1.
USS Hanna (DE-449)
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Butler-class destroyer escort acquired by the U. S. Navy during World War II. The primary purpose of the escort was to escort and protect ships in convoy, in addition to other tasks as assigned. She proudly returned home with five stars to her credit after she was reactivated for Korean War duty. Hanna was named in honor of William T. Hanna who was killed in action 9 October 1942 while attached to the 1st Marine Division Reinforced on Guadalcanal and he was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously. She was launched 4 July 1944 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co, newark, New Jersey, sponsored by Mrs. William P. Hanna, mother, and commissioned 27 January 1945, Lt. Comdr. After shakedown out of Bermuda and Guantánamo Bay, Hanna returned to New York 24 March 1945, departing New York 9 April she escorted Akutan to Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone, then sailed via San Diego, California, arriving Pearl Harbor 4 May. After more intensive training and various missions in Hawaiian waters Hanna sailed 9 June for Eniwetok where she took up duty with Marshall-Gilberts Surface Patrol. This duty continued until 28 September after the Japanese surrender, Hanna and the U. S. prize Tachibana Maru formed the task unit to evacuate Japanese soldiers and sailors from Wake Island. Embarking 700 passengers they reached Tokyo 12 October, the U. S. Navy prize crew was withdrawn, the United States ensign hauled down, and Tachibana Maru turned over to the Japanese. Departing Tokyo 24 October 1945 Hanna returned to Eniwetok and then sailed to Guam and she continued this important task until her return to the States, where she decommissioned at San Diego, California,31 May 1946 and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Hanna recommissioned at San Diego 27 December 1950, Lt. Comdr, C. W. Ward in command to augment Navy strength in the Korean War. Once more an active unit of the U. S, Pacific Fleet, Hanna served with Escort Squadron 9 until 16 April 1951 when she sailed for the Western Pacific. Here she served as patrol ship in the Formosa Straits, in June 1951 Hanna joined Task Force 95 for blockading and escort duties off the west coast of Korea. In August, while on shore bombardment mission in Wonsan Harbor Hanna was instrumental in silencing enemy shore batteries after a duel lasting more than 2 hours, during the ensuing months Hanna served gallantly, operating with the Blockading and Escort Forces of Task Force 95. She was part of the antisubmarine and antiaircraft screen for the carriers launching repeated strikes against the Communists. In early November 1951 Hanna was detached for the United States, three months later Hanna returned to the western Pacific and resumed her shore bombardment missions in addition to escorting damaged vessels and investigation of fishing craft. On 24 November 1952 Hanna came under heavy fire from North Korean shore batteries and was hit amidships in the aft fireroom. Potts was the last shipboard casualty killed by enemy action during the Korean war and she returned to San Diego 9 June 1953
2.
National Museum of the United States Navy
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The National Museum of the United States Navy, or U. S. C. The U. S. Navy Museum is one of fifteen official Navy museums, and is part of the Naval History & Heritage Command, the official history program of the United States Navy. The U. S. Navy Museum collects, preserves, displays, and interprets historic naval artifacts and artwork to inform, educate, and inspire naval personnel, the U. S. Navy Museum was established in 1961 and opened to the public in 1963. As one of 15 Navy museums throughout the country, it is the one that presents an overview of U. S. naval history. Known for 40 years as the museum of the U. S. Navy. In the tradition of its predecessors on the Washington Navy Yard beginning in 1865, the museums collection moved twice before Admiral Arleigh Burke established the current museum, Building 76, in 1963 to create an American naval history museum comparable to those in Europe. The U. S. Navy Museum continues to embody Burkes vision of sharing the Navys history, the tradition of collecting naval artifacts in the United States began in the early 19th century under the command of Thomas Tingey, the first commandant of the Washington Navy Yard. The first artifact collected was a French gun, cast in 1793 at Lyons, captured during the Quasi-War with France, 1798-1801. From this modest beginning, the collection grew as the U. S. Navy fought in more battles, as the Navys collection of artifacts grew, so did the need for a space in which to display them. In 1865, the former Paint Shop opened as the Museum of Naval Relics and this museum was amongst Americas earliest federal museums. In 1913 the museums artifacts were moved to Building 120, where the shared space with the Seaman Gunners Quarters. This site is now a parking lot west of the Washington Navy Yard, the building was demolished in 1927, which left the Navys collection of artifacts in storage for eight years. In April 1935, the museum opened in building 40. When World War II ended the yard officially changed its name to the Naval Gun Factory, after gun production ceased, Admiral Burke obtained the entire building in 1961 to house a new, and more complete collection of artifacts. Today The U. S. Navy Museum is the naval museum to chronicle the history of the U. S. Navy from its creation to the present. Close to 94,000 individuals visit The U. S. Navy Museum annually, admission to the museum and its programs is free. The National Museum of the United States Navy is open to the public, however, as the museum is on a functioning military facility, visitors must enter a specific entrance and provide ID or pass to a guard. Civilian or non-government visitors must enter the on-site visitors center to be cleared for a day pass, upon entering the museum, visitors can see the fighting top from USS Constitution, as well as a statue of Boatswains Mate Charles W. Riggin made from melted dimes
3.
Schooner
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A schooner /ˈskuːnər/ is a type of sailing vessel with fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts, the foremast being shorter than the main and no taller than the mizzen if there is one. While the schooner was originally gaff-rigged, modern schooners typically carry a Bermuda rig, such vessels were first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century. They were further developed in North America from the early 18th century, the most common type, with two masts, were popular in trades requiring speed and windward ability, such as slaving, privateering, blockade running, and offshore fishing. In the Chesapeake Bay area several distinctive schooner types evolved, including the Baltimore clipper, bugeye, schooners were also popular among pirates in the West Indies during the Golden Age of Piracy, for their speed and agility. They could also sail in shallow waters, and while being smaller than other ships of the time period. Schooners first evolved in the late 17th century from a variety of small two-masted gaff-rigged vessels used in the coast, most were working craft but some pleasure yachts with schooner rigs were built for wealthy merchants and Dutch nobility. Following the arrival of the Dutch monarch William of Orange on the British throne and this vessel, captured in a detailed Admiralty model, is the earliest fully documented schooner. Royal Transport was quickly noted for its speed and ease of handling, North American shipbuilders quickly developed a variety of schooner forms for trading, fishing and privateering. According to the language scholar Walter William Skeat, the term comes from scoon. The Dutch word schoone means nice, good looking, robinson replied, A schooner let her be. The launch is variously described as being in 1713 or 1745, naval architects such as Howard Chapelle have dismissed this invention story as a childish fable, but some language scholars feel that the legend may support a Gloucester origin of the word. Other sources state the etymology as unknown and uncertain, the first detailed definition of a schooner, describing the vessel as two-masted vessel with fore and aft gaff-rigged sails appeared in 1769 in William Falconers, Universal Dictionary of the Marine. Although a schooner may have up to four masts, the schooner has only two, with the foremast shorter than the mainmast. There may be a bowsprit to help balance the rig, the principal issue with a schooner sail plan is how to fill the space between the two masts most effectively. Traditional schooners were rigged, and the trapezoid shape of the foresail occupied the inter-mast space to good effect, with a useful sail area. A Bermuda rigged schooner typically has four sails, a mainsail, a main staysail abaft the foremast, plus a forestaysail. An advantage of the schooner is that it is easily handled and reefed by a small crew. The main staysail will not overlap the mainsail, and so little to prepare the wind for the mainsail
4.
American Revolution
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The British responded by imposing punitive laws on Massachusetts in 1774 known as the Coercive Acts, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress determined King George IIIs rule to be tyrannical and infringing the rights as Englishmen. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance to the monarchy and abandonment of independence. The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but then captured and they blockaded the ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but failed to defeat Washingtons forces. After a failed Patriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777, a combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict, confirming the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada. Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States. Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, the lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement. For the prior history, see Thirteen Colonies, in 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money which British merchants saw as a means to evade debt payments. Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, imposing customs duties on a number of articles, none did and Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. All official documents, newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets—even decks of playing cards—were required to have the stamps, the colonists did not object that the taxes were high, but because they had no representation in the Parliament. Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire, stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable. London had to deal with 1,500 politically well-connected British officers who became redundant, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty formed. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable, in Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765, moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise, the Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval
5.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
6.
John Glover (general)
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John Glover was an American fisherman, merchant, and military leader from Marblehead, Massachusetts, who served as a Brigadier General in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Glover was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a house carpenter and his father died when he was four years old, and shortly thereafter his family moved to the nearby town of Marblehead. As a young man, Glover became a cordwainer and rum trader and eventually a ship owner and he married Hannah Gale in October 1754. Following the Boston Massacre in 1770, Committees of Correspondence were formed, Marblehead elected Glover along with future revolutionists Elbridge Gerry and Azor Orne to committee posts. After the First Continental Congress passed the non-importation agreements sanctioning trade with the British, Glover was active in the militia for many years before the Revolution, with his earliest service dating back to 1759. In 1775 he was elected lieutenant colonel of the 21st Massachusetts Regiment from Marblehead, Glover marched his regiment to join the siege of Boston in June 1775. At Boston, General George Washington chartered Glovers schooner Hannah to raid British supply vessels, for this reason the Hannah has been called the first vessel of the United States Navy. The Marblehead militia or Glovers Regiment became the 14th Continental Regiment and this regiment became known as the amphibious regiment for their vital nautical skills. It was composed almost entirely of fishermen, after Washington lost the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, Glovers Marbleheaders evacuated the army to Manhattan in a surprise nighttime operation, saving them from being entrapped. In subsequent actions of the New York campaign the regiment fought well against the British at Kips Bay, the last action of the regiment was its most famous, ferrying Washingtons army across the Delaware River for a surprise attack at Trenton on the morning of December 26,1776. The regiment was disbanded as enlistments expired at years end, Glover went home to tend to his sick wife and look to business affairs. He turned down a promotion to general in February 1777. He served in the successful Saratoga campaign in 1777 and the failed Battle of Rhode Island in 1778 and he was stationed along the Hudson River for the remainder of the war, guarding against British moves up the river from New York City. Hannah, Glovers first wife, died in 1778 and he married again in 1781 to Widow Frances Fosdick. He retired from the army in 1782 in poor health, failing to secure a job with the U. S. federal government, he served in various local offices in his remaining years. He died in 1797 at age 64 in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on November 20,1783, he was awarded the charter for the town of Glover, Vermont, as its prime proprietor, in honor of his service. The frigate USS Glover was named for him, Glovers Rock in the Bronx is a memorial to him. Glover School in Marblehead was named after him in 1916, there is a statue of Glover on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston
7.
Marblehead, Massachusetts
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Marblehead is a coastal New England town in Essex County, Massachusetts. Its population was 19,808 at the 2010 census and it is home to the Marblehead Neck Wildlife Sanctuary, Crocker Park, the Marblehead Lighthouse, Fort Sewall, Little Harbor and Devereux Beach. Archibald Willards famous painting The Spirit of 76 currently resides in Abbot Hall and it is also the origin of Marine Corps Aviation. A center of recreational boating, it is a sailing, kayaking and fishing destination. Several yacht clubs were established here in the late 19th century, Marbleheads first European settler was Joseph Doliber in 1629, who set up on the shore near what is now the end of Bradlee Road. Three years earlier, Isaac Allerton, a Pilgrim from the Mayflower, had arrived in the area and established a village at mid-Marblehead Harbor on the town side. This area was set off and incorporated separately in 1649, originally called Massebequash after the river which ran between it and Salem, the land was inhabited by the Naumkeag tribe of the Pawtucket confederation under the overall sachem Nanepashemet. But epidemics in 1615–1619 and 1633, believed to be smallpox, on September 16,1684, heirs of Nanepashemet sold their 3,700 acres, the deed is preserved today at Abbot Hall in the city. At times called Marvell Head, Marble Harbour and Foy, the town would be named Marblehead by settlers who mistook its granite ledges for marble and it began as a fishing village with narrow, crooked streets, and developed inland from the harbor. The shoreline smelled of drying fish, typically cod and these were exported abroad and to Salem. The town peaked economically just prior to the Revolution, as locally financed privateering vessels sought bounty from large European ships, much early architecture survives from the era, including the Jeremiah Lee Mansion. A large percentage of residents became involved early in the Revolutionary War, the first vessel commissioned for the navy, Hannah, was equipped with cannons, rope, provision —and a crew from Marblehead. With their nautical backgrounds, soldiers from Marblehead under General John Glover were instrumental in the escape of the Continental Army after the Battle of Long Island, Marblehead men ferried George Washington across the Delaware River for his attack on Trenton. Many who set out for war, however, did not return, the community lost a substantial portion of its population and economy, although it was still the tenth-largest inhabited location in the United States at the first census, in 1790. When George Washington visited the town during his tour of 1789, he knew the sailors of Marblehead well. He observed that the town had the appearance of antiquity, at the beginning of the 19th century, wealthier citizens wanted a new bank to finance vessels, and to serve the town’s fishermen and merchants. On March 17,1831, with a capital of $100,000, the name was changed to National Grand Bank on October 3,1864. After the Revolution, fishing continued as a major industry, the towns fishermen had 98 vessels putting to sea in 1837, where they often harvested fish off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
8.
Continental Army
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The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
9.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
10.
Beverly, Massachusetts
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Beverly is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 39,502 at the 2010 census, a resort, residential, and manufacturing community on the Massachusetts North Shore, Beverly includes Beverly Farms and Prides Crossing. Beverly is a rival of Marblehead for the title of being the birthplace of the U. S. Navy, the city name is also the origin for the city of Beverly Hills, in Los Angeles County, California. Originally part of Salem and the Naumkeag Territory, the area was first settled by Europeans in 1626 by Roger Conant, surviving from the settlements early history is the Balch House, built, according to dendrochronological testing performed in 2006, about 1679. The first ship commissioned for the US military, by the US Army, was the armed schooner Hannah and it was outfitted at Glovers Wharf and first sailed from Beverly Harbor on September 5,1775. For this reason Beverly calls itself the Birthplace of Americas Navy – a claim disputed by other towns, the Hannah can be found on the patch of the citys police department. Beverly has also called the birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution, as the site of the first cotton mill in America. The town is the home of one of the countrys first Sunday schools, Beverly was incorporated as a city in 1894. In 1902, the United Shoe Machinery Corporation built a stretch of factory buildings in Beverly. The stretch was a landmark example of reinforced concrete construction. In 1906 it went into production, closed in 1987, the complex was bought by Cummings Properties in 1996, and developed into a campus of hi-tech companies and medical offices. Parker Brothers, makers of Monopoly and other games, has offices in Beverly, the city is also home to the Landmark School, known worldwide for the education it provides for students with learning disabilities. President William Howard Taft rented a house for the summer White House from Mrs. Maria Evans in Beverly, Beverly Hills, California, was named in 1907 after Beverly Farms in Beverly because Taft vacationed there. Beverly has a former Nike missile site on L. P. Henderson Road and this site was in operation from March 1957 until August 1959, when the Army handed it over to the National Guard. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.6 square miles, of which 15.1 square miles is land and 7.5 square miles. Beverly is located on the North Shore, the given to communities north of Boston along Massachusetts Bay. There are many coves, as well as two islands, the Great and Little Misery Islands, which are part of the city. From Woodbury Point westward lies Beverly Harbor, which lies at the mouth of the Danvers River, the Bass River empties into the Danvers River from within the city
11.
Gloucester, Massachusetts
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Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstər/ is a city on Cape Ann in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is part of Massachusetts North Shore, the population was 28,789 at the 2010 U. S. Census. The boundaries of Gloucester originally included the town of Rockport, in an area dubbed Sandy Bay and that village separated formally on February 27,1840. In 1873, Gloucester was reincorporated as a city, Gloucester was founded at Cape Ann by an expedition called the Dorchester Company of men from Dorchester chartered by James I in 1623. It was one of the first English settlements in what would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first company of pioneers made landing at Half Moon Beach and settled nearby, setting up fishing stages in a field in what is now Stage Fort Park. This settlements existence is proclaimed today by a tablet, affixed to a 50-foot boulder in that park. Life in this first settlement was harsh and it was short-lived, around 1626 the place was abandoned, and the people removed themselves to Naumkeag, where more fertile soil for planting was to be found. The meetinghouse was even disassembled and relocated to the new place of settlement, at some point in the following years – though no record exists – the area was slowly resettled. The town was incorporated in 1642. It is at time that the name Gloucester first appears on tax rolls. This new permanent settlement focused on the Town Green area, an inlet in the marshes at a bend in the Annisquam River and this area is now the site of Grant Circle, a large traffic rotary at which Massachusetts Route 128 mingles with a major city street. Here the first permanent settlers built a house and therefore focused the nexus of their settlement on the Island for nearly 100 years. Unlike other early coastal towns in New England, development in Gloucester was not focused around the harbor as it is today and this is evidenced by the placement of the Town Green nearly two miles from the harbor-front. The Town Green is also where the built the first school. By Massachusetts Bay Colony Law, any town boasting 100 families or more had to provide a public schoolhouse and this requirement was met in 1698, with Thomas Riggs standing as the towns first schoolmaster. The White-Ellery House was erected in 1710 upon the Town Green and it was built at the edge of a marsh for Gloucester’s first settled minister, the Reverend John White. Early industry included subsistence farming and logging, because of the poor soil and rocky hills, Cape Ann was not well suited for farming on a large scale. Small family farms and livestock provided the bulk of the sustenance to the population, Fishing, for which the town is known today, was limited to close-to-shore, with families subsisting on small catches as opposed to the great bounties yielded in later years
12.
James Mugford
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James Mugford was a captain in the Continental Navy. Mugford commanded the schooner Franklin in the Continental Navy, serving through 1775 in John Manley’s squadron off Boston. He captured British ship Hope with a cargo of military stores and powder. Franklin was attacked during the night of May 19,1776 in the company of Lady Washington by British boarders claiming to be friends from Boston, Captain Mugford was killed in action. Mugford had captured a British ship and, having delivered her and her cargo to Boston, he enlisted the Lady Washington to ferry him back to his own ship, a dozen or more British boats attempted to intercept him but arrived too late. Instead they tried to board by pretending to be friendly, Mugford warned them to keep their distance and fired his cannons loaded with musket balls when they ignored him. The attackers split into two groups, with the attacking the Franklin and the smaller attacking the Lady Washington. According to a report in the Pennsylvania Evening Post, Mugford was killed by a ball rather than a lance. General Wards report is more accurate in this respect. Two United States Navy ships, USS Mugford, have named for him. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
13.
Samuel Tucker
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Samuel Tucker was an officer in the Continental Navy and the United States Navy. Born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, Tucker began his career in the spring of 1760 as a cabin boy in the warship. He subsequently rose to command of a merchant ship in July 1774, Tucker was in England at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, but returned to Massachusetts in the autumn of 1775. Upon his return, Tucker was selected by General George Washington to command a flotilla of armed schooners which Washington had purchased and fitted out to prey on the British shipping. Tucker also served as commanding officer of the schooner Franklin, in Franklin and later in schooner Hancock, Tucker cruised off the Massachusetts coast, taking many prizes in the year 1776. His first, taken jointly with the schooner Lee, came on 29 February, in April 1776, in Hancock, Tucker sighted two supply brigs making for Boston. Standing in to the harbor, near the cannon of British warships anchored in the roadstead, he soon captured brigs Jane and William. Tucker took both, escaping with the two ships and their cargoes of foodstuffs and other items needed by the Continental Army. For the remainder of 1777, Tucker, in Boston, carried out commerce-raiding forays in the North Atlantic and off the northeast coasts before being selected for a special mission. On 15 February 1778, Capt. Samuel Tucker sailed from Braintree, Massachusetts, to take onboard John Adams, the appointed minister to France. Later, in remarks before the Navy Board, Tucker would say of Adams, I did not say much to him at first, halfway across the Atlantic, Boston was nearly dismasted in a lightning storm that injured 20 sailors. According to John Adams diary, one of the sailors had a hole burnt in the top of his head from the lightning, on another occasion, three British warships gave chase to the frigate. Avoiding contact with British ships as much as possible, Tucker was finally forced to fight, the Adams arrived safely at Bordeaux on 1 April. Cruising in European waters from the spring of 1778 until the fall of that year, Tucker took four prizes before returning to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In 1779, two cruises in the North Atlantic netted nine prizes before orders sent Boston to Charleston, South Carolina, on 11 May 1780, Charleston surrendered, after a siege, and the warships in harbor were captured, along with most of their officers and men. Tucker was among the prisoners but received parole on 20 May and was exchanged for British Capt. Wardlaw, on 11 January 1781, Tucker assumed command of Thorn, now a privateer. After taking seven prizes, he was captured in an engagement with HMS Hind off the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. He and his crew were taken to Prince Edward Island, one day, having had permission to go to Halifax, Tucker escaped and made his way to Boston
14.
Pine Tree Flag
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The Tree Flag was one of the flags used during the American Revolution. It was also used by Massachusetts state navy vessels in addition to sailing from Massachusetts. The design of the came from General Washingtons secretary, Colonel Joseph Reed. In a letter dated October 20,1775 Colonel Reed suggested a. flag with a ground and a tree in the middle. The pine tree had long been a New England symbol being depicted on the Flag of New England flown by colonial merchant ships dating back to 1686, leading up to the Revolutionary War it became a symbol of Colonial ire and resistance. The white pine found in New England, specifically the eastern white pine with heights exceeding 150 feet, was highly desirable for constructing masts in shipbuilding, twenty years after arrival in the new world, the Pilgrims harvested and exported these pines as far as Madagascar. Due to lack of supply of lumber on the island, England reserved 24 inch diameter trees under the Mast Preservation Clause in the Massachusetts Charter in 1691. The broad arrow statutes were not immediately enforced, due to England having access to sources of timber in the Baltic. However, when this source diminished, additional broad arrow policies acts were passed, the colonists resented the strictures on the timber used for their needs and livelihoods. Prohibitions were disregarded and they practiced Swamp Law, where the pines were harvested according to their needs regardless of statutes, in New Hampshire enforcement led to the Pine Tree Riot in 1772, where a statute had been in effect since 1722 protecting 12 inch diameter trees. This was one of the first acts of forceful protest against British policies and it occurred almost two years prior to the more well-known Boston Tea Party protest and three years before open hostilities began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Months prior to Colonel Reeds suggestion for using the pine, the pine was used on the flag that the Colonists flew at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775. Provided Colonel Reed was aware of the Bunker Hill flag, there was precedent to incorporate the pine in another Colonial martial flag, Lockes works were well-known and frequently quoted by colonial leaders, being the most quoted authority on government in the 1760-1776 period prior to American independence. Thomas Jefferson was accused of plagiarizing Locke in certain sections of the Declaration of Independence by fellow Virginian delegate Richard Henry Lee, subsequently, it was used again by the Second Continental Congress in the Declaration of Independence. The Peoples appeal is based upon the rectitude of their intentions, moral character capable of self-government, the specific phrase is used by John Lockes in four chapters in Second Treatise on Civil Government, Chapter 3, Of The State of War, Section 20 and Section 21. It cannot be meant, who decide the controversy, every one knows what Jephtha here tells us. Where there is no judge on earth, the lies to God in heaven. That question then cannot mean, who shall judge, whether another hath put himself in a state of war with me, and whether I may, as Jephtha did, appeal to heaven in it
15.
Abbot Hall (Marblehead, Massachusetts)
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Abbot Hall is a town hall and historical museum located at 188 Washington Street, Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is open year-round, though with restricted hours in the colder months, in addition to serving as the seat of Marblehead’s town government, Abbot Hall has holdings as a museum. S. Vice-President Elbridge Gerry, a painting of Marbleheaders rowing Washington across the Delaware River during the American Revolution, frost, and a number of other historical artifacts. A plaque on display in the Selectmens room, discovered in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, the clock in the tower of Abbot Hall is a Howard #2S installed in 1877, it is governed by a 10 ft pendulum escapement, driven by an 86 lb weight. The clangor escapement is governed by a flutter vane assembly and is powered by a 292 lb weight, the Bell was cast by Meneely & Kimberly in Troy, New York. Every week the maintenance workers ascend the tower to wind the movements, local authors have featured the clock in numerous stories. National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
16.
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
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The Navy Yard, formerly known as the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Naval Business Center, was an important naval shipyard of the United States for almost two centuries. It is now an industrial park that includes a commercial shipyard. Philadelphias original navy yard, begun in 1776 on Front Street, the new, much larger yard grew up around facilities begun in 1871 on League Island at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. The United States Navy ended most of its activities there in the 1990s, and in 2000, the Navy still has a Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility and a few engineering activities at the site. The yard has its origins in a shipyard on Philadelphias Front Street on the Delaware River that was founded in 1776, from 1812 till 1865 it was a big production center. The first ship which was launched to the water was vessel Franklin and this event was watched by more than 50,000 spectators. The rapid development of shipbuilding companies pledged Philadelphia to improve production processes. It was the first shipyard in the world which used floating dry docks in the process to improve an operating time of the ships. After the advent of ironclad warships made the site obsolete, new facilities were built in 1871 on League Island at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. After first making a request to the Secretary of the Navy via shipyard Commandant Commodore James Barron, on August 29,1835 they appealed directly to President Andrew Jackson, there is no probability they will secede from their demands. Rodegier, David R. and Foner, Sheldon Our Own Time, A History of American Labor, Naval Aircraft Factory was established at the League Island site in 1917. Just after World War I, a 350-ton capacity hammerhead crane was ordered for the yard, manufactured in 1919 by the McMyler-Interstate Company in Bedford, Ohio, the crane was called the League Island Crane by its builder. Weighing 3,500 tons, the crane was shipped to the yard in sections, the League Island Crane was for many years the Navys largest crane. Mustin Field opened at the Naval Aircraft Factory in 1926 and operated until 1963, the shipyards greatest period came in World War II, when the yard employed 40,000 people who built 53 ships and repaired 574. During this period, the built the famed battleship New Jersey and its 45, 000-ton sister ship. In the Naval Laboratory Philip Abelson developed the thermal diffusion technique for separating U-235 for the Manhattan Project. After the war, the workforce dropped to 12,000, the yard built its last new ship, the command ship Blue Ridge, in 1970. The yards closure was originally recommended in 1991 by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission, as a result of foreign competition, the planned closing was unsuccessfully litigated to the US Supreme Court in Dalton v. Specter
17.
USS Constitution
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USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. She is the worlds oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat, Constitution was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navys capital ships, Constitution was built in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts at Edmund Hartts shipyard. Her first duties with the newly formed U. S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France, the battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of Old Ironsides and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, during the American Civil War, she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy. She carried American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878, Constitution was retired from active service in 1881, and served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1934, she completed a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, Constitution sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997, and again in August 2012 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere. The officers and crew are all active-duty U. S. Navy personnel, traditionally, command of the vessel is assigned to a Navy commander. She is usually berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, in May 2015, Constitution entered Dry Dock 1 to begin a three-year restoration program. In 1785, Barbary pirates began to seize American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean, in 1793 alone, eleven American ships were captured and their crews and stores held for ransom. To combat this problem, proposals were made for warships to protect American shipping, resulting in the Naval Act of 1794. The act provided funds to construct six frigates, but included a clause that, if peace terms were agreed to with Algiers, joshua Humphreys design was unusual for the time, being long on keel and narrow of beam and mounting very heavy guns. The design called for a diagonal scantling scheme intended to restrict hogging while giving the ships extremely heavy planking and this design gave the hull a greater strength than a more lightly built frigate. Humphreys design was based on his realization that the fledgling United States of the period could not match the European states in the size of their navies and this being so, the frigates were designed to overpower any other frigate yet escape from a ship of the line. Primary materials used in her construction consisted of pine and oak, including live oak. Her masts were of white pine from Maine, the keel was ultimately constructed from an alternative white oak tree, sourced from New Jersey. The name Constitution was selected by President George Washington and her keel was laid down on 1 November 1794 at Edmund Hartts shipyard in Boston, Massachusetts under the supervision of Captain Nicholson and naval constructor Colonel George Claghorn. Constitutions hull was built 21 inches thick and her length between perpendiculars was 175 ft, with a 204 ft length overall and a width of 43 ft 6 in, in total,60 acres of trees were needed for her construction
18.
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
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From the start of the hostilities, the British North American station under Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves blockaded the major colonial ports and carried raids against patriot communities. Colonial forces could do little to stop these developments due to British naval supremacy, in 1777, colonial privateers made raids into British waters capturing merchant ships, which they took into French and Spanish ports, although both were officially neutral. Seeking to challenge Britain, France signed two treaties with America in February 1778, but stopped short of declaring war on Britain, the risk of a French invasion forced the British to concentrate its forces in the English Channel, leaving its forces in North America vulnerable to attacks. After the French fleet departed, the British turned their attention to the south, in 1779, the French fleet returned to assist American forces attempting to recapture Savannah from British forces. In 1780, another fleet and 6,000 troops commanded by Lieutenant-General Jean-Baptiste, comte de Rochambeau, landed at Newport, and shortly afterwards was blockaded by the British. British Vice-Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney, who had been tracking de Grasse around the West Indies, was alerted to the latters departure, but was uncertain of the French admirals destination. Rodney, who was ill, sailed for Europe with the rest of his fleet in order to recover, refit his fleet, the Royal Navy attempted to dispute this control in the key Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September but Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated. When the news reached London, the government of Lord Frederick North fell, and these culminated in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, in which King George III recognised the independence of the United States of America. The Battle of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 drew thousands of militia forces from throughout New England to the towns surrounding Boston. These men remained in the area and their numbers grew, placing the British forces in Boston under siege when they blocked all access to the peninsula. The British were still able to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia, Providence, colonial forces could do nothing to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet and the complete absence of any sort of rebel armed vessels in the spring of 1775. During the siege, with the supplies in the city running shorter by the day, Graves, apparently acting on intelligence that the Colonials might make attempts on the islands, posted guard boats near Noddles Island. These were longboats that included detachments of Marines, sources disagree as to whether or not any regulars or marines were stationed on Noddles Island to protect the naval supplies. In response, the Colonials began clearing Noddles Island and Hog Island of anything useful to the British and this contested action resulted in the loss of two British soldiers and the capture and burning of Diana. He also belatedly sent a detachment of regulars to secure Noddles Island, Moore also carried orders to recover what he could from the wreck of HMS Halifax, which had apparently been run aground in Machias Bay by a patriot pilot in February 1775. After a heated negotiation, the Machias townspeople seized the merchant vessels, Jeremiah OBrien immediately outfitted one of the three captured vessels with breastwork, armed her with the guns and swivels taken from Margaretta and changed her name to Machias Liberty. In July 1775, Jeremiah OBrien and Benjamin Foster captured two more British armed schooners, Diligent and Tatamagouche, whose officers had been captured when they came ashore near Bucks Harbour. In August 1775, the Provincial Congress formally recognised their efforts, the community would be a base for privateering until the wars end
19.
History of the United States Navy
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The United States Navy claims 13 October 1775 as the date of its official establishment, when the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution creating the Continental Navy. With the end of the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Navy was disbanded. S, the original six frigates were authorized as part of the Act. Over the next 20 years, the Navy fought the French Navy in the Quasi-War, Barbary states in the First and Second Barbary Wars, and the British in the War of 1812. After the War of 1812, the U. S. Navy was at peace until the Mexican–American War in 1846, in 1845, the Naval Academy was founded. After the Civil war, most of the its ships were laid up in reserve, and by 1878, in 1882, the U. S. Navy consisted of many outdated ship designs. After winning two battles during the 1898 Spanish–American War, the Navy continued to build more ships. The Washington Naval Conference recognized the Navy as equal in capital ship size to the Royal Navy, and during the 1920s and 1930s, the Navy built several aircraft carriers and battleships. Much of the Navys activity concerned the support of landings, not only with the campaign in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the Navy had over 1,600 warships. After World War II ended, the U. S. Navy entered the Cold War and participated in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Navy fell apart, nuclear power and ballistic missile technology led to new ship propulsion and weapon systems, which were used in the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers and Ohio-class submarines. By 1978, the number of ships had dwindled to less than 400, many of which were from World War II, today, the United States is the worlds undisputed naval superpower, with the ability to engage and project power in two simultaneous limited wars along separate fronts. In March 2007, the U. S. Navy reached its smallest fleet size, with 274 ships, since World War I. Former U. S. Navy admirals who head the U. S. Naval Institute have raised concerns about what they see as the ability to respond to aggressive moves by Iran and China. The Navy was rooted in the American seafaring tradition, which produced a community of sailors, captains. During the Revolution, several states operated their own navies, on 12 June 1775, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a resolution creating a navy for the colony of Rhode Island. The same day, Governor Nicholas Cooke signed orders addressed to Captain Abraham Whipple, commander of the sloop Katy, the first formal movement for the creation of a Continental navy came from Rhode Island, because its merchants widespread smuggling activities had been severely harassed by British frigates. On 26 August 1775, Rhode Island passed a resolution that there be a single Continental fleet funded by the Continental Congress, the resolution was introduced in the Continental Congress on 3 October 1775, but was tabled
