Treaty of Bärwalde
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The Treaty of Bärwalde signed on 23 January 1631, was an agreement by France to finance Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Cardinal Richelieu, French chief minister 1624 to 1642
Swedish negotiator Johan Banér
19th century depiction of the Sack of Magdeburg; it shocked European Protestants and made Gustavus largely independent of French control
The War of the Mantuan Succession, 1628 to 1631, was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, last Gonzaga ruler of Mantua and Montferrat. This led to a proxy war between the French-backed
Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers
Vincenco II, whose death in December 1627 sparked the war
Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630