1.
Lake Hartwell
–
Lake Hartwell is a man-made reservoir bordering Georgia and South Carolina on the Savannah, Tugaloo, and Seneca Rivers. Lake Hartwell is one of the southeasts largest and most popular recreation lakes, the lake is created by Hartwell Dam located on the Savannah River seven miles below the point at which the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers join to form the Savannah. Extending 49 miles up the Tugaloo and 45 miles up the Seneca at normal pool elevation, the entire Hartwell Project contains 76,450 acres of land and water. I-85 bisects Hartwell Lake and makes the area accessible to visitors. The Flood Control Act of 17 May 1950 authorized the Hartwell Dam, the estimated cost was $68.4 million based on 1948 price levels and preliminary designs. The 12,400 foot long dam was to be topped with a roadway 24 feet wide, full power pool was designed to be 660 feet above mean sea level. Construction of the Hartwell project took place from 1955 and was completed in 1963, and construction of the dam started in 1955 and was finished in 1959. Lake Hartwell is named for the American Revolutionary War figure Nancy Hart, Nancy Hart lived in the Georgia frontier, and it was her devotion to freedom that has helped make her name commonplace in the Georgia upcountry. A county, city, lake, state park and highway among others, the Droughts and water levels of Lake Hartwell 1989 was the first year the lake hit a level 3 dropping to its lowest level during the drought that year. 2008 was the time the lake hit a level 3. In the year of 2008, due to drought in the southeastern United States. This revealed old highways that were underwater, exposed islands that are usually topped with buoys to warn boaters. The Lake reached it lowest level,637.49 feet, the highest lake elevation was 665.4 feet, reached on April 8,1964. Overall the average elevation is 657.5 feet. As of the first of October 2010, the lake was back up to just over 654 feet and this rebound in lake level is due to releases from the lake being suspended for a month ending April 10,2009 in an effort to return Lake Hartwell to normal elevations. The area around Lake Hartwell has a history, much of the land inherited from the Cherokee Indians. Many streams, rivers and recreation areas have been named after early settlers. Issaqueena, a young Indian maiden who rode to Fort Ninety-Six to warn settlers of an attack, along her journey, she marked her travel by naming streams that she encountered for the number of miles she had covered
2.
River
–
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
3.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
South Carolina
–
South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
6.
Tugaloo
–
Tugaloo was a Cherokee town on the Tugaloo River, at the mouth of Toccoa Creek, near present-day Toccoa, Georgia and Travelers Rest in Stephens County, Georgia. The towns proper name, in Cherokee, was Dugiluyi, abbreviated to Dugilu, in English it was spelled variously as Tugaloo, Toogelah, Toogoola, etc. Its meaning in Cherokee is uncertain, but seems to refer to a place at the forks of a stream, Tugaloo was one of the Chickamauga Cherokee Lower Towns, the principal one being Keowee. The terms Lower Towns and Lower Cherokee were given by the English colonists to refer to the Cherokee who lived on the Keowee River, Tugaloo River, and other headstreams of the Savannah River. The terms correspond in general with the Eastern Dialect of Cherokee, gen. James Moore ordered an expedition into the lower Cherokee towns in 1715. The expedition, led by Col. Maurice Moore, left Fort Moore, the expedition left Tugaloo on New Years Day,1716, for Nacoochee, and passed through Toccoa. Indian agent George Chicken was part of the expedition, and described Tugaloo as the most ancient town in these parts, Chicken convinced the Cherokee leaders to fight against the Savannas, Yuchis, and Apalachees. The Cherokees killed eleven Lower Creek ambassadors at Tugaloo, bringing the Cherokees into conflict with the Lower Creeks and this became known as the Tugaloo Massacre during the Yamasee War in 1716. By 1717, Theophilus Hastings operated a trading center among the Creeks at Tugaloo, special Agent to the Cherokees and Chickasaws, General Joseph Martin, was in the Tugaloo town in 1788, where he wrote a letter to Creek leader Alexander McGillivray. Martin sent McGillivray the resolutions of Congress pertaining to Cherokee affairs and he begs McGillivrays assistance in recovering his horses that were purportedly stolen by Creeks and asks if McGillivray will allow several hundred families to settle in the Tombigbee area. The letter was intercepted, and when the letter was discovered and he was later exonerated when it turned out that he was acting as a spy on Patrick Henrys instructions to ferret out the nature of McGillivrays ties to the Spanish, who were then active in Florida. Today the Tugaloo River is impounded by Hartwell Dam, the dams reservoir, Lake Hartwell, floods the Tugaloo River to a few miles upriver of the old site of Tugaloo town
7.
Tallulah River
–
This article refers to the river. For the town, see Tallulah Falls, Georgia, for the lake, see Tallulah Falls Lake and for the waterfalls and gorge, the Tallulah River is a 47. 7-mile-long river in Georgia and North Carolina. It begins in Clay County, North Carolina, near Standing Indian Mountain in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness and flows south into Georgia, the river then travels through Rabun County and ends in Habersham County. It cuts through the Tallulah Dome rock formation to form the Tallulah Gorge, from its headwaters to its confluence with the Tugaloo River, the Tallulah River is approximately 48 miles long. The Tallulah River Basin drains approximately 184 square miles, as measured at the Tallulah Falls Hydroelectric Plant in Habersham County, Georgia, the lower part of the river includes a string of man-made lakes along the river created by hydroelectric dams operated by Georgia Power. The first lake in the series is Lake Burton, which is followed by Lake Seed, Lake Rabun, and Lake Tallulah Falls. From Tallulah Falls Lake, the part of the river flows through the Tallulah Gorge and now ends as an arm of Lake Tugalo. Starting at a point about 0.5 miles downstream from the dam for Tallulah Falls Lake, the United States Geological Survey collects data for the upper Tallulah River Basin from its gauging station at the point where the river crosses Plum Orchard Road. The upper Tallulah River Basin includes a section of the river that is about 14.3 miles long, draining a 56.5 square mile area, the primary tributaries of the Tallulah River in Rabun County are Coleman River and Persimmon Creek. The upper Tallulah River Basin is as scenic as it is rugged, the highest elevations are found in North Carolina on Standing Indian Mountain, elevation 5,499 feet, where the Tallulah River headwaters are located. The scenic gorge is accessible via a drive along the Tallulah River Road, the Tallulah River Road follows an old railroad bed before ending in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness and provides the only access to Tate City. Heavily wooded today, the upper Tallulah River Basin was stripped bare by logging in the 1930s before the establishment of the Chattahoochee National Forest. Because Georgians long have assumed that Tallulah was a Cherokee word, tourism promoters in the late 19th century described the word Tallulah as meaning thundering waters in Cherokee. Some scholars later theorized that tallulah meant “terrible” in Cherokee or was derived from a number of other words. It actually has no meaning in Cherokee, the most likely source of the word is the Okonee word talula, which means town. The Okonee People occupied northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina for hundreds of years prior to the arrival of the Cherokees in the early 18th century, there was a Cherokee Over-the-Hill settlement called Tallulah located on the upper portion of the river
8.
Chattooga River
–
The Chattooga River is the main tributary of the Tugaloo River. Its headwaters are located southwest of Cashiers, North Carolina, and it stretches 57 miles to where it has its confluence with the Tallulah River within Lake Tugalo, the Chattooga and the Tallulah combine to make the Tugaloo River starting at the outlet of Lake Tugalo. The Chattooga begins in southern Jackson County, North Carolina, then flows southwestward between northwestern Oconee County, South Carolina, and eastern Rabun County, Georgia, the Chattooga spelling was approved by the US Board on Geographic Names in 1897. The river was used as a setting for the fictional Cahulawassee River in the book, the Chattooga River flows into Tugalo Lake where it joins the Tallulah River. After flowing through Tugalo Dam the combined rivers become the Tugaloo River which, along with the Seneca River, downstream from that point, the water flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Savannah, Georgia. The Chattooga River serves as part of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina near latitude 35°N, the Chattooga River was not the original boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia. A treaty of 1816 extended the South Carolina boundary to its current location, prior to 1816, the Chattooga was on the lands of the Cherokee Indian Nation. The Blue Ridge Mountains, where the Chattooga starts, are considered to be ancient, geologists believe that the Chattooga may have made one direction change during its life. The rocks in the riverbed probably fell from the ridge above, in times of great downpours, high water, and fast currents, rocks can become dislodged and move downstream, taking other rocks and debris with them. During Hurricane Ivan in 2004, the force and waters knocked down big boulders off the sides. Since May 10,1974, the Chattooga River has been protected along a 15, 432-acre corridor as a national Wild and Scenic River. 39.8 miles of the river have been designated “wild”, about 2.5 miles “scenic”, and 14.6 miles “recreational” for a total of about 57 miles. On the commercially rafted sections there is a 1/4 mile protected corridor of National Forest on both sides of the river, allowing no roads to the river or development of any kind. There are a few areas on the river where access has made more accessible on Section III. The Chattooga also bisects the Ellicott Rock Wilderness which straddles three states BFGO512and three National Forests, much of the Georgia portion of the river is within the Chattooga River Ranger District of the Chattahoochee National Forest. The river is split into three forks, the Chattooga River is the main fork, running along the state line. The East Fork Chattooga River runs in from Jackson County, North Carolina and then Oconee County, South Carolina, and is 7.4 miles long. The West Fork Chattooga River runs 6.0 miles in from Rabun County, Georgia, the Stekoa Creek Basin is approximately 45 square miles in size
9.
Tallulah Gorge State Park
–
This article refers to the Park. For the gorge see Tallulah Gorge, for the town, see Tallulah Falls, Georgia, for the lake, see Lake Tallulah Falls and for the river, see Tallulah River. Tallulah Gorge State Park is a 2, 689-acre Georgia state park adjacent to Tallulah Falls, the park surrounds Tallulah Gorge, a 1, 000-foot deep gorge formed by the action of the Tallulah River, which runs along the floor of the gorge. The major attractions of the gorge are the six known as the Tallulah Falls. Tourism intensified in 1882 with the completion of a railroad called the Tallulah Falls Railroad which brought thousands of people a week to the area. Additionally, when Georgia Power began building a series of dams along the original course of the Tallulah River. Helen Dortch Longstreet, widow of Confederate General James Longstreet, led a campaign in 1911 to have Tallulah Gorge protected by the state. Tallulah Gorge is bounded upstream by a dam operated by Georgia Power. Normally, the river flows much lower than the historical flow, large releases of water are typically scheduled for kayaking and whitewater rafting on the first two weekends of April and the first three weekends of November
10.
Savannah River
–
Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the northernmost part of the border. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina. The river is around 301 miles long and it is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is submerged beneath Lake Hartwell, the Tallulah Gorge is located on the Tallulah River, a tributary of the Tugaloo River that forms the northwest branch of the Savannah River. Two major cities are located along the Savannah River, Savannah and they were nuclei of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history. The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah proper, downstream from there, the river broadens into an estuary before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the estuary meets the ocean is known as Tybee Roads. The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah, the name Savannah comes from a group of Shawnee who migrated to the Piedmont region in the 1680s. They destroyed the Westo and occupied established Westo lands at the Savannah Rivers head of navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee were called by several variant names that all derive from their native name, Ša·wano·ki. The local variants included Shawano, Savano, Savana, and Savannah, another theory is that the name was derived from the English term savanna, a kind of tropical grassland, which was borrowed by the English from Spanish sabana and used in the colonial southeast. The Spanish word was borrowed from the Taino word zabana, other theories interpret the name Savannah to come from Atlantic coastal tribes, who spoke Algonquian languages, as there are similar terms meaning not only southerner but perhaps salt. Historical and variant names of the Savannah River, as listed by the U. S. Geological Survey, include May River, Westobou River, Kosalu River, Isundiga River and Girande River, among others. The Westobou River was the name of the Savannah River that was derived from the Westo Native American Indians. The Westo were thought to have come from the northeast, pushed out by the powerful tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy. This migration beginning in the late 16th century resulted in the Westo Indians reaching the present area of Augusta, Georgia, the Westo used the river for fishing and water supplies, for transportation, and for trade. They were strong enough to hold off the Spanish colonists making incursions from Florida, the Carolina Colony needed the Westo alliance during its early years. When Carolinians desired to expand its trade to Charleston, they viewed the Westo tribe as an obstacle. In order to remove the tribe, they sent a group called the Goose Creek Men to arm the Savanna Indians, a Shawnee tribe, following this, the English colonists renamed the river as the Savannah, it was integral to early development
11.
Georgia v. South Carolina
–
Georgia v. South Carolina,497 U. S.376, is one of a long series of U. S. Supreme Court cases determining the borders of the state of Georgia. In this case, the Court decided the border within the Savannah River and whether islands should be a part of Georgia or South Carolina. It also decided the seaward border, in 1787, the two states agreed in the Treaty of Beaufort that the boundary along the Savannah River was the rivers most northern branch or stream, reserving all islands in to Georgia. In a subsequent 1922 Supreme Court decision, also called Georgia v. South Carolina,257 U. S. Since the 1922 case, a number of new islands had been created in the river between the city of Savannah and the ocean, due to the deposit of dredging spoilage or the deposit of sediments. In some cases, the state of South Carolina had been collecting property tax from the land owners and policing the land in question for a number of years. When an island causes the border to leave the middle of the river, the Corps also filled the area behind the training wall with dredging spoilage. Both South Carolina and Georgia claimed the land that was created behind the training wall and this new land was called Denwill and Horseshoe Shoal. Given the valuable natural resources off the Atlantic Ocean shore, the two states also contested where the boundary between the two states is located. The typical procedure would be to locate the mouth of the Savannah River, however, the river does not have a clearly defined mouth. Tybee Island forms the edge of its mouth, but there is no highlands on the opposite side. South Carolina claimed that a submerged shoal formed the side of the mouth. The issue is complicated by a bend in the Atlantic coast at this point with Georgias coast about 20 degrees from north and South Carolinas coast about 47 degrees from true north. A perpendicular line drawn from each of these results in an overlapping 27 degree wedge claimed by both states. In 1978, the Court appointed Walter E. Hoffman, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, as master to gather the facts. Justice Blackmun delivered a plurality opinion and held that the new island on the South Carolina side of the border belonged to state rather than Georgia. Georgia had lost the right to land through prescription and acquiescence. He also found that any new islands emerging after the border was drawn would not cause the border to automatically shift so as to place the island in Georgia
12.
Supreme Court of the United States
–
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
13.
Treaty of Hopewell
–
The Treaty of Hopewell is any of three different treaties signed at Hopewell Plantation. The plantation was owned by Andrew Pickens, and was located on the Seneca River in northwestern South Carolina, the treaties were signed between the Confederation Congress of the United States of America and the Cherokee, Choctaw and Chickasaw peoples. The historic site of the Treaty Oak, where the took place, is on Old Cherry Road in Pickens County. There is a marker placed near the bridge crossing Lake Hartwell. The actual Treaty Oak is no longer alive, on November 28,1785, the first Treaty of Hopewell was signed between the U. S. representative Benjamin Hawkins and the Cherokee Indians. The treaty laid out a boundary for American settlement. The treaty gave rise to the sardonic Cherokee phrase of Talking Leaves, since they claimed that when the no longer suited the Americans. On November 28,1785, the first Treaty of Hopewell was signed between U. S. representatives Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and Joseph Martin and members of the Cherokee People, the preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty,1. Indians to restore prisoners, slaves, and property, cherokees acknowledge protection provided by the United States. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Indians may punish violators as they please, Indians to deliver criminals who commit robbery, murder, or capital crimes. Citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished, cherokees to give notice of any known designs against United States by tribes or any person. On January 3,1786, the Treaty of Hopewell was signed between U. S. representatives Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and Joseph Martin and members of the Choctaw People, the preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty,1. Indians to restore prisoners, slaves, and property, choctaws acknowledge protection provided by the United States. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Indians may punish violators as they please, Indians to deliver criminals who commit robbery, murder, or capital crimes. Citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished, choctaws to give notice of any known designs against United States by tribes or any person. On January 10,1786, the Treaty of Hopewell was signed between U. S. representatives Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and Joseph Martin and the Chickasaw, the preamble begins with, The following lists the terms of the treaty,1. Indians to restore prisoners, slaves, and property, acknowledge the protection of United States. No citizen of United States shall settle on Indian lands and Chickasaws may punish them as they please, citizens of United States committing crimes against Indians to be punished
14.
Whitewater
–
The term is also loosely used to refer to less turbulent, but still agitated, flows. The term whitewater also has a meaning, applying to any river or creek itself that has a significant number of rapids. The term is used as an adjective describing boating on such rivers. Four factors, separately or in combination, can create rapids, gradient, constriction, obstruction, gradient, constriction and obstruction are streambed topography factors and are relatively consistent. Flow rate is dependent upon both seasonal variation in precipitation and snowmelt and upon release rates of upstream dams, streambed topography is the primary factor in creating rapids, and is generally consistent over time. The gradient of a river is the rate at which it loses elevation along its course and this loss determines the rivers slope, and to a large extent its rate of flow. Shallow gradients produce gentle, slow rivers while steep gradients are associated with raging torrents, constrictions can form a rapid when a rivers flow is forced into a narrower channel. This pressure causes the water to more rapidly and to react differently to riverbed events. As with hydraulics, the power of eddies increases with the flow rate, in large rivers with high flow rates next to an obstruction, eddy walls can occur. An eddy wall is formed when the height of the river is higher than the level of the water in the eddy behind the obstruction. A marked increase or decrease in flow can create a rapid, flow rate is typically measured in cubic metres per second, or in cubic feet per second, depending on the country. The most widely used grading system is the International Scale of River Difficulty, grade-VI rapids are sometimes downgraded to grade-V or V+ if they have been run successfully. Harder rapids are often portaged, a French term for carrying, a portaged rapid is where the boater lands and carries the boat around the hazard. A rapids grade is not fixed, since it may vary depending on the water depth. Although some rapids may be easier at high flows because features are covered or washed-out, high water usually makes rapids more difficult, at flood stage, even rapids which are usually easy can contain lethal and unpredictable hazards. Class 1, Very small rough areas, requires no maneuvering, Class 2, Some rough water, maybe some rocks, small drops, might require maneuvering. Class 3, Medium waves, maybe a 3–5 ft drop, Class 4, Whitewater, large waves, long rapids, rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed. Class 5, Whitewater, large waves, continuous rapids, large rocks and hazards, maybe a large drop, often characterized by must make moves, i. e. failure to execute a specific maneuver at a specific point may result in serious injury or death
15.
Southeastern United States
–
The Southeastern United States is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States. It comprises 15 states in the southern United States, there is no official Census Bureau definition of the southeastern United States. The OSBO uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana, the most populous state in the region is Florida, followed by Georgia, and North Carolina. With tropical air masses influencing the region precipitation is high throughout the year, the tropical air masses do however cause significant hurricanes such as Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Katrina wreaking havoc and causing significant damage to coastal areas. The winters highly vary depending on latitude and elevation, the Southeast has changed dramatically in the last two generations. Since 1980, there has been a boom in its economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries. Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the region included 20 in Virginia,16 in Florida,15 in North Carolina and this economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to have of some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States. In Alabama, there is a manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation Thyssen-Krupp. The Cummings Research Park in the Huntsville, Alabama area is the second largest research complex in the nation, located in Huntsville is the Redstone Arsenal, United States Army Missile Command, the U. S. Space and Rocket Center, NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center and many key government, military. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida is the largest laboratory in the devoted to the study of magnetism. There are a number of universities, with several large research universities which exert influence beyond the region. These include the oldest public universities in the country, the University of Alabama, the region is home to the most historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are North Carolina A&T University, Florida A&M University, and Jackson State University, on this list New Orleans Refers to the Orleans Parish Population. Therefore the population given is for the entire city excluding other incorporated places lying within the county limits, five Major League Baseball teams play in the Southeast, Washington Nationals, Miami Marlins, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Bay Rays and Baltimore Orioles. The Braves, Nationals and Marlins play in the NL East,4 Major League Lacrosse teams play in the southeast, Chesapeake Bayhawks, Florida Launch, Charlotte Hounds, and the Atlanta Blaze. Seven National Basketball Association teams play in the Southeast, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic and New Orleans Pelicans. The Wizards, Heat, Hornets, Magic and Hawks are in the Eastern Conference, the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Peach Bowl, and Citrus Bowl are notable college football bowls held in Southeastern cities
16.
Kayak
–
A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of electric motors. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik, kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and these first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old, the oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Native people made many types of boat for different purposes, the baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is an open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet, made with seal skins. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them, passed on through oral tradition. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was laced to the kayak. This enabled the eskimo roll to become the method of regaining posture after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim. Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats, the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builders hips plus two fists, the typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet long by 20–22 inches wide by 7 inches deep and this measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak, because each kayak was a little different. Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of seals, though whales. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric
17.
Canoe
–
A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel using a single-bladed paddle. In International Canoe Federation nomenclature used in some European countries such as the United Kingdom the term refers to kayaks. Canoes are used for racing, whitewater canoeing, touring and camping, freestyle, the intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape and length and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Canoes can be adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails, outboard motors, the word canoe comes from the Carib kenu, via the Spanish canoa. Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe, excavations in Denmark reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period. Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark, the indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes and they were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of 4.3 m and weight of 23 kg, although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good, and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the canoe was the most beautiful. Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar or yellow-cedar, different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, the Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake. The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used extensively, as did David Thompson. Its dimensions were, length approximately 11 m, beam 1.2 to 1.8 m and it could carry 60 packs weighing 41 kg, and 910 kg of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten, they could make three knots over calm waters, four to six men could portage it, bottom up
18.
Cherokee
–
The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. The Cherokee were one of the first, if not the first, article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizens of the United States. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has around 300,000 tribal members, in addition, numerous groups claiming Cherokee lineage, some of which are state-recognized, have members who are among those 819, 000-plus people claiming Cherokee ancestry on the US census. Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians have headquarters in Tahlequah, the UKB are mostly descendants of Old Settlers, Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817. They are related to the Cherokee who were relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, the Cherokee refer to themselves as Ani-Yunwiya, which means Principal People. Many theories—though none proven—abound about the origin of the name Cherokee and it may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word Cha-la-kee, which means people who live in the mountains, or Choctaw Chi-luk-ik-bi, meaning people who live in the cave country. The earliest Spanish rendering of the name Cherokee, from 1755, is Tchalaquei, Another theory is that Cherokee derives from a Lower Creek word, Cvlakke. The Iroquois in New York have historically called the Cherokee Oyata’geronoñ, Tsalagi is sometimes misused as a name for the people, Tsalagi is actually the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language. There are two theories of Cherokee origins. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years, researchers in the 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee peoples migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. They may have moved south into Muscogee Creek territory and settled at the sites of mounds built by the Mississippian culture, in the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly attributed several Mississippian culture sites to the Cherokee, including Moundville and Etowah Mounds. However, the Cherokee did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, pre-contact Cherokee are considered to be part of the later Pisgah Phase of Southern Appalachia, which lasted from circa 1000 to 1500. During the late Archaic and Woodland Period, Indians in the region began to cultivate plants such as elder, lambsquarters, pigweed, sunflowers. People created new art forms such as shell gorgets, adopted new technologies, during the Mississippian Culture-period, local women developed a new variety of maize called eastern flint corn. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops, the successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex chiefdoms with several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in ceremonies, especially the Green Corn Ceremony. Much of what is known about pre-18th-century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions, the earliest ones of the mid-16th-century encountered people of the Mississippian culture, the ancestors to later tribes in the Southeast such as the Muscogee and Catawba
19.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
20.
Alapaha River
–
The Alapaha River /əˈlæpəhɑː/ is a 202-mile-long river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico, the Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a Yupaha village they encountered after they left Apalachee, the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee. Another reference to a village of Atapaha so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River. In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border. A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle. During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville. Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River, in Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward. The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course, during periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately 2.3 miles downstream from Jennings, Florida is a river sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole and it is located at 30. 5855009°N83. 0528016°W /30.5855009, -83.0528016. A short distance away from the Devils Dens, the Dead River enters into the Alapaha River and it is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. A few more miles downstream is a sinkhole known as the Dead River Sink or the Siphon. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwanee River. During a period of low rainfall over 11 miles of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on Alapaha River as the streams name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also known as
21.
Altamaha River
–
The Altamaha River /ˈɑːltəməhɑː/ is a major river in the U. S. state of Georgia. It flows generally eastward for 137 miles from its origin at the confluence of the Oconee River and Ocmulgee River towards the Atlantic Ocean, there are no dams directly on the Altamaha, though there are some on the Oconee and the Ocmulgee. Including its tributaries, the Altamaha Rivers drainage basin is about 14,000 square miles in size and it is reportedly the third largest contributor of fresh water to the Atlantic Ocean from North America. The beginning of the Colorado River of Texas is just within New Mexico, the long Mobile-Alabama-Coosa River system, mostly in Alabama, originates a short distance within Georgia. The Altamaha River traverses an area of low population density with few significant towns or cities along its course. There are some along its tributaries, such as the fall line cities of Milledgeville on the Oconee. Centuries ago, riverboats used the Altamaha to reach those towns and the plantations founded along the rivers, which were the main transportation routes. According to the USGS, variant and historical names of the Altamaha River include A-lot-amaha, Alatahama, Alatamaha, Allamah, Frederica River, Rio Al Tama, Rio de Talaje, and Talaxe River. The 1, 759-megawatt Plant Hatch nuclear power plant sits on the bank of the Altamaha River in Appling County. The Altamaha River originates at the confluence of the Oconee River and Ocmulgee River, at its source, the Altamaha River forms the border between Jeff Davis County to the south and Montgomery County to the north. On the north side, Toombs County gives way to Tattnall County, the Big Hammock Wildlife Management Area and Big Hammock Natural Area are located along the Altamaha at the Ohoopee confluence. Big Hammock Natural Area is a National Natural Landmark site, noted for its biodiversity and many rare plant species. Below Big Hammock, the tributary Beards Creek joins the Altamaha River from the north, the Altamaha passes through Griffin Ridge Wildlife Management Area before flowing by Doctortown, near Jesup. A wide and swampy floodplain surrounds the river in this area, several miles below Doctortown Wayne County gives way to McIntosh County on the north side of the river. From this point to the mouth there are numerous wildlife management areas. The Sansaville Wildlife Management Area lies on the side of the river, while the Altamaha Wildlife Management Area lies on the north. Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge occupies Wolf Island on the Atlantic coast, in its last several miles, the Altamaha River marks the boundary between McIntosh County on the north and Glynn County on the south. The town of Darien lies just north of the Altamaha Rivers mouth, several miles to the south lies the larger city of Brunswick
22.
Aucilla River
–
The Aucilla River rises close to Thomasville, Georgia, USA, and passes through the Big Bend region of Florida, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachee Bay. Some early maps have it called the Ocilla River, the river is 89 miles long and has a drainage basin of 747 square miles. The Wacissa River is a tributary, in Florida, the Aucilla River forms the eastern border of Jefferson County, separating it from Madison County on the northern part, and from Taylor County to the south. The lower part of the river disappears underground and reappears several times, during the first Spanish period in Florida the Aucilla River was the boundary between the Apalachee people and the Timucua-speaking Yustaga people. Near Boston, Georgia the Aucilla River temporarily becomes a river at Howell Sinks. List of fossil sites South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region Media related to Aucilla River at Wikimedia Commons Balfour, balsillie, J. H. G. H. Means, and J. S. Dunbar. The Ryan/Harley site, Sedimentology of an inundated Paleoindian site in north Florida, pleistocene-Holocene Climate Change, Chronostratigraphy and Geoclimate of the Southeast United States, Chapter 5. Pages 103-158 in S. D. Webb, ed, First Floridians and Last Mastodons, the Page-Ladson Site on the Aucilla River. Dunbar, J. S. C. A. Hemmings, P. K. Vojnovski, S. D. Webb, the Ryan/Harley Site 8Je1004, A Suwannee Point Site In The Wacissa River, North Florida. Pages 81–96 in R. Bonnichsen, B. T. Lepper, D. J. Stanford, center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. Dunbar, J. S. S. D. Webb, page/Ladson, An Underwater Paleo-Indian Site in Northwestern Florida. Fisher, D. C. and D. L. Fox, five Years in the Life of an Aucilla River Mastodon. Pages 343-377 in S. D. Webb, ed, First Floridians and Last Mastodons, the Page-Ladson Site on the Aucilla River. Hoppe, K. A. and P. Koch, the Biogeochemistry of the Aucilla River Fauna, Chapter 13. Pages 379-401 in S. D. Webb, ed, First Floridians and Last Mastodons, the Page-Ladson Site on the Aucilla River. Hoppe, K. A. and P. L. Koch, reconstructing the migration patterns of late Pleistocene mammals from northern Florida, USA. Newsom, L. A. and M. Mihlbachler, Mastodons Diet Foraging Patterns Based on Analysis of Dung Deposits, Chapter 10. Pages 263-331 in S. D. Webb, ed, First Floridians and Last Mastodons, the Page-Ladson Site on the Aucilla River
23.
Chattahoochee River
–
The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida border. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles long, the Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachiacola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin. The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACFs drainage basin and its headwaters flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide. The Appalachian Trail crosses the rivers uppermost headwaters, the Chattahoochees source and upper course lies within Chattahoochee National Forest. From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and it eventually turns due south to form the southern half of the Georgia/Alabama state line. Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes, it flows by Columbus, the second-largest city in Georgia, at Columbus, it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States. From Lake Oliver to Fort Benning, the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling, rollerblading, farther south, it merges with the Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge, to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle. Although the same river, this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times, the name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning rocks-marked, from chato plus huchi. This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast-to-southwest segment of the river, much of that segment of the river runs through the Brevard fault zone. A local Georgia nickname for the Chattahoochee River is The Hooch, the vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC. Among the historical nations, the Chattahoochee served as a line between the Muscogee and the Cherokee territories in the Southeast. The Muscogee were first removed from the side of the river. The Chattahoochee River was of strategic importance during the Atlanta Campaign by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman of the American Civil War. A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta, Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18,1864 about building fortifications, Johnston agreed, and Shoup supervised the building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications, arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders. Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast, the nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures, they are endangered by land development in the area. Since the nineteenth century, early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation, the river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route. Creating the manmade,46, 000-acre Walter F. George Lake required evacuating numerous communities, including the historically majority-Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne, the lakes were complete in 1963, covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement. In 2010 a campaign to create a course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus
24.
Canoochee River
–
The Canoochee River is a 108-mile-long river in southeastern Georgia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ogeechee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean, in 1738 the Trustees of the colony mentioned the proposed house and ferry boat over the Cooanoochi River. It joins the Ogeechee River from the west in Bryan County,15 miles south-southwest of Savannah, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on Canoochee River as the streams name in 1910. According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river has also known as
25.
Conasauga River
–
The Conasauga River is a river that runs through southeast Tennessee and northwest Georgia. The Conasauga River is 93 miles long and is home to 90 species of fish and 25 species of freshwater mussels, the Conasauga River watershed encompasses over 500,000 acres in two states, multiple counties, and two ecologically different regions. The Conasauga River is the most westerly trout water on land in Georgia. It is the river in Tennessee that is not a part of the Mississippi River watershed. The only road access to the Conasauga is found via Old GA2, GA2, access via foot trail is located on Forest Service road 64 in Betty Gap. Three other trails descend from the west off FS17 to intersect the river trail, from south to north they are the Chestnut Lead,2.0 miles, Tearbritches Trail,4.0 miles, and Hickory Creek Trail,3.0 miles. Primitive camping is allowed all along the river, at the core of the Conasauga watershed is the 35, 268-acre Cohutta Wilderness, located in Fannin, Gilmer, and Murray counties in Georgia and Polk County in Tennessee. The United States Forest Service manages the area as part of the Chattahoochee National Forest, the preserve covers over 95,000 acres and contains approximately 15 miles of the Conasauga. The Conasauga River is home to more than 90 fish species, including 12 federally listed species of fish, historically there were 42 species of freshwater mussels, however only 25 species still exist. It is estimated that only 1% of original population remains, the waters yield wild rainbow trout and wild browns, with rainbows up to 20 inches and browns to 9 pounds. The managed land is populated by white-tailed deer, wild hogs, black bears, up to one-third of the summer flow taken in the vicinity of Dalton, Georgia is used for carpet production. The river has been contaminated with perfluorinated compounds used to make carpets stain-resistant, laurel Fork Railway List of rivers of Tennessee The Conasauga River - The Nature Conservancy no reference to Conasauga May 2016
26.
Coosa River
–
The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U. S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about 280 miles long, around 90% of the Coosa Rivers length is located in Alabama. Coosa County, Alabama, is located on the Coosa River, the Coosa is one of Alabamas most developed rivers. Most of the river has been impounded, with Alabama Power, the dams produce hydroelectric power, but are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River. Native Americans had been living on the Coosa Valley for millennia before Hernando de Soto, the Coosa chiefdom was one of the most powerful chiefdoms in the southeast at the time. Over a century after the Spanish left the Coosa Valley, the British established strong trading ties with the Creek bands of the area around the late 17th century, much to the dismay of France. With a base in Mobile, Alabama, the French believed that the Coosa River was a key gateway to the entire South, the main transportation of the day was by boat. They wanted to control of both the Coosa and the Alabama rivers. In the early 18th century, almost all European and Indian trade in the southeast ceased during the tribal uprisings brought on by the Yamasee War against the Carolinas, after a few years, the Indian trade system was resumed under somewhat reformed policies. The conflict between the French and English over the Coosa Valley, and much of the southeast in general, continued. It was not after Britain had defeated France in the Seven Years War (also known as the French and this was stated in the Treaty of Paris signed by both nations in 1763. After the Fort Mims massacre near Mobile, General Andrew Jackson led American troops, along with Cherokee allies and this culminated in the Creek defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Even there the Creeks were encroached on by European-American settlers who had begun moving into their territory from the United States, finally, during the 1820s and 1830s the Creek, Cherokee, and virtually all the southeastern Indians were removed to Indian Territory. The Cherokee removal is remembered as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee capital city of New Echota was located on the headwater tributaries of the Coosa River, in Georgia, until the tribes removal. The Creek and Choctaw removals were similar to the Cherokee Trail of Tears, after the removals, the Coosa River valley and the southeast in general was wide open for American settlers. The first river town to form in the Coosa Basin was at the foot of the last waterfall on the Coosa River, settlers soon adopted the native name Wetumpka for this new community. The Coosa River was an important transportation route into the early 20th century as a waterway for riverboats along the upper section of the river for 200 miles south of Rome. However, shoals and waterfalls such the Devils Staircase along the rivers lowest 65 miles blocked the upper Coosas riverboats from access to the Alabama River and the Gulf of Mexico
27.
Etowah River
–
The Etowah River is a 164-mile-long waterway that rises northwest of Dahlonega, Georgia, north of Atlanta. Its name is the Cherokee version of the original Muskogee word Etalwa, on Matthew Careys 1795 map the river was labeled High Town River. On later maps, such as the 1839 Cass County map, it was referred to as Hightower River, the large Amicalola Creek is a primary tributary near the beginning of the river. The Etowah then flows west-southwest through Canton, Georgia, and soon forms Lake Allatoona, from the dam at the lake, it passes Cartersville and the Etowah Indian Mounds archaeological site. It then flows to Rome, Georgia, where it meets the Oostanaula River, the river is the northernmost portion of the Etowah-Coosa-Alabama-Mobile Waterway, stretching from the mountains of north Georgia to Mobile Bay in Alabama. The Little River is the largest tributary of the Etowah, their confluence now flooded by Lake Allatoona, Allatoona Creek is another major tributary, flowing north from Cobb County and forming the other major arm of the lake. Board on Geographic Names officially named the river in 1897, the river ends at 571 feet or 174 meters above mean sea level. The river is home to the Etowah darter, which is listed on the Endangered Species List, country singer-songwriter Jerry Reed made the Etowah the home of the wild, misunderstood swamp dweller Ko-Ko Joe in the 1971 song Ko-Ko Joe. The fictional character, who is reviled by respectable people but apparently dies a hero while saving a life, is alternately known as the Etowah River Swamp Rat in the song. Reed, a native of Atlanta, took liberties with Georgia geography in the song, including the non-existent Appaloosa County
28.
Flint River (Georgia)
–
The Flint River is a 344-mile-long river in the U. S. state of Georgia. Along with the Apalachicola and the Chattahoochee rivers, it part of the ACF basin. In its upper course through the red hills of the Piedmont, it is considered especially scenic, historically, it was also called the Thronateeska River. The Flint River rises in west central Georgia in the city of East Point in southern Fulton County on the outskirts of the Atlanta metropolitan area as ground seepage. The exact start can be traced to the field located between Plant Street, Willingham Drive, Elm Street, and Vesta Avenue and it travels under the runways of the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Flowing generally south through rural western Georgia, the passes through Sprewell Bluff State Park. Farther south, it comes within 5 miles of Andersonville, the site of the Andersonville prison during the Civil War, in southwestern Georgia, the river flows through downtown Albany, the largest city on the river. At Bainbridge it joins Lake Seminole, formed at its confluence with the Chattahoochee River upstream from the Jim Woodruff Dam, from this confluence, the Apalachicola River flows south from the reservoir through Florida to the Gulf of Mexico. The Flint River is fed by Kinchafoonee Creek just north of Albany, in addition to Lake Seminole, the Flint River is impounded approximately 15 miles upstream from Albany to form the Lake Blackshear reservoir. The Flint River is one of only 40 rivers in the nation to flow more than 200 miles unimpeded by dams or other manmade systems, and is increasingly valued for that. In the 1970s, a plan by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a dam at Sprewell Bluff in Upson County was defeated by the Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, carters hometown of Plains is located near the Flint River. The river is considered to have three sections as it flows southward through western Georgia. In its upper reaches in the red hills of the Piedmont, south of its fall line near Culloden, the channel transforms to a broad, forested swampy flood plain. South of Lake Blackshear, it again, flowing through a channel in limestone rock above the Upper Floridan Aquifer below southwestern Georgia. The river has been prone to floods throughout its history, in 1994, during flooding from Tropical Storm Alberto, the river crested at 43 feet in Albany, resulting in the emergency evacuation of over 23,000 residents. It caused one of the worst natural disasters in the states history, interstate 75 was closed in Macon, and Albany State University was also seriously flooded, as the river became a few miles or several kilometers wide in some places. The water lifted caskets from cemeteries and left them, along with drowned cattle and other livestock, stuck in trees, montezuma, Georgia was completely inundated after the Flint River topped the 29-foot levee protecting the town from floodwater. The official depth of the river at the height of the flood was estimated at 34 feet, the nearby gauge was underwater, making it impossible to get an accurate reading
29.
Hiwassee River
–
The river is 147 miles long. The river is dammed by the Tennessee Valley Authority in four locations, chatuge Dam, Mission Dam, Hiwassee Dam, and Apalachia Dam. The stretch of the river flows between Apalachia Dam and Apalachia Powerhouse features reduced flow and is shadowed by the John Muir Trail in Tennessees Cherokee National Forest. The river features Class I through Class III rapids, depending on water levels, after exiting the mountains through a gorge, the Hiwassee flows under US-411 and broadens, meandering through rural Polk and Bradley counties. The river crosses under U. S. Route 11 at Calhoun and Charleston, Tennessee, at this point the river interfaces with the impoundment of Chickamauga Dam, and many marshes and wetlands surround the main channel, providing areas for hunting and fishing. The Hiwassee passes under Interstate 75 on the border of McMinn, the Hiwassee continues westward to pass under TN-58s historic, and narrow, bridge on its way to the confluence with the Tennessee River. This area of the river is enjoyed by boaters, fishermen, major tributaries include Valley River, Nottely River, Coker Creek, Big Lost Creek, Spring Creek, Conasauga Creek, and Toccoa/Ocoee River. The Hiwassee River has been known by variant spellings. The best-known of these is Hiawassee, which is also the name of the Georgia town through which the river flows, other alternate spellings include Heia Wassea and Highwassee, and some less obvious related names include Eufasee, Eufassee, Euphasee and Quannessee. Some Cherokee say the name came from the Cherokee word Ayuhwasi, the Muskogee say the rivers name is the Koasati and Hitchiti, Creek language words for the copperhead snake. The river is known for its many copperheads, even today, various Muskogean ethnic groups occupied the region for many centuries before the arrival of the Cherokee. Spanish explorers visited the region in the 16th century, hernando de Soto probably crossed the Hiwassee River near its confluence with the Tennessee River at Hiwassee Island, in the spring of 1541 AD. Juan Pardo probably followed a trail that paralleled the river in 1567 AD, all town names and indigenous words that were recorded by de Sotos chroniclers in present-day Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, can be easily translated by contemporary Muskogean dictionaries. Most of the words are of the Koasati and Hitchiti languages, none of the words are Cherokee. The earliest European maps from the 17th century vaguely show the Hiwassee River Basin occupied by a branch of the Apalachee. The Kusa were one of the branches of the Upper Creek. The Tama-tli of the Altamaha River Basin in southeastern Georgia are known to have had a colony in the valley between Andrews, North Carolina and the Hiwassee River at Murphy, North Carolina. The initial contacts by English explorers and traders in the 1690s found most of the valley occupied by Muskogean
30.
Little Tennessee River
–
The Little Tennessee River is a 135-mile tributary of the Tennessee River that flows through the Blue Ridge Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. It drains portions of three national forests— Chattahoochee, Nantahala, and Cherokee— and provides the boundary of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The river flows through five major impoundments, Fontana Dam, Cheoah Dam, Calderwood Dam, Chilhowee Dam, and Tellico Dam, the Little Tennessee River rises in the Blue Ridge Mountains, in the Chattahoochee National Forest in northeast Georgias Rabun County. After flowing north through the mountains past Dillard into southwestern North Carolina, the river then turns northwest, flowing through the Nantahala National Forest along the north side of the Nantahala Mountains. It crosses into eastern Tennessee and joins the Tennessee River at Lenoir City,25 miles southwest of Knoxville and it is also impounded by Cheoah Dam in North Carolina, and by Calderwood and Chilhowee dams in Tennessee. The reservoirs provide flood control and hydroelectric power, Calderwood and Cheoah dams divert water through short tunnels slightly downstream of the dams themselves to hydroelectric generators. Chilhowee has power generators built straight into the dam itself, some water is also diverted from the nearby Santeetlah Dam on the Cheoah River to power another hydroelectric generator at the Santeetlah Powerhouse. This water is brought to the Little Tennessee River through 7 miles of tunnels through the Great Smoky Mountains, Chilhowee, Calderwood, and Cheoah Dams and the Santeetlah Powerhouse were originally built by Alcoa to power the aluminum plant at Alcoa, Tennessee. The final impoundment is Tellico Dam, which is just above its mouth into the Tennessee River at Lenoir City, the plan to build the dam was the subject of environmental controversy during the 1970s regarding the snail darter, an endangered species. It was the first major challenge to the Endangered Species Act. C. Substantial Archaic period sites along the river include the Icehouse Bottom and these sites were probably semi-permanent base camps, the inhabitants of which may have sought the chert deposits on the bluffs above the river which they used to create tools. Excavations in the 1970s uncovered large groups of Woodland-period burials on both Rose and Calloway islands, pottery fragments uncovered at Icehouse Bottom in the 1970s show evidence of interaction with the Hopewell people of what is now Ohio. Mississippian period sites in the Little Tennessee Valley include the Toqua site, Tomotley, Citico, toquas Mississippian inhabitants constructed a 25-foot platform mound overlooking a central plaza. By 1400, the village covered 4.8 acres surrounded by a clay-covered palisade, several Cherokee Middle towns, including Nikwasi, Jore, and Cowee were located along the rivers North Carolina section. The river was home to most of the major Overhill Cherokee towns, the most prominent of which included Chota, Tanasi, Toqua, Tomotley, Mialoquo, Chilhowee, Tallassee, Citico. In 1756 the English built Fort Loudoun, located at the confluence with the Tellico River. The fort has been reconstructed as an historic site, list of rivers of Tennessee Little Tennessee Watershed Association Land Trust for the Little Tennessee
31.
Nottely River
–
The Nottely River is a river in the United States. The river originates in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northern Georgia, the river flows for 51.1 miles into the artificial Hiwassee Reservoir in North Carolina. The Nottely River is dammed in Georgia, creating Lake Nottely, the region was occupied by Native Americans, associated with modern-day Muskogean tribes, until the early 18th century. The earliest European maps only show the area to be occupied by a mountain branch of the Apalachee people. However, it is likely that groups ancestral to the Creek and/or Yuchi Indians occupied the Nottely River Basin at some time in the past. After the Cherokees occupied the region, most of their villages had names from the Muskogee language, however, the region seems to have remained thinly populated due to its proximity to Creek Indian territory. The origin of the word, Nottely, is not known for certain, but appears to be derived from the Hitchiti-Creek word Note-le, which means, People on the Other Side. In 1715 the Cherokees invited leaders of all the major Creek provinces to a conference in the nearby town of Tugaloo. All of the Creek leaders were murdered in their sleep and this act of treachery precipated a 40-year-long war between the Creeks and the Cherokees. Initially, all the branches of the Creeks were involved, by the 1750s, the Kowita Creeks alone had gained so much military prowness that they were consistently defeating the Cherokees in battle. One Creek war leader bragged that he had sent women and boys into battle, by 1755 the Kowita Creeks had destroyed all of the Cherokee towns and villages in the Nottely and Hiwassee Valleys. The 1755 John Mitchell Map labels the entire region Deserted Cherokee settlement, in 1763 the Cherokees lost all of their territory in North Carolina, east of the 80th longitude line, which runs through Murphy, NC. This was punishment for the Cherokees switching sides in the French, the Creeks agreed to give back their recently regained lands in North Carolina and Georgia, in return for most of the land in Alabama, which had been taken from the French by the British. Some small Cherokee settlements such as Choestoe and Chota returned to the Nottely River Basin, after the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the Nottely Basin slowly filled with settlers, many of whom were from Scotland or Ulster. The region was isolated from the remainder of the State of Georgia until the 1920s, improved highway access during the early 21st century resulted in a population boom. Many of the new residents migrated from Florida in the aftermath of a series of severe hurricanes on the Gulf Coast, the Nottely River Basin is still farmed intensively. It is known for both sorghum syrup and several varieties of vegetables, U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Nottely River
32.
Ochlockonee River
–
The Ochlockonee River is a fast running river originating in Georgia and flowing for 206 miles before terminating in Florida. The Ochlockonee originates south of the town of Sylvester in Worth County in southwest Georgia emptying into Ochlockonee Bay, then into Apalachee Bay, in Florida. In Florida, the forms the western boundaries of Leon County and Wakulla County and eastern boundaries of Gadsden County, Liberty County. Old Spanish documents sometimes refer to the Ochlockonee River as the Rio Agna and in other instances as the Rio de Lagna, the names Lagna and Lana may be Spanish renditions of the Muskogean word LAHnee, which translates as yellow. The rich yellows and reds of Red Hills clay give the river a yellowish color, eighteenth century English maps give the name as Ogeelaganu or Ochloconee, which probably retains at least the flavor of its Hitchiti name. Variations of these continued into century with O-clock-ney being used in 1822, about 1840, Fort Stansbury was established on the river by placing a two story home that had been abandoned by its owner due to Seminole raids during the Second Seminole War. This fort was important in the removal of Indians from the area. Boats traveled upriver to collect and move Native Americans down to Gulf of Mexico ports for removal to Indian Territories, by 1844, Fort Stansbury had been abandoned. From 1839 to 1842, Fort Virginia Braden was established on the river located at Fort Braden in Florida, the fort was named after the commanders wife who died of yellow fever. The Ochlockonee River saw action during the Civil War, on 15 July 1863 the screw steamer gunboat USS Stars and Stripes and wooden side-wheel steam ferryboat USS Somerset attacked the salt works at Mashes Sands. On 29 December 1863 Stars and Stripes sank the blockade-running schooner Caroline Gertrude, Stars and Stripes also captured the blockade-running steamer Laura off the Ochlockonee on 18 January 1864. On 19 and 20 October 1864 Stars and Stripes destroyed an extensive Confederate fishery at Mashes Island, the Ochlockonee River corridor is home to many threatened fish, wildlife and plant species. Rare animals that can be found along the Ochlockonee include red-cockaded woodpecker, least tern, the river is especially rich in rare freshwater mussels, including three federally listed endangered species, the Ochlockonee moccasinshell, the Shinyrayed pocketbook, and the Oval pigtoe. The Florida maybell tree can be found only along the Ochlockonee, the Ochlockonee is connected to and a source of water for Lake Iamonia especially during flooding. Fishing for bass, perch, bream and catfish can be excellent on the Ochlockonee River, telogia Creek and the Little River near State Road 12 are also popular for canoeing. The Florida National Scenic Trail follows the river for two miles, the Ochlockonee is a vital link in the production of seafood to the southwest in Apalachicola Bay. A number of major highways cross the Ochlockonee River along its course, including Interstate 10 and U. S. highways 19,27, south Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region Florida Dept. of Transportation, Florida Bridge Information. Ochlockonee River Soil and Water Conservation District Ochlockonee River Watershed - Florida DEP U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Ochlockonee River
33.
Ocmulgee River
–
The Ocmulgee River is a western tributary of the Altamaha River, approximately 255 mi long, in the U. S. state of Georgia. It is the westernmost major tributary of the Altamaha, the Ocmulgee River and its tributaries provide drainage for some 6,180 square miles in parts of 33 Georgia counties, a large section of the Piedmont and coastal plain of central Georgia. The name of the river may have come from a Hitchiti words oki plus molki, the river rises at a point in north central Georgia southeast of Atlanta, at the confluence of the Yellow, South, and Alcovy rivers. Since the construction of the Lloyd Shoals Dam in the early 20th century, the rivers source is formed at an elevation of around 530 feet above sea level. The Ocmulgee River flows from the dam southeast past Macon, which was founded on the fall line and it joins the Oconee from the northwest to form the Altamaha near Lumber City. Four power plants in the Ocmulgee basin that use the water, including the coal-fired Plant Scherer in Juliette. A diverse array of species in twenty-one families—inhabit the Ocmulgee River basin. The family with the largest representation in the basin is Cyprinidae. It is followed by Centrarchidae, which has 22 species, the Ocmulgee basin contains ten species in the family Ictaluridae and eight species of in the family Catostomidae. The river basin is inhabited by one State of Georgia-designated endangered fish species. The world record for largest recorded catch of a largemouth bass was achieved in 1932 in Montgomery Lake, the record-setting fish, caught by farmer George Washington Perry, weighted 22 pounds, six ounces. There are some fifteen invasive species of fish inhabit the river basin. According to a Georgia Department of Natural Resources report, many of species are well-established and are detrimental to native fish populations. Archeological evidence shows that Native Americans first inhabited the Ocmulgee basin about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, scraping tools and flint spearpoints from nomadic Paleoindians hunters have been discovered in the Ocmulgee floodplain. In the Archaic period which followed, hunter-gatherers in Ocmulgee basin used fiber-tempered pottery, during the Woodland period, there were various villages in the area, evidenced by earthen mounds and pottery sherds. These areas are now part of the Ocmulgee National Monument, a National Park Service-administered protected area established in 1936, the Ichisi served corncakes, wild onion, and roasted venison to De Soto and his party. Over the next hundred years, however, the Native Americans in the area were devastated from disease, eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin stimulated development of short-staple cotton plantations in the uplands, where it grew well. The gin mechanized processing of the cotton and made it profitable, demand for land in the Southeast increased, as well as demand for slave labor in the Deep South
34.
Oconee River
–
South of Athens, two forks, known as the North Oconee River and Middle Oconee River, converge to form the Oconee River. Milledgeville, the capital city of Georgia, lies on the Oconee River. The Oconee River Greenway trail along the Oconee River in Milledgeville opened in 2008, J. W. McMillans brick factory was located along the river. The Oconee River passes through the Oconee National Forest into Lake Oconee, from Lake Oconee, the river travels to Lake Sinclair, another manmade lake in Milledgeville, the town founded on Georgias fall line and former state capital. South of Milledgeville, the river flows unobstructed and later merges with the Ocmulgee River to form the Altamaha River, along the river there are many sandbars and oxbow lakes while the forest bottomland swamp surrounding the Oconee extends for miles, creating a very remote setting. The rivers name derives from the Oconee, a Muskogean people of central Georgia, the Oconee lived in present-day Baldwin County, Georgia at a settlement known as Oconee Old Town, and later moved to the Chattahoochee River in the early 18th century. The name exists in variations, including Ocone, Oconi, Ocony. One of the sources of pollution comes from fecal coliform bacteria, several species of bacteria found in human. Fecal coliform bacteria can be deadly to humans if ingested or acquired through an open wound, fish caught in the Oconee Basin may be eaten if cooked thoroughly. The second biggest form of pollution in the river is fertilizer, nitrogen in fertilizer in the form of nitrates or ammonia, measured in parts per million, is found in regularly collected samples. These forms of nitrogen stimulate abundant growth of algae in the water, the effect is twofold, The water becomes murkier from the algae growing in it. This inhibits sunlights path to the bottom of the river and destroys naturally occurring plant life at the bottom of the ecosystem, the algae eventually die and rot in the water, as they decompose, they pull oxygen out of the water, killing fish, especially large ones. This affects other wildlife, including birds, dependent on the fish, the third largest source of pollution is sedimentation, typically caused by construction and urbanization. Loose soil washes away with rainwater, clouding the river and eventually settling to the bottom at a faster rate than the river can carry it away. This reduces clarity in the way as the algal growth. In addition, the buildup of the bottom reduces the depth of the water, affecting flow and raising the temperature of the river, stressing the ecosystem
35.
Ogeechee River
–
The Ogeechee River is a 294-mile-long blackwater river in the U. S. state of Georgia. It heads at the confluence of its North and South Forks, about 2.5 miles south-southwest of Crawfordville and its largest tributary is the Canoochee River, which drains approximately 1,400 square miles and is the only other major river in the basin. The Ogeechee has a watershed of 5,540 square miles and it is one of the states few free-flowing streams. The Ogeechee runs from the Piedmont across the line and sandhill region. There it flows across the plain of Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean. The Ogeechee River basin contains parts of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces and this boundary follows the contact between older crystalline metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont Province and the younger unconsolidated Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Coastal Plain Province. Other rock types found in the basin include metasedimentary rock, schists and phyllites, felsic and mafic metavolcanic rocks, Coastal Plain sediments overlap the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the southern edge of the Piedmont Province at the Fall Line. The Ogeechee River watershed in Georgia crosses four major land resource areas, the dominant soils in this part of the watershed have 40 to 60 inches of sandy materials overlying a loamy subsoil. Soils in the Southern Coastal Plain part of the watershed are more variable than in parts, especially concerning their textures. In fact, though the origin of the name Ogeechee is uncertain, it may be derived from a Muskogee term meaning river of the Uchees, referring to the Yuchi people, who inhabited areas near it
36.
Ohoopee River
–
The Ohoopee River is a 119-mile-long river in east-central Georgia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Altamaha River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean and it joins the Altamaha River 13 miles south of Reidsville. In Emanuel County, it collects the Little Ohoopee River, about 54 miles long, the Ohoopee River is referenced in Larry Jon Wilsons song, Ohoopee River Bottomland, which appears on Wilsons 1975 album, New Beginnings. Wilson also sings the song in the 1980 documentary, Heartworn Highways, wilson was born in Swainsboro, just north of the Ohoopee River. The river valley has become the site of a yearly music festival known as Curly Fest featuring regional artists. List of Georgia rivers Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry DeLorme, U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Ohoopee River U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Little Ohoopee River
37.
Satilla River
–
The Satilla River rises in Ben Hill County, Georgia, near the town of Fitzgerald, and flows in a mostly easterly direction to the Atlantic Ocean. Along its approximately 235-mile course are the cities of Waycross, Waynesville, the Satilla drains almost 4,000 square miles of land, all of it in the coastal plain of southeastern Georgia. It has white sandbars and is the largest blackwater river situated entirely within Georgia, the river derives its name from a Spanish officer named Saint Illa, and over a period of time the name was merged to form the word Satilla. The name St. Illa River was in use along side the name Satilla River in the nineteenth century. The Satilla enters the Atlantic Ocean about 10 miles south of Brunswick, Satilla River Marsh Island is one of the few places in Georgia for observing nesting sites of brown pelicans. In May 2010, the city of Waycross purchased the Bandalong Litter Trap and installed it in Tebeau Creek, the trap was invented in Australia, but is manufactured in the United States by Storm Water Systems. Governor Sonny Perdue said, “Water is one of Georgia’s most important, the litter trap installed by Waycross is a model of stewardship for the state and the nation. ”The Satilla River litter trap is the first in Georgia and only the second in the nation
