1.
A63 road
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The A63 is a major road in Yorkshire, England between Leeds and Kingston upon Hull. A section between South Cave and Hull forms the continuation of the M62 motorway and is part of the unsigned Euroroute E20. The route from Leeds out to Selby runs roughly parallel, at the end of this dual carriageway section, the route meets the M1, and the road continues north along the motorway for one junction then resumes as the A63. From junction 46 of the M1, the Thorpe Park roundabout, there is a turning for Lidgett Lane to the left, next to Garforth Academy, with the Shell garage on the right. It crosses the Leeds Country Way, and there is the B6137 to the right for Kippax, on the Garforth/Micklefield parish boundary is a roundabout with the A656 Roman Ridge. At the Boot and Shoe junction, with the former A1, there is the Esso Boot & Shoe Service Station, there is a grade-separated left turn for the B1222. At the Selby Fork junction south of the Selby Fork Hotel, the A1246 continues southwards along the former A1, and it crosses the A1 at junction 42 at South Milford. It meets the A162 at a roundabout, crosses a railway and it follows Causeway Dike and passes through Hambleton, where to the east it crosses the Selby Diversion of the East Coast Main Line, and the A1238 at a roundabout. The route follows the six-mile £44 million Selby Bypass and £5 million Barlby Bypass, the short section around Barlby follows what was the old East Coast Main Line railway before the Selby Diversion opened in the early 1980s. An alternative route eastwards from the Selby bypass, to the M62, is the A1041 via Camblesforth, the route out to Hull is shadowed by the Selby-Hull railway line. It leaves at the Barlby Roundabout to the right, passing Osgodby then over the railway line, a planned bypass at Osgodby was cancelled due to increases in prices of land. It crosses the River Derwent and enters the East Riding of Yorkshire and it passes through Newsholme before passing straight through Howden next to Howden Minster. It passes through the town as Bridgegate and Hull Road, passing Howden School, access to the M62 is via junction 37 to the west, along Boothferry Road. From Howden, the A63 is renamed to be the B1230, the B1230 continues and carries the A63 traffic over the M62 motorway and onwards into Gilberdyke. When the B1230 was originally the A63, the road through Gilberdyke was a dual carriageway for about three miles to the other side of Newport. Where the B1230 crosses the M62 motorway at Newport, the M62 finishes, before the last eastern section of the M62 to be built, the motorway terminated at a temporary junction at Balkholme onto the A63. Before the M62 opened, the single carriageway A63 was Hulls main route to the South of England, the section from junction 38 of the M62 to the A1034 junction near South Cave was single carriageway before the M62 opened in May 1976. The section was constructed as the dualling of the Caves Bypass and opened when the last eastern section of the M62 opened, from junction 38, the B1230 leads to North Cave along the former A63
2.
Kingston upon Hull
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Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber estuary,25 miles inland from the North Sea, the town of Hull was founded late in the 12th century. The monks of Meaux Abbey needed a port where the wool from their estates could be exported and they chose a place at the confluence of the rivers Hull and Humber to build a quay. The exact year the town was founded is not known but it was first mentioned in 1193, renamed Kings-town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis. Hull was a theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, took a prominent part in the abolition of the trade in Britain. The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes. After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of decline, gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education. In the early 21st-century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail, commercial, housing, tourist attractions include the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter, Hull Marina and The Deep, a city landmark. The redevelopment of one of Hulls main thoroughfares, Ferensway, included the opening of St Stephens Hull, spectator sports include Premier League football and Super League Rugby. The KCOM Stadium houses Hull City football club and Hull F. C. rugby club, Hull is also home to the English Premier Ice Hockey League Hull Pirates. The University of Hull was founded in 1927 and now more than 16,000 students. It is ranked among the best in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and located in the leafy Newland suburb, in 2013, it was announced that Hull would be the 2017 UK City of Culture. In 2015 it was announced that the Ferens Art Gallery will be hosting the annual art prize, The Turner Prize. The prize is held outside London every other year, Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the Humber estuary at the mouth of its tributary, the River Hull. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period, the area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous hinterland and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally a part of the hamlet of Myton. The name is thought to either from a Scandinavian word Vik meaning inlet or from the Saxon Wic meaning dwelling place or refuge
3.
M62 motorway
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The road is part of the unsigned Euroroutes E20 and E22. The motorway absorbed the northern end of the Stretford-Eccles bypass, which was built between 1957 and 1960, adjusted for inflation to 2007, its construction cost approximately £765 million. The motorway has a daily traffic flow of 144,000 vehicles in West Yorkshire. The M62 coach bombing of 1974 and the Great Heck rail crash of 2001 are the largest incidents to have occurred on the M62, Stott Hall Farm, situated between the carriageways on the Pennine section has become one of the best-known sights on the motorway. The M62 has no junctions numbered 1,2, or 3, or even an officially numbered 4, because it was intended to start in Liverpool proper, between Liverpool and Manchester, and east of Leeds, the terrain along which the road passes is relatively flat. The motorways origins are found in the 1930s, when the need for a route between Lancashire and Yorkshire had been agreed after discussion by their county highway authorities. At the same time, it was envisaged that a route between Liverpool and Hull was needed to connect the ports to industrial Yorkshire. After the Second World War, the Minister of Transport appointed engineers to inspect road standards between the A580 road in Swinton and the A1 road near Selby. The 1949 Road Plan for South Lancashire identified the need to upgrade the A580 to dual carriageway with grade separation and provide bypasses at Huyton and Cadishead. In 1952, the route for a motorway, the Lancashire–Yorkshire Motorway, was laid down. By the 1960s, the proposed A580 upgrade to dual carriageway was considered inadequate, the route of the Lancashire-Yorkshire motorway was considered inadequate as it failed to cater for several industrial towns in Yorkshire. Initially the plans were unpopular and not supported by the Ministry of Transport and it was the intention to build an urban motorway in Liverpool. The M62 was intended to terminate at Liverpools Inner Motorway, which was not built, difficulties arose building the Liverpool urban motorway resulting in delays, with the section between Tarbock and Liverpool the last to be completed in 1976. In total, two viaducts, ten bridges and seven underpasses were constructed to secure the integrity of the surrounding residential areas. The motorway was constructed only as far as the Queens Drive inner ring road, simultaneously, a contract to link the M6 with Manchester was underway, which required land drainage and the removal of unsuitable earth. This section was completed in August 1974, creating a link between Ferrybridge and Tarbock. Two motorways were planned, the M52 from Liverpool to Salford, the first part of the M62 to be built was the Stretford–Eccles Bypass, which is now the section between Junctions 7 to 13 of the M60. Construction started in 1957, and the motorway opened in 1960 and it was originally built as a 2-lane motorway only
4.
Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
5.
Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament, Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17. 2% in 1986, dropping to 6. 1% for June–August 2014,58. 2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough, some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish while others prefer to identify as British. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, in many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century, the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Victories by English forces in war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry and their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws, the new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. By the close of the century, autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom, in 1912, after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords, Home Rule became a near-certainty. A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911, which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned. The House of Lords veto had been the unionists main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted, in 1914, they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers, a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule
6.
Highways England
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Highways England is a government-owned company with responsibility for managing the motorways and major roads in England. It operates information services, liaises with other government agencies and provides staff to deal with incidents on the roads it manages, founded as a government agency in 1994, it was converted into a government-owned company on 1 April 2015. The former Highways Agency was created as an agency on 30 March 1994. Following the announcement made on 27 June 2013 by Danny Alexander, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, the Chief Executive, Jim OSullivan assumed his post on 1 July 2015, replacing Graham Dalton in that role. Highways Englands operations are split into six regions that are based on the regions of England. These regions are subdivided into 13 operational areas and these areas are each managed and maintained by an area team and a contractor, known respectively as the Managing Agent and the Managing Agent Contractor. In addition, there are a number of sections of road that are managed under DBFO contracts separately from the area teams, network Information Services, a Mouchel and Thales joint venture, operates the National Traffic Information Service on behalf of Highways England. NTIS is the hub of Englands strategic road network. Additionally it uses anonymous floating vehicle traffic data from vehicles to supplement the fixed traffic monitoring sites, Services such as Google maps and satnav operators also make use of Highways Englands data for their traffic information. The motorway network is divided into Areas and they are contracts that are awarded by the Department for Transport. The Area Teams work alongside the Highways England Traffic Officer Service – providing incident support, emergency traffic management and they are responsible for the management and operation of the roads in their area. In 2009, fleet tracking has been deployed to assist area teams to manage their specialist winter maintenance vehicles during the Cold Snap. Highways England employs uniformed traffic officers, on-road and control room, as well as specialist staff for work in engineering, surveying, accountancy, there is a graduate entry scheme, with general entry and specialist engineering entry options. For the Traffic Officer Service each team is supervised by a team manager, Traffic England is a website that gives information about the latest traffic conditions as well as details of any roadworks or events that may cause congestion. The website is run by Highways Englands National Traffic Information Service, the Survive Group is a partnership between Highways England, the Association of Chief Police Officers, the breakdown/recovery industry and other road service providers. The Survive Group has been established to improve the safety of those who work on the road network, the name Survive comes from Safe Use of Roadside Verges in Vehicular Emergencies. The Survive Group website holds information on the Survive Group membership details and it also supplies advice on how to drive safely in a wide range of driving conditions, advice on planning journeys. Survive also provides publications and new guidance produced by the Survive members plus news on new initiatives, in 2013, Highways England took over responsibility for the Historical Railways Estate from BRB Limited
7.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
8.
Scotland Act 1998
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The Scotland Act 1998 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is the Act which established the devolved Scottish Parliament, the Act was amended by Scottish Parliament Act 2004 Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Scotland Act 2012 Scotland Act 2016. The Act specifically declares the continued power of the UK Parliament to legislate in respect of Scotland, despite the re-branding, the Scottish Executive still uses the original description for a number of purposes. It consists of a First Minister and other Ministers appointed by the Queen with the approval of the Parliament, including the Lord Advocate, the Act sets out the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament. Rather than listing the matters over which the Scottish Parliament does control and it further designates a list of statutes which are not amenable to amendment or repeal by the Parliament which includes the Human Rights Act 1998 and many provisions of the Scotland Act itself. The same constraints apply to acts of the Scottish Executive, the Act also sets up mechanisms to resolve disputes over questions about legislative competence of the Parliament and powers of the Executive. The ultimate appeal in such matters lies to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and it also allows the powers of the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive to be adjusted over time by agreement between both Parliaments by means of an Order in Council. The Act was passed on 17 November 1998, and received royal assent two days later on 19 November, the first elections were held in May 1999 and the Scottish Parliament and Executive assumed their full powers on 1 July 1999. The Act was amended by the Scottish Parliament Act 2004 to end the link between the number of MPs at Westminster and the number of constituency MSPs and it was amended again in 2016 as a reaction to the 2014 Scottish Independence vote. Government of Wales Act 1998 Scottish referendum bill 2010 Kilbrandon Commission Walker, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Devolution, 1945–1979, Journal of British Studies Jan. Associated delegated legislation Scottish Parliament site Scottish Government site
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