word salamander. The redistricting was a notable success, the author of the term gerrymander may never be definitively established. This cartoon was most likely drawn by Elkanah Tisdale, an early 19th-century painter, designer, Tisdale had the engraving skills to cut the woodblocks to print the original cartoon. These woodblocks survive and are preserved in the Library of Congress, the word gerrymander was reprinted numerous times in Federalist newspapers in Massachusetts, New England, and nationwide during the remainder of 1812. This suggests some organized activity of the Federalists to disparage Governor Gerry in particular, Gerrymandering soon began to be used to describe not only the original Massachusetts example, but also other cases of district shape manipulation for partisan gain in other states. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the acceptance was marked by its publication in a dictionary. Since the letter g of the eponymous Gerry is pronounced /ɡ/ as in go, however, pronunciation as /ˈdʒɛrimændər/, with a /dʒ/ as in gentle, has become the accepted pronunciation. From time to time, other names are given the suffix to tie a particular effort to a particular politician or group. These include the 1852 Henry-mandering, Jerrymander, Perrymander, and Tullymander, Gerrymandering is used most often in favor of ruling incumbents or a specific political party—the one drawing the map
Gerrymandering
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This satirical map reflects the origin of the word "gerrymander", by Elkanah Tisdale in 1813.
Gerrymandering
46.
Political scandal
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A political scandal is an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage. Politicians, government officials, party officials, lobbyists can be accused of illegal, corrupt. A political scandal can involve the breaking of the laws or moral codes. Scandal sells, and broadsides, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, the Muckraker movement in American journalism was a component of the Progressive Era in the U. S. in the early 20th century. Journalists have built their careers on exposure of corruption and political scandal, there are numerous contextual factors that make a scandal noteworthy, such as the importance of the people and the depth of conspiracy, as well as the coverup strategies of policymakers. The political ideology of media owners plays a role—they prefer to target the opposition, journalists have to frame the story in terms of the audiences values and expectations to maximize the impact. Morality Tales, Political Scandals and Journalism in Britain and Spain in the 1990s Fisher, Scandal, Sexual Politics of Late Victorian Britain Giroux, Gary. Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform, An Encyclopedia Grossman, Political Corruption in America, An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed Heidenheimer, Arnold and M. Johnston. Political corruption, Concepts and contexts King, Anthony, sex, Money and Power, Political Scandals in Great Britain and the United States Kohn, George C. The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal MacMullen, Ramsay, Corruption and the Decline of Rome Scott, James C. Scandal Nation, Law and Authorship in Britain, 1750–1832
Political scandal
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In the spring of 1904, many parts of the northeastern United Etates experienced severe flooding.
Bob Satterfield portrayed politicians, bureaucrats, etc, trapped in the floods - which are not of water, but of scandal (April 9, 1904)
47.
Voter suppression
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Voter suppression is a strategy to influence the outcome of an election by discouraging or preventing people from voting. It is distinguished from political campaigning in that campaigning attempts to change likely voting behavior by changing the opinions of voters through persuasion and organization. Voter suppression, instead, attempts to reduce the number of voters who vote against a candidate or proposition. The tactics of voter suppression range from minor changes to make voting less convenient, to physically intimidating prospective voters, Voter suppression can be effective if a significant amount of voters are intimidated or disenfranchised. In Australia, it is mandatory for citizens to enroll to vote, even so, it is estimated that about 6% of eligible Australian voters are not enrolled, or are enrolled incorrectly. These are disproportionately younger voters, many of whom might neglect to enroll when they attain voting age, in 2006, the Howard Government legislated to close the electoral roll much earlier once an election was called. In Australia, the Prime Minister effectively has the right to determine the date of the election, in July 2010, the left-leaning lobby group GetUp. launched a challenge to this law. The High Court of Australia expedited the hearing so that a ruling could be made in time for the 2010 Federal Election, the majority ruling struck down early closing of the roll, reinstating the old rule allowing voters seven days grace to arrange or update their enrollment. Australian citizens of the ages 16 or 17 can enroll online so that when they turn 18 they are able to vote, shortly before the Canadian 2011 Federal Election, vote suppression tactics were exercised by issuing robocalls and live calls to notify voters that their polling station had changed. The court stated that the evidence did not prove that the Conservative Party or its successful candidates were directly involved and it did, however, criticize the Conservative Party for making “little effort to assist with the investigation”. The court did not annul the result in any of six ridings where the fraud had occurred, lutfur Rahman was the directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets, in London until he was removed from office for breaching electoral rules. His supporters allegedly intimidated voters at polling stations, because elections are locally administered in the United States, voter suppression varies among jurisdictions. At the founding of the country, most states limited the right to vote to property-owning white males, over time, the right to vote was formally granted to racial minorities, women, and youth. Most of these voter suppression tactics were made illegal after the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, electoral fraud Caging list American Center for Voting Rights Political corruption Voter turnout Voter Suppression is the Real Election Scandal, The Intercept, October 2016
Voter suppression
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Voters at
voting booths in the United States in 1945
Voter suppression
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Voters lining up outside a
Baghdad polling station during the
2005 Iraqi election. Voter turnout was considered high despite widespread concerns of violence.
48.
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
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The movement was named among the Top 10 News Stories of 2011 by Time magazine. The movement gained momentum from 5 April 2011, when anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare began a strike at the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi. The chief legislative aim of the movement was to alleviate corruption in the Indian government through introduction of the Jan Lokpal Bill, another aim, spearheaded by Ramdev, was the repatriation of black money from Swiss and other foreign banks. Grievances of mass protesters focussed on legal and political issues, including corruption, kleptocracy. The protests were nonpartisan and most protesters were hostile to attempts made by parties to use them to strengthen their own political agendas. Issues regarding corruption in India have become prominent in recent years. The country was subject to socialist-inspired economic policies dating from independence in 1947 until the 1980s, over-regulation, protectionism, and government ownership of industry led to slow economic growth, high unemployment, and widespread poverty. This system of control by government is called the License Raj. The Vohra Report of 1993, submitted by the former Indian Union Home Secretary Narinder Nath Vohra, the report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians and it revealed that political leaders had become leaders of street gangs and rogue elements in the military. Over the years, criminals had been elected to bodies, State Assemblies. The Right to Information Act of 2005 helped civilians work effectively towards tackling corruption and it allows Indian citizens to request information, for a fixed fee of ₹10, from a public authority. In turn, this authority is required to reply to the request within thirty days. Activists have used this to corruption cases against various politicians and bureaucrats – one consequence being that some of those activists have been attacked. In the years preceding the 2011 anti-corruption protests there were various notable examples of alleged corruption in the country. These included the Adarsh Housing Society Scam, the 2010 housing loan scam, the Radia tapes controversy, a month later, Chief Vigilance Commissioner P. J. Thomas was forced to resign on charges of corruption by the Supreme Court. A worldwide 50-city Dandi March II, organised by People for Lok Satta, Anna Hazare wanted a joint committee to be formed, comprising members of the government and of civil society, to draft tougher anti-corruption legislation. Manmohan Singh, then Prime Minister of India, rejected Hazares demand and he said that the fast would continue until the legislation was enacted
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
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Anna Hazare's hunger strike at Jantar Mantar in
New Delhi, on the second day of his fast
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
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Anti-corruption protesters in
Pune, April 2011
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
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India Against Corruption protesters in
Pune, April 2011
49.
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
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Spanish media related the movement to the economic crisis, Stéphane Hessels Time for Outrage. The NEET-troubled generation and current demonstrations in the Middle East and North Africa, Iran, Greece, demonstrators protested high unemployment rates, welfare cuts, Spanish politicians, and the two-party system in Spain, as well as the political system, capitalism, banks, and political corruption. Many called for basic rights, of home, work, culture, health, according to RTVE, the Spanish public broadcasting company, between 6.5 and 8 million Spaniards participated in these events. Since the ongoing economic crisis began, Spain has had one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe, in September 2010 the government approved a sweeping overhaul of the labour market designed to reduce unemployment and revive the economy. Main trade unions CCOO and Unión General de Trabajadores, and minor ones, trade unions called for a general strike, the first in a decade in Spain, on 29 September 2010. For the rest of the year, the government proceeded with economic reforms, in January 2011, the government reached an agreement with the main trade unions to increase the retirement age from 65 to 67. Still, anarcho-syndicalist and other unions rejected the plan and called for a strike on 27 January in Galicia, Catalonia, other demonstrations in Madrid ended up in clashes. The majority of Spaniards also rejected the higher retirement age, in February the so-called Sinde law passed, adding another motivation for the protests. Users on Spanish forums and social networks have criticized the law, an anonymous campaign, #nolesvotes, appeared online, calling on citizens to vote against any of the parties that passed the law. Prior to 15 May, other demonstrations served as precursors of the protests and these demonstrations include the 7 April demonstration in Madrid by the student group Youth without Future, which gathered 5,000 people. Spanish media have linked the demonstrations to the 2008–2009 protests against the Bologna Process, the Portuguese Geração à Rasca movement was also an inspiration. In January 2011, users on Spanish social networks and forums created the digital platform ¡Democracia Real YA, using Twitter and Facebook, it called the unemployed, poorly paid, the subcontractors, the precarious, young people. That same day, small demonstrations in support of the Spanish ones were organised in Dublin, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Istanbul, Bologna, London and Paris. Before the demonstrations, ¡Democracia Real YA. staged several symbolic events, at the time of the demonstrations, the website from ¡Democracia Real YA. The motto referred partly to the made in 2010 to contain the ongoing European sovereign debt crisis through bailout of the banks. At the same time, the government continued to announce social program cutbacks, protests took place in all the planned cities. According to ¡Democracia Real YA.50,000 people gathered in Madrid alone, the National Police, however, placed the number at 20,000. The march started in Plaza de Cibeles and ended in Puerta del Sol, also according to the organizers,15,000 gathered in the demonstration in Barcelona, which ended in front of the Parliament of Catalonia
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
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The
Puerta del Sol square in
Madrid, shown here on 20 May 2011, became a focal point and a symbol during the protests.
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
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Demonstration in Barcelona on 22 January 2011, against the raise in the retirement age
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
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Demonstration in Madrid
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
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The night of 17 May in Puerta del Sol
