1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hudson Street (Manhattan)
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Hudson Street is a north-south oriented street in the New York City borough of Manhattan running from Tribeca to the south, through Hudson Square and Greenwich Village, to the Meatpacking District. Hudson Street has two distinct one-way traffic patterns that meet at Abingdon Square, at the intersection with Eighth Avenue. The southern portion of Hudson Street carries northbound traffic and begins at the intersection of West Broadway, at Abingdon Square, the traffic is directed onto Eighth Avenue. Meanwhile, the section of Hudson Street north of Abingdon Square runs from 14th Street to Eighth Avenue, at 14th Street, southbound traffic from Ninth Avenue splits off into this street. Just below 14th Street, it is one of the streets in the Meatpacking District. At Abingdon Square, traffic on Hudson Street goes into Bleecker Street, the former New York Mercantile Exchange building is located at the corner of Hudson and Harrison Street in TriBeCa. Other notable buildings on this stretch of Hudson Street include The Church of St, the street is also home to the U. S. headquarters of the Pearson-owned Penguin Group. The uptown M20 bus runs on the northbound Hudson Street between Harrison Street and Hudson Streets end, and continues along Eighth Avenue, the Christopher Street PATH subway station is located on Christopher Street just west of Hudson Street. At St. Johns Park near Canal Street, Hudson Street is one of the access routes leading to. In December 2007 a bike lane was striped in the roadway, writer and activist Jane Jacobs lived at 555 Hudson Street, above a candy shop. Jacobs fought and won in her battle against Robert Moses and his efforts to build the Lower Manhattan Expressway and her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was written from this apartment and described the day-to-day activities from outside her window. Golfer Tiger Woods moved onto Hudson Street in late August 2010, writer John Cheever lived in a boarding house on Hudson Street in the 1930s. Hudson Street was a television show running on ABC from March 16,1978 through April 20,1978. This short-lived series followed the poorly equipped Adult Emergency Service hospital set on Hudson Street, the cast of MTVs 2001 series The Real World, Back to New York lived in a four-story loft apartment on 632 Hudson Street. The Northern Irish electronic duo Agnelli and Nelson released an album entitled Hudson Street in 2000, in the 1982 film Annie, the orphanage Annie comes from is the Hudson St. Notes New York Songlines, Hudson Street, a walking tour
3.
Tribeca
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Tribeca /traɪˈbɛkə/, originally written as TriBeCa, is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Its name is an abbreviation from Triangle Below Canal Street. The triangle, or more accurately, a trapezoid, is bounded by Canal Street, West Street, Broadway, the neighborhood is home to the Tribeca Film Festival. The Tribeca name came to be applied to the south of Canal Street. Lispenard Street, east–west as is Canal, is two blocks long and creates the first block south of Canal from West Broadway to Broadway. The Canal–Lispenard block that runs from Church Street to Broadway is wide at Church Street but is narrower at Broadway, thus, it appears somewhat triangular on City maps, unlike a rectangle as most city blocks are depicted. The Lispenard Street residents decided to name their group the Triangle Below Canal Block Association, once the “newspaper of record” began referring to the neighborhood as Tribeca, it stuck. This was related by former resident and councilmember for the area, Kathryn Freed, the area was among the first residential neighborhoods developed in New York beyond the boundaries of the city during colonial times, with residential development beginning in the late 18th century. Several streets in the area are named after Anthony Lispenard Bleecker, Lispenard Street, as well as Bleecker Street in NoHo, are named for similar reasons. By the mid-19th century the area transformed into a center, with large numbers of store. The area was served by the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. However, by the 1960s, Tribecas industrial base had all but vanished, since the 1980s, large scale conversion of the area has transformed Tribeca into an upscale residential area. For 15 years, the annual walking tour through artist studios in Tribeca has allowed people to get a unique glimpse into the lives of Tribecas best creative talent. Tribeca suffered both physically and financially after the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks, but government grants, the Tribeca Film Festival was established to help contribute to the long-term recovery of lower Manhattan after 9/11. The festival also celebrates New York City as a filmmaking center. The mission of the festival is to enable the international film community. Tribeca is a filming location for movies and television shows. By the early 21st century, Tribeca became one of Manhattans most fashionable and desirable neighborhoods, in 2006, Forbes magazine ranked its 10013 zip code as New York Citys most expensive
4.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
5.
Lower Manhattan
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Lower Manhattan is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor. The Lower Manhattan business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and it includes the Financial District and the World Trade Center site. At the islands southern tip is Battery Park, City Hall is just to the north of the Financial District, also south of Chambers Street are the planned community of Battery Park City and the South Street Seaport historic area. The neighborhood of TriBeCa straddles Chambers on the west side, at the streets east end is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building, North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street lies most of New Yorks oldest Chinatown neighborhood. Many court buildings and other government offices are located in this area. The Lower East Side neighborhood straddles Canal, North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are the neighborhoods of SoHo, the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Greenwich Village, Little Italy, Nolita, and the East Village. Between 14th and 23rd streets are lower Chelsea, Union Square, the Flatiron District, Gramercy, the area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami, European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam in 1626. The first fort was built at the Battery to protect New Netherland, soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers, they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English, early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kiefts War against the Native Americans, the Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch, the Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29,1645. On May 27,1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, the colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. The first mayors of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year, in 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it New York after the Duke of York. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500, during the mid 1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673, renaming the city New Orange, the new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy, by 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, the 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America
6.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
7.
Abbreviation
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An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. It consists of a group of letters taken from the word or phrase, a contraction is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a contraction. Acronyms and initialisms are regarded as subsets of abbreviations and they are abbreviations that consist of the initial letters or parts of words. Abbreviations have a history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to time and space, and also to provide secrecy. Shortened words were used and initial letters were used to represent words in specific applications. In classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was common, in Roman inscriptions, Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation. However, some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context, Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example 7 or & for and, the standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, for example, sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for master and ‹exacɔbate› for exacerbate. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time, an example from the Oxford University Register,1503, Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. The Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, had abbreviations like ye for Þe, used for the word the, hence, by later misunderstanding, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. The use of abbreviation for the names of J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, but before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period follows a abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent. Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U. S. media tend to use periods in two-word abbreviations like United States, many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations
8.
Trapezoid
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The parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid and the other two sides are called the legs or the lateral sides. A scalene trapezoid is a trapezoid with no sides of equal measure, the first recorded use of the Greek word translated trapezoid was by Marinus Proclus in his Commentary on the first book of Euclids Elements. This article uses the term trapezoid in the sense that is current in the United States, in many other languages using a word derived from the Greek for this figure, the form closest to trapezium is used. A right trapezoid has two adjacent right angles, right trapezoids are used in the trapezoidal rule for estimating areas under a curve. An acute trapezoid has two adjacent acute angles on its longer base edge, while an obtuse trapezoid has one acute, an acute trapezoid is also an isosceles trapezoid, if its sides have the same length, and the base angles have the same measure. An obtuse trapezoid with two pairs of sides is a parallelogram. A parallelogram has central 2-fold rotational symmetry, a Saccheri quadrilateral is similar to a trapezoid in the hyperbolic plane, with two adjacent right angles, while it is a rectangle in the Euclidean plane. A Lambert quadrilateral in the plane has 3 right angles. A tangential trapezoid is a trapezoid that has an incircle, there is some disagreement whether parallelograms, which have two pairs of parallel sides, should be regarded as trapezoids. Some define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral having one pair of parallel sides. Others define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides, the latter definition is consistent with its uses in higher mathematics such as calculus. The former definition would make such concepts as the trapezoidal approximation to a definite integral ill-defined and this article uses the inclusive definition and considers parallelograms as special cases of a trapezoid. This is also advocated in the taxonomy of quadrilaterals, under the inclusive definition, all parallelograms are trapezoids. Rectangles have mirror symmetry on mid-edges, rhombuses have mirror symmetry on vertices, while squares have mirror symmetry on both mid-edges and vertices. Four lengths a, c, b, d can constitute the sides of a non-parallelogram trapezoid with a and b parallel only when | d − c | < | b − a | < d + c. The quadrilateral is a parallelogram when d − c = b − a =0, the angle between a side and a diagonal is equal to the angle between the opposite side and the same diagonal. The diagonals cut each other in mutually the same ratio, the diagonals cut the quadrilateral into four triangles of which one opposite pair are similar. The diagonals cut the quadrilateral into four triangles of which one pair have equal areas
9.
Canal Street (Manhattan)
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It runs through the neighborhood of Chinatown, and forms the southern boundaries of SoHo and Little Italy as well as the northern boundary of Tribeca. The street acts as a connector between Jersey City, New Jersey, via the Holland Tunnel, and Brooklyn, New York City. It is a street for most of its length – from West Street to the Manhattan Bridge – with two unidirectional stretches between Forsyth Street and the Manhattan Bridge. To deal with this, the citys Common Council ordered that the swamps be drained and, in 1803, a drain was built continuing the path of the sluggish stream to the Hudson River, which redirected the underground springs which watered the swamps. The pond was drained by 1813 or 1815. The area was developed, but the springs remained and caused the dry land to be boggy, the Common Council then authorized a canal, in the form of a 40-foot wide, 8-foot deep ditch, which would continue carrying off the excess water. Because it was not efficient, and did not have sufficient flow, it, too, the city covered it over in 1819, but as it had no air traps, the covered canal became a stinking covered sewer. Canal Street was completed in 1820, following the path of the covered canal, early in the 20th century, the jewelry trade centered on the corner of Canal Street and Bowery, but moved mid century to the modern Diamond District on 47th Street. In the 1920s, the Citizens Savings Bank built a notable domed headquarters at the intersections southwest corner which remains a local landmark. The portion of Canal Street around Sixth Avenue was New Yorks principal market for parts for a quarter-century after the closing of Radio Row for the building of the World Trade Center. Canal Street is a commercial district, crowded with comparatively low-rent open storefronts. For a generation after World War II, the segment hosted many stores selling exotic high-tech components to would-be inventors and engineers. Canal Street is also the main Chinese jewelry business district of Chinatown, tourists as well as locals pack its sidewalks every day to frequent the open-air stalls and bare-bones stores selling items such as perfume, purses, hardware, and industrial plastics at low prices. Many of these goods are grey market imports and many notoriously counterfeit, with fake trademarked brand names on electronics, clothing, widespread sale of these counterfeit goods persists along Canal Street and in its hidden back rooms despite frequent police raids. In addition, legislation was proposed in 2013 to try to make purchasing counterfeit items a crime, routes intersecting with the street include M20 at Hudson Street and at Varick Street, M5 at Sixth Avenue and Broadway, M103 at Bowery, M15 at Allen Street, and M9. New York City portal Notes Canal Street Map Canal Street Storefronts – photographs of buildings, Canal Street Panoramic Video Tour – Kogetos Dotspot immersive, panoramic video of a walking tour captured on an iPhone. Canal Street, A New York Songline – a virtual walking tour
10.
West Side Highway
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The West Side Highway is a mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. It replaced the West Side Elevated Highway, built between 1929 and 1951, which was shut down in 1973 due to neglect and lack of maintenance, and was dismantled by 1989. The term West Side Highway is often used, particularly by the news media traffic reporters. The current highway was complete by 2001, but required some reconstruction due to damage sustained in the 9/11 attacks and it uses the surface streets that existed before the elevated highway was built, West Street, Eleventh Avenue and Twelfth Avenue. A short section of 12th Avenue still runs between 125th and 138th Streets, under the Riverside Drive Viaduct, Eleventh Avenue is a separate street north of 22nd Street. The portion between West 42nd Street and Canal Street is part of the Lincoln Highway, the highway is a six-to-eight lane urban boulevard, with the northernmost section, from 59th Street to 72nd Street, elevated above a former rail yard adjacent to tracks still used by Amtrak. Trucks and buses are allowed only on the surface section, the West Side Highways surface section takes three names, West Street from the Battery Park Underpass north to Tenth Avenue, then 11th Avenue to 22nd Street, and finally 12th Avenue to 59th Street. The highway begins from Battery Park close to the mouth of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel where it also accepts traffic from the terminus of the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive. From there, the route passes close to the site of the World Trade Center at Vesey Street, the route continues with this name passing by numerous piers along the Hudson River until Gansevoort Street in the Meatpacking District where it becomes Eleventh Avenue. Eleventh Avenue begins just north of the intersection with Tenth Avenue, the highway is concurrent with Eleventh Avenue north of this point, passing by the 14th Street Park at 14th Street. The highway continues with this name alongside the Chelsea Piers until it reaches 22nd Street where the branches off from Eleventh Avenue onto Twelfth Avenue. At 22nd Street, the highway continues as Twelfth Avenue passing by the Chelsea Waterside Park and it passes just west of the Javits Center from 34th Street to 38th Street and over the Lincoln Tunnel at 39th Street. The road continues past the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum and Piers 84 to 92, at 54th Street, 12th Avenue attains a highway with service roads character, with the service roads running as far as 59th Street. From there, Twelfth Avenue becomes elevated and at 72nd Street, various proposals circulated in the 1920s to build an expressway on the west side. It would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks and it ran into opposition because of fears that it would create a rail monopoly. The highway would run on top of the ten-story buildings, a similar alternative was offered by Benjamin Battin. The proposal immediately ran into stiff opposition, the City Club and New York City Mayor James J. Walker objected to the highway on the grounds that it would block waterfront-bound freight traffic. They believed that the plans should wait until the railroad tracks were removed in the area
11.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
12.
Chambers Street (Manhattan)
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Chambers Street is a two-way street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs from River Terrace, Battery Park City, in the west, past PS234 and Stuyvesant High School to 1 Centre Street, in the early 20th century the street continued through that buildings archway. Between Broadway and Centre Street, Chambers Street forms the boundary of the grounds surrounding New York City Hall. Opposite the Tweed Courthouse sits the Surrogates Courthouse for Manhattan,280 Broadway the Marble Palace, lies west of there, on the north side of Chambers. Beginning in 2010, Chambers Street was fully reconstructed, john Murray, Chambers law partner, has nearby Murray Street named after him
13.
Vesey Street
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Vesey Street is a street in New York City that runs east-west in Lower Manhattan. The street is named after Rev. William Vesey, the first rector of nearby Trinity Church, prior to the construction of the World Trade Center it ran as continuous street from Broadway to the Hudson River. As of 2013, it is still a street, but it has four discontinuous segments with mixed uses, From Broadway to Church Street for motor vehicles. From Church Street to West Street for pedestrians only and this portion was widened during construction of the World Trade Center, and separates WTC on the streets south side from the Verizon Building on the streets north side. In Battery Park City, from West Street to North End Avenue for motor vehicles, from North End Avenue to River Terrace and the Irish Hunger Memorial, for pedestrians only. The eastern extension of the street at Broadway is Ann Street, adjacent to Vesey Street is St. Pauls Chapel, the Church Street Station Post Office, and the World Trade Center. The street next to the World Trade Center was closed to pedestrians after the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, and has not yet been reopened to vehicular traffic. A structure left standing after the collapse of the adjacent buildings is known as the Survivors Staircase which has been preserved, in the area from Church Street to Washington Street, tourists attempt to view the ongoing construction, pending the future museum and memorial at the site. The World Trade Center PATH station is accessible from the street at the World Trade Center site, just past the western end of the street is the Irish Hunger Memorial. This end of the street is in the part of Battery Park City. Vesey Street was the birthplace of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, archived from the original on March 10,2009
14.
Tribeca Film Festival
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The mission of the festival is to enable the international film community and the general public to experience the power of film by redefining the film festival experience. The Tribeca Film Festival was founded to celebrate New York City as a filmmaking center. In 2006 and 2007, the Festival received over 8600 film submissions, the Festivals program line-up includes a variety of independent films including documentaries, narrative features and shorts, as well as a program of family-friendly films. The Festival also features panel discussions with personalities in the entertainment world, past artists of the Artists Awards program have included Chuck Close, Alex Katz, and Julian Schnabel. The festival now draws an estimated three million people—including often-elusive celebrities from the worlds of art, film, and music—and generates $600 million annually, the inaugural festival launched after 120 days of planning with the help of more than 1,300 volunteers. It was attended by more than 150,000 people and featured several up-and-coming filmmakers, the 2003 festival brought more than 300,000 people. It became one of the venues of the festival, in an effort to serve its mission of bringing independent film to the widest possible audience, in 2006, the Festival expanded its reach in New York City and internationally. In New York City, Tribeca hosted screenings throughout Manhattan as the Festivals 1, internationally, the Festival brought films to the Rome Film Fest. As part of the celebrations in Rome, Tribeca was awarded the first ever Steps and Stars award, presented on the Spanish Steps. A total of 169 feature films and 99 shorts were selected from 4,100 film submissions, the festival featured 90 world premieres, nine international premieres,31 North American premieres,6 U. S. premieres, and 28 New York City premieres. In 2009, Rosenthal, Hatkoff and De Niro were named number 14 on Barrons list of the worlds top 25 philanthropists for their role in regenerating TriBeCas economy after September 11, as of 2010, the festival is run as a business by Tribeca Enterprises. Andrew Essex has been the CEO of Tribeca Enterprises since January,2016, in 2011, L. A. Noire became the first video game to be recognized by the Tribeca Film Festival. com,02.23.2013
15.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
16.
SoHo, Manhattan
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The areas history is an archetypal example of inner-city regeneration and gentrification, encompassing socioeconomic, cultural, political, and architectural developments. The name SoHo refers to the area being South of Houston Street, and was also a reference to Soho and it was coined by Chester Rapkin, an urban planner and author of The South Houston Industrial Area study, also known as the Rapkin Report. It consists of 26 blocks and approximately 500 buildings, many of them incorporating cast-iron architectural elements, many side streets in the district are paved with Belgian blocks. SoHo is bounded by Houston Street on the side, Canal Street on the south, Crosby Street on the east. The AIA Guide to New York City gives the western boundary of SoHo north of Broome Street as West Broadway. The AIA Guide calls that neighborhood An intersection of brick and glass, searching for an identity, the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District is contained within the zoned SoHo neighborhood. The boundary lines are not straight, and some block-fronts on West Broadway and this land was acquired in the 1660s by Augustine Hermann, and then passed to his brother-in-law, Nicholas Bayard. The estate was confiscated by the state as a result of Bayards part in Leislers Rebellion, in the 18th century natural barriers – streams and hills – impeded the growth of the city northward into the Bayard estate, and the area maintained its rural character. During the American Revolution, the area was the location of fortifications, redoubts. A canal was built to drain the pond into the Hudson, once Broadway was paved and sidewalks were built there and along Canal Street, more people began to make their homes there, joining earlier arrivals such as James Fennimore Cooper. This dramatic shift in the nature of the continued to drive out residents. This phase came to an end by the close of the 19th century, and as the center of the city continued to move uptown, after World War II, the textile industry largely moved to the South, leaving many large buildings in the district unoccupied. In some buildings they were replaced by warehouses and printing plants, by the 1950s, the area had become known as Hells Hundred Acres, an industrial wasteland, full of sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty at night. SoHo boasts the greatest collection of architecture in the world. Approximately 250 cast-iron buildings stand in New York City and the majority of them are in SoHo, cast iron was initially used as a decorative front over a pre-existing building. With the addition of modern, decorative facades, older buildings were able to attract new commercial clients. Most of these facades were constructed during the period from 1840 to 1880, in addition to revitalizing older structures, buildings in SoHo were later designed to feature the cast iron. An American architectural innovation, cast iron was cheaper to use for facades than materials such as stone or brick, molds of ornamentation, prefabricated in foundries, were used interchangeably for many buildings, and a broken piece could be easily recast
17.
Houston Street
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The streets name is pronounced HOW-stən, unlike the city of Houston in Texas, which is pronounced HYOO-stən. This is because the street was named for William Houstoun, whereas the city was named for Sam Houston, at its east end, Houston Street meets FDR Drive in an interchange at East River Park. West of FDR Drive it intersects with Avenue D, further west, other streets, including First Avenue, the Bowery, Lafayette Street and Broadway, intersect Houston Street. The Broadway intersection is the point between East Houston Street and West Houston Street. Sixth Avenue intersects Houston Street at a curve in the road in Greenwich Village, East of Sixth Avenue, Houston street is bidirectional and separated by a median, west of Sixth, the street is narrower and unidirectional westbound. West Houston Street terminates at an intersection with West Street near Pier 40 on the Hudson River, Houston Street is named for William Houstoun, who was a delegate from State of Georgia to the Continental Congress from 1784 through 1786 and to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The street was christened by Nicholas Bayard III, whose daughter, the couple met while Houstoun, a member of an ancient and aristocratic Scottish family, was serving in the Congress. In those years, the Texas hero Sam Houston, for whom the street is sometimes said to have been named, was an unknown teenager in Tennessee. Also mistaken is the explanation that the name derives from the Dutch words huis for house and it later came to be regarded as the Villages southern boundary. In 1891, Nikola Tesla established his Houston Street laboratory, much of Teslas research was lost in an 1895 fire. The street, originally narrow, was widened from Sixth Avenue to Essex Street in the early 1930s during construction of the Independent Subway Systems Sixth Avenue Line. The street widening involved demolition of buildings on both sides of the street, resulting in small, empty lots. Although some of these lots have been redeveloped, many of them are now used by vendors, a reconstruction project has been rebuilding parts of the street since 2005, it is nearly complete as of 2014. As of 2010, Houston Street is served by the M21 New York City Bus route from the FDR Drive to Washington Street, the bus route itself had replaced an earlier streetcar line, which is now the M9 from Avenues A to C. Additionally, there is a station at Seventh Avenue, for the Houston Street, the Bleecker Street station has station entrances on the north side of Houston Street, due to its connection with the Broadway – Lafayette Street station as part of a larger station complex. Exit 5 on the FDR Drive is on Houston Street, the street also connects directly with West Street and the West Side Highway, however, by then, Houston Street is westbound-only. The New York Times, October 17,2004, forgotten New York - Street Scenes. Media related to Houston Street at Wikimedia Commons
18.
NoHo, Manhattan
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NoHo, for North of Houston Street is a landmarked, primarily residential upper-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is bounded by Broadway to the west and the Bowery to the east, the Landmarks Preservation Commission has declared most of the 125-building area a historic district, divided into the NoHo Historic District and the NoHo East Historic District, created in 2003. In 1748, Jacob Sperry, a physician from Switzerland, created the citys first botanical garden near the current intersection of Lafayette Street and Astor Place. At the time, it was located about 1 mile north of the portion of the city. By 1804, John Jacob Astor bought the site from Sperry, Delacroix built a country resort named Vauxhall Gardens on the site, the gardens had previously been located further downtown, in Tribeca. NoHo soon became an enclave for well-to-do families, because of rapid development on Bond, Bleecker, and Great Jones Streets, it was not affordable to build houses on these streets. These streets were among the citys most elite at the time, therefore, in 1826, after Delacroixs lease expired. Astor carved out an upper-class neighborhood from the site with Lafayette Street bisecting eastern gardens from western homes, the street was christened by the Marquis de Lafayette in July 1825. Wealthy New Yorkers, including Astor and other members of the family, Astor built the Astor Library in the eastern portion of the neighborhood as a donation to the city. Alexander Jackson Davis designed eye-catching row houses called LaGrange Terrace for speculative builder Seth Geer, Geer built the houses for the development in 1833. The area became a fashionable, upper-class residential district, and when Lafayette Street was opened in the 1820s and this location made the Gardens accessible to the residents of nearby Broadway and the Bowery. In the summer of 1838, the owners opened a saloon for the staging of vaudeville comic operas. Later theatre managers expanded the offerings to appeal to a range of patrons. By 1850, the crowds of the Bowery had mostly scared off the upper classes. The theater buildings were demolished in 1855, and the gardens closed for the last time in 1859, even so, wealthy New Yorkers lived here through the end of the 19th century. By the 1880s, the neighborhood became mainly a manufacturing district, the demolition of upper-class buildings continued, and by 1902, the southernmost five mansions on Colonnade Row were demolished for the Wanamakers Department Store annex. Most of the mansions on Bond Street, though, lasted through the 1930s, after World War II, manufacturing companies moved out of New York City and to the suburbs. By the 1950s, these spaces were rented to artists and small theatre companies, the artists had to go through extensive litigation to live and work in these spaces
19.
Nolita
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Nolita, sometimes written as NoLIta, and deriving from North of Little Italy is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Nolita is bounded on the north by Houston Street, on the east by the Bowery, on the south roughly by Broome Street and it lies east of SoHo, south of NoHo, west of the Lower East Side, and north of Little Italy and Chinatown. The neighborhood was long regarded as part of Little Italy, but has lost much of its recognizable Italian character in recent decades because of the migration of Italian-Americans out of Manhattan, many elderly descendants of Italian immigrants continue to live in the neighborhood. Moreover, the Feast of San Gennaro, dedicated to Saint Januarius, is held in the every year following Labor Day. The feast, as recreated on Elizabeth Street between Prince and Houston, was featured in the film The Godfather Part III, in the second half of the 1990s, the neighborhood saw an influx of yuppies and an explosion of expensive retail boutiques and trendy restaurants and bars. This name follows the pattern started by SoHo, and TriBeCa. The neighborhood includes St. Patricks Old Cathedral, at the intersection of Mulberry, Mott and Prince Streets, the cornerstone was laid on June 8,1809. This building served as New York Citys Roman Catholic cathedral until the new St. Patricks Cathedral was opened on Fifth Avenue in Midtown in 1879, St. Patricks Old Cathedral is now a parish church. In 2010, St. Patricks Old Cathedral was honored and became The Basilica at St. Patricks Old Cathedral, prior to his death, David Bowie and his wife, Iman, had a home in Nolita. Actor Gabriel Byrne lives in Nolita, singer/songwriter Vanessa Carlton, her song Nolita Fairytale was inspired by the neighborhood. Singer/songwriter John Mayer owns an apartment in Nolita, and it was featured in Elle Decor magazine, martin Scorsese was born in Queens but raised in the neighborhood, on Elizabeth Street between Prince and Houston, where his grandparents also lived. It was part of Little Italy at that time, notes Media related to Nolita at Wikimedia Commons
20.
Little Italy
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Little Italy is a general name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Italians or people of Italian ancestry, usually in an urban neighborhood. The concept of Little Italy holds many different aspects of the Italian culture, there are shops selling Italian goods as well as Italian restaurants lining the streets. A Little Italy strives essentially to have a version of the country of Italy placed in the middle of a big non-Italian city. This sort of enclave is often the result of periods of immigration in the past, as cities modernized and grew, these areas became known for their ethnic associations, and towns like Little Italy blossomed, becoming the icons they are today. Little Italy, Melbourne Little Italy, Edmonton in Alberta and this ethnic enclave shares its community with a Chinatown. Little Italy, Montreal, in Quebec – this city also has a Chinatown, Little Italy, Toronto, in Ontario – this city also has a Chinatown and a Koreatown. Little Italy, Vancouver, in British Columbia – this city also has a Chinatown, Little Italy, Kansas City, Missouri – Now defunct and mainly inhabited by South East Asian migrants. The Hill Little Italy in St. Galveston, Texas, south of Houston, maggianos Little Italy In Little Italy, a 1909 film directed by D. W. Griffith Buzzelli, Michael. From Little Britain to Little Italy, an urban ethnic landscape study in Toronto, journal of Historical Geography 27.4, 573-587. 2006 SHGAPE Presidential Address in JSTOR Gabaccia, Donna R, global geography of ‘Little Italy’, Italian neighbourhoods in comparative perspective. Online Harney, Robert F. Torontos Little Italy, 1885-1945, in Robert F. Harney and J. Vincenza Scarpaci, eds. Little Italies in North America, 41-62, newarks little Italy, The vanished first ward. Building Little Italy, Philadelphias Italians Before Mass Migration Pozzetta, George E, the Mulberry District of New York City, The Years before World War One. In Robert F. Harney and J. Vincenza Scarpaci, eds, Little Italies in North America pp, 7-40. The Neighborhood, The Story of Baltimores Little Italy, the impact of the Ku Klux Klan and prohibition on Denvers little Italy. Journal of the West 43#4, 32-40, the Hill, St. Louis, Missouris Little Italy New York Citys Little Italy
21.
NoMad, Manhattan
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NoMad is a neighborhood centered on the Madison Square North Historic District in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The name NoMad, which has been in use since 1999, is derived from the location north of Madison Square Park. The neighborhood is bordered by East 25th Street to the south, East 29th or East 30th Street to the north, Sixth Avenue to the west and Madison or Lexington Avenue to the east. The surrounding neighborhoods are Chelsea to the west, Midtown South to the northwest, Murray Hill to the northeast, Rose Hill to the east, NoMad is part of New York Citys Manhattan Community Board 5. NoMads early history is closely aligned with that of Madison Square Park, the park extends from Fifth Avenue to Madison Avenue between 23rd and 26th Streets. New Yorkers began establishing residences around the park in the mid-nineteenth century, private brownstone dwellings and mansions springing up around the perimeter of the park soon boasted such respected, well-to-do families as the Haights, Stokeses, Scheifflins, Wolfes, and Barlows. Leonard and Clara Jerome, the grandparents of Winston Churchill, lived at 41 East 26th Street, roosevelt, Grover Cleveland and Al Smith. The area became a place for the Gilded Age elite. A commercial boom followed with the growth of hotels, restaurants, entertainment venues and office buildings, at about this time, on August 14,1894, the worlds first kinetoscope parlor opened in a former shoe store at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Street. For 25 cents, patrons could stand and watch a short film through a shaded peephole on William Dicksons device, the store had 10 of these machines, and netted $120 for its opening day. Around the same time, the 1913 Armory Show, which place at the 69th Regiment Armory on Lexington Avenue between 25th and 26th Streets, was a seminal event in the history of Modern Art. The neighborhood deteriorated somewhat during the mid- and late-twentieth century, tee-shirt, luggage, perfume and jewelry wholesalers began lining the storefronts along Broadway from Madison Square to Herald Square, and wholesalers continue to dominate that stretch. By the second half of the century, Madison Square Park was suffering from neglect. Buried under Worth Square at the intersection of Broadway, Fifth Avenue, garfield and Chester Alan Arthur administrations. Featuring the largest amphitheater in the US, the tower contained White’s apartment. There, he entertained Evelyn Nesbit Thaw, one of the Garden’s rooftop Florodora Girls, in a jealous rage, her husband, Harry Thaw, shot White in the middle of a musical production on the roof. Six years into the century, the media was touting the trial of the murderer of Stanford White, one of the country’s most prolific architects and womanizers. Nikola Tesla, who lived in the Radio Wave Building on 27th Street between Broadway and Sixth Avenue, is now renowned as the electrical engineer of his time
22.
Madison Square and Madison Square Park
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Madison Square is a public square formed by the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The square was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States, the park and the square are at the northern end of the Flatiron District neighborhood of Manhattan. The neighborhood to the north and west of the park is NoMad and to the north, the current Madison Square Garden, the fourth such building, is not in the area. The area where Madison Square is now had been a hunting ground. It was a Potters Field in the 1700s, in 1807, The Parade, a tract of about 240 acres from 23rd to 34th Streets and Third to Seventh Avenues, was set aside for use as an arsenal, a barracks, and a drilling area. In 1839 the building was destroyed by fire, the size of the tract was reduced in 1814 to 90 acres, and it received its current name. This house was the last stop for people travelling out of the city. The roots of the New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, one of the first professional teams, are in Madison Square. When they lost their sandlot to development, they moved to Hoboken, on May 10,1847, the 6. 2-acre Madison Square Park, named after President James Madison, opened to the public. In 1853, plans had been made to build the Crystal Palace there and it had fireplaces in every bedroom, private bathrooms, and public rooms which saw many elegant events. Notable visitors to the hotel included Mark Twain, famed Swedish singer Jenny Lind, U. S. Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Ulysses S. Grant and the Prince of Wales. When the center of the city moved north by the turn of the century, and the neighborhood had become a commercial district and was no longer fashionable. A plaque on the currently on the site, the Toy Center. During the 1863 New York City draft riots,10,000 Federal troops brought in to control the rioters encamped in Madison Square and Washington Square, as well as Stuyvesant Square. Madison Square was also the site in November 1864 of a rally, complete with torchlight parade and fireworks. McClellan, who was running against his old boss, Abraham Lincoln and it was larger than the Republican parade the night before, which had marched from Madison Square to Union Square to rally there. At the western side of Madison Square Park, on an island bordered by Broadway, Fifth Avenue and 25th Street, stands an obelisk, the citys Parks Department designated the area immediately around the monument as a parklet called General Worth Square. Nearby, huge dry-goods emporia such as Siegel-Cooper in the Ladies Mile district brought daytime crowds of shoppers, no longer primarily residential, Madison Square was still a thriving area
23.
Dumbo, Brooklyn
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Dumbo is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brooklyn Bridge Park to the north, Dumbo is part of Brooklyn Community Board 2. The large community of tech startups earned DUMBO the nickname of the center of the Brooklyn Tech Triangle, the neighborhood currently serves as the corporate headquarters for e-commerce retailer Etsy and home furnishing stores company West Elm. The name is an acronym, from Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass, several other New York City neighborhoods are known by portmanteaus, including Tribeca, SoHo, NoHo, NoMad, and Nolita in Manhattan, and BoCoCa in Brooklyn. In the 1890s, the portion of the neighborhood was known as Fulton Landing. At that time, it was primarily a manufacturing district, with warehouses and factories that made machinery, paper boxes, the area has been known, variously, as Rapailie, Olympia, and Walentasville. The cardboard box was invented in the Robert Gair building on Washington Street by Robert Gair, a Scottish emigrant, because of Gairs fame, the Gair building is now home to Etsy. The acronym Dumbo arose in 1978, when new residents coined it in the such a unattractive name would help deter developers. Near the end of the 20th century, as property became more and more expensive in Manhattan, glidden stated of Dumbos gentrification, It may be one of the last of what could be considered a true arts community in New York. The DUMBO Historic District, an industrial complex and national historic district in Dumbo, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It consists of 95 contributing buildings, the manufacturing concerns located in this district included Arbuckle Brothers, J. W. Masury & Son, Robert Gair, E. W. Bliss, the district includes the earliest large-scale reinforced concrete factory buildings in America. On December 18,2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted unanimously to designate Dumbo as the citys 90th historic district. The Dumbo historic district consists of properties bound by John Street to the north, York Street to the south, Main Street to the west, chef Jacques Torres opened a chocolate factory in Dumbo in December 2000. Invitations for the 2009 presidential inauguration of U. S. President Barack Obama were printed by Dumbo printer Precise Continental, the first public space in the neighborhood was Fulton Ferry, followed by Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park. The first six acres of Brooklyn Bridge Park, a joint state/city venture currently under development, were opened in March 2010, the building at 200 Water Street, which the Brillo Manufacturing Co. once occupied, is being renovated as a high-end condo building. Dumbo has New York Citys highest concentration of firms by neighborhood. Dumbo is home to 25 percent of New York City-based tech firms, within a 10-block radius are 500 tech and creative firms that employ over 10,000 people. The City of New York, in conjunction with New York University, Dumbos average office rent of $25 per square foot makes it more attractive to start-ups than Manhattan, where rents averaged $40 per square foot in 2013
24.
Manhattan Bridge
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The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,470 ft long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft long, the bridges total length is 6,855 ft. This is one of four bridges spanning the East River. The bridge opened to traffic on December 31,1909 and it was designed by Leon Moisseiff, and is noted for its innovative design. The Manhattan Bridge was also the first suspension bridge to utilize a Warren truss in its design, the Manhattan Bridge was the last of the three suspension bridges built across the lower East River, following the Brooklyn and Williamsburg bridges. It has four lanes on the upper level, split between two roadways. The lower level has three lanes, four tracks, a walkway and a bikeway. The upper level, originally used for streetcars, has two lanes in each direction, and the level is one-way and has three lanes in peak direction. The bridge once carried New York State Route 27 and later was planned to carry Interstate 478, the original pedestrian walkway on the south side of the bridge was reopened after forty years in June 2001. The northern bridge bike path is noted for poor signage that leads to cyclist. To celebrate the centennial anniversary, a series of events and exhibits were organized by the New York City Bridge Centennial Commission in October 2009. These included a parade across the Manhattan Bridge on the morning of October 4. In 2009, the bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Construction began that year, and plans were finalized in 1912, the arch and colonnade were completed in 1915. The decoration includes pylons which were sculpted by Carl Augustus Heber, the arch and colonnade were designated a New York City landmark on November 25,1975. After many years of neglect and several attempts by traffic engineers to remove the structure, four subway tracks are located on the lower deck of the bridge. The two tracks on the side are used by the Q train at all times and the N train at all times except late nights. The tracks on the side are used by the D train at all times
25.
BoCoCa
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BoCoCa is a portmanteau word combining the names of three adjacent neighborhoods in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, Boerum Hill, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens. BoCoCa is not a neighborhood, but an umbrella term for the small region of Brooklyn directly south. The relatively new name is not widely used, but is gaining greater currency, among the publications using BoCoCa to classify neighborhoods are the Not for Tourists guide and New York magazine, both of which list BoCoCa together with neighboring Red Hook. NYC & Company, New York Citys official marketing, tourism, however, it is a word that is almost never used by actual residents of the three neighborhoods in question. TriBeCa SoHo NoHo NoMad Map of BoCoCa at BrooklynNow. com
26.
Boerum Hill
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Boerum Hill is a small neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bounded by Schermerhorn Street to the north and Fourth Avenue to the east. The western border is variously given as either Smith or Court Streets, Smith Street and Atlantic Avenue are the neighborhoods main commercial districts. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is located in the neighborhood on Dean Street, the neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2 and is served by the NYPDs 84th Precinct. Boerum Hill is named for the farm of the Boerum family. Most of the consists of three-story row houses built between 1840 and 1870. Despite the hill in the name, the neighborhood is flat, in the 1950s, all the neighborhoods south of Atlantic Avenue and west of Prospect Park were known generically as South Brooklyn. Boerum Hill in particular was sometimes called North Gowanus, the name Boerum Hill was coined in early 1964 by Boerum Hill Association founder Helen Buckler, referencing name of the colonial farmers. From the early 1970s till about 2003, Boerum Hill was populated mostly by working class and middle-class families, crime was fairly common and it had one of the higher crime rates in the city because of its small size. In recent decades, since about the late 1990s, gentrification has restored the neighborhood to one of mostly upper-class families, in the early twentieth century, many of the buildings were run as boarding houses. Nearby was the hall for ironworkers, who came to the city to work on bridges. The north end of Smith Street was the center of New York Citys Mohawk community, many of the Mohawk men were ironworkers, while their wives worked at a variety of jobs and created the community for their families. For 50 years, the Mohawk families called their neighborhood Little Caughnawaga, many families would travel back to Kahnawake in the summer. The Boerum Hill Historic District was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, many of its buildings are land marked. In 2012 Boerum hill was ranked #6 in NYC and #1 outside Manhattan in highest neighborhood median home prices among all NYC neighborhoods, Boerum Hill is known for its independent boutiques, restaurants and rows of brownstones. Boerum Hill is home of artists who own art galleries in the neighborhood. Boerum Hill is home to young families, and biking is popular in the neighborhood. The abundant cultural offerings, the thriving Smith Street restaurant row, the neighborhood has been featured in several contemporary creative works. It is the setting of Spike Lees movie, Clockers, which was filmed in the Gowanus Houses, WBAI99.5 FM, a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station part of the Pacifica Network has studios and offices at 388 Atlantic Avenue
27.
Cobble Hill, Brooklyn
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Cobble Hill is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Court Street, Degraw Street, other sources add to the neighborhood a rectangle bounded by Wyckoff Street on the north, Hoyt Street on the east, Degraw Street on the south and Court Street on the west. Through its early history, the now called Cobble Hill was considered to be part of South Brooklyn, Red Hook, or simply the Sixth Ward. The current name, a revival of a name which had died out by the 1880s, was adopted in 1959, much of the neighborhood, which has one of the citys finest collections of nineteenth-century houses, is included in the Cobble Hill Historic District. Cobble Hill is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6, and is served by the 76th Precinct of the New York City Police Department at 191 Union Street, engine Company 206 and Ladder Company 108 of the Fire Department of New York City in nearby Carroll Gardens services the neighborhood. They also seized the estate of Philip Livingston for use as a naval hospital, Cobble Hill was again fortified for the War of 1812, and was then called Fort Swift. In 1834, the Village of Brooklyn – chartered in 1816 and primarily made up of present-day Brooklyn Heights – became a city, until the establishment of the South Ferry, which connected Atlantic Avenue to Manhattans Whitehall Street in 1836, South Brooklyn was primarily rural. After that time, with the guidelines for a street pattern already established in 1834. The transformation of the neighborhood was completed by 1860, none of the farm houses from the neighborhoods rural period are extant. According to the 1840 tax list and street directory, the neighborhood of present-day Cobble Hill contained 45 houses and 112 residents. Although this housing boom caused prices to rise, in 1850 it was possible for a clerk to pay rent of $200 a year for a row house with a large backyard. This provoked an influx of new residents from Manhattan, philanthropist Alfred Tredway White built two experimental housing projects in the neighborhood. These were intended for more upscale workers. All were built in 1876 and were designed by William Field & Son, they were restored in 1986 by Maitland, Strauss & Behr. With these projects, which served Native Americans, Irish, Swedes, Norwegians, English and German workmen and his philosophy was Philanthropy plus 5%. Beginning in the 1840s and progressing into the 1870s, wealthier Manhattanites, including bankers and merchants, began to move to various parts of Brooklyn, including Cobble Hill. By 1880 the population of the area was solidly upper-middle class, the 20th century saw an influx of immigrants into the neighborhood from Ireland, Italy and the Middle East, some low-rise apartment buildings were constructed prior to the 1920s. Organized community groups fought against large housing projects, and prevailed on the city to make the area an historic district and its area measures approximately twenty-two city blocks
28.
Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn
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Carroll Gardens is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Taking up around 40 city blocks, it is bounded by Degraw and Warren Streets, Hoyt and Smith Streets, Ninth Street or the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Queens and Gowanus Expressways. Originally considered to be part of South Brooklyn or, more specifically, Red Hook, the name also reflects the large front gardens of brownstones in the Carroll Gardens Historic District and elsewhere in the neighborhood. Despite having an Irish surname, in recent times it has known as an Italian American neighborhood. Carroll Gardens is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6, and receives police services from the New York City Police Departments 76th Precinct at 191 Union Street, the Fire Department of New York Citys firehouses are located at 299 Degraw Street and 187 Union Street. The development of the South Brooklyn area, including Carroll Gardens, was aided by the foundation in 1846 by philanthropists Henry Pierrepont and Jacob E. Leroy of the Hamilton Avenue Ferry. In the late 1840s, Carroll Park, Brooklyns third-oldest, an area of playgrounds, walkways. In 1846, surveyor Richard Butt planned gardens in front of the houses in the oldest section of the neighborhood when he developed it. The homes are set back from the street than is common in Brooklyn. The same year, a law was passed requiring all buildings between Henry Street and Smith Street have 33 feet 5.25 inches between the building and the street for courtyards. The large gardens can be seen from First to Fourth Place between Henry and Smith Streets, as well as on President, Carroll and Second Streets between Smith and Hoyt Streets and this provoked land speculation and a building boom throughout the area. It was during this period, from the late 1860s to the early 1880s, the rise of the Italian population provoked questions about the role of the Mafia in the neighborhood. Carroll Gardens had long considered to be part of either the larger area referred to as South Brooklyn. Violence between the two groups was common and this began the gentrification of the neighborhood, and a response from older residents, who did not appreciate these hippie newcomers who had no ties to the community. Regardless, the neighborhood received its own name at that time. One result was that the control of the area by a political machine was ended. Today, Carroll Gardens is more class, while Red Hook. The ethnic divide between the two neighborhoods now has a character as well
29.
New Amsterdam
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New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The factorij became a settlement outside of Fort Amsterdam, situated on the strategic, fortifiable southern tip of the island of Manhattan, the fort was meant to defend the Dutch West India Companys fur trade operations in the North River. In 1624 it became an extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625. New Amsterdam was renamed New York on September 8,1664, in honor of the then Duke of York, Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company, instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years. At the time, beaver pelts were prized in Europe. A by-product of the trade in beaver pelts was castoreum—the secretion of the animals anal glands—which was used for its medicinal properties and for perfumes. The expeditions by Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christiaensen in 1611,1612,1613 and 1614 resulted in the surveying and charting of the region from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel. On their 1614 map, which gave them a trade monopoly under a patent of the States General. It also showed the first year-round trading presence in New Netherland, Fort Nassau, which would be replaced in 1624 by Fort Orange and he was the first recorded non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City. The territory of New Netherland was originally a private, profit-making commercial enterprise focusing on cementing alliances, surveying and exploration of the region was conducted as a prelude to an anticipated official settlement by the Dutch Republic, which occurred in 1624. In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England, however, the Mayflower reached Cape Cod on November 9,1620, after a voyage of 64 days. For a variety of reasons, primarily a shortage of supplies, the Mayflower could not proceed to the Hudson River, here American Indian hunters supplied them with pelts in exchange for European-made trade goods and wampum, which was soon being made by the Dutch on Long Island. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was founded, between 1621 and 1623, orders were given to the private, commercial traders to vacate the territory, thus opening up the territory to Dutch settlers and company traders. It also allowed the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland to apply, previously, during the private, commercial period, only the law of the ship had applied. A fort and sawmill were erected at Nut Island. The latter was constructed by Franchoys Fezard, and was taken apart for iron in 1648, the threat of attack from other European colonial powers prompted the directors of the Dutch West India Company to formulate a plan to protect the entrance to the Hudson River. By the end of 1625, the site had been staked out directly south of Bowling Green on the site of the present U. S, the Mohawk-Mahican War in the Hudson Valley led the company to relocate even more settlers to the vicinity of the new Fort Amsterdam
30.
Trinity Church (Manhattan)
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Trinity Church is an historic, active, well-endowed parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York. It is located near the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway, in the lower Manhattan section of New York City, Trinity, a traditional High church, is a very active parish around Episcopal Church and the worldwide Anglican Communion in missionary, outreach, and fellowship. The Trinity Church has been significant to New York City’s history for over 300 years, in 1696, Governor Benjamin Fletcher approved the purchase of land in Lower Manhattan by the Church of England community for construction of a new church. The parish received its charter from King William III on May 6,1697 and its land grant specified an annual rent of 60 bushels of wheat. The first rector was William Vesey, a protege of Increase Mather, the first Trinity Church building, a modest rectangular structure with a gambrel roof and small porch, was constructed in 1698, on Wall Street, facing the Hudson River. It was built because in 1696, members of the Church of England protested to obtain a “charter granting the church legal status” in New York City, according to historical records, Captain William Kidd lent the runner and tackle from his ship for hoisting the stones. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, increased the land holdings to 215 acres in 1705. Later, in 1709, William Huddleston founded Trinity School as the Charity School of the church, in 1754, Kings College was chartered by King George II of Great Britain, and instruction began with eight students in a school building near the church. Six days later, most of the volunteer firemen followed General Washington north. The Rev. Whig patriots were appointed as vestrymen, in 1787, Provoost was consecrated as the first Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of New York. Following his 1789 inauguration at Federal Hall, George Washington attended Thanksgiving service, presided over by Bishop Provoost, at St. Pauls Chapel and he continued to attend services there until the second Trinity Church was finished in 1790. St. Pauls Chapel is currently part of the Parish of Trinity Church and is the oldest public building in use in New York City. Construction on the second Trinity Church building began in 1788, it was consecrated in 1790, St. Paul’s Chapel was used while the second Trinity Church was being built. The second Trinity Church was built facing Wall Street, it was 200 feet tall, Building a bigger church was beneficial because the population of New York City was expanding. The church was torn down after being weakened by severe snows during the winter of 1838–39, the second Trinity Church was politically significant because President Washington and members of his government often worshiped there. Additional notable parishioners included John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, the third and current Trinity Church began construction in 1839 and was finished in 1846. When the Episcopal Bishop of New York consecrated Trinity Church on Ascension Day 1846, its soaring Neo-Gothic spire, surmounted by a gilded cross, Trinity was a welcoming beacon for ships sailing into New York Harbor. In 1843, Trinity Churchs expanding parish was divided due to the burgeoning cityscape, the newly formed parish would build Grace Church, to the north on Broadway at 10th street, while the original parish would re-build Trinity Church, the structure that stands today
31.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
32.
St. John's Chapel (New York City)
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St. Johns Chapel was a chapel in the Episcopal parish of Trinity Church. It was constructed in 1803 to designs by John McComb Jr. and his brother Isaac McComb on Varick Street, McComb gave it a sandstone tetrastyle prostyle portico supporting a tower and multi-storeyed spire that rose to 214¼ feet. Master builders for the chapel have been recorded as T. C, taylor, Henry Hedley, Daniel Domanick and Isaac McComb. The chancel was added in 1857 to designs by Richard M. Upjohn, the original location of this church was one of the most attractive in New York. It stood on the side of St. Johns Park whose tree-shaded walks were a favorite recreational spot for the well-to-do residents of the neighbourhood. In 1867 Trinity Church, which had retained ownership of the park and this unfortunate occurrence changed the character of the residential section nearby, the warehouses undesirable influences were felt for many blocks in every direction. What had been a neighborhood of patrician dwellings was reduced to a slovenly purlieu of ramshackle buildings, the congregation left in the 1890s and the structure was torn down in 1918. It was cleared during a road-widening scheme for New York City’s Varick Street, city officials wanted to allow the portico to protrude into the widened street and vault the flanking pedestrian sidewalk under it because they recognized the steeple’s importance as a landmark. The Episcopal Church instead decided to demolish the building, St. Johns Chapel records at Trinity Wall Street Archives
33.
Varick Street
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Varick Street runs north-south primarily in the Hudson Square district of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Varick Streets northern terminus is in the West Village, where it is a continuation of Seventh Avenue South south of Clarkson Street and it continues downtown through Hudson Square and TriBeCa until it reaches Leonard Street, where it merges with West Broadway. Major east-west streets crossed include Houston Street and Canal Street, approaching Broome Street, the two rightmost lanes of Varick Street are reserved for traffic entering the Holland Tunnel, where backups often occur at rush hour. Varick Street is named for Richard Varick, an early New York lawmaker and the mayor of New York City from 1789 to 1801, Varick Street was widened during the southward extension of Seventh Avenue in 1917. The downtown M20 bus route runs the length of Varick Street. Additionally, the crosstown M21 bus intersects Varick Street at Houston Street in the westbound direction, the Houston Street, Canal Street, and Franklin Street subway stations on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line are located under Varick Street. In 1853, Heinrich Englehard Steinweg founded the first American Steinway & Sons factory in a loft at the back of 85 Varick Street, at the intersection with North Moore Street stands the FDNY firestation of Hook & Ladder Company 8, known from the Ghostbusters films. Notes 7th Avenue With Varick Street, A New York Songline – virtual walking tour
34.
St. John's Park
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St. Johns Park was a 19th-century park, and the neighborhood of townhouses around it, in what is now the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The square was bounded by Varick Street, Laight Street, Hudson Street and Beach Street, although the name St. Johns Park is still is use, it is no longer a park and is inaccessible to the public. The land was part of a plantation owned by a settler to New Netherland and was later owned by the English crown. The church built St. Johns Chapel and laid out Hudson Square, by 1827 the neighborhood had become known as St. Johns Park and remained fashionable until about 1850. In 1866 it was sold to the Cornelius Vanderbilts Hudson River Railway Company and became the location of St. Johns Park Freight Depot, the terminal was demolished in 1927 to allow construction of exits from the Port Authority of New York and New Jerseys Holland Tunnel. Jansen died just a later, and left the land to his widow. A contemporary manuscript describes the earliest development of the land in 1639, stating the new and consist of recently cleared land a tobacco house. Janss claim was renewed when Peter Stuyvesant granted her a patent in 1654, when Jans died in 1663, her will stipulated that the land should be liquidated, with the proceeds going to the children from her first marriage. The heirs sold the property in March 1670 to Francis Lovelace, the Royal Governor of the colony, england recaptured the territory in 1674, and New York governor Edmund Andros claimed the land for the Duke of York. The parcel was leased to various parties for the quarter of a century. In 1700, the land was leased to Trinity Church, which then gained title to the land under a 212-acre patent from Queen Anne in 1705. During this time, the became known as the Church Farm, as Trinity held it as farmland until 1800. Trinity received permission from the citys Common Council to enclose the square – whose southern boundary had moved north to Beach Street –, to attract buyers, in 1803 Trinity began building St. Johns Chapel, designed by John McComb, on the Varick Street side of the square. During this period, St. Johns Chapel had very few parishioners, the 64 lots were eventually sold when Trinity changed its policy and decided to sell lots outright, deeding the exclusive use of the square to the lot owners. The sales had the attached covenant that if the owners failed to keep up the square it would be given to the city for public use. In addition to serving the residents, the park was used for church events. During the coldest winters, the park trustees flooded the park to create an ice skating rink. At around the time the name St. Johns Park
35.
Hudson Square
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To the north of the neighborhood is Greenwich Village, to the south is TriBeCa, and to the east is SoHo. The area once was known as the Printing District, and into the 21st century it remains a center of media-related activity, including in advertising, design, communications, the most prominent feature within the neighborhood is the Manhattan entrance to the Holland Tunnel. The tallest structure in the neighborhood is the Trump SoHo hotel, the Spring Street subway station serves the neighborhood, as do several bus lines. When George Washington led the defense of New York against the British in 1776, his headquarters were located at the Mortier House at what is now Charlton and Varick Streets. One of the earliest known uses of the term New Yorker in a work is found in a letter that he wrote from Lower Manhattan. The neighborhood was home to the first African-American newspaper in the United States, called Freedoms Journal, edited by John Russwurm, the newspaper provided international, national, and regional information on current events and contained editorials declaiming against slavery, lynching, and other injustices. Trinity Wall Street owns substantial commercial real estate in Hudson Square, the Ear Inn is one of the oldest bars in New York City, said to have been established in 1817, built by George Washington’s aide. During Prohibition it was a speakeasy, but afterwards it had no name and it was known as The Green Door to sailors and longshoremen. In 1977, new resident-owners christened it the Ear Inn, a chosen to avoid the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commissions lengthy review of any new sign. The neon BAR sign was painted to read EAR, after Ear Magazine, the Holland Tunnel was once the longest underwater tunnel in the world. It officially opened at midnight on November 13,1927 and it still serves as a heavily used Hudson River crossing, especially for trucks bound for Long Island. The New York City Fire Museum is located on 278 Spring Street between Hudson and Varick Streets, the Paradise Garage was a discotheque notable in the history of modern dance and pop music, as well as LGBT and nightclub cultures located at 84 King Street. The SoHo Playhouse at 15 Vandam Street stands on land that was once Richmond Hill, purchased from Burr in 1817, the land was then developed into federalist-style row houses by fur magnate John Jacob Astor. 15 Van Dam Street was designated at the Huron Club, a meeting house. The turn of the century brought the Tammany Hall machine to the Huron Club, prominent regulars included Battery Dan Finn and the infamous Mayor Jimmy Beau James Walker. The main floor was transformed into a theater in the 1920s, the playhouse now serves as a 199-seat off-Broadway venue. Steinway & Sons was founded in 1853 by German immigrant Henry Engelhard Steinway in a Manhattan loft on Varick Street, South Village Media related to Hudson Square at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Gramercy Park
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The neighborhood, which is divided between New York Citys Manhattan Community Board 5 and Manhattan Community Board 6, is generally perceived to be a quiet and safe area. The neighborhood, associated historic district, and park have generally received positive reviews, calling it a Victorian gentleman who has refused to die, Charlotte Devree in The New York Times said that There is nothing else quite like Gramercy Park in the country. When the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission created the Gramercy Park Historic District in 1966, pines 1921 book, The Story of Gramercy Park, The laying out of Gramercy Park represents one of the earliest attempts in this country at City Planning. The neighborhoods boundaries are 14th Street to the south, Third Avenue to the east, 23rd Street to the north, and Park Avenue South to the west. The boundaries of the Historic District, set in 1966 and extended in 1988, are irregular, lying within the neighborhood, and can be seen in the map in the infobox on the right. The brook, which become known as Crommessie Vly, flowed in a 40-foot gully along what is now 21st Street into the East River at 18th Street. Krom Moerasje/Krom Mesje became corrupted to Crommessie or Crommashie, mayor James Duane – for whom the citys Duane Street is named – acquired the site in 1761 from Gerardus Stuyvesant and named it Gramercy Seat. Gramercy is an archaic English word meaning many thanks, the area which is now Gramercy Park was once in the middle of a swamp. Ruggles, a developer and advocate of space, proposed the idea for the park due to the northward growth of Manhattan. Ruggles then deeded the land on December 17,1832 to five trustees, to develop the property, Ruggles spent $180,000 to landscape it, draining the swamp and causing about a million horsecart loads of earth to be moved. It was the second private square created in the city, after Hudson Square, also known as St. Johns Park, the new streets reduced the number of lots around the park from 66 to 60. Gramercy Park was enclosed by a fence in 1833, but construction on the surrounding lots did not begin until the 1840s, in one regard this was fortunate, since the opening of the Croton Aqueduct in 1842 allowed new townhouses to be constructed with indoor plumbing. The first formal meeting of the trustees took place in 1844 at 17 Union Square, the mansion of James W. Gerard. By that time, landscaping had already begun with the hiring of James Virtue in 1838, major planting also took place in 1844 – the same year the parks gates were first locked – followed by additional landscaping by Brinley & Holbrook in 1916. These plantings had the effect of softening the parks prim formal design, Gramercy Park itself had been protected with howitzers by troops from the Eighth Regiment Artillery, while the 152nd New York Volunteers encamped in nearby Stuyvesant Square. At #34 and #36 Gramercy Park are two of New Yorks first apartment buildings, designed in 1883 and 1905, in addition, #34 is the oldest existing co-operative apartment building in the city. Elsewhere in the neighborhood, nineteenth century brownstones and carriage houses abound, though the 1920s brought the onset of tenant apartments, in 1890 an attempt was made to run a cable car through the park to connect Irving Place to Lexington Avenue. The bill passed the New York State Legislature, but was vetoed by Governor David B. Hill, the Hotel Irving, at 26 Gramercy Park South, was constructed c.1903
37.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
38.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
39.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
40.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
41.
New York Harbor
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New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world, although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and it is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a freshwater lake to the north. He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River, in 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population, in 1624 the first permanent European settlement was started on Governors Island, and eight years later in Brooklyn, soon these were connected by ferry operation. This prepared New York as a port for the British colonies. In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over the waterfront, in 1808, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the United States Coast Survey discovered a new, deeper channel through The Narrows into New York Harbor. Because of the difficulty of the required, since 1694. The new channel Gedney discovered was 2 feet deeper, enough of a margin that fully laden ships could come into the harbor even at slack tide. Gedneys Channel, as it came to be called, was shorter than the previous channel, another benefit appreciated by the ship owners. Gedney received the praise of the city, as well as a silver service. In 1824 the first American drydock was completed on the East River, the Morris Canal, carrying anthracite and freight from Pennsylvania through New Jersey to its terminus at the mouth of the Hudson in Jersey City. Portions in the harbor are now part of Liberty State Park, in 1870, the city established the Department of Docks to systematize waterfront development, with George B. McClellan as the first engineer in chief. By the turn of the 20th century numerous railroad terminals lined the banks of the North River in Hudson County. The freight was ferried across by the railroads with small fleets of towboats, barges. New York subsidized this service which undercut rival ports, major road improvements allowing for trucking and containerization diminished the need. The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the period of immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century
42.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
43.
Berenice Abbott
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Abbott was born in Springfield, Ohio and brought up there by her divorced mother, née Lillian Alice Bunn. She attended Ohio State University for two semesters, but left in early 1918 and her university studies included theater and sculpture. Spending two years studying sculpture in Paris and Berlin and she studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumiere in Paris and the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. During this time, she adopted the French spelling of her first name, Berenice, in addition to her work in the visual arts, Abbott published poetry in the experimental literary journal transition. Abbott first became involved with photography in 1923, when Man Ray hired her as an assistant at his portrait studio in Montparnasse. Later she wrote, I took to photography like a duck to water, I never wanted to do anything else. Ray was impressed by her work and allowed her to use his studio to take her own photographs. In 1926, she exhibited her work in the gallery Au Sacre du Printemps, after a short time studying photography in Berlin, she returned to Paris in 1927 and started a second studio, on the rue Servandoni. Abbotts subjects were people in the artistic and literary worlds, including French nationals, expatriates, according to Sylvia Beach, To be done by Man Ray or Berenice Abbott meant you rated as somebody. Abbotts work was exhibited with that of Man Ray, André Kertész, and others in Paris, in the Salon de lEscalier and her portraiture was unusual within exhibitions of modernist photography held in 1928–9 in Brussels and Germany. In 1925, Man Ray introduced her to Eugène Atgets photographs and she became interested in Atgets work, and managed to persuade him to sit for a portrait in 1927. An early tangible result was the 1930 book Atget, photographe de Paris, Abbotts work on Atgets behalf would continue until her sale of the archive to the Museum of Modern Art in 1968. In addition to her book The World of Atget, she provided the photographs for A Vision of Paris, published a portfolio, Twenty Photographs and her sustained efforts helped Atget gain international recognition. In early 1929, Abbott visited New York City, ostensibly to find an American publisher for Atgets photographs, upon seeing the city again, however, Abbott immediately saw its photographic potential. Accordingly, she went back to Paris, closed up her studio and her first photographs of the city were taken with a hand-held Kurt-Bentzin camera, but soon she acquired a Century Universal camera which produced 8 x 10 inch negatives. Using this large format camera, Abbott photographed New York City with the diligence and her work has provided a historical chronicle of many now-destroyed buildings and neighborhoods of Manhattan. Abbott worked on her New York project independently for six years, unable to get support from organizations, foundations. She supported herself with work and teaching at the New School of Social Research beginning in 1933
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Holland Tunnel
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The Holland Tunnel is a highway tunnel under the Hudson River between Manhattan in New York City and Jersey City, New Jersey. Its two tubes carry eastbound and westbound Interstate 78, in New Jersey, it is also designated NJ139. An integral conduit within the New York Metropolitan Area, it opened in 1927 as the first of two tunnels under the river, the other being the Lincoln Tunnel. Both are operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the tunnel was originally known as the Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel or the Canal Street Tunnel. It was renamed the Holland Tunnel in memory of Clifford Milburn Holland, the innovative ventilation system was designed by Ole Singstad, who oversaw completion of tunnels construction. Begun in 1920 and completed in 1927, the tunnel is named after Clifford Milburn Holland, Chief Engineer on the project, Tunnel designer Ole Singstad finished Hollands work. The tunnel is the first mechanically ventilated underwater tunnel in the world. Eighty-four fans, in four buildings, create a floor to ceiling air flow across the roadway at regular intervals, via systems of ducts beneath. The fans can completely change the air inside the tunnel every 90 seconds, the tunnel consists of a pair of tubes, each providing two lanes in a 20-foot roadway width with 12.5 feet of headroom. The north tube is 8,558 feet from end to end, both tubes are situated in the bedrock beneath the river, with the lowest point of the roadway being about 93 feet below mean high water. The tunnel was used by 34,698,000 vehicles in 2007, according to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the bi-state government agency that owns and operates the Holland Tunnel. That is slightly less than the 34,729,385 vehicles seen in 2006, the tunnel was designated a National Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1982 and a National Historic Landmark in 1993. The approach to the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City begins where the Lower Level of NJ139 and the Newark Bay Extension meet. On May 6,1936, the section of what became NJ 139/I-78 between Jersey Avenue and Marin Boulevard was named in memory of John F. Boyle, the former interstate tunnel commissioner. Boyle Plaza is the segment of I-78 and NJ139 that has stoplights, as it runs concurrent with 12th Street. The nine-lane toll plaza is equipped with E-ZPass, renovations to the rotary, which included adding a fifth exit, were completed in 2004. In 2013, the Hudson Square Connection, the improvement district for the area. Bounded by Hudson, Broome, and Watts Streets, Freeman Plaza West is named after Milton Freeman and it features umbrellas, bistro tables and chairs, and tree plantings
45.
Miller Highway
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The West Side Elevated Highway was an elevated section of Route NY-9A running along the Hudson River in the New York City borough of Manhattan to the tip of the island. It was a highway, one of the first urban freeways in the world. Built between 1929 and 1951, the narrow confines – which could not accommodate trucks –. Maintenance was minimal, and the use of salts to de-ice the highway in winter accelerated its decay. Attitudes about urban planning had changed in the decades. The need to replace the deteriorating highway was recognized in the 1950s, plans were drafted, but not executed. By 1971, a plan evolved for the highway to be replaced by an underground interstate-quality highway. It received approval from many levels of government, from the City to the Federal and it connects to the remaining elevated structure via a ramp at 57th Street. Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a one, with significant cross traffic going to docks. The highway was to be 100 feet wide, running north from the Battery to 72nd Street at Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, according to Enright, During business hours West Street the most congested thoroughfare in the city. Vast quantities of the citys foodstuffs handled in the adjacent to West Street. He cited traffic congestion as an extra cost of doing business, on February 2,1925, it was announced that the railroad would build a combined double-decker elevated highway and freight railroad for $24 million at no cost to the city. At the time, Eleventh Avenue was popularly known as Death Avenue due to the dangers of the surface line, the elevated structure would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks. The proposal came about six months of negotiations between Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller and the NYCRR. The planned highway would no longer go to the Battery, instead ending at Canal Street, the northern terminus was set at 72nd Street and Riverside Drive. Ramps were planned at Canal Street, 23rd Street, Riverside Drive, the Port of New York Authority opposed the plan, preferring a more forward-looking comprehensive freight distribution plan. They attacked Miller as trying to push the plan through without input from the Port Authority, the Port Authority wanted a system of inland terminals and belt-line railroads. According to Port Authority Chairman Julian Gregory, it was almost certain that NYCRR would not go along with the Port Authority plan and it was also believed that giving NYCRR elevated tracks on the west side would allow the railroad to monopolize freight and raise prices
46.
Hunts Point, Bronx
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Not to be confused with Hunters Point in Queens, New York. Hunts Point is a located on a peninsula in the South Bronx of New York City. It is the location of one of the largest food distribution facilities in the world, the neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 2. Its boundaries are the Bruckner Expressway to the west and north, the Bronx River to the east, Hunts Point Avenue is the primary street through Hunts Point. The neighborhood is considered to be a district, because of its prostitution. The neighborhood is served by the New York City Police Departments 41st Precinct, europeans first settled Hunts Point in 1663. At this time, Edward Jessup and John Richardson arrived on the peninsula, after Jessup died, his widow Elizabeth, entrusted the land to Thomas Hunt Jr. her son in-law for whom the area is named. In the years between the Hunts inheritance and 1850, several other wealthy landowning families occupied the peninsula, legend has it that George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, preached in the area in 1672. William H. Fox, a descendant of the Quaker leader, as time passed and more New Yorkers became aware of Hunts Point, more City dwellers flocked to the area between 1850 and 1900. Later, the property wound up in the hands of Foxs and Leggetts son-in-law, Tiffany, a member of the family that owned the famous jewelry and decorative arts store Tiffany & Co. now on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. Fox, Tiffany and Leggett Streets derive their names from these former landowners, in 1909, the Fox mansion was demolished. Hunts Point’s status as a home and vacation spot to the city’s elite came to an abrupt end in the period following World War I. At this time, IRT Pelham Line was built along Southern Boulevard, apartment buildings replaced mansions, streets replaced meadows and Hunts Point became a virtual melting pot for the City’s masses. Aside from being a period of growth for Hunts Point. As more people moved to the area, the business owners began to realize the advantages of locating to Hunts Point. This discovery led to an influx of businesses to the area, as the momentum of incoming businesses increased, the reputation of Hunts Point grew accordingly among business circles. The Hunts Point Industrial Park hosts over 800 businesses providing an array of products, the second half of the 20th century, however, proved a difficult time for the districts residential community. Characterized by frequent arson and mass abandonment from the 1960s through the 1990s, living conditions became so difficult that almost 60,000 residents, approximately two-thirds of the existing population, left the neighborhood during the 1970s
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The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
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