1.
Lake Hartwell
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Lake Hartwell is a man-made reservoir bordering Georgia and South Carolina on the Savannah, Tugaloo, and Seneca Rivers. Lake Hartwell is one of the southeasts largest and most popular recreation lakes, the lake is created by Hartwell Dam located on the Savannah River seven miles below the point at which the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers join to form the Savannah. Extending 49 miles up the Tugaloo and 45 miles up the Seneca at normal pool elevation, the entire Hartwell Project contains 76,450 acres of land and water. I-85 bisects Hartwell Lake and makes the area accessible to visitors. The Flood Control Act of 17 May 1950 authorized the Hartwell Dam, the estimated cost was $68.4 million based on 1948 price levels and preliminary designs. The 12,400 foot long dam was to be topped with a roadway 24 feet wide, full power pool was designed to be 660 feet above mean sea level. Construction of the Hartwell project took place from 1955 and was completed in 1963, and construction of the dam started in 1955 and was finished in 1959. Lake Hartwell is named for the American Revolutionary War figure Nancy Hart, Nancy Hart lived in the Georgia frontier, and it was her devotion to freedom that has helped make her name commonplace in the Georgia upcountry. A county, city, lake, state park and highway among others, the Droughts and water levels of Lake Hartwell 1989 was the first year the lake hit a level 3 dropping to its lowest level during the drought that year. 2008 was the time the lake hit a level 3. In the year of 2008, due to drought in the southeastern United States. This revealed old highways that were underwater, exposed islands that are usually topped with buoys to warn boaters. The Lake reached it lowest level,637.49 feet, the highest lake elevation was 665.4 feet, reached on April 8,1964. Overall the average elevation is 657.5 feet. As of the first of October 2010, the lake was back up to just over 654 feet and this rebound in lake level is due to releases from the lake being suspended for a month ending April 10,2009 in an effort to return Lake Hartwell to normal elevations. The area around Lake Hartwell has a history, much of the land inherited from the Cherokee Indians. Many streams, rivers and recreation areas have been named after early settlers. Issaqueena, a young Indian maiden who rode to Fort Ninety-Six to warn settlers of an attack, along her journey, she marked her travel by naming streams that she encountered for the number of miles she had covered
2.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
6.
Tugaloo
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Tugaloo was a Cherokee town on the Tugaloo River, at the mouth of Toccoa Creek, near present-day Toccoa, Georgia and Travelers Rest in Stephens County, Georgia. The towns proper name, in Cherokee, was Dugiluyi, abbreviated to Dugilu, in English it was spelled variously as Tugaloo, Toogelah, Toogoola, etc. Its meaning in Cherokee is uncertain, but seems to refer to a place at the forks of a stream, Tugaloo was one of the Chickamauga Cherokee Lower Towns, the principal one being Keowee. The terms Lower Towns and Lower Cherokee were given by the English colonists to refer to the Cherokee who lived on the Keowee River, Tugaloo River, and other headstreams of the Savannah River. The terms correspond in general with the Eastern Dialect of Cherokee, gen. James Moore ordered an expedition into the lower Cherokee towns in 1715. The expedition, led by Col. Maurice Moore, left Fort Moore, the expedition left Tugaloo on New Years Day,1716, for Nacoochee, and passed through Toccoa. Indian agent George Chicken was part of the expedition, and described Tugaloo as the most ancient town in these parts, Chicken convinced the Cherokee leaders to fight against the Savannas, Yuchis, and Apalachees. The Cherokees killed eleven Lower Creek ambassadors at Tugaloo, bringing the Cherokees into conflict with the Lower Creeks and this became known as the Tugaloo Massacre during the Yamasee War in 1716. By 1717, Theophilus Hastings operated a trading center among the Creeks at Tugaloo, special Agent to the Cherokees and Chickasaws, General Joseph Martin, was in the Tugaloo town in 1788, where he wrote a letter to Creek leader Alexander McGillivray. Martin sent McGillivray the resolutions of Congress pertaining to Cherokee affairs and he begs McGillivrays assistance in recovering his horses that were purportedly stolen by Creeks and asks if McGillivray will allow several hundred families to settle in the Tombigbee area. The letter was intercepted, and when the letter was discovered and he was later exonerated when it turned out that he was acting as a spy on Patrick Henrys instructions to ferret out the nature of McGillivrays ties to the Spanish, who were then active in Florida. Today the Tugaloo River is impounded by Hartwell Dam, the dams reservoir, Lake Hartwell, floods the Tugaloo River to a few miles upriver of the old site of Tugaloo town
7.
Tallulah River
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This article refers to the river. For the town, see Tallulah Falls, Georgia, for the lake, see Tallulah Falls Lake and for the waterfalls and gorge, the Tallulah River is a 47. 7-mile-long river in Georgia and North Carolina. It begins in Clay County, North Carolina, near Standing Indian Mountain in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness and flows south into Georgia, the river then travels through Rabun County and ends in Habersham County. It cuts through the Tallulah Dome rock formation to form the Tallulah Gorge, from its headwaters to its confluence with the Tugaloo River, the Tallulah River is approximately 48 miles long. The Tallulah River Basin drains approximately 184 square miles, as measured at the Tallulah Falls Hydroelectric Plant in Habersham County, Georgia, the lower part of the river includes a string of man-made lakes along the river created by hydroelectric dams operated by Georgia Power. The first lake in the series is Lake Burton, which is followed by Lake Seed, Lake Rabun, and Lake Tallulah Falls. From Tallulah Falls Lake, the part of the river flows through the Tallulah Gorge and now ends as an arm of Lake Tugalo. Starting at a point about 0.5 miles downstream from the dam for Tallulah Falls Lake, the United States Geological Survey collects data for the upper Tallulah River Basin from its gauging station at the point where the river crosses Plum Orchard Road. The upper Tallulah River Basin includes a section of the river that is about 14.3 miles long, draining a 56.5 square mile area, the primary tributaries of the Tallulah River in Rabun County are Coleman River and Persimmon Creek. The upper Tallulah River Basin is as scenic as it is rugged, the highest elevations are found in North Carolina on Standing Indian Mountain, elevation 5,499 feet, where the Tallulah River headwaters are located. The scenic gorge is accessible via a drive along the Tallulah River Road, the Tallulah River Road follows an old railroad bed before ending in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness and provides the only access to Tate City. Heavily wooded today, the upper Tallulah River Basin was stripped bare by logging in the 1930s before the establishment of the Chattahoochee National Forest. Because Georgians long have assumed that Tallulah was a Cherokee word, tourism promoters in the late 19th century described the word Tallulah as meaning thundering waters in Cherokee. Some scholars later theorized that tallulah meant “terrible” in Cherokee or was derived from a number of other words. It actually has no meaning in Cherokee, the most likely source of the word is the Okonee word talula, which means town. The Okonee People occupied northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina for hundreds of years prior to the arrival of the Cherokees in the early 18th century, there was a Cherokee Over-the-Hill settlement called Tallulah located on the upper portion of the river
8.
Chattooga River
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The Chattooga River is the main tributary of the Tugaloo River. Its headwaters are located southwest of Cashiers, North Carolina, and it stretches 57 miles to where it has its confluence with the Tallulah River within Lake Tugalo, the Chattooga and the Tallulah combine to make the Tugaloo River starting at the outlet of Lake Tugalo. The Chattooga begins in southern Jackson County, North Carolina, then flows southwestward between northwestern Oconee County, South Carolina, and eastern Rabun County, Georgia, the Chattooga spelling was approved by the US Board on Geographic Names in 1897. The river was used as a setting for the fictional Cahulawassee River in the book, the Chattooga River flows into Tugalo Lake where it joins the Tallulah River. After flowing through Tugalo Dam the combined rivers become the Tugaloo River which, along with the Seneca River, downstream from that point, the water flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Savannah, Georgia. The Chattooga River serves as part of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina near latitude 35°N, the Chattooga River was not the original boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia. A treaty of 1816 extended the South Carolina boundary to its current location, prior to 1816, the Chattooga was on the lands of the Cherokee Indian Nation. The Blue Ridge Mountains, where the Chattooga starts, are considered to be ancient, geologists believe that the Chattooga may have made one direction change during its life. The rocks in the riverbed probably fell from the ridge above, in times of great downpours, high water, and fast currents, rocks can become dislodged and move downstream, taking other rocks and debris with them. During Hurricane Ivan in 2004, the force and waters knocked down big boulders off the sides. Since May 10,1974, the Chattooga River has been protected along a 15, 432-acre corridor as a national Wild and Scenic River. 39.8 miles of the river have been designated “wild”, about 2.5 miles “scenic”, and 14.6 miles “recreational” for a total of about 57 miles. On the commercially rafted sections there is a 1/4 mile protected corridor of National Forest on both sides of the river, allowing no roads to the river or development of any kind. There are a few areas on the river where access has made more accessible on Section III. The Chattooga also bisects the Ellicott Rock Wilderness which straddles three states BFGO512and three National Forests, much of the Georgia portion of the river is within the Chattooga River Ranger District of the Chattahoochee National Forest. The river is split into three forks, the Chattooga River is the main fork, running along the state line. The East Fork Chattooga River runs in from Jackson County, North Carolina and then Oconee County, South Carolina, and is 7.4 miles long. The West Fork Chattooga River runs 6.0 miles in from Rabun County, Georgia, the Stekoa Creek Basin is approximately 45 square miles in size
9.
Tallulah Gorge State Park
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This article refers to the Park. For the gorge see Tallulah Gorge, for the town, see Tallulah Falls, Georgia, for the lake, see Lake Tallulah Falls and for the river, see Tallulah River. Tallulah Gorge State Park is a 2, 689-acre Georgia state park adjacent to Tallulah Falls, the park surrounds Tallulah Gorge, a 1, 000-foot deep gorge formed by the action of the Tallulah River, which runs along the floor of the gorge. The major attractions of the gorge are the six known as the Tallulah Falls. Tourism intensified in 1882 with the completion of a railroad called the Tallulah Falls Railroad which brought thousands of people a week to the area. Additionally, when Georgia Power began building a series of dams along the original course of the Tallulah River. Helen Dortch Longstreet, widow of Confederate General James Longstreet, led a campaign in 1911 to have Tallulah Gorge protected by the state. Tallulah Gorge is bounded upstream by a dam operated by Georgia Power. Normally, the river flows much lower than the historical flow, large releases of water are typically scheduled for kayaking and whitewater rafting on the first two weekends of April and the first three weekends of November
