Transportation in Los Angeles

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Los Angeles Union Station, hub for LACMTA metro lines and buses, Metrolink and Amtrak trains, and the Hollywood Freeway, one of Los Angeles' major thoroughfares

The transportation system in Los Angeles is a complex multimodal infrastructure. It serves as a regional, national and international hub for passenger and freight traffic. The system includes the United States' largest port complex; an extensive freight and passenger rail infrastructure, including light rail lines and subway lines; numerous airports and bus lines; Transportation Network Companies; and an extensive freeway and road system. People in Los Angeles rely on cars as the dominant mode of transportation, [1] but starting in 1990 Los Angeles Metro Rail has built over one hundred miles (160 km) of light and heavy rail serving more and more parts of Los Angeles.

Intercity[edit]

Air transportation[edit]

See also: List of airports in the Los Angeles area
LAX, the fourth busiest airport in the world.

In the Los Angeles metropolitan area there are five commercial airports and many more general-aviation airports.

The primary Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The seventh busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled 61.9 million passengers, 1.884 million metric tons (2.077 million short tons; 1.854 million long tons) of cargo and 680,954 aircraft movements in 2007.[2]

Other major nearby commercial airports include: LA/Ontario International Airport (serves the Inland Empire); Bob Hope Airport (formerly known as Burbank Airport; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys); Long Beach Airport (serves the Long Beach/Harbor area); and John Wayne Airport (serves the Orange County area).

The world's busiest general-aviation airport is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport.[3]

Intercity train services[edit]

Major freight rail lines in southern Los Angeles County, including the Alameda Corridor highlighted in pink

Union Station is the major regional train station for Amtrak, Metrolink and Metro Rail. The station is Amtrak's fifth busiest station, having 1,464,289 Amtrak boardings and de-boardings in 2006.[4] Amtrak operates eleven daily round trips between San Diego and Los Angeles, five of which continue to Santa Barbara via the Pacific Surfliner, the only service that runs through Los Angeles multiple times daily. Two of those trips continue to San Luis Obispo, California. The Coast Starlight provides additional service on the route and beyond to the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, and on to Seattle, Washington. Amtrak motor coaches connect from Los Angeles to the San Joaquin Route in Bakersfield with frequent service through the Central Valley of California to Sacramento and Oakland, and eastward to San Bernardino and Las Vegas.

There is also daily service to Chicago, Illinois on the Southwest Chief, and three times a week to New Orleans, Louisiana on the Sunset Limited. Due to the effects from Hurricane Katrina, Sunset Limited service between New Orleans to Jacksonville, Florida has been discontinued, although Amtrak is required by current Federal Law to develop a plan to reinstate the service. The Texas Eagle is a second train to Chicago, which operates thrice weekly. Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle trains operate on the same track between Los Angeles and San Antonio, Texas before splitting off towards their respective destinations.

Amtrak Pacific Surfliner trains stop at several locations in Los Angeles County, including: Glendale, Bob Hope Airport in Burbank, Chatsworth, and Van Nuys.

Due to the large volumes of import freight that flows into the city's port complex, Los Angeles is a major freight railroad hub. Freight is hauled by Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway. The now-defunct Southern Pacific Railroad once served the Los Angeles area before merging with Union Pacific. The Alameda Corridor, a below-grade rail corridor connects the port to the city's main rail yards and to points further north and east.

Intercity highways[edit]

The major highway routes providing intercity connections are Interstate 5 (north to Sacramento and south to San Diego), U.S. Route 101 (north to Santa Barbara), and Interstate 10 (west to Santa Monica and east to Phoenix, Arizona).

Intercity bus services[edit]

Greyhound, Megabus, BoltBus (owned by Greyhound) and various smaller bus lines provide intercity bus services. Megabus and Boltbus departs from Union Station and directly connects Los Angeles to San Francsico and Las Vegas. Greyhound connects smaller communities and departs from various locations within metro Los Angeles. The main station is located in downtown Los Angeles.

Greyhound Lines operates several stations within the city of Los Angeles:

Greyhound Lines operates stations in the following cities and areas surrounding Los Angeles:

Greyhound Lines also services bus stops at:

Harbors[edit]

A view of the Vincent Thomas Bridge reaching Terminal Island.

The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (30 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT L.A., the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles–Long Beach Harbor. There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L.A.'s coastline. Most of these like Redondo Beach and Marina del Rey are used primarily by sailboats and yachts.

The Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach comprise the largest seaport complex in the United States and the fifth busiest in the world. Over 11 percent of United States international trade (by value) passes through the Los Angeles region and it the Los Angeles customs district collects over 37 percent of the nation’s import duties.[21]

The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge.

Ferry services[edit]

There are ferries serving the offshore island community of Avalon, California; they are mainly used for day excursions and to move supplies to Catalina Island. There is no regular vehicle ferry service to Avalon, since the city restricts the use of cars and trucks within its borders.[22]

Intracity[edit]

Rush hour on the Harbor Freeway in downtown Los Angeles
A traffic jam on the Santa Monica Freeway, near the Robertson Boulevard exit
The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110).

Freeways[edit]

See also: Southern California freeways

There are a dozen major freeways that crisscross the region. California's first freeway was the California State Route 110, also known as the Pasadena Freeway or the Arroyo Seco Parkway. It opened on January 1, 1940 and links downtown Los Angeles to downtown Pasadena. From Chavez Ravine north to Pasadena can be quite dangerous because there is no shoulder, the lanes are narrow, the turns are sharp (and not always properly banked), and the ramps are quite short and offer little room for acceleration to freeway speed; all of this is because the freeway was designed for much slower cars of a different era and much less traffic volume than exists today.[original research?] Commercial vehicles over 6,000 pounds (2.7 t; 2.7 long tons) are prohibited from using this freeway. More recent freeways are straighter, wider, and allow for higher speeds.

Major freeways of Los Angeles include:

Major highways of Los Angeles include:

Angelenos are noted for referring to freeways with the definite article ("The 101"), in contrast to most other areas of the United States, who omit the article. Referring to freeways by name, for example "The San Diego Freeway", is essentially a holdover from the time when the freeways were built, and is diminishing. Nevertheless, freeways continue to be officially named, and the 118 was recently christened The Ronald Reagan Freeway.

Rush hour[edit]

Rush hour occurs on weekdays between 5 am and 10 am, and in the afternoon between 3 pm and 7 pm (although rush-hour traffic can occasionally spill out to 11 am and start again from 2:00 pm until as late as 10 pm, especially on Fridays). Traffic can occur at almost any time, particularly before major holidays (including Thanksgiving, Christmas, and three-day weekends) and even on regular weekends when one otherwise would not expect it. Experienced Angelenos know that they need to factor traffic into their commute.

Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, DC.[23]

Los Angeles has synchronized its traffic lights. [24] [25] [26]

Streets, street layout, the boulevards, and street problems[edit]

The city has an extensive street grid. Arterial streets (referred to as surface streets by locals, in contrast with freeways which are usually grade-separated roadways) connect freeways with smaller neighborhood streets, and are often used to bypass congested freeway routes. Consequently, most of the surface arterial streets in Los Angeles have various forms of congestion control.

Some of the more common means of maintaining surface street traffic flow is the use of loop-sensors embedded in the pavement allowing for intersection traffic signal timing adjustments to favor the more heavily delayed roadways; the use of a traffic control system allows for the synchronization of traffic signals to improve traffic flow (as of October 2009 this system is currently installed at 85% of the city's signalized intersections, more than any other US city); restrictions on vehicle turns on roadways without designated turning lanes during rush-hours; and the extensive use of rush-hour parking restrictions, allowing for an extra lane of travel in each direction during peak hours (weekdays excluding holidays generally from 7-9am thru 4-7pm, although hours vary by location) by eliminating on street parking and standing of vehicles, with violators being ticketed, and in the case of priority routes known as "anti-gridlock zones", immediately towed by specialized enforcement teams dubbed "tiger teams" at steep cost to the violator.

1st Street divides the block numbering grid north and south, and southwest of the Los Angeles River, Main Street divides the city east and west. Northeast of the river, block designations are divided east and west by Pasadena Avenue and N Figueroa Street.

From downtown Los Angeles to Long Beach, in a straight-down vertical pattern, east–west streets are numbered (starting with 1st Street in downtown, to 266th Street in Harbor City), and north–south streets are named. (1st St. is one block south of Temple.) There are many exceptions to the numbered streets, but the above pattern is generally used. This same numbered pattern is not mirrored north of Temple. Addresses are then numbered East or West stemming from Main St (a major north south artery). Therefore, the landmark Watts Towers at 1765 E. 107th St. is approximately 107 streets south of 1st Street, and on the 17th street east of Main St. Although the numbered streets are sequential, they do not necessarily equal the number of blocks south of 1st Street, as there are streets such as 118th St. and then 118th Place.

Many of the numbered streets also continue into neighboring cities; but some cities, such as Manhattan Beach, have made their own numbered street grid. Also, some districts of Los Angeles, such as Wilmington, San Pedro, and Venice, have their own numbered street grids.

Many arterials have been labeled as boulevards, and many of those mentioned below have been immortalized in movies, music, and literature.

Major east–west routes include: Victory, Ventura, Hollywood, Sunset, Santa Monica, Beverly, Wilshire, Olympic, Pico, Venice, Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Exposition and Martin Luther King Jr. The major north–south routes include: Topanga Canyon, Crenshaw, Reseda, Lincoln, Sepulveda, Van Nuys, Westwood, Beverly Glen, San Vicente, Robertson, La Cienega, Laurel Canyon, Glendale, and Avalon.

There are many other famous L.A. streets which carry significant traffic but are not labeled as boulevards. Examples include: Broadway, Bundy Drive, Barrington Avenue, Centinela Avenue, Fountain Avenue, Mulholland Drive, Slauson Avenue, Pacific Coast Highway, Century Park East, Avenue of the Stars, Normandie Avenue, Highland Avenue, Melrose Avenue, Florence Avenue, Vermont Avenue, La Brea Avenue, Fairfax Avenue, Western Avenue, Figueroa Street, Grand Avenue, Huntington Drive, Central Avenue, and Alameda Street. West Los Angeles has many streets named after states that run east and west. Somewhat confusingly, adjacent Santa Monica uses a few of the same state names for different streets of its own.

Potholes are a notorious problem in Los Angeles and frequently cause severe damage to all kinds of vehicles. Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa made "Operation Pothole" one of his top priorities in 2008 and pledged to fill 1 million potholes.[27] However, due to the city's poorly managed budget, the city's Bureau of Street Services has only a single dedicated pothole-repair truck to cover 275 miles (440 km) of streets (meaning that the backlog is still bad and getting worse).[28] Many city streets, such as Wilshire Boulevard, were engineered when cars, trucks, and buses were much smaller, and desperately need to be torn up and rebuilt from scratch to handle the weight of today's larger vehicles.[28]

Furthermore, due to its severe budget problems, Los Angeles is one of the few California cities that does not use raised pavement markers on its streets. Thus, Los Angeles drivers must be vigilant not only for potholes, but for other drivers drifting out of lanes due to the lack of tactile feedback normally provided by such markers.

On foot[edit]

Pedestrians walking on the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica

Despite the assertion of a popular song that "nobody walks in L.A.",[29] 3.5% of Los Angeles residents commuted to work by walking in 2016[30] and Los Angeles residents walk for exercise at rates similar to those of other major U.S. cities.[31][not in citation given]

There are a number of commercial areas in nearby cities that have been redeveloped in the past two decades specifically to accommodate pedestrian traffic. Old Town Pasadena was redeveloped in the late 1980s by moving parking off Colorado Boulevard so as to make the street pedestrian-focused. Likewise, the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica was closed off to vehicular traffic altogether in 1965 and revitalized with improved pedestrian amenities in 1988.[32]

Downtown Los Angeles has numerous public escalators and skyways, such as the Bunker Hill steps[33] to facilitate pedestrian traffic in the traffic-laden and hilly terrain. Downtown Los Angeles is one of two neighborhoods in Los Angeles ranked as a "walker's paradise" (with walk scores 90 or above) by Walkscore. The other is Mid-City West, which encompasses the area of the city immediately south of West Hollywood and east of Beverly Hills.[34]

Nevertheless, much of Los Angeles remains pedestrian unfriendly. A large percentage of sidewalks in the City of Los Angeles (43% or 4,600 miles (7,400 km) of the 10,600 total miles (17,100 km)) are in ill repair stemming from the City Council decision in 1973 to use the federal money they had to take over the responsibility from the adjacent property owners. Previously they had conformed to California law which puts the responsibility for repair of sidewalks on the property owners. As certain popular species of trees accelerated the damage caused by roots, council failed to concurrently allocate funds for continuing city repairs of such sidewalks. Voters will unwilling to approve funding repairs with a tax or a bond measure. The city again began dedicating funds for sidewalk repairs in 2000 but defunded the program during the 2008 financial crisis.[35] In 2015, the city agreed to a landmark legal settlement that would fix the backlog of broken sidewalks and make other improvements to help those with disabilities navigate the city. The biggest agreement of its kind in U.S. history would settle a lawsuit on behalf of people in wheelchairs or others with mobility impairments who argued that crumbling, impassable sidewalks and other barriers were a violation of the Americans With Disabilities Act since they were prevented from accessing public pathways.[36][37]

Bicycle travel[edit]

Main article: Cycling in Los Angeles

Bicycling accounts for approximately 1% of Los Angeles commuting and has almost doubled in the last ten years. People in Los Angeles commute to work by bicycle about twice as frequently as the US average[38] There are extended stretches of bicycle paths such as the Los Angeles River bicycle path, which runs from Burbank to Long Beach, with only a brief hiatus through downtown.

Mass transit[edit]

Foothill Transit Silver Streak bus in front of the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Downtown Los Angeles

The primary regional public transportation agency is the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA), commonly referred to as Metro or MTA. The agency, which operates bus, light rail and subway services, averages 1.6 million transit trips per weekday,[39] making it the third largest transit agency in the United States. Other municipal transportation agencies in Los Angeles County (LADOT, Long Beach Transit, Montebello Bus Lines, Norwalk Transit, Redondo Beach, Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus, Santa Clarita Transit, Torrance Transit[40] and Foothill Transit) have an additional 405,000 average weekday boardings.[41]

In February 2008, LACMTA introduced a new universal fare system called 'TAP' which stands for Transit Access Pass. The TAP smart card allows bus and rail passengers to tap their cards on the farebox for faster boarding. TAP readers are installed on bus fareboxes and on turnstiles and standalone validators at rail stations. Because not all Metro Rail stations have turnstiles, it operates on a proof-of-payment system: as such, Metro's fare inspectors randomly check to make sure TAP users have validated their card by using a wireless handheld unit. TAP is now accepted on a number of different transit systems in Los Angeles County.

Buses[edit]

The extensive bus system operated by LACMTA includes the Metro Local, Metro Rapid, and Metro Express services. Local buses tend to be orange, rapid buses red, and express buses blue. Rapid bus route numbers usually begin with a 7 and express bus numbers begin with a 9. The buses have an estimated 1.3 million boardings on the weekdays.[39] Including other municipal bus operators, Los Angeles County averages 1.7 million bus boardings per weekday,[41] accounting for approximately 5.9% of the 29 million daily trips originating in Los Angeles County.[42]

LACMTA has two bus rapid transit lines: the Orange Line and the Silver Line. The Orange Line runs from Warner Center/Woodland Hills to the North Hollywood Red Line station, began operations on October 29, 2005. For 13 of its 14-mile (23 km) stretch (21 km of its 22.5 km stretch), the 60-foot (18 m) articulated buses, built by North American Bus Industries and dubbed Metro Liners, operate on bus-only lanes that follow an old railroad right-of-way. Portions of the route parallel Chandler and Victory Boulevards, and Oxnard Street.

The Silver Line travels 26 miles (42 km) along Interstate 10 and Interstate 110 between El Monte Station and the Harbor Gateway Transit Center.

Foothill Transit also operates a bus rapid transit system called the Silver Streak, which runs from Montclair to Downtown Los Angeles along the El Monte Busway on Interstate 10.

Other bus systems:

Metro Rail[edit]

Main article: Los Angeles Metro Rail
Map of Metro rail, subway, and BRT systems.
Map of Westside Metro rail system including lines under construction (Exposition line in Aqua has been completed)

Between its light rail and heavy rail systems, Metro Rail has 83 miles (134 km) of rail, averaging 308,653 trips per weekday,[39] and accounting for approximately 1.1% of the 29 million daily trips originating in Los Angeles County.[42] The network includes four above-ground light rail lines (Gold Line, Expo Line, Blue Line, and Green Line) and one underground subway with two branches (Red Line and Purple Line). Ranked by daily ridership, the Los Angeles subway ranked as the ninth-busiest rapid transit system in the United States. Ranked by passengers per route mile, however, the system ranks sixth, transporting 8,846 passengers per route mile,[39] more than San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit or the Chicago 'L'.

The Los Angeles Metro Rail system connects disperse areas of the county including Long Beach, Pasadena, Norwalk, El Segundo, North Hollywood, and Downtown Los Angeles. The Expo Line's first phase from Downtown Los Angeles to Culver City opened April 28, 2012. In June 2010, construction extending the Gold Line from Pasadena to Azusa began. Construction on the Expo Line's extension to Santa Monica has also begun. There are several additional rail expansion projects currently under study. The timing of their construction will depend on the availability of funding. These projects include:

Commuter Rail[edit]

Also serving Los Angeles and several surrounding counties is Metrolink, a regional commuter rail service. Metrolink averages 42,600 trips per weekday, the busiest line being the San Bernardino line.[41]

Los Angeles Public Transportation Statistics[edit]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Los Angeles, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 86 min. 31% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 20 min, while 38% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 11.1 km (6.9 mi), while 30% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction. [43]

Taxi Companies[edit]

Main article: Taxicabs of the United States

Taxis in Los Angeles are regulated by the Board of Taxicab Commissioners. There are nine taxi companies in Los Angeles that operate more than 2300 taxis. Some of the largest Taxi companies in Los Angeles are LA Yellow Cab, Bell Cab and United Independent Taxi. Recently Taxi Applications have emerged in order to provide users with on demand rides with lower wait times. RideYellow, Curb and Flywheel are three of the largest taxi apps providing taxi service in Los Angeles.[44][45]

Transportation Network Companies[edit]

Main article: Transportation network company

Transportation Network Companies arrange one-time rides on very short notice. These companies use smartphones and GPS technology to allow travelers to request a ride from wherever they happen to be, to the place they want to go. Drivers have passed background checks and their cars have also passed thorough inspections.[46] Uber, and Lyft are the two largest companies in Los Angeles.

Commuting[edit]

Commuting statistics for major U.S. cities in 2006

In 2006, of the 4,423,725 workers aged 16 or older in Los Angeles County, 72.0% commuted to work driving alone, 11.9% commuted by driving in a carpool and 7.0% commuted on public transportation. 64.9% of public transportation commuters were non-white, 70.2% were Hispanic and 67.6% were foreign born. 75.5% of public transportation commuters earned less than $25,000. However, only 32.7% of public transportation commuters had no vehicle available to them for their commute.[23]

In the same year, for the City of Los Angeles, of the 1,721,778 workers aged 16 or older, 63.3% commuted to work driving alone, 11.5% commuted by driving in a carpool, 11.0% commuted by public transportation, and 3.4% walked. The percentage of population using public transport in Los Angeles is lower than other large U.S. cities such as Chicago and New York, but similar to or higher than other western U.S. cities such as Portland and Denver. 63.8% of public transportation commuters in the City of Los Angeles in 2006 were non-white, 75.1% were Hispanic and 73.9% were foreign born. 79.4% of public transportation commuters earned less than $25,000 and 37.6% had no vehicle available to them for their commute.[23]

Since 2006, driving alone increased at the expense of carpooling and public transportation. According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 69.7% of working Los Angeles (city) residents commuted by driving alone, 8.7% carpooled, 9.2% used public transportation, and 3.5% walked. About 2.8% commuted by all other means, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 6.1% worked at home.[30]

Problems[edit]

See also: Smog § Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley

Los Angeles is strongly predisposed to accumulation of smog, because of peculiarities of its geography and weather patterns. The millions of vehicles in the area combined with the additional effects of the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complexes frequently contribute to further air pollution. Though Los Angeles was one of the best known cities suffering from transportation smog for much of the 20th century, so much so that it was sometimes said that Los Angeles was a synonym for smog,[47] In particular, the entire area in between Los Angeles Harbor to Riverside has become known as the "Diesel Death Zone".[48]

Despite LAX being one of the largest airports in the world by passenger volume, LAX lacks a direct rail connection to terminals, though funding has been identified for an extension of the Green Line light rail to the airport using sales tax monies.[49] There are no plans for a direct air-to-rail transfer station for the California High Speed Rail to alleviate any of the commuter jet problems linking LAX to outlying areas such as San Diego, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, and Fresno.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "History of Transportation". 
  2. ^ Airports Council International. "Statistics World Airport Traffic 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2009. 
  3. ^ "LAWA - VNY". 
  4. ^ Amtrak National Facts Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed July 2, 2008
  5. ^ "Greybegale Station[permanent dead link]," Greybegal Lines
  6. ^ "Los Angeles Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greybeagle Lines
  7. ^ "Los Angeles Wall, CA[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  8. ^ "North Hollywood Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  9. ^ "Anaheim Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  10. ^ "Compton Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  11. ^ "Los Angeles Olympic, California[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  12. ^ "El Monte Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  13. ^ "El Monte AAU[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  14. ^ "Glendale Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  15. ^ "Lancaster Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  16. ^ "Long Beach Greyhound Station Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine.," Greyhound Lines
  17. ^ "Pasadena Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  18. ^ "Santa Ana Greyhound Station[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  19. ^ "Santa Ana Main Street, CA[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  20. ^ a b "Locations: California[permanent dead link]," Greyhound Lines
  21. ^ Federal Highway Administration. "Southern California Regional Freight Study". 
  22. ^ "City of Avalon - FAQ". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  23. ^ a b c "American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. 
  24. ^ Lovett, Ian (2013-04-01). "To Fight Gridlock, Los Angeles Synchronizes Every Red Light". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
  25. ^ "L.A. stoplights synchronized to improve traffic". CBS News. May 25, 2013. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
  26. ^ Epstein, Eli (April 2, 2013). "Los Angeles syncs up all 4,500 of its traffic lights". MSN News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
  27. ^ Melissa MacBride, "Pothole milestone: Mayor repairs 800,000," ABC7 Eyewitness News, 17 March 2008.
  28. ^ a b Steven Leigh Morris, "L.A. Metro Buses Hammered By Potholes on Aging Wilshire Boulevard," LA Weekly, 5 September 2008.
  29. ^ "You won't see a cop walkin' on the beat / You only see 'em drivin' cars out on the street / You won't see a kid walkin' home from school / Their mothers pick 'em up in a car pool / Nobody's walkin' walkin' walkin' walkin—nobody walks in LA" Missing Persons, "Walking in LA"
  30. ^ a b "Means of Transportation to Work by Age". Census Reporter. Retrieved May 6, 2018. 
  31. ^ CDC Walking for Exercise Prevalence Statistics 2000
  32. ^ History of Third Street Promenade Archived 2008-07-09 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ^ "Bunker Hill Steps". Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
  34. ^ "Living in Los Angeles". Walkscore. Retrieved 5 April 2015. 
  35. ^ Zahniser, David (February 21, 2008) "City to pass the bucks on sidewalks?" Los Angeles Times
  36. ^ Reyes, Emily Alpert (April 1, 2015). "L.A. agrees to spend $1.3 billion to fix sidewalks in ADA case". Los Angeles Times. 
  37. ^ "Willits v. City of Los Angeles Sidewalk Settlement Announced". Legal Aid Society–Employment Law Center. April 1, 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015. 
  38. ^ Bureau, US Census. "1.0 percent of Workers Commute by Bike in Los Angeles". 
  39. ^ a b c d "Facts at a Glance". LACMTA. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008. 
  40. ^ "Negligence: Broken manhole cover causes accident" (PDF). Tri-Service. 17 September 2001. 
  41. ^ a b c American Public Transportation Association (1Q 2008). "Transit Ridership Report". Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ a b "2008 Long Range Transportation Plan Technical Document" (PDF). LACMTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008. 
  43. ^ "Los Angeles Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017.  CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  44. ^ Bustillos, Maria (December 12, 2014). "How Los Angeles's Taxi Boss Plans to Take on Uber". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 May 2017. 
  45. ^ Watt, Brian (September 28, 2015). "More than 100 LA taxi drivers vote to join national union". KPCC. Retrieved 24 May 2017. 
  46. ^ "DECISION ADOPTING RULES AND REGULATIONS TO PROTECT PUBLIC SAFETY WHILE ALLOWING NEW ENTRANTS TO THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY" (PDF). California Public Utilities Commission. December 20, 2012. 
  47. ^ Roger G. Noll (1999). The Economics and Politics of the Slowdown in Regulatory Reform. 
  48. ^ "California's Air Pollution Causes Asthma, Allergies and Premature Births | DiscoverMagazine.com". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2017-02-22. 
  49. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-09. Retrieved 2011-04-14.  Measure R Sales Tax Expenditure Plan

External links[edit]

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