1.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
2.
Republican Proposal
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Republican Proposal is a centre-right political party in Argentina. It is usually referred to as PRO, PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a unitary party on 3 June 2010. PRO began as an alliance between Commitment to Change, the party of Mauricio Macri based in Buenos Aires, and Recreate for Growth of Ricardo López Murphy and it was created ahead of the legislative elections of 23 October 2005. At the 2005 elections the alliance won nine of the 127 elected deputies, other provincial center-right parties joined under the Recrear banner within PRO. Macri and López Murphy had been in discussions with Governor Jorge Sobisch, leader of the Neuquino Peoples Movement, another leading center-right politician, Macri is the President of the alliance. In the June 2007 elections in the city of Buenos Aires, PRO decisively won the election, with Macri becoming Head of Government and the alliance taking 15 of the 30 seats in the city legislature. In the October 2007 Presidential and legislative elections, PRO did not officially back a candidate but gave tacit support to the bid of López Murphy, López Murphy did poorly gaining just 1. 45% of the vote. PRO and its allies stood in the elections and made a net gain of 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies winning 6 seats overall. However, its 13% share of the vote in October 2007 in the city of Buenos Aires contrasted with its 44% share just a few months previously in the city elections. In August 2009, Recreate for Growth gave up its independence and was completely absorbed by the Republican Proposal. On 3 June 2010, the alliance became recognized as a political party. Republican Proposal joined the International Democrat Union on 17 January 2017, PRO is a centre right party by Argentinian standards. It supports lower taxes, deregulation, free trade and Macri has expressed opposition to the nationalization of the countrys airline, when he got to the presidency, he started his economic agenda by liberalizing foreign exchange and imports controls, cutting personal income taxes and slashing utilities subsidies. Even though the majority of deputies of PRO voted against same-sex marriage
3.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
4.
Virgin of Mercy
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The Virgin of Mercy is a subject in Christian Art, showing a group of people sheltering for protection under the outspread cloak, or pallium of the Virgin Mary. Usually the Virgin is standing alone, though if angels hold up the cloak, the people sheltered normally kneel, and are of necessity shown usually at a much smaller scale. These may represent all members of Christian society, with crowns, mitres. Sometimes arrows rain down from above, which the cloak prevents from reaching the people, probably the oldest version known is a small panel by Duccio of c. 1280, with three Franciscan friars under the cloak, in the Pinacoteca in Siena, here the Virgin sits, only one side of the cloak is extended, and the Virgin holds her child on her knee with her other hand. The common factor between all these is the influence and presence of Western mendicant orders, especially the Franciscans, the immediate inspiration of the iconography comes from a vision reported in the Dialogus Miraculorum of the Cistercian Caesarius of Heisterbach which circulated widely from about 1230. Beyond that, the origins of the image may relate to rituals and this gave rise in the Byzantine Rite to the Pokrov icons, although the image is not found in Byzantine art. In Germany an almost identical image was used featuring Saint Ursula, the image came in for special derision from Martin Luther, who compared it to a hen with her chicks. The liturgical feast day of Our Lady of Mercy is celebrated annually in the Latin Catholic calendar on September 24, churches dedicated to her include the cathedral of Guasdualito in Venezuela. The term Virgin of Mercy is found in a number of other contexts not directly related to the image and it is a common translation of the Eleusa type of icon of the Virgin and Child. The Virgin of Mercy is patron saint of Barcelona, celebrated in the week-long La Mercè festival each year, but in this role is not especially associated with this type of image. The Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy, founded, also in Barcelona, in Santería, the Virgin of Mercy is syncretized with Obatala
5.
Partidos of Buenos Aires
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A partido is the second-level administrative subdivision in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They are formally considered to be an administrative unit. They are divided into localidades, which correspond to the municipalities in other departments, partidos are distinct from all other provinces of Argentina, which call their second-level subdivisions departamento, and are further subdivided into distinct municipalities. At the head of every partido, the cabildo appointed a judge called Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad. The judge, or alcalde, had the mission to maintain the law and order in the rural area of Buenos Aires. The alcalde was helped by a constabulary called Santa Hermandad created in the late 15th century by the Catholic Monarchs and transplanted to the colonies. In 1821 the Governor Martín Rodríguez and his minister Bernardino Rivadavia dissolved the cabildo and since then was the governor itself who appointed the judge, in 1856 the office of Juez de Paz was replaced by a Presidente de la Municipalidad, or Municipal President. It was appointed by the Governor from a list of three candidates presented by the Municipales, or Councillors, who were elected by the citizens of the different partidos. Since 1890 the head of the government is called Intendente, or Mayor, every partido is administrated by an executive and a legislative branch, respectively, the mayor and a council, similar to a county council. It is considered a strong form of government. The mayor is elected to terms and can be reelected indefinitely. The council is a body, one-half of whose members are elected every two years to serve four-year terms. The mayor and councilors can be reelected indefinitely, the number of councillors depends on the population of every partido. According to decret-law 6769/58 the number of councillors varies as follows, Paz Junín La Costa La Matanza La Plata Lanús Laprida Las Flores Leandro N
6.
Greater Buenos Aires
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Greater Buenos Aires is the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos over the Province of Buenos Aires. Thus, it does not constitute an administrative unit. The conurbation spreads south, west and north of Buenos Aires city, to the east, the River Plate serves as a natural boundary. The term is related to other expressions that are not necessarily well-defined, the Buenos Aires conurbation, the Greater Buenos Aires Agglomeration. The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses has defined Greater Buenos Aires, there are three main groups within the Buenos Aires Conurbation. The first two groups comprise the traditional conurbation, or the conurbation proper, the third group of six partidos is in process of becoming fully integrated with the rest. D. and Marcos, M. The social map of Greater Buenos Aires as empirical evidence of urban models, volume 11 Number 1, pp. 67–78, DOI10. 1353/lag.2012.0012 Keeling, D. Buenos Aires, Global Dreams, Local Crisis
7.
Buenos Aires Province
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Buenos Aires is the largest and most populous Argentinian province. It takes the name from the city of Buenos Aires, which used to be the capital until it was federalized in 1880. The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata, the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region. The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires, the metropolitan area surrounding the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The area of the province,307,571 km2, makes it the largest in Argentina with around 11% of the total area. The inhabitants of the province before the 16th century advent of Spanish colonisation were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived, the survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentinas European ethnic majority. Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536, even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541, Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de los Buenos Aires. Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century, the end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert in which the aboriginals where almost completely exterminated. After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires fueled periodic hostilities, the province was declared independent on September 11,1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in the 1859 Pact of San José de Flores, intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province. La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital, the equivalent of a billion dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the population, like Argentinas, nearly doubled to one million by 1895. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914 and this era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations
8.
Battle of Caseros
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The forces of Urquiza, caudillo and governor of Entre Ríos, defeated Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom. This defeat marked a division in the history of Argentina. As provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation, Urquiza sponsored the creation of the Constitution in 1853, and became the first constitutional President of Argentina in 1854. Rosas had declared war on Brazil in 1851, which led to the signing of a treaty, on 21 November 1851, among the governments of Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Uruguay and the Brazilian Empire. In compliance with the treaty, Urquiza led a joint army and crossed Morón creek, the Brazilian Empire contributed with 3,500 troops, and were the only professional soldiers, but the bulk of the Brazilian Army remained out of the battlefield. Rosas forces comprised 10,000 infantry troops,12,000 cavalrymen and 60 guns, due to desertion, especially that of General Ángel Pacheco and poor morale, several historians and military analysts reckon that for Rosas the battle was lost even before it started. Urquizas army was 24, 000-men strong, among them 3,500 Brazilians and 1,500 Uruguayans, only the Brazilians were professional soldiers. Urquiza did not conduct the battle, each chief was free to fight as they saw fit, Urquiza himself led a charge against the enemy left in front of their cavalrymen from Entre Ríos. After both flanks collapsed only the center under Chilaverts command continued the fighting, reduced to a duel that lasted until he ran out of ammunition. Urquizas triumph terminated the 20-years term of Rosas as Governor of Buenos Aires, within a few days, Urquizas troops entered the city of Buenos Aires without further resistance. However, he revealed himself as a conqueror, all surviving soldiers from Regimiento Aquino. The President of the Superior Tribunal, Vicente López y Planes, was appointed interim governor, vida de Juan Manuel de Rosas
9.
Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Juan Manuel de Rosas, nicknamed Restorer of the Laws, was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune. Rosas enlisted his workers in a militia, as was common for rural proprietors. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and he eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the Argentine army, and became the undisputed leader of the Federalist Party. In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires, in 1831, he signed the Federal Pact, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier to wage war on the indigenous peoples, after his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed parapolice that killed thousands of citizens, elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a cult of personality and his regime became totalitarian in nature, Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina, Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of Uruguay and Paraguay. When the Empire of Brazil began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851 and this short conflict ended with the defeat of Rosas and his flight to Britain. His last years were spent in living as a tenant farmer until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered a public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote unity, seeking forgiveness for him. Rosas remains a figure in Argentina in the 21st century. Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his familys house in Buenos Aires. He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Agustina López de Osornio, León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos. A military officer with a career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy Criollo family
10.
Discovery of the Americas
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The prehistory of the Americas begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an Ice Age. The ancestors of todays American Indigenous peoples were the Paleo-Indians, they were hunter-gatherers who migrated into North America, the most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the Americas via Beringia, the land mass now covered by the cold ocean waters in the Bering Strait. Small lithic stage peoples followed megafauna like bison, mammoth, and caribou, groups of people may also have traveled into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast. Cultural traits brought by the first immigrants later evolved and spawned such cultures as Iroquois on North America and these cultures later developed into civilizations. In many cases, these cultures expanded at a date than their Old World counterparts. Spain colonized most of the American continent from present-day Southwestern United States, Florida, Portugal settled in what is mostly present-day Brazil while England established colonies in the Eastern coast of the United States, as well as the North Pacific coast and most of Canada. France settled in Quebec and other parts of Eastern Canada and claimed an area in what is today the central United States, the Netherlands settled New Netherlands, some Caribbean islands and parts of Northern South America. The colonial period lasted three centuries, from the early 16th to the early 19th centuries, when Brazil and the larger Hispanic American nations declared independence. The United States obtained independence from England much earlier, in 1776, others remained attached to their European parent state until the end of the 19th century, such as Cuba and Puerto Rico which were linked to Spain until 1898. Smaller territories such as Guyana obtained independence in the mid-20th century, the specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets, another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea rise of a hundred meters following the last ice age. Archaeologists contend that the Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia, ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago and this time range is a hot source of debate. Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to Siberian peoples, the genetic diversity of Amerindian indigenous groups increase with distance from the assumed entry point into the Americas. Certain genetic diversity patterns from West to East suggest, particularly in South America, that migration proceeded first down the west coast, geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42,000 to 21,000 years ago. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central. Second, Paleoindian skeletons with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day Native Americans can be explained as having a historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia. A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis, on October 3,2014, the Oregon cave, where the oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America was found, was added to the National Register of Historic Places
11.
Reconquista River
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The Reconquista River is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country, the Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin. It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities and its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 square kilometres and is populated by around 4 million people. The river carries about 33 percent of the pollution drained by the estuary of the Río de la Plata. There are about 12,000 industries in its basin,700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls, studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals. These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems, during the 1980s, there was a wave of protests by local residents denouncing the lack of state involvement. In 1984, the national Senate addressed the issue for the first time, in 2001 they were officially finished, and advertised as such, though only the flood prevention works were built. Four projected waste treatment plants and other infrastructure were not. There was also no minimization or monitoring of waste dumped into the course. The 1773 Marquez Bridge over the Reconquista River was declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina, but in 1997, List of rivers of Argentina List of destroyed heritage § Argentina List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina La Nación. Alarma por la contaminación del río Reconquista
12.
Maldonado Stream
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The Maldonado Stream, is an underground storm sewer in the city Buenos Aires, Argentina, that runs below Juan B. The stream was one of the limits of the city, before the Belgrano. It is named after the legend of La Maldonado, a woman arrived with Pedro de Mendoza in 1536. The stream became a dump in time, and during the rainy season became a polluted waterway made dangerous because of its overflows. The authorities decided via an ordinance on August 25,1924, to tube the stream as a final solution to all the problems that caused in a growing city. The excavation phase required hundreds of workers and machinery. The second phase, begun in 1929, consisted of rising columns to support a gigantic slab, for which 5000 tons of rebar,20000 tons of cement,55000 tons of sand, and 70000 tons of gravel were used. Following these tubing and drainage works completed in 1933, a large packed soil road was erected over the stream in 1934 and this road was re-inaugurated on July 9,1937, as Juan B. Persistent seasonal flooding along the northwest stretch of the former Maldonado Stream caused by drainage overflow prompted Mayor Aníbal Ibarra in 2005 to announce complementary drain works, ghella, a local contractor, presented the winning bid in 2007, and work began on the alleviating tunnels the following year. The first of the two new tunnels was completed in 2011, and measured 4.6 kilometres in length. Work on the second, larger tunnel began in 2010 and was completed in 2012, it measured 9.8 kilometres in length, required 200,000 cubic meters of cement, and cost USD200 million
13.
Maize
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Maize, also known as corn, is a large grain plant first domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, the leafy stalk of the plant produces separate pollen and ovuliferous inflorescences or ears, which are fruits, yielding kernels or seeds. Maize kernels are used in cooking as a starch. Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico, recent research modified this view somewhat, scholars now indicate the adjacent Balsas River Valley of south-central Mexico as the center of domestication. The Olmec and Mayans cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica, cooked and its believed that beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. The region developed a network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. Nevertheless, recent data indicates that the spread of maize took place even earlier, according to Piperno, A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Since then, even earlier dates have been published, the study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths and this is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands. Before they were domesticated, maize plants only grew small,25 millimetres long corn cobs, Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the United States in 2014. Approximately 40% of the crop—130 million tons—is used for corn ethanol, genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the United States in 2009. After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe, Spanish settlers far preferred wheat bread to maize, cassava, or potatoes. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation. At another level, Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, that not only would they weaken, despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize and archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates and it was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbuss voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. The word maize derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous Taíno word for the plant and it is known by other names around the world. The word corn outside North America, Australia, and New Zealand refers to any cereal crop, in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, corn primarily means maize, this usage started as a shortening of Indian corn. Indian corn primarily means maize, but can more specifically to multicolored flint corn used for decoration
14.
Cucurbita
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Cucurbita is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, also known as cucurbits, native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five species are grown worldwide for their fruit, variously known as squash, pumpkin, or gourd depending on species, variety, and local parlance. Other kinds of gourd, also called bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria and these other gourds are used as utensils or vessels, and their young fruits are eaten much like those of Cucurbita species. Most Cucurbita species are vines that grow several meters in length and have tendrils. The yellow or orange flowers on a Cucurbita plant are of two types, female and male, the female flowers produce the fruit and the male flowers produce pollen. Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist bee pollinators, the fruits of the genus Cucurbita are good sources of nutrients, such as vitamin A and vitamin C, among other nutrients according to species. The plants also contain phytochemicals, such as cucurbitin, cucurmosin. There is debate about the taxonomy of the genus, as the number of accepted species varies from 13 to 30, the five domesticated species are Cucurbita argyrosperma, C. ficifolia, C. maxima, C. moschata, and C. pepo. All of these can be treated as winter squash because the fruits can be stored for months, however. Cucurbita fruits have played a role in culture for at least 2,000 years. They are often represented in Moche ceramics from Peru, after Christopher Columbuss arrival in the New World, paintings of squashes started to appear in Europe early in the sixteenth century. The fruits have culinary uses including pumpkin pie, biscuits, bread, desserts, puddings, beverages. Pumpkins and other Cucurbita fruits are celebrated in festivals and in flower, Cucurbita species fall into two main groups. The first group are annual or short-lived perennial vines and are mesophytic, the second group are perennials growing in arid zones and so are xerophytic, tolerating dry conditions. Cultivated Cucurbita species were derived from the first group, growing 5 to 15 meters in height or length, the plant stem produces tendrils to help it climb adjacent plants and structures or extend along the ground. Most species do not readily root from the nodes, an exception is C. ficifolia. The vine of the perennial Cucurbita can become semiwoody if left to grow, there is wide variation in size, shape, and color among Cucurbita fruits, and even within a single species. C. ficifolia is an exception, being uniform in appearance
15.
Bean
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Bean is a common name for large seeds of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae which are used for human or animal food. The word bean and its Germanic cognates have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century, referring to broad beans and this was long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. After Columbian-era contact between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such as the bean and the runner bean. Thus the term bean in general usage can mean a host of different species, seeds called beans are often included among the crops called pulses, although a narrower prescribed sense of pulses reserves the word for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain. The term bean usually excludes legumes with tiny seeds and which are used exclusively for forage, hay, one is that in the past, several species, including Vigna angularis, mungo, radiata, and aconitifolia, were classified as Phaseolus and later reclassified. Unlike the closely related pea, beans are a crop that need warm temperatures to grow. Maturity is typically 55–60 days from planting to harvest, as the bean pods mature, they turn yellow and dry up, and the beans inside change from green to their mature colour. As a vine, bean plants need external support, which may be provided in the form of special bean cages or poles, native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash, with the tall cornstalks acting as support for the beans. In more recent times, the bush bean has been developed which does not require support and has all its pods develop simultaneously. This makes the bean more practical for commercial production. Beans are one of the longest-cultivated plants, broad beans, also called fava beans, in their wild state the size of a small fingernail, were gathered in Afghanistan and the Himalayan foothills. In a form improved from naturally occurring types, they were grown in Thailand since the seventh millennium BCE. They were deposited with the dead in ancient Egypt, not until the second millennium BCE did cultivated, large-seeded broad beans appear in the Aegean, Iberia and transalpine Europe. In the Iliad is a mention of beans and chickpeas cast on the threshing floor. Beans were an important source of protein throughout Old and New World history, the oldest-known domesticated beans in the Americas were found in Guitarrero Cave, an archaeological site in Peru, and dated to around the second millennium BCE. The corn would not be planted in rows as is done by European agriculture, Beans would be planted around the base of the developing stalks, and would vine their way up as the stalks grew. All American beans at that time were vine plants, bush beans having been bred only more recently, the cornstalks would work as a trellis for the beans, and the beans would provide much-needed nitrogen for the corn. Squash would be planted in the spaces between the patches of corn in the field, dry beans come from both Old World varieties of broad beans and New World varieties
16.
Juan de Garay
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Juan de Garay was a Spanish conquistador. Some say it was in the Castile city of Junta de Villalba de Losa, theres no birth certification whatsoever, though Juan De Garay regarded himself as somebody from Biscay. He served under the Crown of Castille, in the Viceroyalty of Peru and he was governor of Asunción and founded a number of cities in present-day Argentina, many near the Paraná River area, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires, in 1580. In 1543 he sailed to Peru with his uncle Pedro de Zárate in Viceroy Blasco Núñez Velas first expedition, in 1561 he took part in the foundation of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In 1568 he moved to Asunción where he attained political stature, the governor of Asunción sent him in April 1573, with a company of eighty men, on an expedition to the Paraná River, during which he founded the city of Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz. In 1576 he was appointed governor of Asunción, as governor, he attempted to avoid bloodshed by bringing justice and civilization to the natives. To achieve these goals, he founded Indian villages and established local governments, Garay founded Buenos Aires a second time on June 11 in the year 1580. He landed on the riverbank in the location of Plaza de Mayo, calling the city Ciudad de la Trinidad, Buenos Aires would become the main city in the Paraná basin and its most important port. Later, he went on an expedition in search for the legendary City of the Caesars, the group was ambushed by Querandíes natives who killed Garay, the priest, a woman, and twelve of the soldiers. Garay had a daughter, Jerónima de Contreras, who married Hernando Arias de Saavedra, in the oldest part of the town of Garay in Biscay is located a palace-baserri named Garatikua and built by Juan de Garay. In the 19th century, it was called Garay-Goitia, according to García Carraffa, the Garays coat of arms indicates an origin from the noble Garay Family of Tudela, already mentioned in the thirteenth century. Juan de Garay as a Biscayan had the title of knight, the family had a certain economic and cultural level, it should be kept in mind that his uncle was appointed Judge and Alcalde Mayor of Segovia and his cousin attended the University of Salamanca. It is interesting that the three children bear different surnames, only the firstborn retains that of the father, while the others adopt the mothers surname and he also had a family relationship with Juan Ortiz de Zárate, third Adelantado of the Rio de la Plata. On his doubtful birth place Biography Fundación Vasco Argentina Biografía
17.
Vegetable
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In everyday usage, a vegetable is any part of a plant that is consumed by humans as food as part of a meal. The term vegetable is somewhat arbitrary, and largely defined through culinary and it normally excludes other food derived from plants such as fruits, nuts, and cereal grains, but includes seeds such as pulses. The original meaning of the vegetable, still used in biology, was to describe all types of plant, as in the terms vegetable kingdom. At first, plants which grew locally would have been cultivated, nowadays, most vegetables are grown all over the world as climate permits, and crops may be cultivated in protected environments in less suitable locations. China is the largest producer of vegetables and global trade in agricultural products allows consumers to purchase vegetables grown in faraway countries, the scale of production varies from subsistence farmers supplying the needs of their family for food, to agribusinesses with vast acreages of single-product crops. Depending on the type of vegetable concerned, harvesting the crop is followed by grading, storing, processing, and marketing. Vegetables can be either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates. Many nutritionists encourage people to consume plenty of fruit and vegetables, the word vegetable was first recorded in English in the early 15th century. It comes from Old French, and was applied to all plants. It derives from Medieval Latin vegetabilis growing, flourishing, a change from a Late Latin meaning to be enlivening, quickening. The meaning of vegetable as a plant grown for food was not established until the 18th century, in 1767, the word was specifically used to mean a plant cultivated for food, an edible herb or root. The year 1955 saw the first use of the shortened, slang term veggie, the broadest definition is the words use adjectivally to mean matter of plant origin to distinguish it from animal, meaning matter of animal origin. More specifically, a vegetable may be defined as any plant, part of which is used for food, a secondary meaning then being the edible part of such a plant. A more precise definition is any plant part consumed for food that is not a fruit or seed, falling outside these definitions are edible fungi and edible seaweed which, although not parts of plants, are often treated as vegetables. In everyday language, the fruit and vegetable are mutually exclusive. Fruit has a precise meaning, being a part that developed from the ovary of a flowering plant. This is considerably different from the words culinary meaning, while peaches, plums, and oranges are fruit in both senses, many items commonly called vegetables, such as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes, are botanically fruits. The question of whether the tomato is a fruit or a vegetable found its way into the United States Supreme Court in 1893
18.
Cereal
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A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grains are grown in quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa. In their natural form, cereals are a source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils. When refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the endosperm is mostly carbohydrate. In some developing nations, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, in developed nations, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial. The word cereal is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of harvest, agriculture allowed for the support of an increased population, leading to larger societies and eventually the development of cities. It also created the need for organization of political power, as decisions had to be made regarding labor and harvest allocation and access rights to water. Agriculture bred immobility, as populations settled down for long periods of time, early Neolithic villages show evidence of the development of processing grain. The Levant is the ancient home of the ancestors of wheat, barley and peas, there is evidence of the cultivation of figs in the Jordan Valley as long as 11,300 years ago, and cereal production in Syria approximately 9,000 years ago. During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods, fiber crops were domesticated as early as food crops, with China domesticating hemp, cotton being developed independently in Africa and South America, and Western Asia domesticating flax. The first cereal grains were domesticated by early primitive humans, about 8,000 years ago, they were domesticated by ancient farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the development of agriculture, around the same time, millets and rices were starting to become domesticated in East Asia. Sorghum and millets were also being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa, while each individual species has its own peculiarities, the cultivation of all cereal crops is similar. Most are annual plants, consequently one planting yields one harvest, wheat, rye, triticale, oats, barley, and spelt are the cool-season cereals. These are hardy plants grow well in moderate weather and cease to grow in hot weather. The warm-season cereals are tender and prefer hot weather, barley and rye are the hardiest cereals, able to overwinter in the subarctic and Siberia. Many cool-season cereals are grown in the tropics, however, some are only grown in cooler highlands, where it may be possible to grow multiple crops per year
19.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
20.
San Isidro Partido
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San Isidro is a partido of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina found in the north of Greater Buenos Aires. Its capital is the city of San Isidro and it is 21 km from the city of Buenos Aires. The founder of San Isidro city was Domingo de Acassuso, who built a cathedral in 1706 dedicated to San Isidro Labrador, other towns in the municipality are Acassuso, Beccar, Boulougne, Martínez, and Villa Adelina. The area of the partido is 51.44 km2, in 2010 there were 291,608 inhabitants. San Isidro borders on the partidos of Tigre, Vicente López, San Martín, Acassuso Beccar Boulogne Sur Mer Martínez San Isidro Villa Adelina The San Isidro cathedral was completed on July 14,1898. Constructed in Neo-Gothic style, it stands 68 m tall and it is located opposite Plaza Mitre in San Isidros historic quarter. San Isidro is home to Club Atlético Acassuso, a club that currently plays in the regionalised 3rd Division. San Isidro is home to a historically prominent Jockey Club, that runs San Isidros world-class race track, San Isidro is the national capital of Rugby and home to two of the most important rugby clubs in the country - SIC and CASI. There are a number of sailing clubs on the Río de la Plata
21.
La Matanza Partido
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La Matanza is a partido located in the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. This provincial subdivision had 1,775,272 inhabitants in an area of 325.71 km2 and its capital city is San Justo, which is located around 16 km from the autonomous city of Buenos Aires. The name comes from a confrontation that Diego, the brother of conquistador Pedro de Mendoza, had with the Querandí tribe in 1536, in his name, this area and the river are named La Matanza, sometimes using the plural form. The partido was named Pago until 1730, then Partido de Matanza y Pozos, it was then a largely underpopulated rural area, in 1784, the partido was divided in two into Las Matanzas and Cañada de Morón. In 1856, the capital city San Justo was founded, according to the Argentine census bureau, the INDEC, the population was 1,121,298 in 1991,1,255,288 in 2001 and 1,772,130 in 2010. It is the most populated Partido in the Province of Buenos Aires and the biggest municipality in the country
22.
Ciudadela, Buenos Aires
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Ciudadela is a city in Greater Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is located in the Tres de Febrero Partido, immediately to the west of the neighborhood of Liniers in Buenos Aires city proper and it is separated from the city by General Paz avenue. Home to a ranch in colonial times, the area was the site of a base of operations for Viceroy Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata of 1806. The first settlement was named Villa Liniers in his honor, and was the site of an important military barracks after 1902, the town began to take shape with the arrival of the Ferrocarril Oeste railway in 1910, and was officially established that year. Ciudadela gradually grew around the station, and eventually merged into the Greater Buenos Aires urban agglomeration. Fuerte Apache, whose name is Barrio Ejército de los Andes, is a public housing development in Ciudadela. The subject of ongoing controversy, its name stems from Fort Apache, The Bronx. Ciudadela had 73,155 inhabitants according to 2001 census, and features a lively commerce hub along Avenida Rivadavia, the historic barracks are now the Argentine Army Museum. Cabildo Abierto de Ciudadela History of Ciudadela
23.
General Urquiza Railway
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It was also one of the six state-owned Argentine railway companies formed after President Juan Peróns nationalisation of the railway network in 1948. The six companies were managed by Ferrocarriles Argentinos which was broken up during the process of railway privatisation beginning in 1991 during Carlos Menems presidency. Today, the Urquiza Railway name is used to refer to the standard railway network in Argentina. In 1887 the line runs from Paraná, Entre Ríos to Concepción del Uruguay was completed, with branches running to Villaguay, Gualeguaychú. The Central Entre Ríos Railway was then taken over by the British Entre Ríos Railway in 1892, in 1873 the British-owned East Argentine Railway opened a line between Concordia and Mercedes, extending these services northwards outside Entre Ríos to Corrientes for the first time. In November 1886, Congress approved the expansion to Misiones province. In 1898 the companys owner John E. Clark transferred his concession to the Argentine North Eastern Railway, for some years the Paraná River was crossed using a train ferry, however bridges and viaducts were later built. The following standard gauge railway companies were added to Urquiza Railway network after the 1948 nationalisation, Notes, the Argentine North Eastern had acquired the East Argentine in 1907. In 1991 the railway was privatised as part of Carlos Menems neoliberal reforms, though the railway, the branch is the only electrified part of the railway and the only part which is operated for passengers by a private company, Metrovías. It connects with Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground at Federico Lacroze station, the line was originally designed to be part of Underground Line B with a ramp taking it underground at its current terminus, though this was never implemented. It is still possible that the ramp would allow connection to line B, enabling trains to run through to the centre of Buenos Aires. El Gran Capitán was a service ran from Buenos Aires to Posadas under Ferrocarriles Argentinos. Since then, there have been calls for the return of the service given the large-scale reactivation of many of the countrys railways since 2014. These use Materfer rolling stock and are operated by the state-owned company Trenes Argentinos, currently many of these lines are being renovated with the intention of improving services. The city of Paraná also uses part of the Urquiza railway for its own rail network. Trains run six times a day on weekdays from Paraná to Colonia Avellaneda with 8 stations in between, while another service runs from Paraná to Villa Fontana twice a day on weekdays with four stops, both services have heavily subsidised prices for local residents. This Posadas-Encarnación service links the cities of Posadas in the Argentine province of Misiones to the city of Encarnación in Paraguay and it was opened in 2014 and is operated by Casimiro Zbikoski S. A. under the authority of the state-owned Trenes Argentinos using Dutch Wadloper rolling stock. It currently carries 8,000 passengers daily and expansions are being considered as the service is already reaching its maximum capacity, the Tren de los Pueblos Libres was a short lived rural train service between Pilar in Argentina and Paso de los Toros in Uruguay
24.
Front for Victory
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The Front for Victory is a center-left Peronist electoral alliance in Argentina, and it is formally a faction of the Justicialist Party. Both the former President Néstor Kirchner and the former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner belong to this party, the party was led by Néstor Kirchner until his death in 2010. The Front for Victory is ideologically identified with what has been called Kirchnerism, legally, the Front should not be confused with the Party for Victory, which is just one of the political parties in it. At the 2007 presidential election, FPV rallied through the Plural Consensus alliance, with 11,864,456 votes, Cristina Fernández also became the most voted person in the history of Argentine democracy, and the FPV achieved a first-time third consecutive mandate for a Peronist alliance. At the 2013 legislative election, the FPV and its allies won the elections. The Front for Victory has a Declaration of Principles headed by the motto, Argentina, conviction, at that time Front of Victory had the decisive support of the leaders of Buenos Aires with involvement of the duhaldismo, political force of whom until then was President Eduardo Duhalde. The decision to move against corporate economic, agricultural and livestock sector employers of soybean roots caused the confrontation, afterwards a swap debt is performed, which began renegotiations for the bonds that had been in default since 2001. As a symbol of his administration, pursued a policy to promote human rights. To carry it out, supporters in Congress voted the cancellation of the laws of Due Obedience and Full Stop and this decision was subsequently ratified by the Judicial. Regarding international policy, in November of that year was held in Mar del Plata the IV Summit of the Americas and this is considered the foundational moment for UNASUR. Nestor Carlos Kirchner died on October 27,2010, on July 18,2007, Senator of FPV, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was presented for the presidential elections of October. On October 28, the candidate of the Front for Victory, Cristina Fernandez won the election with 45. 29%. The formula was imposed in almost all districts and thus became the first woman elected to the office of President of Argentina. She assumed this role on December 10,2007, one of the first steps taken by President Fernandez was the creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, designating responsible Lino Barañao, a renowned molecular biologist. This caused a conflict with the estate owners from the agricultural sector. This benefit was extended to pregnant women over 12 weeks gestation, along with these, there were also redistributive public policies, such as increasing the percentage of GDP spent on education which grew from 3. 64% in 2003 to 6. 02% in 2010. It also promoted the adoption of the Law of mobility retirement, also through another law, renationalized the Military Aircraft Factory, given under concession to U. S. company Lockheed Martin in 1995. In 2009, the parliament sent the draft Law on Audiovisual Communication Services, which came to displace the old Media Law, - Finally the bill was passed by a comfortable majority in both legislative chambers
Paraguay = 30,91%
Italy = 23,99%
Bolivia = 10,75%
Peru = 8,43%
Uruguay = 7,87%
Spain = 6,57%
Chile = 3,68%
Brazil = 1,09%
China = 0,58%
United Kingdom, Folkestone.
United States, El Dorado.
South Korea, Gwangju.
