1.
Osram
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OSRAM Licht AG is a multinational lighting manufacturer headquartered in Munich, Germany. OSRAM was founded in 1919 by the merger of the businesses of Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske. On 5 July 2013, OSRAM was spun off from Siemens, the Osram name is derived from osmium and Wolfram, as both these elements were commonly used for lighting filaments at the time the company was founded. The brand name of OSRAM was born in 1906 and registered by the Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt, in 1906 the Osram incandescent lamp was developed by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The British General Electric Company imported Osram filaments for their own production of light bulbs, in 1919 Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske and Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft combined their electric-lamp production with the formation of the company Osram. In 1998 Osram acquired the business of ECE Industries India Ltd at a cost of $9.55 million. In 2009 Osram acquired TRAXON Technologies, on 8 July 2013 Siemens spun off Osram, which then listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Osram is a corporation with headquarters in Munich and it employs around 34,000 people throughout the world. Osram has operations in over 120 countries, in the 2014 financial year, revenue of about €5.1 billion was achieved. Osram Opto Semiconductors is an owned subsidiary of Osram which designs. One of the products of this subsidiary is light-emitting diodes. Besides its headquarters in Regensburg, Germany, it has production sites in Penang, Malaysia, and Wuxi, China. Osram Sylvania Inc. manufactures and markets a range of lighting products for homes, business. In fiscal year 2006, the company achieved sales of about 2 billion euros and it employs about 11,200 people in North America and is headquartered in Wilmington, Massachusetts, north of Boston. Most of the products are marketed in North and South America under the SYLVANIA or OSRAM brand names. Traxon Technologies, together with its brand, e, cue lighting control, is a solid state lighting. In 2009, Traxon Technologies entered into a joint venture with OSRAM, german football manager Jupp Heynckes was nicknamed Osram because his face would sometimes redden under the stress of matches. EnOcean Fluorescent lamp Phoebus cartel OSRAM OSRAM Licht AG – website of the listed holding company
2.
Lighting
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Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting is sometimes used as the source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance performance, improve the appearance of an area. Indoor lighting is accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be a component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man, prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, oily animals were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources, candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were a form of light fixture. A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil, in 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, gesners kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil, the American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States, the cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the success of kerosene
3.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
4.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
5.
Portmanteau
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In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes. A portmanteau also differs from a compound, which not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a portmanteau, of star and fish, whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish. Humpty Dumpty explains the practice of combining words in various ways by telling Alice, for instance, take the two words fuming and furious. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, in then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. The etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau, from porter, to carry, in modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet, a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. It has also used especially in Europe as a formal description for hat racks from the French words porter. An occasional synonym for portmanteau word is frankenword, an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending Frankenstein, many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon. In Punch in 1896, the word brunch was introduced as a portmanteau word, in 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia, a scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger. Jeoportmanteau. is a category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy. The categorys name is itself a portmanteau of the words Jeopardy, responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander, oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UKs two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge. Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries, for example, a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork, and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt, part shorts. On the other hand, turducken, a made by inserting a chicken into a duck. Similarly, the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, though initially a gaffe, the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionarys Word of the Year in 2010. The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like permalance, advertainment, advertorial, infotainment, a company name may also be portmanteau as well as a product name. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaux to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to. giv people an essence of who they are within the same name and this is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life supercouples
6.
Tungsten
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Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, a hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783 and its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at 3,422 °C,6,192 °F. Its high density is 19.3 times that of water, comparable to that of uranium and gold, polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile, and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw, tungstens many alloys have numerous applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in TIG welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungstens hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles, tungsten compounds are also often used as industrial catalysts. Tungsten is the metal from the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules. It is the heaviest element known to be essential to any living organism, tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to animal life. In its raw form, tungsten is a hard metal that is often brittle. If made very pure, tungsten retains its hardness, and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily and it is worked by forging, drawing, or extruding. Tungsten objects are commonly formed by sintering. Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has the highest melting point, lowest vapor pressure, although carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than tungsten, carbon sublimes, rather than melts, so tungsten is considered to have a higher melting point. Tungsten has the lowest coefficient of expansion of any pure metal. The low thermal expansion and high melting point and tensile strength of tungsten originate from strong covalent bonds formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons, alloying small quantities of tungsten with steel greatly increases its toughness. Tungsten exists in two crystalline forms, α and β. The former has a cubic structure and is the more stable form
7.
Electrical filament
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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light. The filament, heated by passing a current through it, is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament. The light bulb is supplied with current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support, Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, the remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of an incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament, such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan, historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edisons success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting. In 1761 Ebenezer Kinnersley demonstrated heating a wire to incandescence and it was not bright enough nor did it last long enough to be practical, but it was the precedent behind the efforts of scores of experimenters over the next 75 years. Over the first three-quarters of the 19th century many experimenters worked with various combinations of platinum or iridium wires, carbon rods, many of these devices were demonstrated and some were patented. In 1835, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a meeting in Dundee. He stated that he could read a book at a distance of one, however, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. with being the inventor of the Incandescent Light Bulb, in 1838, Belgian lithographer Marcellin Jobard invented an incandescent light bulb with a vacuum atmosphere using a carbon filament. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue enclosed a coiled platinum filament in a vacuum tube, although a workable design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. In 1841, Frederick de Moleyns of England was granted the first patent for an incandescent lamp, in 1845, American John W. Starr acquired a patent for his incandescent light bulb involving the use of carbon filaments. He died shortly after obtaining the patent, and his invention was never produced commercially, little else is known about him. In 1851, Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin publicly demonstrated incandescent light bulbs on his estate in Blois and his light bulbs are on display in the museum of the Château de Blois
8.
Alexander Just
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Alexander Friedrich Just was a German/Hungarian chemist and inventor. Later, in Hungary he used the name Just Sándor Frigyes, Just and Hanaman received a Hungarian patent in 1904 and later US Patent 1,018,502. In 1905, Just and Hanaman patented a process for producing tungsten filaments by plating carbon filaments with tungsten, then removing the carbon by heating. These early tungsten lamps were more efficient than a carbon filament lamp, because they could operate at a high temperature, the tungsten was, however, so brittle that these lamps were of limited practical use. It was supplanted by the drawn tungsten filament lamp, developed in 1910 by William David Coolidge, nY-Times 16 April 1916 about Just Text of Patent 34541
9.
Incandescent light bulb
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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light. The filament, heated by passing a current through it, is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament. The light bulb is supplied with current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support, Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, the remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of an incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament, such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan, historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edisons success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting. In 1761 Ebenezer Kinnersley demonstrated heating a wire to incandescence and it was not bright enough nor did it last long enough to be practical, but it was the precedent behind the efforts of scores of experimenters over the next 75 years. Over the first three-quarters of the 19th century many experimenters worked with various combinations of platinum or iridium wires, carbon rods, many of these devices were demonstrated and some were patented. In 1835, James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a meeting in Dundee. He stated that he could read a book at a distance of one, however, having perfected the device to his own satisfaction, he turned to the problem of wireless telegraphy and did not develop the electric light any further. His claims are not well documented, although he is credited in Challoner et al. with being the inventor of the Incandescent Light Bulb, in 1838, Belgian lithographer Marcellin Jobard invented an incandescent light bulb with a vacuum atmosphere using a carbon filament. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue enclosed a coiled platinum filament in a vacuum tube, although a workable design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. In 1841, Frederick de Moleyns of England was granted the first patent for an incandescent lamp, in 1845, American John W. Starr acquired a patent for his incandescent light bulb involving the use of carbon filaments. He died shortly after obtaining the patent, and his invention was never produced commercially, little else is known about him. In 1851, Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin publicly demonstrated incandescent light bulbs on his estate in Blois and his light bulbs are on display in the museum of the Château de Blois
10.
Krypton
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Krypton is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 elements, a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. With rare exceptions, krypton is chemically inert, Krypton, like the other noble gases, is used in lighting and photography. Krypton light has many spectral lines, and krypton plasma is useful in bright, high-powered gas lasers, Krypton fluoride also makes a useful laser. Krypton was discovered in Britain in 1898 by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris Travers, neon was discovered by a similar procedure by the same workers just a few weeks later. William Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of a series of noble gases, in 1960, the International Conference on Weights and Measures defined the meter as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of light emitted by the krypton-86 isotope. This agreement replaced the 1889 international prototype meter located in Paris and this also obsoleted the 1927 definition of the ångström based on the red cadmium spectral line, replacing it with 1 Å = 10−10 m. The krypton-86 definition lasted until the October 1983 conference, which redefined the meter as the distance light travels in a vacuum during 1/299,792,458 s. Krypton is characterized by several sharp emission lines the strongest being green, Krypton is one of the products of uranium fission. Solid krypton is white and has a cubic crystal structure. Naturally occurring krypton in Earths atmosphere is composed of six stable isotopes, in addition, about thirty unstable isotopes and isomers are known. 81Kr, the product of reactions, is produced with the other naturally occurring isotopes of krypton. Being radioactive, it has a half-life of 230,000 years, Krypton is highly volatile and does not stay in solution in near-surface water, but 81Kr has been used for dating old groundwater. 85Kr is a radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 10.76 years. It is produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium, such as in nuclear bomb testing, 85Kr is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. Concentrations at the North Pole are 30% higher than at the South Pole due to convective mixing, like the other noble gases, krypton is highly chemically unreactive. In fact, before the 1960s, no noble gas compounds had been synthesized, however, following the first successful synthesis of xenon compounds in 1962, synthesis of krypton difluoride was reported in 1963. In the same year, KrF4 was reported by Grosse, there are also unverified reports of a barium salt of a krypton oxoacid
11.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
12.
Vacuum tube
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In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube, or valve, is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container. Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament and this type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A phototube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect, the simplest vacuum tube, the diode, contains only a heater, a heated electron-emitting cathode, and a plate. Current can only flow in one direction through the device between the two electrodes, as electrons emitted by the travel through the tube and are collected by the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids, Tubes with grids can be used for many purposes, including amplification, rectification, switching, oscillation, and display. In the 1940s the invention of devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, more efficient, more reliable, more durable. Hence, from the mid-1950s solid-state devices such as transistors gradually replaced tubes, the cathode-ray tube remained the basis for televisions and video monitors until superseded in the 21st century. However, there are still a few applications for which tubes are preferred to semiconductors, for example, the used in microwave ovens. One classification of vacuum tubes is by the number of active electrodes, a device with two active elements is a diode, usually used for rectification. Devices with three elements are used for amplification and switching. Additional electrodes create tetrodes, pentodes, and so forth, which have additional functions made possible by the additional controllable electrodes. X-ray tubes are vacuum tubes. Phototubes and photomultipliers rely on electron flow through a vacuum, though in those cases electron emission from the cathode depends on energy from photons rather than thermionic emission, since these sorts of vacuum tubes have functions other than electronic amplification and rectification they are described in their own articles. A vacuum tube consists of two or more electrodes in a vacuum inside an airtight enclosure, most tubes have glass envelopes, though ceramic and metal envelopes have been used. The electrodes are attached to leads which pass through the envelope via an airtight seal, Tubes were a frequent cause of failure in electronic equipment, and consumers were expected to be able to replace tubes themselves. In addition to the terminals, some tubes had an electrode terminating at a top cap. The principal reason for doing this was to avoid leakage resistance through the tube base, the bases were commonly made with phenolic insulation which performs poorly as an insulator in humid conditions. There was even a design that had two top cap connections
13.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
14.
Brand
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
15.
Tivadar Millner
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Hungarian Tivadar Millner was an inventor who developed tungsten lamps. Working at Tungsram, Tivadar Millner, along with Pál Túry, co-developed large-crystal tungsten technology for the production of more reliable, in 1923 at Tungsram Ltd. a research laboratory was established for improving light sources, mainly electric bulbs. The head of that laboratory was Ignácz Pfeiffer, whose research staff included Tivadar Millner, along with Zoltan Bay, Imre Bródy, György Szigeti, crew rocks KFKI notes on Tivadar Millner
16.
Michael Polanyi
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Michael Polanyi, FRS was a Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. He argued that positivism supplies a false account of knowing, which if taken seriously undermines our highest achievements as human beings and his wide-ranging research in physical science included chemical kinetics, x-ray diffraction, and adsorption of gases. He pioneered the theory of diffraction analysis in 1921. Two of his pupils and his son won Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, in 1944 Polanyi was elected to the Royal Society. Polanyi, born Pollacsek Mihály in Budapest, was the child of Mihály and Cecília Pollacsek, secular Jews from Ungvár and Wilno, then Russian Empire. His fathers family were entrepreneurs, while his mothers father was the rabbi of Wilno. The family moved to Budapest and Magyarized their surname to Polányi and his father built much of the Hungarian railway system, but lost most of his fortune in 1899 when bad weather caused a railway building project to go over budget. Cecília Polányi established a salon that was known among Budapests intellectuals. His older brother was Karl Polanyi, the political economist and anthropologist, and his niece was Eva Zeisel, in 1909, after leaving his teacher-training secondary school, Polanyi studied to be a physician, obtaining his medical diploma in 1914. He was an member of the Galilei Society. In the First World War, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army as a medical officer, while on sick-leave in 1916, he wrote a PhD thesis on adsorption. His research, which was encouraged by Albert Einstein, was supervised by Gusztáv Buchböck, in October 1918, Mihály Károlyi established the Hungarian Democratic Republic, and Polanyi became Secretary to the Minister of Health. When Communists seized power in March 1919 he returned to medicine, when the Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown, Polanyi emigrated to Karlsruhe in Germany, and was invited by Fritz Haber to join the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Faserstoffchemie in Berlin. In 1923 he converted to Christianity, and in a Roman Catholic ceremony married Magda Elizabeth Kemeny, in 1926 he became the professorial head of department of the Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie. In 1929, Magda gave birth to their son John, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1986 and their other son, George Polanyi, who predeceased him, became a well-known economist. His experience of runaway inflation and high unemployment in Weimar Germany led Polanyi to become interested in economics, with the coming to power in 1933 of the Nazi party, he accepted a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Manchester. Two of his pupils, Eugene Wigner and Melvin Calvin went on to win a Nobel Prize, because of his increasing interest in the social sciences, Manchester University created a new chair in Social Science for him. In 1944 Polanyi was elected a member of the Royal Society, in 1962 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
17.
Dennis Gabor
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Dennis Gabor CBE, FRS was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics. Gabor was born as Günszberg Dénes, into a Jewish family in Budapest, in 1918, his family converted to Lutheranism. Dennis was the son of Günszberg Bernát and Jakobovits Adél. Despite having a background, religion played a minor role in his later life. In 1902, the family received permission to change their surname from Günszberg to Gábor and he served with the Hungarian artillery in northern Italy during World War I. At the start of his career, he analysed the properties of high voltage transmission lines by using cathode-beam oscillographs. Studying the fundamental processes of the oscillograph, Gabor was led to other devices such as electron microscopes. He eventually wrote his PhD thesis on Recording of Transients in Electric Circuits with the Cathode Ray Oscillograph in 1927, and worked on plasma lamps. In 1933 Gabor fled from Nazi Germany, where he was considered Jewish, during his time in Rugby, he met Marjorie Louise Butler, and they married in 1936. He became a British citizen in 1946, and it was working at British Thomson-Houston that he invented holography. He experimented with a heavily filtered mercury arc light source, however, the earliest hologram was only realised in 1964 following the 1960 invention of the laser, the first coherent light source. After this, holography became commercially available, Gabors research focused on electron inputs and outputs, which led him to the invention of re-holography. The basic idea was that for optical imaging, the total of all the information has to be used, not only the amplitude, as in usual optical imaging. In this manner a complete holo-spatial picture can be obtained, Gabor published his theories of re-holography in a series of papers between 1946 and 1951. Gabors work in this and related areas was foundational in the development of time–frequency analysis, in 1948 Gabor moved from Rugby to Imperial College London, and in 1958 became professor of Applied Physics until his retirement in 1967. In 1963 Gabor published Inventing the Future which discussed the three major threats Gabor saw to modern society, war, overpopulation and the Age of Leisure, the book contained the now well-known expression that the future cannot be predicted, but futures can be invented. Reviewer Nigel Calder rephrased the concept as, The best way to predict the future is to invent it, others such as Alan Kay, Peter Drucker, and Forrest Shaklee who have used various forms of the quote have been incorrectly credited with coining it. Goldmark in many new schemes of communication and display, one of Imperial Colleges new halls of residence in Princes Gardens, Knightsbridge is named Gabor Hall in honour of Gabors contribution to Imperial College
18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
19.
Manufacturing
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
20.
GE Aviation
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GE Aviation, a subsidiary of General Electric, is headquartered in Evendale, Ohio, outside Cincinnati. GE Aviation is among the top aircraft engine suppliers, and offers engines for the majority of commercial aircraft, GE Aviation is part of the General Electric conglomerate, which is one of the worlds largest corporations. The division operated under the name of General Electric Aircraft Engines until September 2005, GE Aviations main competitors in the engine market are Rolls-Royce and Pratt & Whitney. GE operates two joint ventures with Snecma of France, CFM International and CFM Materials, General Electric had a long history in steam turbine work, dating back to the 1900s. In 1903 they hired Sanford Alexander Moss, who, in time and this led to a series of record-breaking flights over the next ten years. At first the role of flight was limited, but in the years immediately prior to WWII they became standard equipment on practically all military aircraft. This work made them the natural partner to develop jet engines when Frank Whittles W.1 engine was demonstrated to Hap Arnold in 1941. A production license was arranged in September, and several of the existing W.1 test engines shipped to the US for study, early jet engine work took place at GEs Syracuse, NY and Lynn, MA plants, but soon concentrated at the Lynn plants. On 31 July 1945 the Lynn plant became the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division, GE was repeatedly unable to deliver enough engines for Army and Navy demand, and production of the I-40 was also handed to Allison Engines in 1944. After the war ended, the Army canceled its orders for GE-built J33s and turned the production over to Allison. These changes in fortune led to debate within the company about carrying on in the engine market. However, the engineers at Lynn pressed ahead with development of a new engine, the TG-180, development funds were allotted in 1946 for a more powerful version of the same design, the TG-190. This engine finally emerged as the famed General Electric J47, which saw demand for several military aircraft. J47 production ran to 30,000 engines by the time the lines closed down in 1956, further development of the J47 by Patrick Clarke in 1957 led to the J73, and from there into the much more powerful J79. The J79 was GEs second hit, leading to a run of 17,000 in several different countries. The GE and Lockheed team that developed the J79 and the F-104 Mach 2 fighter aircraft received the 1958 Collier Trophy for outstanding achievement in aviation. Other successes followed, including the T58, and T64 turboshaft engines, J85, the TF39 was the first high-bypass turbofan engine to enter production. Entered into the C-5 Galaxy contest in 1964 against similar designs from Curtiss-Wright and Pratt & Whitney and this led to a civilian model, the CF6, which was offered for the Lockheed L-1011 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 projects
21.
GE Capital
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GE Capital, is the financial services unit of the American multinational conglomerate General Electric. It provides commercial lending and leasing, as well as a range of services for commercial aviation, energy. Since that time, the GE Capital team has made progress toward redefining the company. One financing center of excellence that serves the entire GE system, GE Treasury, GE Capital Aviation Services is a key financial partner to more than 245 customers in 75 countries, providing aircraft leasing, financing, services and consulting in every sector of the industry. GE Energy Financial Services provides world-class underwriting capabilities for Power, Renewables, and GE Capitals new Industrial Finance organization serves customers in Healthcare, Transportation, Distributed Power, Marine industries and Municipalities around the world. On July 8,2013, the Financial Stability Oversight Council designated GE Capital as an important financial institution. As of 2014, GE Capital had 35, 000+ employees worldwide, operating in more than 40 countries and it was rated AA+ with stable outlook by S&P in 2012. GE Capitals subsidiaries also operate under the GE Money brand, on April 10,2015, Jeffrey R. Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, announced that GE would sell most of GE Capital over the next two years. The majority of GE Commercial Lending & Leasing was sold to Wells Fargo, operations in Germany and France were sold to Crédit Mutuel. Operations in Australia were sold to Sankaty Advisors, Mubadala GE Capital, a joint venture with Mubadala Development Company, was sold to MidCap Financial, a portfolio company of Apollo Management. GE Capital Rail Services was sold to First Union Rail, a subsidiary of Wells Fargo, GE Healthcare Finance Services was sold to Capital One. GE Capital Equity was sold to Ardian, GE Capital Transportation Finance was sold to BMO Financial Group. GE Capital Corporate Finance - Aircraft was sold to Global Jet Capital, a company of AE Industrial Partners. GE Capitals Mexican equipment lending and leasing operations were sold to Linzor Capital Partners, GE Trailer Fleet Services was sold to Element Financial and Arval. Its hotel franchise operations were sold to Western Alliance Bancorp, Polish GE Money Bank S. A. was primarily headquartered in Gdańsk prior to December 31,2009. BPH SA is a Polish financial institution 89% owned by GE Money Bank, on 31 December 2009, Bank BPH merged with GE Money Bank Polska. After the merging of the two brands, GEs Capitals Polish headquarters are located in three cities, Warsaw, Kraków and Gdańsk, in October 2014, the bank’s owner, General Electric, revealed it was considering selling the firm. In Australia, the GE Money brand encompassed the GE Consumer Finance, the company provided car, boat, personal and consolidation loans, credit cards, mortgages and insurance
22.
GE Capital Aviation Services
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GE Capital Aviation Services is an Irish-American commercial aircraft financing and leasing company. It is the largest commercial airline leasing/financing company in the world and it is part of GE Capital, a company of the large conglomerate General Electric. GECAS buys aircraft from manufacturers like Airbus and Boeing and then leases them to airlines, typically on eight year leases and it also buys aircraft from airlines and leases them back. The company has three headquarters, located in Singapore, Shannon, County Clare and Norwalk, Connecticut. The primary competition for GECAS is AerCap, although companies such as Air Lease Corporation, Aviation Capital Group, BBAM. GECAS has a fleet of over 1800 aircraft, used by 245 airlines, nearly all aircraft owned by GECAS are powered by engines from either GE Aviation, another subsidiary of General Electric, or CFM International, a GE Aviation/Snecma joint venture. GECAS was formed in 1993 to manage the assets bought from the Irish-based Guinness Peat Aviation, the company GE Capital Aviation Services Limited was based in Ireland and originally staffed by former GPA employees. GE Capital also incorporated the California-based Polaris Aircraft Leasing into the group, GECAS also owns a minority stake in Oxford Aviation Academy retained when they sold 80% of GECAT to STAR Capital Partners in 2007. In 2015, GECAS took over the Irish-based Milestone Aviation to add helicopters to its leasing portfolio, GECAS maintains a portfolio of narrowbody and widebody passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft, and regional and turboprop aircraft from manufacturers Boeing, Airbus, Embraer, Bombardier and ATR. Through its Milestone Aviation Group, GECAS also owns and leases AgustaWestland, Sikorsky, GECAS also operates AviaSolutions, which provides aircraft consultancy services to airports, investors and financial institutions, governments and airlines. AviaSolutions advises clients on business development, route development, infrastructure planning, airline management, regulations, and various other projects
23.
GE Energy Financial Services
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GE Energy Financial Services, a division of General Electric, provides financial and technological investment in energy infrastructure projects around the world. EFS is active within industries such as generation and distribution, oil and gas, pipelines and storage, water, venture capital. EFS portfolios include deepwater oil and gas exploration in Brazil and water projects in Jordan. GE EFS has invested billions of dollars in solar industry, one of their most recent investment is 127-megawatt solar farm in Arlington, Arizona which is about 40 miles west of Phoenix. Dokie Ridge Wind Farm, near Chetwynd, British Columbia, Canada Toba Inlet run-of-the river project in Toba Inlet, British Columbia, Canada Official website
24.
GE Intelligent Platforms
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GEs Automation and Controls division combines what was formerly known as GE Intelligent Platforms and Alstoms Power Automation and Controls. Industries served include OEMs, power, oil and gas, manufacturing, military and aerospace, mining and metals, telecommunications, in 1986, GE Fanuc Automation Corporation was jointly established in the US by FANUC and General Electric. Under the joint venture company, three operating companies, GE Fanuc Automation North America, Inc. in the U. S, GE Fanuc Automation Europe S. A. in Luxembourg, and Fanuc GE Automation Asia Ltd. in Japan were established. In 2007, the company was renamed to GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms, GE Fanuc Automation CNC Europe changed its name to Fanuc GE CNC Europe. In 2009, GE and Fanuc agreed to joint venture. In 2015, GE Intelligent Platforms, Inc. changed its name to Automation & Controls upon acquisition of Alstoms Power Automation & Controls business. 1998, completed acquisition of AFE Technologies 1998, acquired Total Control Products 2000, acquired DataViews Corp 2001, acquired VMIC2002, acquired Intellution,2003, acquired RAMiX2003, acquired Mountain Systems, Inc. 2015, acquired Alstom Power Automation & Controls 2015, sold its embedded systems division to Veritas Capital, now known as Abaco Systems Official website
25.
GE Measurement & Control Solutions
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Its worldwide headquarters are located in Billerica, Massachusetts. The company has grown in recent years by making a number of acquisitions in key sensor areas such as temperature, pressure, level. Acquisitions include leading temperature sensor manufacturers Thermometrics, pressure sensor manufacturers Druck, GE Druck, GE General Eastern, GE Protimeter, GE Kaye, GE NovaSensor, GE Panametrics, GE Thermometrics, and GE Ruska are now under one name, GE Industrial Sensing. The company offers such as NTC/PTC Thermistors, Pressure Sensors, Humidity Sensors, Infrared sensors. The current CEO of the company is Mr. Brian Palmer who has worked with GE in an array of roles over 15+ years
26.
GE Healthcare
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GE Healthcare is an American pharmaceutical company and medical equipment manufacturer. It is a subsidiary of General Electric, formerly headquartered in Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, Samms and J. B. Wantz founded the Victor Electric Company in a basement. By 1896 they made electrostatic generators for exciting x-ray tubes and electrotherapeutic devices and they had a staff of six and a capital of $3,000 invested in the company. Victor Electric plunged into the business and by 1896 were making x-ray machines. The business grew rapidly and so, in 1896, moved into new premises three times the size, but this did not solve the space problems and the company made 3 moves by 1899. In 1896, G. A. Frye began making x-ray tubes, during the first years, it was easier to keep up with the competition than space requirements. By 1903, Victor Electric had outgrown its facilities at 418 Dearborn St. in Chicago and this was again only a temporary stop, by 1910 it was too small and the firm moved again in 1911 to a building at the corner of Jackson Blvd. and Damen Avenue. This was the first permanent home of Victor Electric Co and they stayed there 35 years and during this time, gradually acquired all the space in the building and several around it. During the first 20 years of the business, many new names appeared. In 1901 the Western Electric Coil Co. was formed, in 1902 MacAlaster & Wiggin purchased the x-ray tube business of Swett & Lewis. Two other companies were the Radio Electric Co. which was later to be known as Snook-Roentgen Manufacturing, in 1907, Homer Clyde Snook introduced the Snook apparatus, the first interrupterless device produced for X-ray work. The Snook apparatus was manufactured in England, in 1916, the first significant merger took place, Scheidel Western, Snook-Roentgen, MacAlaster & Wiggin, and Victor Electric Co. were merged with Victor, the surviving name. Victor’s two founders had key roles in the new firm, C. F. Samms was company president and J. B. Wantz was Vice-President of manufacturing and engineering. Four years later, in 1920, a major merger was accomplished when Victor was acquired by General Electric which was, at that time. The marriage of Victor Electric and General Electric became complete of July 28,1926 when Victor was declared a wholly owned affiliate of General Electric, the merger brought renewed vitality to the organization and Victor entered the foreign market with equipment sold and serviced in nearly 70 countries. In 1930, the name was changed from Victor to General Electric X-Ray Corporation, world War II saw the dramatic use of x-rays in industry for non-destructive testing of war materials. It also saw the use of x-rays as a medical tool for military services. As the war ended, GE X-Ray Corporation continued to grow, Greater production capacity and greater expertise was needed in the core business of building X-ray tubes
27.
GE Lighting
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GE Lighting is a division of General Electric headquartered in Nela Park, East Cleveland, Ohio, United States, employing 17,000 people and tracing its origins to Thomas Edisons work on lighting. GE subsequently acquired several of the member companies. These were later consolidated with the Edison lamp division,2011 In July, GE Lighting entered a licensing agreement with Nuventix for its LED cooling technology and invested $10 million into the company. Two weeks later, the announced its plans to buy Lightech, acquiring its LED and halogen power supplies. 2015 On October 7,2015, the Commercial division of GE Lighting was separated from the business, Current, powered by GE brings together solutions from multiple GE businesses including LED lighting, solar, electric vehicle charging stations, and energy storage. These solutions connected with data and GEs Predix, delivers energy saving solutions to enterprises and cities
28.
GE Power
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GE Power is an American energy techniques company, owned by General Electric. GE Power is the largest energy techniques and selling energy company in the world. GE Energy was a division of General Electric and was headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2008, a company-wide reorganization prompted by financial losses led to the units formation from companies within GE Infrastructure. On March 29,2011, GE Energy announced plans to acquire a 90% stake in Converteam for $3.2 billion and this move was seen as an effort to drive simplification and visibility in GE, and the reorganization was completed in October 2013. The companys new name is GE Power and it all the divisions. Now the company is one of the largest companies in the world and is the leader in different energy techniques and selling energy
29.
GE Jenbacher
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GE Power & Water manufactures Jenbacher gas engines and cogeneration modules in the Austrian town of Jenbach in the Tyrol. It is part of their Distributed Energy portfolio of products and is one of their gas engine technologies, Jenbacher emerged from the former Jenbacher Werke, which was founded in 1959 and manufactured gas and diesel engines, and locomotives. The company was out by General Electric in 2003 and was renamed GE Jenbacher GmbH & Co. Although the company itself has a short history, its origins go far back. In 1487, a mine and foundry was founded by the Fugger family, in 1657, all Fugger properties in Tyrol were taken over by the state. Due to exhaustion of the copper- and silver deposits, the changed focus to iron. In 1909, the mine ran out of iron as well, the company was acquired by Julius and Theodor Reitlinger in 1881. At the beginning of World War II, all of Tyrol was seized and Aryanized, the plant made brake pads for the Deutsche Reichsbahn, and from 1939 they made aeroplane parts and rocket motors for Heinkel. After the collapse at the end of the Second World War the factory was placed under public administration and it had to be converted to civilian production, and started out with cookware, but also started with the repair of railway wagons. Because of the availability of specialists and skilled workers, it was decided to concentrate on the production of diesel engines. The first product was a 15 hp two-stroke engine, which was successful and was manufactured in large quantities. This was followed by more two-stroke and four stroke models of engine, the JW15,8 TO15 Hp, the JW20,15 to 20 Hp, and the JW20M, the same engine, but with inertial mass damping to counteract the vibrations of the single cylinder. The company was now pushed to develop generators, compressors and pumps of the same quality, in 1959 the company was constituted as Jenbacher Werke AG, the main shareholders being CA with 35% and Mannesmann with 26%, the rest being free float. The CA increased its share steadily and after the purchase of Mannesmanns share through the CA-controlled Andritz AG they acquired a vast majority of the share capital. In 19791,550 people were employed at the plant. In 1988 the majority of the company was acquired by Auricon Beteiligungs AG, in 1991 it was organized into the Jenbacher Energy Systems AG and the Jenbacher Transport Systems Ltd. divisions. In the same year, JTS acquired 29. 9% of the British company Telfos Holding, which gave the company an influence on Ganz-Hunslet, on December 12,1991, JTS attained majority share capital of Telfos, and bought out General Electrics remaining share in 1993. In 1997, Jenbacher attempted to enter the market with help from AEG through a Jenbacher daughter company called Integral Verkehrstechnik AG Jenbach. Integral lost over 22 million Euros from 1997 to 2001, Jenbachers railway activities started in 1945, when they started performing repairs of rolling stock for the French occupation forces
30.
Waukesha Engine
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Waukesha is an American brand of large stationary reciprocating engines produced by GE Energy. Waukesha engines are internal combustion engines for industrial uses, such as engines that burn natural gas to run large generators for hospitals. In 1906, The Waukesha Motor Company was founded in Waukesha, in 1957, Waukesha bought the Climax Engineering Co. of Clinton, Iowa, also a noted builder of large engines. In 1968, Waukesha Motor Company was acquired by the Bangor-Punta Corporation, in 1973, Waukesha sold the Climax division to the Arrow Engine Company. In 1974, Waukesha Motor Company was sold to Dresser Industries and became Dressers Waukesha Engine Division, its typical nicknames afterward were Waukesha Engine, in 1989, Dresser acquired the Brons company of the Netherlands. In 2010, Dresser, including Dresser Waukesha, was acquired by GE Energy, on September 28,2015, GE announced it was closing the plant for good and moving the engine manufacturing operations to Canada. GE Energy Waukesha gas engines Waukesha Engine Historical Society
31.
GE Wind Energy
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GE Wind Energy was a branch of GE Energy, a subsidiary of General Electric. The company manufactures and sells wind turbines to the international market, in 2009, GE was the second largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world. The entity was created as developer Zond in 1980 by James G. P, dehlsen, who also formed Clipper Windpower in 2001. Enron acquired Zond and the German manufacturer Tacke in 1997, in 2002 GE acquired the wind power assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings while gas turbine sales slumped. Enron Wind was the only surviving US manufacturer of wind turbines at the time. In February 2011, GE also acquired Wind Tower Systems LLC, as of 2016, GE has a nacelle production capacity of 4.8 GW, some of which is in Florida. After the acquisition of Alstoms energy generating assets GEs wind portfolio was expanded to include the 6MW Haliade offshore turbine from Alstom Wind, the GE1.5 megawatt series of wind turbines was developed with the cooperation of the United States Department of Energy. It consists of three blades attached to a horizontal axis hub. The hub is connected to the shaft which turns a multi-stage system of gears. The gears increase the rate and send the kinetic energy obtained from the wind to a doubly fed electric machine. The angle of the blades and the direction which the faces are controlled by an active, all electric pitch. The generator has an output of 1.5 megawatts. The generator and gearbox are contained in the nacelle which is insulated to minimize noise emissions. Three models in the series had developed by 2005. Their rotors ranged in diameter from 70.5 to 82.5 meters, newer models incorporate the 100m rotor from GEs 2. 5MW towers, enabling these towers to generate substantially more electrical power from locations with sub-optimal wind. To further wind power research, a unit was commissioned at the National Wind Technology Center in late 2009. Its 10,000 installations in the US at the time constituted 50% of the commercial wind energy fleet. 12,000 turbines had been installed in 19 countries by mid-2009, the GE2. 5MW wind turbine is the second and larger model of land based wind turbines sold by General Electric
32.
GE Transportation
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GE Transportation, formerly known as GE Rail, is a division of General Electric. The organization manufactures equipment for the railroad, marine, mining, drilling and it is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois while their main manufacturing facility is located in Erie, Pennsylvania. Locomotives are assembled at the Erie plant, while engine manufacturing takes place in Grove City, in May 2011, the company announced plans to build a second locomotive factory in Fort Worth, Texas. GE Transportation is the largest producer of diesel-electric locomotives for freight and passenger applications in North America, believed to hold up to a 70% market share. It also produces related products, such as railroad signaling equipment, current locomotives in major production include the GE Evolution Series, for a complete listing, see the list of GE locomotives. In the spring of 2007, GE Transportation Systems rolled out a prototype hybrid diesel-electric locomotive to increase fuel efficiency, in September 2010, GE Transportation announced plans to commercialise a hybrid design by 2014-15. In addition to the industry, GE Transportation also serves the following industries, Marine, Mining, Stationary Power, Drilling. In addition to locomotives and equipment, GE Transportation Systems also produces large electric motors and propulsion systems for the mining, oil drilling. GE also provides medium-sized, medium-speed diesel engines for smaller vessels, mostly tugboats. These marine engines are marinized versions of their locomotive engines, gE’s battery business serves the rail, marine, telecommunications and energy sectors, including new smart grid technology. GEs Durathon battery production takes place at their state of the art facility in Schenectady, List of GE reciprocating engines List of GE locomotives GE Infrastructure GE Rail Services GE Transportation Systems official website
33.
Baker Hughes
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Baker Hughes is an American industrial service company, it is one of the worlds largest oil field services companies. It operates in over 90 countries, providing the oil and gas industry with products and services for oil drilling, formation evaluation, completion, production, Baker Hughes has its headquarters in the America Tower in the American General Center in Neartown, Houston. Baker Hughes is the combination of companies that have developed and introduced technology to serve the petroleum service industry. Their combined history dates back to the early 1900s, the Hughes Tool Company was founded in 1908 by business partners Walter Benona Sharp and Howard R. Hughes, Sr. father of Howard R. Hughes, Jr. That year, Hughes, Sr. and Sharp developed the first two-cone drill bit and they conducted two secret tests on a drilling rig in Goose Creek, Texas. Each time, Hughes asked the crew to leave the rig floor, pulled the bit from a locked wooden box. The drill pipe twisted off on the first test, but the second was extremely successful, in 1909, the Sharp & Hughes bit was granted a U. S. patent. In the same year, the formed the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company in Houston. After Walter Sharp died in 1912, Hughes purchased Sharps half of the business, the company was renamed Hughes Tool Company in 1915, and Hughes, Jr. inherited it after his fathers death in 1924. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Hughes Tool Company remained a private enterprise, in 1959, Hughes introduced self-lubricating, sealed bearing rock bits. Baker International was formed by Reuben C, Baker, who developed a Casing shoe, that revolutionized cable tool drilling. Baker, a 34-year-old inventor and entrepreneur in Coalinga, California, was granted a U. S. patent for a shoe that enabled drillers to efficiently run casing. This innovation launched the business that would become Baker Oil Tools, Mr. Baker had arrived in the California oilfield in 1895 with 95 cents in his pocket and dreams of making his fortune in the Los Angeles oil boom. Subsequently, he hauled oil for drillers with a team of horses and became a drilling contractor, in 1928, Baker Casing Shoe Company changed its name to Baker Oil Tools, Inc. to reflect its product line of completion, cementing and fishing equipment. In early 1956, during one of the most successful periods in the companys history, a few weeks later, he died after a brief illness at the age of 85 and was succeeded by his long-time associate Ted Sutter. Although he only had three years of education, Mr. Baker had been granted 150 patents. In 1965, Mr. Sutter was succeeded by E. H, hubie Clark, who would become the first Baker Hughes chairman of the board in 1987, during its 80-year history before the Baker Hughes merger, Baker had only three chief executives. INTEQ also originally incorporated the drilling fluids division of Baker Hughes which consisted of Milpark and this division was called INTEQ drilling fluids which provided the premier brands in oil and gas well drilling muds and wellbore cleaning fluids
34.
GE Global Research
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GE Global Research is the research and development division of General Electric. GE Global Research locations include, Global Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, established in 1900, john F. Welch Technology Center in Bangalore, India, established in 2000. China Technology Center in Shanghai, China, established in 2000, european Technology Center in Munich, Germany, established in 2003. Brazil Technology Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, established in 2014, focuses on Smart, Bioenergy and Offshore & Subsea Systems, GE Oil and Gas Technology Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, established in 2013, focuses on Oil & Gas. Saudi Technology and Innovation Center in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, established in 2013, focuses on Material Characterization, Combustion & Fuels, Advanced Manufacturing and Software Technology Center in Van Buren, Michigan, established in 2011, focuses on Advanced Manufacturing, Software, and IT. Israel Technology Center in Tirat Carmel, Israel, established in 2011, focuses on Healthcare, Energy, Software Analytics, Cyber Security, and Advanced Manufacturing
35.
Australian Guarantee Corporation
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AGC was registered as a public company on 18 June 1925 and listed on the stock exchange in 1928. Its business specialised in lending for cars and farm machinery and later expanded into personal loans, most of the funding for AGCs loans came from issuing debentures to the public, offering attractive interest rates. The first Managing Director was Mr G K Bain who assumed control from the company commencement until his retirement in 1956, TFC was wound down in the late-1970s although AGC continued to maintain a large percentage of Ford dealers business. The name was changed to AGC Ltd in the mid 1970s to better identify with the AGC products, the business was sold to AMP Society in 1989 and operated as AMP United Insurances Ltd. In 1957 the Bank of New South Wales bought 40% of AGC and over the years increased its interest to a majority stake of 76%. Banking regulations at the time prevented banks from doing the sort of lending finance companies like AGC did, all the major Australian banks ended up with finance company subsidiaries doing riskier lending than the banks themselves would. The Wales let AGC run as an independent business, and that included giving no guarantees on the debentures issued by AGC, initially AGC operated through head office in Sydney, with state operations in each capital city. The first regional branch presence was established in Toowoomba, Queensland in 1958 under the management of Mr K M Jack who would become the Managing Director in 1980. Further branch expansion quickly followed in all states and by the mid-1970s AGC operated more than 100 branch offices with over 3,000 staff, AGCs first offshore operation was New Zealand which operated relatively autonomously as AGC Ltd from 1938. Papua New Guinea was established in 1958, the 1960s saw AGC move into South East Asia with Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei all opened as joint ventures with Standard Chartered Bank of England. Overall, by 1988 the very successful overseas operations involved 12 countries, although most overseas businesses were very profitable, all were progressively sold in the early-1990s as part of the business rationalisation after the financial crisis of the late-1980s. Through the 1970s AGC expanded and increased profits, on the finance related side AGC continued to expand overseas, and in Australia acquired Bill Acceptance Corporation in 1977. In the early-1980s AGC also acquired a number of competitor retail financier companies, notably General Credits, Standard Chartered Finance Australia, Associated Midland and this operation was moved to Westpac Corporate Finance control in 1988. In general, lending through those years was conservative and risk was tightly controlled, lending against real estate in particular was capped at 30% of the loan book and spread by type and geography. The head office in Sydney at the time was devoid of luxuries, one property position that did spiral away in that time though was the Kooralbyn resort development started by prominent businessmen Peter Abeles and Arthur George in 1975. They put up $2m and AGC put up $4m, but costs increased, AGC then spent yet more over subsequent years until finally exiting in 1987 for a loss of some $50m. The motto within AGC that the first loss is the best loss had been illustrated, in the late-1980s and early-1990s, AGC found itself in severe difficulties having deviated from the traditional conservative lending policies towards big ticket property development loans. The economy turned against these borrowers, leaving AGC, and many similar financiers, with very substantial impaired loans, Westpac, although suffering similar situations with defaulting loans, agreed to support AGC through the provision of substantial funding lines
36.
Canadian General Electric
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Canadian General Electric was a Canadian manufacturer of various electrical products. The company was a forerunner of General Electric Canada, now known as GE Canada and it was the Canadian counterpart of the American company General Electric. The unit became General Electric Canada in 1989, limited was incorporated in Canada in 1892 as a merger of Edison Electric Light Company of Canada and Thomson-Houston Electric Light Company of Canada, both incorporated in Canada in 1882. CGE had about 500 employees at inception and was already producing generators, transformers, motors, wire and cable, and lighting products for consumer and industrial products. CGE had a long manufacturing history in Canada,1892 - Founded 1899 - Produces the Canadian General Electric electric car, for model year 1899 only, in Peterborough, the car is essentially a Woods Electric. 1911 - Acquires Sunbeam Lamp Company of Toronto,1912 - Establishes Montreal lamp plant. 1921 - Vacuum tube operations begin in Toronto,1922 - Canadian Edison Appliance Company established. 1945 - Small appliances plant opens in Barrie, Ontario,1946 - Plastics plant opens in Cobourg, Ontario. 1946 - Lighting plant opens in Oakville, Ontario,1947 - Electric meter plant opens in Quebec City. Camco is a traded company and is a part of the General Electric family of companies. CGE becomes General Electric Canada, a wholly owned unit of General Electric, 1990s - Electric lamp operations in the Oakville, Ontario factory slowly begins to get transferred to Warren, OH and Winchester, VA lamp plants. Most fluorescent tube operations are ceased by the late 1990s,2009 - Most incandescent lamp production lines in the Oakville, ON plant are stopped. Production is transferred to Winchester, VA,2010 - Oakville, ON lamp plant closes. Remaining incandescent lamp operations are transferred to Mexico and China, a few products are outsourced from Sylvanias US plants. T8 fluorescent tube operations go to Bucyrus, OH
37.
Electric Bond and Share Company
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The Electric Bond and Share Company was originally a holding company that sold securities of electric utilities. It was created by General Electric in 1905, the company was restructured after the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. Later known as EBASCO Services, it provided engineering consulting and construction services, among other projects EBASCO designed nuclear power plants. EBASCO Engineering and Constructors were sold to Raytheon in 1993 and became part of a Raytheon subsidiary, EBASCO Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc. becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental. Ebasco was included in Dow Jones Utility Average from 1938 to 1947, ebasco Services was one of major US architect-engineers, coordinated design of many nuclear power plants both in USA and outside including Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear whistleblower Ronald J. Goldstein was a supervisor employed by EBASCO, SAFETEAM was promoted as an independent safe haven for employees to voice their safety concerns. The two companies did not inform their employees that they did not believe complaints reported to SAFETEAM had any legal protection, after he filed his report to SAFETEAM, Goldstein was fired. Subsequently, Golstein filed suit under federal nuclear whistleblower statutes, the U. S. Department of Labor ruled that his submissions to SAFETEAM were protected and his dismissal was invalid, a finding upheld by Labor Secretary Lynn Martin. The ruling was appealed and overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, after Goldstein lost his case, Congress amended the federal nuclear whistleblower law to provide protection reports made to internal systems and prevent retaliation against whistleblowers
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