1.
SM UB-40
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SM UB-40 was a German Type UB II submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I. A German Type UB II submarine, UB-40 had a displacement of 274 tonnes when at the surface and 303 tonnes while submerged and she had a total length of 36.90 m, a beam of 4.37 m, and a draught of 3.69 m. She was capable of operating at depths of up to 50 metres, the submarine had a maximum surface speed of 9.15 knots and a maximum submerged speed of 5.81 knots. When submerged, she could operate for 45 nautical miles at 4 knots, UB-40 was fitted with two 50 centimetres torpedo tubes, four torpedoes, and one 8.8 cm Uk L/30 deck gun. She had a complement of crew members and two officers and a 42-second dive time. The U-boat was ordered on 22 July 1915 and launched on 25 April 1916 and she was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 August 1916 as SM UB-40. The submarine sank 100 ships in 28 patrols, UB-40 was scuttled in Ostende when the German army retreated from Belgium on 5 October 1918. The wreck of UB-40 has been located & identified by divers in the recent years
2.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
3.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
4.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
5.
Dub music
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Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s, and is commonly considered a subgenre, though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae. Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, Dub was pioneered by Osbourne King Tubby Ruddock, Lee Scratch Perry, Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s. Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre, similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy. These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon the mixing console as an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. Dub has influenced many genres of music, including rock, pop, hip hop, disco, and later house, techno, ambient, electronic dance music, the verb dub is defined as making a copy of one recording to another. The term dub had multiple meanings in Jamaica around the time of the musics origin, in concert, the order dub this one. Meant put an emphasis on bass and drums, drummer Sly Dunbar points to a similar interpretation, relating the term dubwise to using only drums and bass. Another possible source was the term dub plate, as suggested by Augustus Pablo, the word duppy also relates to dub through Jamaicas history of intra-racial terror, violence, and murder that is often overlooked in favor of Jamaican ideologies of racial solidarity. The ghosts of these victims, or duppies, are thought to be captured best within the dub instrumentals, a version is a record with the vocals removed, the alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to toast over. These versions were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements, the instrumental tracks are typically drenched in sound effects such as echo, reverberation, with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. Another hallmark of the dub sound is the prominent use of bass guitar, the music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be augmented by live DJs. There is usually an organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created. Often these tracks are used for toasters rapping heavily rhymed and alliterative lyrics, in forms of sound system based reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the DJ or deejay, and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the selector. A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic, a producer could use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment, Dub music and toasting introduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other, in 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator Rudolph Ruddy Redwood went to Duke Reids Treasure Isle studio to cut a one-off dub plate of The Paragons hit On The Beach. Engineer Byron Smith left the track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result
6.
DEP International
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Dep International was a British record label founded in 1980 by members of British group UB40. It specialised in reggae and dub music, the label went into administration in October 2006 and into insolvent liquidation in April 2008. It was based in DEP International Studios in Digbeth, Birmingham, dep International was formed in 1980 by members of UB40 to keep control over their record output and to release tracks by other artists. A worldwide distribution deal was struck with Virgin Records in 1982 and it was the first label to release a dub album, Present Arms in Dub, which appeared in the British pop charts. They also had the first commercial application of a British method of mass-producing holograms with the limited version of UB44 having a hologram covering the record sleeve. Although the label was wound-up in 2007, in 2011 five founder members of the group, the five named were Robin Campbell, Brian Travers, Terence Wilson, Norman Hassan and James Brown
7.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
8.
Earl Falconer
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Earl Acton Falconer is an English bass player and singer, currently working with the reggae band, UB40. Falconer also co-founded the bass music label Circus Records alongside Flux Pavilion, Doctor P and he is part of the band UB40. Falconer attended St. Benedicts junior school and Mosely Road School of Art and he was an unemployed plasterer at the time of UB40s formation. In 1988, he was imprisoned for six months as a result of a car accident that killed his brother Pablo Falconer, who was also the bands producer
9.
Norman Hassan
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Norman Lamont Hassan is an English musician of Yemeni and Welsh descent who is best known as being a member of the reggae band UB40 since its foundation in 1978. Norman Lamont Hassan was born in Birmingham to Yemeni and Welsh parents and he worked as a carpet fitter before joining the band UB40 in 1978. After starting off as percussionist in 1978, he learned the trombone in 1981 and he sang his first lead vocal on Labour of Love. He is also known for his on-stage dancing, like the rest of UB40, he still lives in the City of Birmingham. He is also a fan of the football club Birmingham City. He has wide ranging musical tastes, from reggae to soul to opera
10.
Duncan Campbell (UB40)
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Duncan Campbell is an English musician and current lead singer of the reggae band, UB40. He joined the band in 2008 after the departure of his brother Ali Campbell, Campbell was born in Birmingham on 3 April 1958. He is the brother of former UB40 lead singer Ali Campbell and current bandmate Robin Campbell, Campbell sang in a harmony group with his brothers as children and performed with their father on stage. He also recorded an album in Jamaica for his brother Alis record label. He was a professional spoon player, I was the only professional spoon player in the country registered with the Musicians Union – until they registered me as a vocalist, said Campbell. He also worked as a manager in Barbados, ran a fish and chip shop in Perth, Australia. On 24 January 2008, UB40 lead singer Ali Campbell announced that he was leaving the band after a dispute with the management, on 30 April 2008 UB40 unveiled Duncan as their new lead singer. Duncan was offered the position of the singer in 1978. However, he turned it down at the time, and said that he wouldnt get the chance in another 30 years, Ali Campbell was disappointed but didnt object to him joining UB40. When asked why he did not join UB40 in 1978, he joked because they were crap, in 2014, Ali formed a rival version of UB40 with Astro and Mickey Virtue. He said of his brothers singing, I sat back for five years and watched my brother Duncan murdering my songs
11.
Ali Campbell
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Alistair Ian Ali Campbell is an English singer and songwriter who was the lead singer and a founding member of the English reggae band UB40. As part of UB40, Campbell sold over 70 million records worldwide, in 2008, Campbell left UB40 and embarked on a solo career. In 2012, Campbell was announced as one of the three judges on the panel of the TV show, New Zealands Got Talent. In August 2014, Campbell announced that he had reunited with former UB40 band mates Astro and Mikey to record a new album, Silhouette, alistair Ian Campbell was born in Birmingham, England. He is the brother of former bandmate Robin Campbell and current UB40 frontman Duncan Campbell and he is a father of eight children, including two with his current wife Julie. In October 2007, Campbell released an album entitled Running Free. It entered the UK charts at number 9 and went gold and this was the first top ten entry for Campbell for a new studio album since UB40s Labour of Love 3 album, which was released 10 years prior to Running Free. On 24 January 2008, it was reported that Campbell was to quit the group after almost 30 years, Campbell, who was a founding member of UB40, songwriter and lead vocalist who sang on hits such as Red, Red Wine, finally quit the band in 2008. Their last gigs together were in February 2008 in Australia, New Zealand and this was the reason for his departure. A few months later, Michael Virtue the keyboard player also left UB40, citing the reasons as Campbell. Virtue subsequently joined Campbells new band, the Dep band, on 18 October 2010 Ali released his fourth solo album Great British Songs—a collection of British pop and rock hits from the 1960s and 1970s. The album reached 15 on the UK Albums Chart where it remained for three weeks and it also gave Campbell his third top 15 charting album in as many years. Critic David Jefferies of AllMusic said of the album, Longtime fans will appreciate that Campbell’s voice is as strong as ever, but it deserves a better showcase than this mixed bag. Campbells label Jacaranda Music was number one on the UK independent chart in October 2010, in 2012, Campbell was announced as one of the three judges on the judging panel of the TV show, New Zealands Got Talent, along with Jason Kerrison and Rachel Hunter. In 2013, Campbell was replaced for the series by American choreographer Cris Judd. In August 2014 Campbell announced that he had reunited with former UB40 band mates Astro and Mikey Virtue to record a new album and he said of his brother Duncans singing, I sat back for five years and watched my brother Duncan murdering my songs. As part of UB40, Campbell has sold over 70 million records, in the UK, his solo albums Big Love and Running Free both reached the UK Top 10, while Flying High and Great British Songs reached the Top 20. Whilst with UB40 Campbell received an Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement, at the 2007 Grammy Awards, UB40 were nominated for best reggae album of 2006
12.
Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album
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Originally called the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Recording, the honor was presented to artists for eligible songs or albums. The Jamaican group Black Uhuru received the first award in 1985, beginning with the 1992 ceremony, the name of the award was changed to Best Reggae Album. Starting in 2002, awards were presented to the engineers, mixers. Ziggy Marley holds the record for the most wins in this category, ^ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. Buju Bantons nomination for the 2010 award sparked controversy and protest due to homophobic lyrics within his music, Bantons most controversial song, released in 1988, is Boom, Bye Bye, which promote the murder of gay men by shooting or burning. The advertisement, which took the form of a signed by gay rights and civil rights activists. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences responded by insisting that artists are honored for quality music regardless of politics, Banton has been quoted as saying that he sees no end to the war between himself and gay men. The 2010 award was presented to Stephen Marley, Banton was nominated in 2011 for the album Before the Dawn. Other reggae musicians that have been accused of promoting anti-gay lyrics include Beenie Man, Elephant Man, Vybz Kartel, Shabba Ranks and Sizzla. List of Grammy Award categories List of reggae musicians List of roots reggae artists List of ska musicians Music of Jamaica Reggae genres Official site of the Grammy Awards
13.
Brit Awards
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The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industrys annual pop music awards. The name was originally a form of British, Britain or Britannia. In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for music, called the Classic Brit Awards, is held each May. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most Brit Awards,13 as a solo artist, the awards originated as an annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industrys trade association, the BPI. In 1989 they were renamed the Brit Awards, masterCard has been the long-term sponsor of the event. The Brit Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox, in subsequent years, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. From 2007, the Brit Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV. In that year, comedian Russell Brand was presenter and three awards were dropped from the ceremony, Best British Rock Act, Best British Urban Act, on 18 February 2009, the venue for the BRITs was once again the Earls Court, London. The Brit Awards were held at The O2 in London for the first time in 2011, the Brit Award statuette given to the winners features Britannia, the female personification of Britain. The first awards ceremony was in 1977, as The BRITish Record Industry BRITannia Awards, there have been 36 editions to date. The 2016 Brit Awards was held on 24 February 2016, the 1988 BPI Awards was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on live television. The BBC had previously broadcast the ceremony from 1985, with the shows from 1982 to 1984 not broadcast on television, the BBC continued to broadcast the renamed BRIT Awards, live in 1989 and pre-recorded from 1990 to 1992. ITV have broadcast the awards since 1993, pre-recorded until 2006, BBC Radio 1 has provided backstage radio coverage since 2008. In 1987 the BPI Awards ceremony was held in the Great Room at the Grosvenor House Hotel, at the time there was a BBC electricians strike in effect, and the organisers decided to use a non-TV events production company, called Upfront, to manage the show. Despite the show being picketed, the event was transmitted as intended, for a while the outdoor broadcast scanner was rocked on its wheels by the protesters and they managed to shut off the power to one of the big GE video screen projectors. In 1989, the ceremony was broadcast live and presented by Fleetwood Macs Mick Fleetwood, the inexperience of the hosts, an ineffective autocue and little preparation combined to create an unprofessional show that was poorly received. The 1990 awards ceremony saw the last public appearance of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, Queen appeared at the ceremony to receive the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Mercury did not make a speech, as Brian May did the talking on behalf of the other members, in 1992, dance/art band The KLF were awarded Best British Group and were booked to open the show
14.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
15.
Red Red Wine
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Red Red Wine is a song written, performed and originally recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967, included on Neils second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of someone who finds drinking red wine the way to forget his woes. For the Red Red Wine single, Bang added a choir without Neils involvement or permission. Diamonds version reached number sixty-two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968, a live version was released on Diamonds The Greatest Hits but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD. The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamonds recording was released, in 1968 the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo had a hit with a cover of the song in The Netherlands. Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae-influenced style, fourteen years later, UB40 recorded it in 1983 in a lighter reggae style, a version which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Diamond later performed a UB40-inspired version of the song on tour, UB40 recorded their rendition for their album of cover versions, Labour of Love. According to the band, they were familiar with Tony Tribes version. In 1988, the song was re-released as a single in the U. S. this time including the toast from Astro as he performed it at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Concert a few prior to its release. The single climbed to one on the Billboard Hot 100. In September 2014 the Official Charts Company announced that sales in the UK had reached 1 million, songwriter Neil Diamond has stated that it is one of his favourite covers of his songs. Diamond frequently performs the song using the UB40 reggae arrangement as opposed to the original version. Swedish group Tom & Mick & Maniacs released their version of the song in 1967 and this appears to be the first recorded version of the song. Jimmy James and The Vagabonds released a version the same year as Diamonds version. In 1968 singer Peter Tetteroo, of Dutch beat group Tee Set, the song was also covered in 1969 by singer Charles Mann. In 1970, a remake by Vic Dana became a minor Billboard Hot 100 hit, peaking at number 72 and reached number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In early 1972, singer Roy Drusky enjoyed a top 20 hit with his version, reaching number 17 in Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, the Hobos included the song on their 2004 double studio album, Radio Jah Jah. Red Red Wine was also performed by Peter Tetteroo, former singer of Tee Set, the song has also been performed by Cas Haley along with UB40 on the last episode of the season 2 show Americas Got Talent
16.
I Got You Babe
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I Got You Babe is a song written by Sonny Bono. It was the first single taken from the studio album Look at Us. In August 1965, their single spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States where it more than 1 million copies and was certified Gold. It also reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and Canada, a 1993 version by Cher with Beavis and Butt-Head bubbled under the Hot 100 chart. Sonny Bono, a songwriter and record producer for Phil Spector, wrote the lyrics to and composed the music of the song for himself and his then-wife, Cher, session drummer Hal Blaine played drums for the song with other members of The Wrecking Crew supplying instrumental support. I Got You Babe became the duos biggest single, their song. AllMusic critic William Ruhmann praised the song, Recalling Dylans bitter 1964 song It Aint Me Babe, Bono wrote his own opposite sentiment, set to waltz time, the tune retained a light feel despite the sometimes busy instrumentation, led by a prominent oboe. These effects are part of the instrumental arrangement by African-American musician Harold Battiste. The alternating vocals alternate between the two singers and if neither were interesting singers, their plodding, matter-of-fact performances gave the song a common-man appeal, bruce Eder highlighted the song on their 1965 Look at Us album. In the United States, the song has more than 1 million copies in 1965 and was certified Gold by the RIAA. As of November 2011, Billboard reported the sales of I Got You Babe to be 372,000 in the US. In 2011, the song was named as one of the greatest duets of all times by both Billboard and Rolling Stone magazine and it was also listed at #444 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004. In early 2017 the song has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, Sonny and Cher last performed the song together during an impromptu reunion on NBCs Late Night with David Letterman on November 13,1987. Cher performed the song with R. E. M. on February 14,2002 and it was her first performance of the song without Sonny. During Chers 2014 Dressed to Kill Tour using left behind vocals, I Got You Babe has been frequently featured in film and television, including Sonny and Chers own The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. The song made a bit of a comeback when it was used repeatedly as Phil Connors alarm clock wake-up music in the 1993 movie Groundhog Day, on re-release, the single re-charted in the UK, reaching number 66. Other films have used the song including Good Times which stars Sonny & Cher, Buster, Look Whos Talking Too, Just Visiting, Me Without You, Riding in Cars with Boys, and Jack and Jill
17.
Labour of Love
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Labour of Love is a reggae album by UB40, the bands fourth album and first covers album. It was originally released on 1 September 1983 and included the hits, Red, Red Wine, Cherry Oh Baby, Many Rivers to Cross, the entire album consists of cover versions of songs originally released by the groups musical idols. The most notable track is the cover of Neil Diamonds Red, Red Wine, the song originally reached #34 in the United States, but upon its re-release in the US in 1988, it topped the chart. The album and 12 version included a verse by Astro. The band would continue the series and release three more cover albums, Labour of Love II, Labour of Love III and Labour of Love IV. The film was directed by Bernard Rose, the album reached No.1 in the UK and No.8 in the United States
18.
Promises and Lies
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Promises and Lies is the tenth album by the British reggae band UB40, released in 1993. It includes the hit from the soundtrack of the 1993 movie Sliver, Cant Help Falling in Love, the album reached No.1 in the UK and No.4 in the United States. It is the bands best-selling album, cest La Vie –4,31 U. K Single. Desert Sand –4,48 Promises and Lies –3,38 Bring Me Your Cup –5,41 U. K Single, higher Ground –4,21 U. K Single. Reggae Music –4,06 U. K Single, Falling in Love With You –3,27 U. K Single. Now and Then –3,40 Things Aint Like They Used to Be –4,01 Its a Long Long Way –4,29 Sorry –4,27
19.
UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014
20.
Madness (band)
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Madness are an English ska band from Camden Town, London, who formed in 1976. One of the most prominent bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s 2 Tone ska revival, Madness achieved most of their success in the early to mid-1980s. Both Madness and UB40 spent 214 weeks on the UK singles charts over the course of the decade, however, Madness achieved this in a shorter time period. Madness have had 15 singles reach the UK top ten, one UK number one single, the core of the band formed as The North London Invaders in 1976, and included Mike Barson on keyboards and vocals, Chris Foreman on guitar and Lee Thompson on saxophone and vocals. They later recruited John Hasler on drums and Cathal Smyth on bass guitar, later in the year, they were joined by lead vocalist Dikron Tulane. This six-piece line-up lasted until part way through 1977, when Graham McPherson took over the vocals after seeing the band perform in a friends garden. Dikron went on to be an actor under the name Dikran Tulaine, Smyth, who left after an argument with Barson, was replaced by Gavin Rodgers, Barsons girlfriends brother. McPherson was kicked out of the band for too often choosing to watch Chelsea instead of rehearsing, Thompson left the band after Barson criticised his saxophone playing. By 1978, the band had allowed McPherson to return, after filling in temporarily for Hasler, Thompson returned after patching things up with Barson. Drummer Daniel Woodgate and bass player Mark Bedford also joined the band, replacing Garry Dovey and Rodgers, respectively. After briefly changing their name to Morris and the Minors, the band renamed itself as Madness in 1979, the band remained a sextet until late 1979, when Chas Smash rejoined and officially became the seventh member of Madness as a backing vocalist and dancer. During 1979, the band began to attract a following in London. The bands first commercial recording was the Lee Thompson composition The Prince, the song, like the bands name, paid homage to their idol, Prince Buster. The song was released through 2 Tone Records, the label of The Specials founder Jerry Dammers, the song was a surprise hit, peaking in the UK music charts at number 16. A performance of The Prince on popular UK music show Top of the Pops helped Madness gain public recognition, Madness then toured with fellow 2 Tone bands The Specials and The Selecter, before recording their debut album. That debut album, One Step Beyond, the album included a re-recording of The Prince and its B-side Madness, and the bands second and third singles, One Step Beyond and My Girl. The title song was a cover of the B-side of the 1960s Prince Buster hit Al Capone, stayed in the British charts for 78 weeks, peaking at number 2. After the release of My Girl, the felt that they had exhausted the material from One Step Beyond
21.
Balsall Heath
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Balsall Heath is a working class, inner-city area of Birmingham, West Midlands, England. It has a cultural mix of people and is the location of the Balti Triangle. Balsall Heath was agricultural land between Moseley village and the city of Birmingham until the 1850s when expansion along Moseley Road joined the two. The area was part of the Worcestershire parish of Kings Norton. During negotiations in the year it had been promised a public baths. In 1895, the library was opened on Moseley Road and, in 1907, in 1900, the citys College of Art was also opened on Moseley Road. By this time the lake at the end of Ladypool Road had been filled in to create a park. Balsall Heath initially had an affluent population, which can still be seen in the dilapidated grandeur of some of the larger houses. A railway station on Brighton Road led to expansion. A Muslim community was started in June 1940 when two Yemenis purchased a cottage on Mary Street. With the mosque being located in the area, more Muslim immigrants began to move into private lodgings in Balsall Heath, today, Balsall Heath has one of the largest Muslim communities in Birmingham. It is also home to communities from across the Commonwealth. By the 1980s, many of Balsall Heaths houses were in a dilapidated condition, the local council considered demolishing these properties but chose to refurbish them as part of an urban renewal scheme. Most of these Victorian terraces still exist and, along more modern social housing. The areas traditional brick pavements were replaced at this time by the more modern, Balsall Heaths low rents also attracted a bohemian student population. Its proximity to the University of Birmingham, the city centre, there was little conflict between the students and locals despite their vastly differing lifestyles. However, a knife-incident in 1991 led to an article in Redbrick warning students not to live in the area, in July 2005, Balsall Heath was hit by a tornado, which devastated many buildings around Church Road and Ladypool Road. Birmingham City Council offered loans to those who would otherwise be unable to repair their properties, Street prostitution first appeared in Balsall Heath during the 1950s
22.
British African-Caribbean people
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British African Caribbean people are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were primarily natives or indigenous to Africa. African-Caribbean people are present throughout the United Kingdom with by far the largest concentrations in London, pauls in Bristol, or Handsworth and Aston in Birmingham or Moss Side in Manchester. According to the 2011 census, the largest number of African-Caribbean people are found in Croydon, there is now a view that the term should not be hyphenated and that indeed, the differences between such groups mean the people of African and Caribbean origins should be referred to separately. The Guardian and Observer style guide prescribes the use of African-Caribbean for use in the two newspapers, specifically noting not Afro-Caribbean, New World slavery was originally focused on the extraction of gold and other precious raw materials. Africans were then set to work on the vast cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas for the economic benefit of these colonial powers. One impact of the American Revolution was the historical development of African-American and African-Caribbean people. Whereas the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws, slavery did not exist under English common law and was prohibited in England. Slaves cannot breathe in England, if their lungs receive our air and they touch our country, and their shackles fall. Thats noble, and bespeaks a nation proud, spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein. There are records of small communities in the ports of Cardiff, Liverpool, London and these communities were formed by freed slaves following the abolition of slavery. Typical occupations of the migrants were footmen or coachmen. Walter Tull, footballer and soldier, Andrew Watson, footballer, Robert Wedderburn, Spencean revolutionary Nathaniel Wells, landowner and yeomanry officer. The growing Caribbean presence in the British military led to approximately 15,000 migrants arriving in the north-west of England around the time of World War I to work in munitions factories. The Jamaican poet and communist activist, Claude McKay came to England following the First World War and became the first Black British journalist, in February 1941,345 West Indian workers were brought to work in and around Liverpool. They were generally better skilled than the local Black British, there was some tension between them and West Africans who had settled in the area. Since World War II, many African-Caribbean people migrated to North America and Europe, especially to the United States, Canada, the UK, France, and the Netherlands. As a result of the losses during the war, the British government began to mass immigration from the countries of the British Empire. The British Nationality Act 1948 gave British citizenship to all living in Commonwealth countries
23.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
24.
Unemployment benefits
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Unemployment benefits are social welfare payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people. Benefits may be based on a compulsory para-governmental insurance system, depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be small, covering only basic needs, or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary. Unemployment benefits are generally only to those registering as unemployed. In some countries, a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by trade/labour unions, the first unemployment benefit scheme was introduced in the United Kingdom with the National Insurance Act 1911 under the Liberal Party government of H. H. Asquith. The popular measures were to combat the influence of the Labour Party among the countrys working-class population. The Act gave the British working classes a contributory system of insurance against illness and it only applied to wage earners, however, and their families and the unwaged had to rely on other sources of support, if any. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant, the scheme was based on actuarial principles and it was funded by a fixed amount each from workers, employers, and taxpayers. It was restricted to particular industries, particularly more volatile ones like shipbuilding, after one week of unemployment, the worker was eligible for receiving 7 shillings/week for up to 15 weeks in a year. By 1913,2.3 million were insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit, the Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers. Unemployment benefits were introduced in Germany in 1927, and in most European countries in the period after the Second World War with the expansion of the welfare state, Unemployment insurance in the United States originated in Wisconsin in 1932. Through the Social Security Act of 1935, the government of the United States effectively encouraged the individual states to adopt unemployment insurance plans. In Australia, social security benefits, including unemployment benefits, are funded through the taxation system, there is no compulsory national unemployment insurance fund. Rather, benefits are funded in the annual Federal Budget by the National Treasury and are administrated and distributed throughout the nation by the government agency, Benefit rates are indexed to the Consumer Price Index and are adjusted twice a year according to inflation or deflation. There are two types of payment available to those experiencing unemployment, the first, called Youth Allowance, is paid to young people aged 16–20. Youth Allowance is also paid to students aged 16–24. For single people under 18 years of age living with a parent or parents the basic rate is A$91.60 per week, for over-18- to 20-year-olds living at home this increases to A$110.15 per week. For those aged 18–20 not living at home the rate is A$167.35 per week, there are special rates for those with partners and/or children. The second kind of payment is called Newstart Allowance and is paid to unemployed people over the age of 21, the rate of Newstart allowance as at the 12th January 2010 for single people without children is A$228 per week, paid fortnightly
25.
Kings Heath
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Kings Heath is a suburb of south Birmingham, England, five miles south of the city centre. It is the suburb south from Moseley on the A435. Kings Heath came into being as a village in the 18th century with the improvements to the Alcester to Birmingham road acting as a catalyst for new houses, prior to this the area was largely uninhabited wasteland run by the Royal Borough of Kings Norton. The streets running off High Street are dominated by pre-1919 terraced, in 2008, the businesses agreed to a Business Improvement District, which top-slices a proportion of their local business taxes to go directly into improvements and promotion of the area. The locals still refer to Kings Heath as a village even though it has been part of Birmingham for over a century. Its centre at the Vicarage Road junction has now developed to form an attractive public square which is used as a venue for the monthly farmers market. On 28 July 2005, Kings Heath was hit by a tornado which damaged several shops on High Street. The tornado then went on to many houses in Balsall Heath. Kings Heath is also home to schools including Colmore Infant and Nursery School. The central shopping area runs along High Street and Alcester Road, there are also a number of pubs and churches and schools on and around High Street. Kings Heath contains two parks, Kings Heath Park and Highbury Park, the former being famous as the setting for the popular ATV series Gardening Today, the park has green flag status. Highbury Park is adjacent to the Highbury Hall, which used to be a residence of Joseph Chamberlain. The Hare and Hounds public house, in Kings Heath High Street, was the location of the first concert by UB40 on 9 February 1979, the pub was rebuilt in 1907, but is Grade II listed, as it has retained many original Art Nouveau internal fixtures. The pub is still an important local music venue, the 2011 musical film Turbulence was shot in the area, with much of the films action taking place in the Hare & Hounds pub. The 2013 song Green Garden by Birmingham born Laura Mvula is an elegy to her home in Kings Heath, footballer who played for Oxford United Laura Mvula, born 1986, Soul singer-songwriter Jim Roberts, born 1922
26.
Sound system (Jamaican)
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In the context of Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, engineers and MCs playing ska, rocksteady or reggae music. The sound system is an important part of Jamaican culture and history, the sound system concept first became popular in the 1950s, in the ghettos of Kingston. DJs would load up a truck with a generator, turntables, in the beginning, the DJs played American rhythm and blues music, but as time progressed and more local music was created, the sound migrated to a local flavor. The sound systems were big business, and represented one of the few ways to make money in the unstable economy of the area. The promoter or DJ made his profit by charging admission and selling food and alcohol and it was also around this time that Jamaicas first superstar DJ and MC, Count Machuki, rose to prominence. Competition between these systems was fierce, and eventually two DJs emerged as the stars of the scene, Clement Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid. Besides the DJ, who rapped over the music, there was also a selector, the popularity of a sound system was mainly contingent on one thing, having new music. In order to circumvent the release cycle of the American record labels, initially, they produced only singles for their own sound systems, known as Exclusives or Dubplates—a limited run of one copy per song. What began as an attempt to replicate the American R&B sound using local musicians evolved into a uniquely Jamaican musical genre, as this new musical form became more popular, both Dodd and Reid began to move more seriously into music production. Coxsone Dodds production studio became the famous Studio One, while Duke Reid founded Treasure Isle, as sound systems continued to gain in popularity through the 1960s and 1970s, they became politicized in many instances. Many sound systems, and their owners, were labeled as supporters of a political party. Nevertheless, as a cultural and economic phenomenon, the system was affected by the vast socio-political changes taking place in Jamaica at this time. An important part of sound system culture is the sound clash, the Guinness Sounds of Greatness is one of many such clashes. The culture of the Sound System was brought to the UK with the immigration of Jamaicans in the 1960s and 1970s. Notable UK Sound Systems include Sir Coxsone Outernational Jah Shaka, Channel One, Aba Shanti-I, Jah Observer, Iration Steppas, Fatman International and Saxon Studio International. One of the first sound systems in the United States was Downbeat the Ruler, founded in Bronx, New York and these sound systems were the method in which these migrants were able to maintain their cultural connection with their roots. They broadcast the remixed samples of Reggae beats and created a music culture. This culture was separate from the population which relied on the radio to provide popular music
27.
Musical instrument
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A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument, the history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment, Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered an instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some refer to as a musical instrument. Some consensus dates early flutes to about 37,000 years ago, many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world, however, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in areas and was dominated by the Occident. Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, Instruments can be classified by their effective range, their material composition, their size, etc. However, the most common method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of instruments is called organology. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies—for example, by using objects to create music from sounds. Primitive instruments were designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the pursuit of musical composition were unknown to early players of musical instruments. A player sounding a flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the notion of making music. Musical instruments are constructed in an array of styles and shapes
28.
Poster
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A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative, Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers, propagandists, protestors, Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected colour lithography, according to the French historian Max Gallo, for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, First, the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production of large and inexpensive images possible. Second, government censorship of public spaces in countries like France was lifted, and finally, advertisers began to market mass-produced consumer goods to a growing populace in urban areas. They have ranged in styles from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus, Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements. Purely textual posters have a history, they advertised the plays of Shakespeare. The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colours to be printed, by the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. Chéret is considered to be the father of advertisement placards and he was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast and bright colours, and created over 1000 advertisements, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, the industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to support themselves. Not surprisingly, Chéret is said to have introduced sex in advertising or, at least, Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris, making the streets into what one contemporary called the poor man’s picture gallery. Their commercial success was such that some artists took up poster design in earnest. Some of these artists were, like Alphonse Mucha, in great demand, the popularity of poster art was such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris. By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, by the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de lAffiche series that became not only a commercial success, Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women. Advertisement posters became a type of graphic art in the modern age. ”In the United States
29.
PRS for Music
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PRS for Music was formed in 1997 following the MCPS-PRS Alliance. In 2013, PRS and MCPS-PRS Alliance realigned their brands and became PRS for Music, PRS represents their songwriter, composer and music publisher members’ performing rights, and collects royalties on their behalf whenever their music is played or performed publicly. PRS and MCPS are two separate collection societies with PRS running its own operations, providing services to MCPS under the name PRS for Music. The Performing Right Society was founded in 1914 by a group of publishers, to protect the value of copyright and to help provide an income for composers, songwriters. At the time, PRS collected fees for live performance from sheet music, PRS was distinct from both the activities of the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society which was founded in 1910, and the Phonographic Performance Limited, founded in 1934 by Decca and EMI. The Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society began as Mecolico, the Mechanical Copyright Licenses Company, Mecolico licensed the mechanical rights within musical works and merged with the Copyright Protection Society in 1924. While Phonographic Performance Limited collected fees for playing gramophone recordings and this company, Britico, started to share computer facilities with PRS in 1970. After operating costs are deducted, the money is distributed to PRS for Music’s songwriter, composer and publisher members. The principal sources of PRS for Music revenue collection come from, broadcast channels, public performance, online, PRS for Music also has a number of tariffs for organisations in different sectors. Dependent on their size and the extent to each premises uses music, whether they are commercial premises or not, as well as other criteria, PRS for Music’s tariffs vary. ”In November 2015. The new JV would focus on servicing all UK public performance licensing customers and is anticipated to start licensing in 2017, Streamfair In July 2015, PRS for Music launched a pro-creator campaign called Streamfair. The campaign focused on four areas, Copyright Legislation, Online Licensing, Promoting the value of music creators, the campaign was supported by acclaimed songwriters and composers including Jimmy Napes, Michael Price, Crispin Hunt, Gary Clark and Debbie Wiseman. Heritage Awards The PRS for Music Heritage Award scheme launched in 2009 with the first award going to Blur, ceremonial plaques are unveiled to honour the performance birthplaces of legendary bands, artists and songwriters - as well as recognising the network of pubs, clubs and live music venues. Those honoured include Squeeze, Elton John, Pulp, Queen, in May 2016, PRS for Music announced its 2015 financial results, which showed a 8. 4% increase in distributions to its songwriter members. In 2007, PRS for Music took a Scottish car servicing company to court because the employees were allegedly listening to the radio at work, allowing the music to be heard by colleagues and customers. In June 2008, PRS for Music accused eleven police stations of failure to obtain permits to play music, in 2015, PRS for Music entered into a licensing agreement with the Berlin-based company SoundCloud after several months of litigation. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, the Santiago Agreement was established in 2000 between five European collecting societies including the UKs PRS for Music and Frances SACEM and Germanys GEMA. The agreement allows each collecting society to collect royalties on behalf of members of the other collecting society—e. g, PRS for Music would collect money for German artists listed with GEMA—but to restrict licences to be sold only within the member organisations home country
30.
Chrissie Hynde
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Christine Ellen Chrissie Hynde is an American musician who is best known as a founding member of the rock band The Pretenders. Inspired by hippie counter-culture, Hynde worked in London with Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood at their clothing store, in 1978, she formed her own band, The Pretenders, with Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott and Martin Chambers. As singer, songwriter and guitarist, she has been the only constant member of the band throughout its history and she has also released a number of songs with other musicians including Frank Sinatra and UB40. Hynde and The Pretenders were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005, Hynde was born in Akron, Ohio, the daughter of a part-time secretary and a Yellow Pages manager. She graduated from Firestone High School in Akron, but stated that I was never too interested in high school, I mean, I never went to a dance, I never went out on a date, I never went steady. It became pretty awful for me, except, of course, I could go see bands, and that was the kick. I used to go to Cleveland just to see any band, so I was in love a lot of the time, but mostly with guys in bands that I had never met. For me, knowing that Brian Jones was out there, and later that Iggy Pop was out there, I had, uh, bigger things in mind, like girls. Hynde became interested in hippie counterculture, Eastern mysticism, and vegetarianism, while attending Kent State Universitys Art School for three years, she joined a band called Sat. Mat. which included Mark Mothersbaugh, later of Devo, Hynde was also caught up in the Kent State shootings on May 4,1970 in which the boyfriend of one of her friends was amongst the four victims. Hynde also developed an interest in the UK music magazine NME, with her art background, Hynde landed a job in an architectural firm but left after eight months. It was then that she met rock journalist Nick Kent and landed a position at NME, writing what she described as half-baked philosophical drivel. However, this not to last and Hynde later found herself working at Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwoods then-little-known clothing store. At one point she tried to convince Johnny Rotten and then Sid Vicious to marry her, just in order for her to get a work permit. Hyndes version of this episode has it that Rotten offered to go to an office with me and do the unmentionable but when he subsequently pulled out. Upon arrival at the office the following morning, they found it closed for an extended holiday and were unable to attend the following day due to Vicious making a court appearance. Hynde then attempted to start a band in France before her return to Cleveland in 1975, Hynde went back to France in 1976 to try to form a band, but it did not work out. She left Kent for Michael Fradji Memmi, bass player of The Frenchies, for one show at the Olympia Theatre when their singer had left, she took the lead singer duties
31.
The Pretenders
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The Pretenders are an English-American rock band formed in Hereford, England, in March 1978. The original band consisted of initiator and main songwriter Chrissie Hynde, James Honeyman-Scott, Pete Farndon, Hynde launched a solo career in 2014, and the Pretenders were dormant as a band between 2012 and 2016. However, The Pretenders are once again active, having issued an album, Hynde, originally from Akron, Ohio, moved to London in 1973, working at the weekly music paper NME and at Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwoods clothes store. She was involved with early versions of the Clash and the Damned and played in short-lived bands such as Masters of the Backside, the Pretenders formed in 1978 after Dave Hill at Anchor Records heard some demos of Hyndes music. He arranged a studio in Denmark Street, where a 3-piece band consisting of Hynde, Mal Hart on bass. Dave Hill was impressed and arranged a day at Studio 51 to record another demo, although it was rough, he felt he had seen and heard enough star potential to suggest that Hynde form a more permanent band to record for his new label, Real Records. Hynde then formed a band composed of Pete Farndon on bass, James Honeyman-Scott on guitar and this band, then without a name, recorded five tracks at Regents Park Studio in July 1978, including Stop Your Sobbing. The bands first single, a cover of the Kinks song Stop Your Sobbing was released in January 1979 and gained critical attention. It was followed in June with Kid, and then in January 1980 the band got to No.1 in the UK with Brass in Pocket, which was also successful in the US, reaching No.14 on the Billboard Hot 100. Their self-titled debut album was released at the end of December 1979 and was a success in the United Kingdom, the band played at the Heatwave festival during August 1980 near Toronto. The second full-length album, Pretenders II, was released during August 1981, Pretenders II included the Extended Play singles, the MTV video success Day After Day, and popular album-radio tracks The Adultress, Birds of Paradise, Bad Boys Get Spanked, and The English Roses. On 18 September 1981 the Pretenders were the musical guest on the US late night comedy show Fridays. The band performed The Adulteress, Message of Love and Louie, Louie, Andy Kaufman was the guest host of the programme on that night. Farndons drug abuse escalated and he was fired after a meeting between Hynde, Honeyman-Scott and Chambers, on 14 June 1982, two days later, on 16 June 1982, James Honeyman-Scott died of heart failure as a result of cocaine intolerance. Farndon was in the midst of forming a new band with former Clash drummer Topper Headon, after taking heroin and passing out, Farndon drowned in his bathtub, leaving the Pretenders with two living members. The song was released in October and became their biggest success in the US, the singles B-side, My City Was Gone is now the theme music for The Rush Limbaugh Show. Hynde then set up a permanent lineup for the band, keeping Chambers and adding Robbie McIntosh on guitar. Middle of the Road was this line-ups first single, released in the US in November 1983, the US B-side,2000 Miles, was released as a single in the UK
32.
Signing Off
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Signing Off is the debut album by British reggae band UB40, released in the UK on 29 August 1980 by Dudley-based independent label Graduate Records. Saxophonist Brian Travers said, We commandeered a cellar and started rehearsing every day and our first experiences of playing an instrument started together, and wed humiliate each other over mistakes. But we were serious about our music. It was a year before we played our first gig and it was in an upper room at the Hare and Hounds in Kings Heath, Birmingham. We played the whole of Signing Off because they were the songs we knew. Towards the end of 1979 the band felt confident enough to start recording their songs, Lamb had been the drummer with the Steve Gibbons Band for much of the 1970s and was a well-known figure within the Birmingham music scene. He remembered that King was the very first song ever played to me. And that was it for me, I was hooked, it was a bit like Elvis walks in or something, you know, I remember he had his bed on stilts. So underneath the bed was a sofa and mixing desk, and so we recorded the album there on an eight-track machine, with the same 50p coin going through the electric meter continually because wed booted the lock off it. While the percussion—the tambourines, the congas, the drums—wed do in the back yard, which is why you can hear birds singing on some of the tracks. You know, because it was in the daytime wed be shouting across the fences Keep it DOWN, producer Lamb described the somewhat relaxed recording process, We had a huge garden that was completely overgrown with tall grass. There were various encampments out in the grass of UB40 posses. They didnt just turn up at the studio alone, they always brought maybe 20 people with them, so the point is that everybody had a lot of fun making it, and you can hear it on the record. You can hear the birds singing, and also remembered how easy it was to make the album, Nothing was hard work about that album, it was a bit of a dream that sort of fell out of the sky. It was almost effortless to make in that they were so good at the time, falconer would go on to produce the majority of UB40s subsequent records until his death in a car crash in 1987. The main theme in Burden of shame is copied from Van Morrisons Moondance, UB40 intended Tyler to be their first single in the United States. The band revisited the subject of Tylers imprisonment on the song Rainbow Nation on their 2008 album TwentyFourSeven, King was about the late Martin Luther King, Jr. questioning the lost direction of the deceased leaders followers and the state of mourning of a nation after his death. Burden of Shame recounted the misdeeds performed in the name of British Imperialism, subsequently, it was also a prominent feature of UB40s 2005 Live 8 appearance in Hyde Park, London,25 years after the song had been first released
33.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
34.
Beshara (band)
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Beshara were a British reggae band from Moseley, Birmingham, that formed in 1976. The band are most notable for their 1981 lovers rock hit Men Cry Too, although known for their lovers rock singles, they were also very capable of recording roots reggae. This can be heard in the recording, Glory Glory. The original line-up and founding members of the band were Elias Pharoah and Ray Watts aka Ray Beshara and they were formerly named Cool Dimension and The Kushites until 1979 when the band settled on the name Beshara meaning surprise in Arabic and mystical in Swahili. In July 1980 and courtesy of John Peel, Beshara received their first radio airplay, Peel played their 2 Tone single, When Youre Wrong on national BBC Radio 1. Throughout the years, Beshara gigged extensively all over the UK in the major colleges, universities and clubs. They were cited by Musical Youth as one of their influences, during their active years, Beshara never released an album but released many singles and enjoyed success with early recordings such as Glory Glory, Men Cry Too and Shadow of Love. The band won an award from the Hummingbird’s 1st Annual Black Music Awards in 1987 for ‘Best Sound recording’, in the late 1980s, the band members were headhunted by Ijahman Levi, to back him on his African and European tour. The 1980s also saw them achieve well-earned TV exposure by appearing on the Rockers Roadshow hosted by Mikey Dread, Black on Black, Here & Now, Format V and Together. Beshara also appeared as a group in the BBC drama Marjorie. The BBC then used a Beshara song called United as the song for the BBC documentary Ring In The Park. The song would later be covered by Pato Banton and renamed United We Stand while also featuring the vocals of Ray Watts, in 1992, Beshara were asked by BBC WM to perform a headline concert in Handsworth, Birmingham, which was broadcast on BBC WM. This was also the year that Beshara shared the stage with Alton Ellis. Due to this, the members of the band decided they could no longer stay together without him. In the same year, Pato Banton’s album Life is Miracle, the song has also featured on the Pato Banton albums, Universal Love and Time Come. 2005 saw the ex-members reunite to perform a show at the 32 Years of Lovers Rock anniversary concert at the Hackney Empire in London. They shared the stage with Louisa Mark and Peter Hunnigale among others, past members Steve Morrison and Michael Nanton, who began and crafted their musicianship in Beshara, now make up the integral part of the Reggae Revolution band. The Reggae Revolution have backed and toured the world with such as Sting, Pato Banton, Apache Indian, Musical Youth, Gregory Isaacs
35.
Rock am Ring and Rock im Park
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The Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals are two simultaneous rock music festivals held annually. While Rock am Ring takes place at Mendig on an old airbase, Rock im Park takes place at the Zeppelinfeld in Nuremberg, both festivals are usually regarded as one event with a mostly identical lineup for both festivals. All artists perform one day at Mendig and another day in Nuremberg during the three-day event, there have been minor exceptions in the past years where an artist would be announced for one of the festivals only. However, after a dip in attendance for the 1988 event, in 1991, the festival returned with a new concept, as well as featuring well-known artists, event organizers present lesser known up-and-coming bands to the public. In 1993, Rock im Park took place for the first time in Vienna, for the 1994 event, Rock im Park moved to the disused Munich-Riem airport, and the following year to Munichs Olympiastadion, where it found a home for the 1995 and 1996 event. 1997 Rock im Park moved to Nurembergs Frankenstadion where it was held until the venue was unavailable in 2004 because the stadium was being renovated for the 2006 Football World Cup. Since 2004 the venue moved again to the current Zeppellinfeld, where Rock im Park was since held with the exception of the 2006 festival, the 2007 festival was used in a science experiment to test the effects of large bodies of people simultaneously jumping. The experiment data was used to calculate the result if the entire Chinese population were to jump in unison, the experiment concluded no significant results would come from the theoretical event. After 29 editions of Rock am Ring, the new owner of the Nürburgring decided that the contract wont be extended, the festival continued at another location in 2015. The 2008 festival took place on 6–8 June 2008,91 acts have been officially confirmed. Both festivals were sold out on 1 May, confirmed acts,3 Doors Down,36 Crazyfists, Against Me. Glory of Joanns MySpace profile lists them as performing at Rock am Ring, the headling acts for 2009 were Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, The Prodigy, KoЯn, Marilyn Manson, The Killers, Placebo and Billy Talent. Other bands included 2raumwohnung, Alexisonfire, All That Remains,1, Juliette Lewis, Kettcar, Kilians, Killswitch Engage, Kitty, Daisy & Lewis, Little Man Tate, Machine Head, Madina Lake, Madness, Mando Diao, M. I. A. The headliners for the 2011 festival were System of a Down, motörhead, The Offspring, Opeth, Periphery, Shinedown, Skrillex, Soundgarden, Tenacious D, The Subways, and Trivium. Headliners, Linkin Park, Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kings Of Leon. 1, John Newman, Karnivool, Klangkarussell Live, Kvelertak, Left Boy, Mando Diao, Marteria, Mastodon, Maximo Park, Milky Chance, Nine Inch Nails, Of Mice & Men, Opeth, Portugal. The Man, Queens Of The Stone Age, Rob Zombie, Rudimental, SDP, Sierra Kidd, Slayer, Suicide Silence, Teesy, Triggerfinger, headliners, Foo Fighters, Die Toten Hosen, Slipknot, Motionless in White. Official Rock am Ring site Official Rock im Park site Ringrocker. com Parkrocker. net Rockpalast – Rock am Ring 2007 Rock am Ring live sets audio files archive, Rockpalast broadcast
36.
Cover song
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
37.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
38.
Cover version
–
A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
39.
Neil Diamond
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Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. One of the worlds best-selling artists of all time, he has sold over 120 million records worldwide since the start of his career in the 1960s. With 38 songs in the Top 10, he is the second most successful artist in the history of the Billboard Adult Contemporary Top 10 charts and his songs have been covered internationally by many performers from a variety of musical genres. Diamond was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984 and into the Rock, additionally, he received the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000 and in 2011 was an honoree at Kennedy Center. On the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, he has had eleven No, Sweet Caroline is played frequently at sporting events, and has become an anthem for the Boston Red Sox. Diamond was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family descended from Russian and his parents were Rose and Akeeba Kieve Diamond, a dry-goods merchant. He grew up in homes in Brooklyn, having also spent four years in Cheyenne, Wyoming. In Brooklyn he attended Erasmus Hall High School and was a member of the Freshman Chorus and they were not close friends at the time, Diamond recalls, We were two poor kids in Brooklyn. We hung out in the front of Erasmus High and smoked cigarettes, after his family moved he then attended Abraham Lincoln High School, and was a member of the fencing team. For his 16th birthday, he received his first guitar, and the next thing, I got a guitar when we got back to Brooklyn, started to take lessons and almost immediately began to write songs, he said. He adds that his attraction to songwriting was the first real interest he had growing up, Diamond also used his newly-developing skill at writing lyrics to write poetry. By writing poems for girls he was attracted to in school and his male classmates took note and began asking him to write poems for them which they would sing and use with equal success. He spent the following his graduation as a waiter in the Catskills resort area. There he first met Jaye Posner, who would, years later, Diamond next attended New York University as a pre-med major on a fencing scholarship. His skill at fencing made him a member of the 1960 NCAA mens championship team, however, he was often bored in classes, and found writing song lyrics more to his liking. He began cutting classes and taking the train up to Tin Pan Alley where he tried to get some of his songs heard by music publishers. By his senior year, and just 10 units short of graduation, Sunbeam Music Publishing offered him a 16-week job writing songs for $50 a week, and he dropped out of college to accept it. After his 16 weeks at Sunbeam Music were up, he was not rehired, I never really chose songwriting, he says
40.
Heart Beat 86
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Heart Beat 86 was a benefit concert staged at the National Exhibition Centre near Birmingham, England, on 15 March 1986. It was organised by Bev Bevan to raise money for Birmingham Childrens Hospital, tickets for the sold-out concert cost £15.50 each. The show started at 3pm, with musicians and bands mostly from Birmingham performing until late into the evening, the concert saw performances from Steve Gibbons, The Rockin Berries, The Move, Ruby Turner, The Applejacks, and The Fortunes. Roy Wood performed his festive hit I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day, denny Laine sang Go Now and performed Mull of Kintyre, which he co wrote. Robert Plant performed with the group Big Town Playboys, uB40 played the song Red Red Wine, The Moody Blues did Nights in White Satin, and ELO added Dont Bring Me Down. The finale featured George Harrison and all the artists on stage, compères for the show were local comedian Jasper Carrott and Peter Powell, with appearances by Noddy Holder and Jim Davidson. In the concert there was a good will message from Live Aid founder Bob Geldof. A single, Action by the Tandy Morgan Band, was released to raise money for the event
41.
Sharon Stone
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Sharon Vonne Stone is an American actress, film producer, and former fashion model. She received further acclaim and Golden Globe Award nominations for her roles in the 1998 drama The Mighty, in 2004, Stone won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in The Practice. In 2005, she was named Officer of the Order of Arts, Sharon Yvonne Stone was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, to Dorothy Marie, an accountant, and Joseph William Stone II, a tool and die manufacturer and factory worker. She has a sister, Kelly, and two brothers, Michael and Patrick Stone, Stone was considered academically gifted as a child and entered the second grade when she was five years old. She graduated from Saegertown High School in Saegertown, Pennsylvania in 1975, while attending Edinboro University, Stone won the title of Miss Crawford County, Pennsylvania and was a candidate for Miss Pennsylvania. One of the pageant judges told her to school and move to New York City to become a fashion model. In 1977, Stone left Meadville, moving in with an aunt in New Jersey and she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency in New York City. Stone later moved to Europe and while living there, she decided to quit modeling, so I packed my bags, moved back to New York, and stood in line to be an extra in a Woody Allen movie, she later recalled. Stone was cast for a role in Allens Stardust Memories. French director Claude Lelouch cast her in Les Uns et les Autres and she was on screen for two minutes and did not appear in the credits. In 1983, she appeared in the short-lived sports-themed television series Bay City Blues, playing Cathy St. Marie and her next film role was in Irreconcilable Differences, starring Ryan ONeal, Shelley Long, and a young Drew Barrymore. Stone played a starlet who breaks up the marriage of a successful director, in 1984, she appeared in Echoes of the Mind, a two-part episode of Magnum, P. I. playing identical twins, one a love interest of Tom Sellecks character. Through the remainder of the 1980s, she had roles in films as King Solomons Mines and Allan Quatermain. In 1988, she played Janice Henry for the filming of the miniseries War and her appearance in Dutch film director Paul Verhoevens sci-fi action film Total Recall with Arnold Schwarzenegger gave Stones career a boost. To coincide with the release, she posed nude for Playboy. In 1999, she was rated among the 25 sexiest stars of the century by Playboy, in another Verhoeven film was the role that made her a star, playing Catherine Tramell, a brilliant, bisexual, alleged serial killer, in Basic Instinct. Several actresses at the time turned down the role, mostly because of the nudity required, in the films most notorious scene, Tramell is being questioned by the police, and she crosses and uncrosses her legs, exposing her vulva, which is not covered by underwear. Later, when I saw it in the screening I was shocked, I think seeing it in a room full of strangers was so disrespectful and so shocking, so I went into the booth and slapped him and left
42.
Sliver (film)
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Sliver is a 1993 erotic thriller film based on the Ira Levin novel of the same name about the mysterious occurrences in a privately owned New York high-rise apartment building. Phillip Noyce directed the film, from a screenplay by Joe Eszterhas, because of a major battle with the MPAA, the filmmakers were forced to make extensive reshoots before release. These reshoots actually necessitated changing the killers identity, the film stars Sharon Stone, William Baldwin and Tom Berenger. According to the movie, the tall and narrow building is located at 113 East 38th Street in Manhattan, placing it at 38th Street. The actual building used in the film is known as Morgan Court, located at 211 Madison Avenue New York, one block west, the building has since become a condominium development. It was built in 1985 and has 32 floors, while the movie made use of the buildings courtyard, the lobby was a Los Angeles film set. When he signed on to direct the film, Phillip Noyce remarked I liked the script a lot, or at least, I liked the idea of jumping on the Joe Eszterhas bandwagon. Carly Norris moves into an exclusive New York residential building, not long after the tenant, Naomi Singer. She immediately crosses paths with other tenants including the handsome Zeke, Carly and Zeke soon start meeting quite often, Carly eventually agrees to go to the gym with Zeke, who begins to turn her on by grabbing her hips while exercising. After hanging out for a while, they end up having sex, Carly is also being romantically pursued by Jack, a novelist who is another resident of her building. Two of Carlys neighbors die under suspicious circumstances, as she discovers more about Zeke and Jack, she begins to distrust both and also uncovers shocking secrets about other people who live around her. Carly eventually finds out that Jack killed Naomi because of his jealousy of Zeke, although she is both curious about and disturbed by the cameras, she sees footage of Zeke having sex with Naomi, as well as the murder of Naomi by Jack. Carly eventually destroys Zekes surveillance room and his video monitors, telling him to get a life before leaving him and he then veers the aircraft into the volcano as the end credits roll and leaves the audience to decide whether they survive. Preview audiences disliked the idea of the heroine turning immoral, all the film from the cameramen who actually crashed into a volcano in Hawaii and narrowly escaped death was removed. However, when Paramount released the version to video there was no male frontal nudity included. When originally released on VHS, the film was released in both an R-rated and an unrated version, in March 2006, to coincide with the theatrical release of Basic Instinct 2, which starred Stone, Sliver was released on DVD, this time unrated only. There are no features and although the film was presented theatrically in the 2.35 aspect ratio. In May 2006 an R-rated for-rent-only version was released to rental outlets, in 2013, the film was released on Blu-ray Disc, using the same matted 2.10 aspect ratio version of the R-rated theatrical cut
43.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
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