1.
Uma Thurman (song)
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Uma Thurman is a song by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released digitally on January 12,2015. The song was the digital track released in build up to the bands 2015 album. The song was released to rock radio as the albums third single in early February. On March 31,2015, Uma Thurman was released as the albums second U. S, the remix entitled The Boys of Zummer Remix was released in promotion of the Boys of Zummer tour featuring American rapper and tourmate Wiz Khalifa. The song debuted at No.1 on the U. S. iTunes chart on its digital release, the music video won the 2015 MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video. Fall Out Boy performed Uma Thurman in a TV ad for Pepsi — which premiered during the 57th Grammy Awards, Fall Out Boy has also performed the song on TV shows including Late Night with Seth Meyers and at the 2015 Much Music Video Awards. On October 26,2015 Uma Thurman discussed the song on the Today Show and said the band asked her for permission to use her name in the song and its very, like unbelievably polite and gracious of them. Im so happy for their big success, the song prominently samples the theme music from The Munsters, taking an electric guitar riff and baritone sax line. Its title is a reference to American actress Uma Thurman dancing with John Travolta in an scene of the film Pulp Fiction. She gave permission for Fall Out Boy to use her name, the track also incorporates jittery piano chords and clapping drums, along with bursts of verbiage like I can move mountains, I can work a miracle. Bassist and lyricist Pete Wentz has stated, This was a fun song to write. Originally, when we came up with the idea, and there was this sample in it and we decided why dont we kind of create this world around that. To me, Uma Thurman and Winona Ryder, they were women in pop culture who were quirky. So thats what the chorus of the songs about, and the verses are what you would do to try, the song has received critical acclaim, with praise for the sample of the theme music from The Munsters and Patrick Stumps vocal performance. Billboard called it the best yet from the new album, Music Times wrote positively about the song, stating that the rhythm and bassline are what really shine and that the steady and funky bassline carries the melody seamlessly through the track. It also felt that vocalist Stumps vocal melody played off the music well, idolator wrote that the The Munster sample added a 60s surf-rock vibe to the impossibly catchy song. As a promotional release, Uma Thurman debuted at No.73 on the Billboard Hot 100. It became the ninth top 15 Hot Rock Songs charting in the US since the chart began in 2009
2.
New York Fashion Week
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New York Fashion Week, held in February and September of each year, is a semi-annual series of events when international fashion collections are shown to buyers, the press and the general public. It is one of four fashion weeks in the world, collectively known as the Big 4, along with those in Paris, London. NYFW is based on an older series of events called “Press Week. It has consisted of numerous branded events, such as Olympus Fashion Week New York, Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week New York and MADE Fashion Week, producers of New York Fashion Week include IMG and FTL Moda, in conjunction with Fashion Week Online. A centralized calendar of events is kept by the CFDA. The economic impact of New York Fashion Week is estimated at $887 million, the first New York Fashion Week was created in 1943 by Eleanor Lambert, press director of the American fashion industry’s first promotional organization, the New York Dress Institute. It was also meant to showcase American designers for fashion journalists, Press Week was a success, and fashion magazines like Vogue, which were normally filled with French designs, increasingly featured American fashion. By the mid-1950s, the event was known as Press Week of New York, Spring 1951 was the 16th Annual Press Week of New York. The event was branded with the trademark 7th on Sixth, in 2001, 7th on Sixth was sold to IMG. In 2004, the camera company Olympus became sponsor of IMGs events, in 2007, Mercedes-Benz became title sponsor of the IMG-produced events, adding New York to its roster of international Mercedes-Benz fashion weeks, and dubbing it MB Fashion Week New York. In 2010, IMG/Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week New York left the Bryant Park tents, in September 2011, New York designers began live-streaming runway shows, following London, who began in February 2010. Streams were originally offered on YouTube, and later on other sites, in 2013, IMG and its New York Fashion Week events were sold to William Morris Endeavor and Silver Lake Partners for $2.3 billion. In 2014, the CFDA acquired FashionCalendar. com from Ruth Finley, in January 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced its departure as title sponsor from WME/IMGs events. In March 2015, WME/IMG accounced that it had acquired MADE Fashion Week, in 2015, IMGs events were moved from Lincoln Center to Spring Studios. In February 2014, Dr. Danielle Sheypuk became the first wheelchair-using model to appear in a show for New York Fashion Week, in September 2014, Karen Crespo became the first quadruple-amputee to walk at New York Fashion Week, also for Carrie Hammer. In accordance with the settlement, the City of New York, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, as a result, the February 2015 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week was the last one staged in Damrosch Park. The fall/winter 2015 shows took place from February 12–19, in that week, actress Jamie Brewer became the first woman with Down syndrome to walk the red carpet at New York Fashion Week, which she did for designer Carrie Hammer. The spring/summer 2016 shows took place from September 10–17,2015 at two new locations, Skylight at Moynihan Station in Midtown and Skylight Clarkson Square in SoHo, the economic impact of these shows was estimated to be $900 million and attendance was approximately 125,000 people
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
5.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
6.
Gary Oldman
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Gary Leonard Oldman is an English actor, filmmaker, musician and author who has performed in theatre, film and television. He is known for his big acting style and on-screen diversity, Oldman began acting on stage in 1979, and gained his first starring film role in Meantime. Identified in the late 1980s with the Brit Pack, he was described by critic Roger Ebert as the best young British actor around and he meanwhile gave a critically acclaimed reading of Ludwig van Beethoven in Immortal Beloved. Motion pictures in which he has starred have grossed over $10.6 billion, in 2011, Empire readers voted Oldman the recipient of the Empire Icon Award. He will portray Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour, Oldman was born in New Cross, London, the son of Leonard Bertram Oldman, a former sailor who also worked as a welder, and Kathleen Cheriton. He has stated that Leonard was an alcoholic who left the family when Oldman was seven years old, Oldman attended West Greenwich School in Deptford, leaving school at the age of 16 to work in a sports shop. He was a pianist as a child, and later a singer, in a 1995 interview with Charlie Rose, Oldman said, Something about Malcolm just arrested me, and I connected, and I said, I wanna do that. Growing up in south London, Oldman supported his local football club Millwall, and I knew that my dad was involved somehow with the reserve team. But two weeks ago my mum said, Oh yeah, your dad played for Millwall, when he was young he had a couple of first team games. He later won a scholarship to attend the Rose Bruford College in Sidcup, Southeast London, Oldman describes himself as shy although a diligent worker during his time at Rose Bruford, where he performed roles such as Puck in the performance of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. After leaving school, Oldman was the first in his class to receive professional work, Oldman stated on The South Bank Show that it had nothing to do with being better than someone else, rather his diligence and application. When asked by Charlie Rose if he had reminded RADA of this and he made his professional stage debut in 1979 as Puss, alongside Michael Simkins and Peter Howitt, in Dick Whittington and His Cat, at Yorks Theatre Royal. The play then ran in Colchester, then with Glasgows Citizens Theatre, Oldmans work ethic, from 1980 to 1981, he appeared in The Massacre at Paris, Desperado Corner, and Robert David MacDonalds plays Chinchilla and A Waste of Time. He performed in a 6-month West End run of MacDonalds Summit Conference, opposite Glenda Jackson, also that year, Oldman made his film debut in Colin Greggs Remembrance, and would have starred in Don Boyds Gossip if that film had not collapsed. The following year, he landed a role as a skinhead in Mike Leighs film Meantime. Afterwards, he went to Westcliffe to star in Saved, Saved proved to be a major breakthrough for Oldman. Max Stafford-Clark, artistic director of the Royal Court Theatre, had seen Oldmans performance and cast him as Scopey, Oldman was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1985 to 1986. The 1984 production of The Popes Wedding had been seen by director Alex Cox and he twice turned down the role before accepting it, because, in his own words, I wasnt really that interested in Sid Vicious and the punk movement
7.
Ethan Hawke
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Ethan Green Hawke is an American actor, writer, and director. He has been nominated for four Academy Awards and a Tony Award, Hawke has directed two feature films, three Off-Broadway plays, and a documentary, and written the novels The Hottest State, Ash Wednesday, and Rules for a Knight. He made his debut in 1985 with the science fiction feature Explorers. He then appeared in films before taking a role in the 1994 Generation X drama Reality Bites. Hawke was further honored with SAG Award nominations for films, along with BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for the latter. Hawke was born in Austin, Texas, to Leslie, a charity worker, and James Hawke, Hawkes parents were high school sweethearts in Fort Worth, Texas, and married young, when Hawkes mother was 17. Hawke was born a year later, Hawkes parents were students at the University of Texas at Austin at the time of his birth, and separated and later divorced in 1974. After the separation, Hawke was then raised by his mother, the two relocated several times, before settling in New York City, where Hawke attended the Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights. Hawkes mother remarried when he was 10 and the moved to West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He later transferred to the Hun School of Princeton, a boarding school. In high school, Hawke aspired to be a writer, and he twice enrolled in New York Universitys English program, but dropped out both times to pursue acting roles. Hawke obtained his mothers permission to attend his first casting call at age 14 and he secured his first film role in 1985s Explorers, in which he played an alien-obsessed schoolboy alongside River Phoenix. The film received favorable reviews but had poor box office revenues, Hawke later described the disappointment as difficult to bear at such a young age, adding I would never recommend that a kid act. His next film appearance was not until 1989s comedy drama Dad, in 1989, Hawke made his breakthrough appearance, playing a shy student opposite Robin Williamss inspirational English teacher in Dead Poets Society. The film was critically well-received, the Variety reviewer noted Hawke, with revenue of US$235 million worldwide, the film remains Hawkes most commercially successful picture to date. Hawke later described the opportunities he was offered as a result of the success as critical to his decision to continue acting, I didnt want to be an actor. But then the success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, Hawkes next film, 1991s White Fang, brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack Londons novel of the name, featured Hawke as Jack Conroy
8.
Robert Thurman
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Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman is an American Buddhist writer and academic who has written, edited or translated several books on Tibetan Buddhism. He is the Je Tsongkhapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia University and he also is the co-founder and president of the Tibet House New York and is active against the Peoples Republic of Chinas control of Tibet. Thurman was born in New York City, the son of Elizabeth Dean Farrar, a stage actress and he is of English, German, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. His brother, John Thurman, is a concert cellist who performs with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. He attended Philips Exeter Academy from 1954 to 1958, followed by Harvard University, in 1961 Thurman lost his left eye in an accident while he was using a jack to lift an automobile, and the eye was replaced with an ocular prosthetic. After the accident he decided to refocus his life, divorcing his wife and traveling from 1961 to 1966 in Turkey, Iran and he became a Buddhist and was ordained in 1964, the first American Buddhist monk of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. He studied with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, who became a close friend, Thurman and Schlebrügge have four children, including actress Uma Thurman and Ganden Thurman, who as of 2012 is Executive Director of Tibet House. Thurman obtained an M. A in 1969 and a Ph. D. in Sanskrit Indian Studies in 1972 from Harvard and he was professor of religion at Amherst College from 1973 to 1988, when he accepted a position at Columbia University as professor of religion and Sanskrit. At Amherst College Thurman met his lifelong friend Prof. Lal Mani Joshi, in 1987, Thurman created Tibet House U. S. with Richard Gere and Philip Glass at the request of the Dalai Lama. Tibet House is an organization whose mission is to help preserve Tibetan Culture in exile. In 2001, the Pathwork Center, a 320-acre retreat center on Panther Mountain in Phoenicia, Thurman and Schlebrügge renamed the center Menla Mountain Retreat and Conference Center. Menla is being developed into a healing arts center grounded in the Tibetan Medical tradition in conjunction with other holistic paradigms. Twice married, Robert Thurman is the father of five children and he also has a great-granddaughter through his late grandson, Dash Snow. Time chose Robert Thurman as one of the 25 most influential Americans of 1997, Thurman is considered a pioneering, creative and talented translator of Buddhist literature by many of his peers. To have translated it into English at all must be reckoned an intellectual accomplishment of a high order. To have translated it to all intents and purposes correctly is a staggering achievement, Professor at the University of Michigan, has claimed that Thurmans work, like so much of the work produced by American students of Tibetan Buddhism, shows a bias that is both scholastic and Geluk
9.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
10.
Action film
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Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists end up in a series of challenges that typically include violence, extended fighting, physical feats, and frantic chases. Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences, while action has long been a recurring component in films, the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects. The genre is associated with the thriller and adventure film genres. Some historians consider The Great Train Robbery to be the first action film, during the 1920s and 1930s, action-based films were often swashbuckling adventure films in which actors, such as Douglas Fairbanks, wielded swords in period pieces or Westerns. The 1940s and 1950s saw action in a new form through war, the film, along with a war-adventure called The Guns of Navarone, inspired producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman to invest in their own spy-adventure, based on the novels of Ian Fleming. The long-running success of the James Bond films or series introduced a staple of the action film. Such larger-than-life characters were a veritable “one-man army”, able to dispatch villainous masterminds after cutting through their disposable henchmen in increasingly creative ways, such heroes are ready with one-liners, puns, and dry quips. The Bond films also used fast cutting, car chases, fist fights, a variety of weapons and gadgets, Dirty Harry essentially lifted its star, Clint Eastwood, out of his cowboy typecasting, and framed him as the archetypal hero of the urban action film. In many countries, restrictions on language, adult content, and violence had loosened up, in the 1970s, martial-arts films from Hong Kong became popular with Western audiences and inspired big budget films such as Bruce Lees Enter the Dragon. Chuck Norris blended martial arts with cops and robbers in films such as Good Guys Wear Black, from Japan, Sonny Chiba starred in his first martial arts movie in 1973 called the Karate Kiba. His breakthrough international hit was The Street Fighter series, which established him as the reigning Japanese martial arts actor in international cinema and he also played the role of Mas Oyama in Champion of Death, Karate Bearfighter, and Karate for Life. Chibas action films were not only bounded by martial arts, but also action thriller, jidaigeki, in the 1980s Hollywood produced many big budget action blockbusters with actors such as Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lorenzo Lamas, Michael Dudikoff, Charles Bronson and Bruce Willis. Steven Spielberg and George Lucas paid their homage to the Bond-inspired style with Raiders of the Lost Ark, in 1982, veteran actor Nick Nolte and rising comedian Eddie Murphy broke box office records with the action-comedy 48 Hrs. credited as the first buddy-cop movie. That same year, Sylvester Stallone starred in First Blood, the first installment in the Rambo film series made the character John Rambo a pop culture icon. 1984 saw the beginning of the Terminator starring Linda Hamilton and Arnold Schwarzenegger and this story provides one of the grittiest roles for a woman in action and Hamilton was required to put in extensive effort to develop a strong physique. The 1988 film, Die Hard, was influential on the development of the action genre. In the film, Bruce Willis plays a New York police detective who becomes embroiled in a terrorist take-over of a Los Angeles office building high-rise. The film set a pattern for a host of imitators, like Under Siege and Sudden Death, by the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre
11.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
12.
Dangerous Liaisons
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The film was directed by Stephen Frears. Swoosie Kurtz, Mildred Natwick and Peter Capaldi appeared in supporting roles, as did the young, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, it won those for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Costume Design, and Best Art Direction. In 1781 pre-Revolution Paris, the Marquise de Merteuil plots revenge against her ex-lover, the Comte de Gercourt, Merteuil calls on the similarly unprincipled Vicomte de Valmont to do the deed, offering him her own sexual favors as a reward. Merteuil is amused and incredulous, how can Valmont ever hope to bed the virtuous Madame Tourvel, never one to refuse a challenge, Valmont modifies the proposal, If he succeeds in sleeping with Tourvel, Merteuil must sleep with him as well. Merteuil accepts, on the condition that he furnish written proof of the liaison, Tourvel rebuffs all of Valmonts advances. Searching for leverage, he instructs his page Azolan to seduce Tourvels maid Julie to gain access to Tourvels private correspondence, one of the letters he intercepts is from Madame de Volanges, Céciles mother and Merteuils cousin, warning Tourvel that Valmont is a nefarious and untrustworthy individual. On reading this, Valmont resolves to seduce Cécile after all, meanwhile in Paris, Cécile meets the charming Chevalier Raphael Danceny. Danceny becomes Céciles music teacher and slowly, with a little coaxing from Merteuil, after gaining access to Céciles bedchamber on a false pretense, Valmont forces himself upon her as she pleads with him to leave. On the pretext of illness Cécile remains locked in her chambers, a concerned Madame de Volanges calls upon Merteuil to speak to her. Cécile, naively assuming that Merteuil has her best interests at heart, Merteuil advises Cécile to welcome Valmonts advances, young women should take advantage of all the lovers they can acquire, she says, in a society so repressive and contemptuous of women. The result is a perverse relationship, by day, Cécile is courted by Danceny. In the meantime, Merteuil begins an affair with Danceny, meanwhile, Valmont somehow manages to win Tourvels heart — but at a cost, the lifelong bachelor playboy falls in love. In a fit of jealousy, Merteuil mocks Valmont and threatens to trash his reputation as a carefree gigolo and she also refuses to honor her end of their agreement, since Valmont has no written proof that the relationship has been consummated. Valmont abruptly dismisses Tourvel with an excuse, It is beyond my control. Cécile, meanwhile, after a rough night in Valmonts bed. Tourvel, overwhelmed with grief and shame, retreats to a monastery where her health deteriorates rapidly, Valmont warns Danceny of Merteuil’s ulterior motives in seducing him, Merteuil retaliates by informing Danceny that Valmont has been sleeping with Cécile. Danceny challenges Valmont to a duel with swords, and mortally wounds him, with his dying breath, Valmont asks Danceny to communicate to Tourvel—by now at deaths door—his genuine love for her. He then gives Danceny his collection of letters from Merteuil, all of Paris learns the entire, grisly range of her schemes
13.
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American director, writer, and actor. His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friends Birthday and its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction, a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics, for his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown, an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch. Tarantino directed Death Proof as part of a feature with friend Robert Rodriguez. His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds, which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germanys political leadership, was released in 2009 to positive reviews, after that came 2012s critically acclaimed Django Unchained, a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South. It became the film of his career so far, making over $425 million at the box office. Tarantinos films have garnered critical and commercial success. He has received industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme dOr, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005, Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him the single most influential director of his generation. In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry, Tarantino was born on March 27,1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry, Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentins mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles and she married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived, in 1966, Tarantinos mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the part of the city. Tarantinos mother married musician Curtis Zastoupil soon after coming to Los Angeles, and the moved to Torrance. Zastoupil encouraged his love of movies, and accompanied him to film screenings. Tarantinos mother allowed him to see movies with adult content, such as Carnal Knowledge, after his mother divorced Zastoupil in 1973, and received a misdiagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma, Tarantino was sent to live with his grandparents in Tennessee. He remained there for six months to a year, before returning to California
14.
Pulp Fiction
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Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American black comedy neo-noir crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, from a story by Tarantino and Roger Avary. Directed in a stylized manner, Pulp Fiction connects the intersecting storylines of Los Angeles mobsters, fringe players, small-time criminals. The films title refers to the magazines and hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence. The screenplay of Pulp Fiction was written in 1992 and 1993 and its plot, as in many of Tarantinos other works, is presented out of chronological order. The film is also self-referential from its opening moments, beginning with a card that gives two dictionary definitions of pulp. Its script was turned down by Columbia TriStar as too demented. Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein was instantly enthralled with it, however, Pulp Fiction won the Palme dOr at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, and was a major critical and commercial success upon its U. S. release. It revitalized the careers of John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson and it was also nominated for seven Oscars, including Best Picture, Tarantino and Avary won for Best Original Screenplay. The nature of its development, marketing, and distribution –, since its release, Pulp Fiction has been widely regarded as Tarantinos masterpiece, with particular praise singled out for its screenwriting. The films self-reflexivity, unconventional structure, and extensive use of homage and it is often considered a cultural watershed, with a strong influence felt not only in later movies that adopted various elements of its style, but in several other media as well. A2008 Entertainment Weekly poll named it the best film since 1983, in 2013, Pulp Fiction was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. The stories intersect in various ways, the film begins with a diner hold-up staged by a couple, then picks up the stories of Vincent, Jules, and Butch. It finally returns to where it began, in the diner, sequences 1 and 7 partially overlap and are presented from different points of view, as do sequences 2 and 6. Other analysts describe the structure as a circular narrative, hitmen Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega arrive at the apartment of Brett to retrieve a briefcase for their boss, gangster Marsellus Wallace. After Vincent checks the contents of the briefcase, Jules shoots one of Bretts associates, then declaims a passage from the Bible before he, some time later, champion boxer Butch Coolidge accepts a large sum from Marsellus to take a dive in his upcoming match. Vincent and Jules deliver the briefcase, the next day, Vincent purchases heroin from his drug dealer Lance. He shoots up to pass the day, then drives to meet Marselluss wife Mia and they head to a 1950s-themed restaurant and participate in a twist contest, then return to the Wallace house with the trophy. While Vincent is in the bathroom, Mia finds his heroin, mistakes it for cocaine, snorts it, Vincent rushes her to Lances house, where they revive her with an adrenaline shot to her heart
15.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
16.
BAFTA Award
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
17.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
18.
Batman & Robin (film)
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Batman & Robin is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros. initial Batman film series, the film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars George Clooney, Chris ODonnell, Alicia Silverstone, Uma Thurman and it is also to date the only live-action film appearance of Batgirl, who helps the title characters fight the villains. Warner Bros. fast-tracked development for Batman & Robin following the box office success of the previous film, Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the storyline during pre-production on A Time to Kill, while Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role over scheduling conflicts with The Saint. Schumacher had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmers place before George Clooney won the role, principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule. Batman & Robin was released on June 20,1997 and it is also the lowest grossing live-action Batman movie to date. Schumacher and Warner Bros. originally envisioned that Batman Unchained would follow the film, however, the films poor critical reception ended plans for a sequel and the film series was rebooted with Batman Begins in 2005. One of the recorded for the film, The End Is the Beginning Is the End by The Smashing Pumpkins. In Gotham, one year after the defeat of Two-Face and the Riddler in the film, Batman and Robin attempt to thwart Mr. Freeze from robbing diamonds. In South America, Pamela Isley is working under Dr. Jason Woodrue and she witnesses Woodrue use the formula to turn a diminutive convict into a hulking monstrosity dubbed Bane. Woodrue and Isley argue over the use of the drug and Woodrue kills her by overturning a shelf of various toxins and she transforms into the beautiful and seductive Poison Ivy before killing Woodrue with her poisonous kiss. She finds that Wayne Enterprises funded Woodrue, thus she takes Bane with her to Gotham City, meanwhile, Alfred Pennyworths niece, Barbara Wilson, makes a surprise visit and is invited by Bruce Wayne to stay at Wayne Manor until she goes back to school. Wayne Enterprises presents a new telescope at a press conference interrupted by Isley and she proposes a project that could help the environment, but Bruce declines her offer, as it would kill millions of people. That night, a charity event is held by Wayne Enterprises with special guests, Batman and Robin, Freeze crashes the party and steals a diamond from the event. However, he is captured and sent to a prison in Arkham Asylum. Batman and Robin begin to have crime fighting relationship problems because of Ivys seductive ability with Robin, Ivy is then able to contact Robin once more, she kisses him but fails to kill him due to Robin wearing rubber lips. Robin becomes trapped, but rescued by Batman, Batgirl shows up and defeats Ivy, and reveals that she is Barbara Wilson and knows the location of the Batcave. Batman, Robin and Batgirl decide to go after Freeze together, by the time they get to the lab where Freeze and Bane are, Gotham is completely frozen
19.
Gattaca
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Gattaca is a 1997 American science fiction film written and directed by Andrew Niccol. It stars Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman, with Jude Law, Loren Dean, Ernest Borgnine, Gore Vidal, and Alan Arkin appearing in supporting roles. The film centers on Vincent Freeman, played by Hawke, who was conceived outside the eugenics program, the movie draws on concerns over reproductive technologies which facilitate eugenics, and the possible consequences of such technological developments for society. It also explores the idea of destiny and the ways in which it can, characters in Gattaca continually battle both with society and with themselves to find their place in the world and who they are destined to be according to their genes. The films title is based on the first letters of guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine and it was a 1997 nominee for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The film flopped at the box office, but it received positive reviews and has since gained a cult following. In the not-too-distant future, eugenics is common, a genetic registry database uses biometrics to classify those so created as valids while those conceived by traditional means and more susceptible to genetic disorders are known as in-valids. Genetic discrimination is illegal, but in practice genotype profiling is used to identify valids to qualify for employment while in-valids are relegated to menial jobs. Vincent Freeman is conceived without the aid of genetic selection, his genetics indicate a probability of several disorders. His parents, regretting their decision, use genetic selection to give birth to their next child, growing up, the two brothers often play a game of chicken by swimming out to sea with the first one returning to shore considered the loser, Vincent always loses. Vincent dreams of a career in space travel but is reminded of his genetic inferiority, one day Vincent challenges Anton to a game of chicken and bests him before Anton starts to drown. Vincent saves Anton and then leaves home, Vincent works as an in-valid, cleaning office spaces including that of Gattaca Aerospace Corporation, a space-flight conglomerate. He gets a chance to pose as a valid by using hair, skin, blood and urine samples from a donor, Jerome Eugene Morrow, who is a former swimming star paralyzed due to a car accident. With Jeromes genetic makeup, Vincent gains employment at Gattaca, and is assigned to be navigator for a trip to Saturns moon Titan. To keep his identity hidden, Vincent must meticulously groom and scrub down daily to remove his own genetic material, Gattaca becomes embroiled in controversy when one of its administrators is murdered a week before the flight. The police find a fallen eyelash of Vincents at the scene, an investigation is launched to find the murderer, Vincent being the top suspect. Through this, Vincent becomes close to a co-worker, Irene Cassini, though a valid, Irene has a higher risk of heart failure that will prevent her from joining any deep space Gattaca mission. Vincent also learns that Jeromes paralysis is by his own hand, after coming in place in a swim meet
20.
Hysterical Blindness (film)
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Hysterical Blindness is a TV movie made for HBO, directed by Mira Nair and starring Gena Rowlands, Uma Thurman, Juliette Lewis and Ben Gazzara. The movie premiered on HBO on August 21,2002 to good reviews, in 2003, Uma Thurman won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of Debby Miller. Ben Gazzara and Gena Rowlands also won Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards for their performances as Virginia Miller, the opening titles by Trollbäck + Company won a Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Design in 2003. In the film Thurman plays an excitable New Jersey woman in the 1980s searching for romance, Thurman has bent the role to her will”. Its 1987 in Bayonne, New Jersey and Debby Miller has just been diagnosed with a condition called hysterical blindness in which there are moments when her sight fades in, the doctor tells her to try to have fun with her friends. She and her best friend Beth go to their pub, Ollies. Beth flirts with the bartender and Debby gets angry with her and he wants little to do with her but she convinces him to walk her to her car. As a thank you she offers to buy him a drink, the next day they run into each other at the same bar and she asks him to go somewhere else and they end up at his house. It is clear that Rick has little interest in Debby, so to move things along she tells him that she gives a blow job. Afterwards, she thinks she has love, but Rick was only looking for a one-night stand. Debby goes home, where her mother Virginia has also started dating a man named Nick who wants her to move with him to Florida. Nick passes away suddenly from an attack, and Virginia realizes that until she met Nick. In the end, Debby, Beth and Virginia struggle to find stability in their New Jersey town and agree that all they need is each other
21.
Kill Bill
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Kill Bill is an American two-part martial arts film series, and the fourth film overall that was written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. The original four-hour cut, retitled Kill Bill, The Whole Bloody Affair, was screened at cinemas in 2011. Tarantino has discussed the possibility of a third Kill Bill film, Kill Bill, Volume 1 was released in theaters on October 10,2003. In the United States and Canada, Volume 1 was released in 3,102 theaters, Volume 1 was the widest theatrical release of Tarantinos career to date, and it was also his highest-grossing opening weekend to date. Outside the United States and Canada, Kill Bill, Volume 1 was released in 20 countries, by November 2,2003, it had made $31 million in the 20 countries. Kill Bill, Volume 1 grossed a total of $70 million in the United States and Canada, the film follows a character initially identified as The Bride, a former assassin seeking revenge on her ex-colleagues who massacred members of her wedding party and tried to kill her. Kill Bill, Volume 2 was released in theaters on April 16,2004, Volume 2s opening weekend gross was higher than Volume 1s, and the equivalent success confirmed the studios financial decision to split the film into two theatrical releases. Volume 2 attracted more female theatergoers than Volume 1, with 40% of the audience being female, outside of the United States and Canada, Volume 2 was released in 20 countries over the weekend of April 23,2004. It grossed an estimated $17.7 million and ranked first at the box office. Volume 2 grossed a total of $66.2 million in the United States and Canada, the film follows The Bride pursuing Bills brother Budd and confronting Elle Driver, a fellow student of Pai Mei. She eventually catches up with Bill himself, screenings of the complete film began on March 27,2011 at the New Beverly Cinema. This was verified to be the print that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2003. The print shown at the New Beverly even retained the French subtitles necessary for screening an English-language film at the Cannes festival, Tarantino told Entertainment Weekly in April 2004, that he was planning a sequel, Oh yeah, initially I was thinking this would be my Dollars Trilogy. I was going to do a new one every ten years, but I need at least fifteen years before I do this again. Ive already got the whole mythology, Sofie Fatale will get all of Bills money, shell raise Nikki, wholl take on The Bride. Nikki deserves her revenge every bit as much as The Bride deserved hers, according to Bloody-Disgusting. com, details emerged around 2007 about two possible sequels, Kill Bill, Volumes 3 and 4. The article adds that the installment of the popular kung fu action films concerns a cycle of reprisals. At the 2006 Comic Con, Tarantino said that after the completion of Grindhouse, one will be an origin story about Bill and his mentors, and the other will be an origin starring The Bride
22.
Be Cool
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The film adaptation of Be Cool began production in 2003. It was directed by F. Gary Gray, produced by Danny DeVito, the film opened in March 2005 and was released to video and DVD distribution on June 7,2005. This was Robert Pastorellis final film, as he died one year before its theatrical release, Chili Palmer helps the widow of an executed friend to resurrect a record company using the talents of young and talented female vocalist and songwriter. The plot is complicated by several facts, In a loan-shark subplot from Get Shorty of who owns who, Chili makes deals, the Russian Mafia are trying to kill Chili because he witnessed the execution of Athens. Athens record company money to a gangster/producer, Sin LaSalle. Chili Palmer, after years of filmmaking, enters the music industry after witnessing the execution, by the head of the Russian mob, of his friend Tommy Athens, owner of a record company. Chili uses the opportunity to help his friends widow, Edie Athens, manage the failing business, Chili enters the music industry on the talents of a female entertainer, Linda Moon. Carr and Raji take exception to Chilis intervention, and hire a hitman, in the meantime, Chili convinces Edie to produce Moon, hoping to resurrect Athens failing record company through a live performance with Steven Tyler and Aerosmith. LaSalle threatens Chili and Edie for payment of the $300,000, when the Russians attempt to kill Chili, Joe Loop mistakenly kills Ivan Argianiyev, the Russian Mob hitman. Carr is furious about the mistake and orders Raji to confront Loop at once, at a restaurant, he informs Loop about Carrs anger with him and warns him to do his job properly. Raji then kills Loop with a baseball bat after Loop disrespects him. After Chili talks Linda into leaving Carr and his group, Carr tries to trick Chili by handing him a pawn ticket. This is actually a set-up by Carr to get Chili killed, wary of Carrs plans to get him killed, Chili hands the ticket to Edie, who turns it over to the police. Now the cops, instead of Chili, pay the Russians a visit, meanwhile, Raji and Elliot set up LaSalle by making him believe that Carr tricked Chili in giving him the $300,000 grand to get Lindas contract. Furious, LaSalle and the DubMD pay Carr a visit to confront him in his office, believing that Carr tricked him by giving the ticket to the police, Bulkin and his men pay a visit to Carrs office while Sin LaSalle and the DubMDs are there. Insulted by Bulkins racist remarks, LaSalle kills him, in the meantime, Raji sends Elliot to kill Chili. However, Chili befriends Elliot and tells him that he can help him out with his acting career, when Carr threatens Chili, Chili sends him to the hands of the police with a pawn ticket. Finally when Raji and Elliot threaten Chili, he again befriends Elliot when Edie helps him figure out how to answer his cell phone message on it
23.
The Producers (2005 film)
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The film stars an ensemble cast led by Nathan Lane, Matthew Broderick, Uma Thurman, Will Ferrell, Gary Beach, Roger Bart, and Jon Lovitz. The creature effects for Tom the Cat and the pigeons were provided by Jim Hensons Creature Shop. The Producers was released in the United States by Universal Pictures in a release on December 16,2005. It garnered generally mixed reviews critics, and commercial failure, grossing only $19.4 million domestically. Following the flop of theatre musical Funny Boy, the shows producer, Max Bialystock. While studying Maxs books, Leo notes that a flop is expected to lose money, Leo jests by selling an excess of shares and embezzling the funds, a flop could generate up to $2 million. Max asks for Leos help with the scheme, only for the latter to refuse, returning to his old accounting firm, Leo starts fantasizing about being a Broadway producer. Leo quits his job and forms Bialystock & Bloom with Max, searching for the worst play written, the duo finds Springtime for Hitler, a musical written by an ex-Nazi named Franz Liebkind. Max and Leo, in order to acquire Franzs rights to the musical, perform Hitlers favorite song, in order to ensure the plays failure, Max and Leo meet failing, flamboyant director Roger De Bris and his assistant Carmen Ghia. Roger is reluctant to direct, but when Max and Leo suggest he could win a Tony Award, returning to their office, a Swedish woman named Ulla, appears to audition. Leo objects they have not started casting, Max hires her as their secretary until they audition her later, to gain backers to fund the musical, Max has dalliances with several elderly women, allowing him to raise the $2 million. Leo laments about the dangers of sex straying him from his work, starting auditions for the role of Hitler, Franz becomes angered at a performers rendition of a German song, causing Franz to storm the stage and perform it. Based on the performance, Max hires Franz to play Hitler, Franz leaves to prepare and breaks his leg. Max enlists Roger to perform the role in his place, as the show opens, the audience is horrified at the first song, and people begin leaving out of disgust until Roger enters as Hitler. Roger, playing Hitler very flamboyantly, causes the audience to misinterpret the play as satire, terrified the IRS will learn of their crimes, a dispute breaks out between Max and Leo. Franz then appears, and attempts to shoot the duo for breaking the Siegfried Oath by mocking Hitler, Max and Franz attempt to evade the police, only for Franz to break his other leg. Arrested for his tax fraud, Max is imprisoned while Leo hides from the police, Leo elopes with Ulla to Rio de Janeiro, leaving Max to his fate. About to be sentenced in court, Max is saved by Leo, the judge, realizing Max and Leo are inseparable, sentences them both to five years at Sing Sing Prison with Franz
24.
My Super Ex-Girlfriend
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My Super Ex-Girlfriend is a 2006 American superhero comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Uma Thurman, Luke Wilson, Anna Faris, Eddie Izzard, Rainn Wilson and Wanda Sykes. After foiling a purse snatcher who tries to steal Jenny Johnson s purse on the subway, Matthew Saunders becomes Jennys hero and starts dating this shy stranger. After several dates, Jenny displays increasingly neurotic and aggressive behavior, becoming more demanding and ultimately injuring Matt, Jenny starts to become more controlling after she reveals her powers and Matt starts to lose his mind. Hannah Lewis, Matts co-worker, has a crush on him despite the fact that she is going out with a handsome, as Matt and Hannahs friendship develops further, and after becoming aggravated with Jennys escalating jealousy, Matt ends the relationship. Professor Bedlam, Jennys former friend, and now G-Girls nemesis, Matt refuses and makes plans to leave the city. As he does so he is contacted by Hannah who has broken up with her cheating boyfriend, Jenny discovers them in bed the next day. Enraged and jealous, she attacks the pair with a white shark. Angered, Matt contacts Professor Bedlam and agrees to him defeat her. He instructs Matt to lure Jenny to a meeting where she can be exposed to another meteorite that will draw away her powers, Matt agrees and meets Jenny for a candlelit dinner at his apartment, under the pretense of wanting to resume their relationship. Hannah arrives to see Jenny sitting on Matts lap, the two women fight, and in the struggle Jennys superhero identity is revealed to Hannah. Bedlams trap is sprung, and the energy that gave Jenny her powers is drained back into the meteorite, Professor Bedlam appears, but reveals that he has no intention of keeping his promise to retire from villainy and in fact plans to take the powers for himself. While he and Matt fight, Jenny crawls to the charged meteorite attempting to regain her powers, Hannah intervenes just as Jenny grabs the meteorite, which explodes in a burst of power. Both Hannah and Jenny are catapulted off the roof, apparently to their deaths, Jenny appears within seconds, powers restored, only the unexpected reappearance of Hannah, who was also exposed to the meteorites energies, and now possesses the same powers as G-Girl, saves Matt. The second fight between Hannah and Jenny is a full-on super-brawl, destroying part of the neighboring properties, finally, Matt reasons with them both and they cease fighting. He tells Jenny that Professor Bedlam is her true love, Jenny agrees and she embraces her former nemesis. The next morning, Matt and Hannah meet up with Professor Bedlam, as cries for help are heard from afar, Jenny and Hannah, who have become partners in crime-fighting, take off to tackle the emergency. Matt and Barry are left holding their girlfriends purses and clothes, Uma Thurman as Jenny Johnson / G-Girl, a confused, insecure young woman who also happens to be a superheroine, thanks to her contact with a mysterious meteorite. Tara L. Thompson as Young Jenny Johnson Luke Wilson as Matthew Matt Saunders and he begins dating Jenny after capturing a thief who snatched her purse, but ultimately breaks up with her due to her controlling and demanding behavior
25.
Smash (TV series)
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Smash is an American musical drama television series created by playwright Theresa Rebeck and developed by Robert Greenblatt for NBC. Steven Spielberg served as one of the executive producers, the series was broadcast in the US by NBC and produced by DreamWorks Television and Universal Television. The series revolves around a fictional New York City theater community and it features a large ensemble cast, led by Debra Messing, Jack Davenport, Katharine McPhee, Christian Borle, Megan Hilty, and Anjelica Huston. The show debuted on February 6,2012, and its first season ended on May 14,2012 and its second season premiered on February 5,2013, and ended on May 26,2013. NBC announced a change in their lineup in March 2013 and moved the show to Saturdays starting April 6,2013, the series was officially cancelled on May 10,2013. Second-season executive producer-show runner Josh Safran said the episode of season two worked as a series finale. The series, particularly the episode, enjoyed some critical success. The first season received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography among four nominations, the series was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy and a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. The show revolves around a group of characters creating new Broadway musicals, the series features original music by composers Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman. Julia Houston and Tom Levitt, a Broadway writing team come up with the idea of a new musical based on the life of Marilyn Monroe titled Bombshell. Producer Eileen Rand, in the midst of divorce proceedings from her husband, jumps on board and brings with her Derek Wills. Ivy Lynn is initially cast as Marilyn, but is forced to deal with competition from the talented, Julias former lover Michael Swift is initially cast in the role of Joe DiMaggio. However, when Julia and Michaels reunion causes serious trouble in her marriage to Frank, the role of Marilyn is recast with film star Rebecca Duvall, leaving Ivy devastated. After a somewhat disastrous out-of-town opening in Boston, Rebecca has fallen due to a peanut allergy. Derek subsequently casts Karen in the role of Marilyn and Michael is reinstated as Joe, Karen discovers Ivy has slept with her fiancé Dev, while Eileen finds out that her assistant Ellis was the one who poisoned Rebecca and fires him. Karen gets through her debut and the ends with the closing number being applauded by the audience. As Bombshell works to open on Broadway in New York City, meanwhile, the cast and crew attempt to find work. Karen meets two aspiring friends and partners and tries to get their work noticed, especially by Derek, Derek works with Broadway star Veronica Moore, who becomes friends with Karen
26.
Lars von Trier
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Lars von Trier is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He has a prolific and controversial career spanning almost four decades and his work is known for its genre and technical innovation, confrontational examination of existential, social, and political issues, and treatment of subjects like mercy, sacrifice and mental health. His political and humanitarian work was honored in 2004 with the Cinema for Peace awareness award. Among more than 100 awards and over 200 nominations in festivals worldwide, he has received the Palme dOr, the Grand Prix, the Prix du Jury, in March 2017, Trier began filming The House that Jack Built, an English-language serial killer thriller. Trier was born in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen, the son of Inger Høst and he received his surname from Høsts husband Ulf Trier, whom he considered his biological father until 1989. The director would later become famous for his honesty to journalists about his family and upbringing, as well as the impact it had on his identity, beliefs. Trier studied film theory at the University of Copenhagen and film direction at the National Film School of Denmark. In 1984, The Element of Crime, Triers breakthrough film, received awards in seven international festivals including the Technical Grand Prize at Cannes. His next film, Epidemic, was shown at Cannes in the Un Certain Regard section. Trier has occasionally referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies and this pattern began with The Element of Crime, the first of the Europa trilogy, which illuminated the traumas of Europe both in the past and the future. It includes The Element of Crime, Epidemic and Europa, Von Trier directed Medea for television, which won him the Jean dArcy prize in France. It is based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer, Trier completed the Europa trilogy in 1991 with Europa, which won the Prix du Jury at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival and picked up awards at other major festivals. In 1990 he also directed the video for Bakerman by Laid Back. This video was reused in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker in a remake of Bakerman, seeking both financial independence and total creative control over their projects, von Trier and producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen founded the film production company Zentropa Entertainment in 1992. Named after a railway company in Europa, their most recent film at the time, Zentropa has produced many movies other than Triers own. It has also produced hardcore sex films, Constance, Pink Prison, HotMen CoolBoyz, in 1995, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement, which they called Dogme 95. The Dogme 95 concept, which led to international interest in Danish film, in 2008, together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg received the European Film Award European Achievement in World Cinema. In 1996, von Trier conducted an unusual experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors
27.
Nymphomaniac (film)
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Nymphomaniac is a European 2013 two-part drama art film written and directed by Lars von Trier. The film stars Charlotte Gainsbourg, Stellan Skarsgård, Stacy Martin, Shia LaBeouf, Christian Slater, Jamie Bell, Uma Thurman, Willem Dafoe and Connie Nielsen. The film was supposed to be only one complete entry. Nymphomaniac was an international co-production of Denmark, Belgium, France, the world premiere of the uncut version of Volume I of the original five-and-half-hour-long version occurred on 16 February 2014 at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. The world premiere of the version of Volume II debuted at 2014s Venice Film Festival. The general release world premiere of the complete 5½ hours Directors Cut took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, the film was nominated for the 2014 Nordic Council Film Prize. Nymphomaniac is the third and final installment in von Triers unofficially titled Depression Trilogy, having been preceded by Antichrist, on a snowy evening, the middle-aged bachelor Seligman finds the self-diagnosed nymphomaniac Joe beaten up and lying in the alleyway behind his apartment. He takes her back to his home and, over tea, Seligman, a highly-educated but cloistered man, connects and analyzes Joes stories with what he has read about. Seligmans favourite hobby to read about is fly fishing, which is why he has the fly fishing hook on the wall, throughout the story he parallels much of what she has experienced with various methods of the sport. Her father is a doctor whom she adores while her mother is, as Joe describes her. In adolescence, she loses her virginity to a young man named Jerôme. Joe tells Seligman her encounter with S is the first of many terrible things shes done, Joe takes on more lovers as she, B, and several friends create a club, The Little Flock, dedicated to liberating themselves from societys fixation on love. Joe eventually leaves after all the other end up developing serious attachments to their conquests. As a young adult, Joe drops out of medical school and her first employer is none other than Jerôme. While sexual intentions are clearly on his mind, she finds herself avoiding his advances and sleeping with other co-workers, when Joe finally realizes she has developed feelings for Jerôme, she writes him a letter. However, she is too late as he has left along with his uncles jealous secretary Liz and she is immediately fired by his uncle, the actual owner of the company, for her lack of experience and goes back to indulging her nymphomania, despite a yearning for Jerôme. On one occasion one of her lovers, H, Joe inadvertently causes conflict that makes him leave his wife for her. The distressed Mrs. H arrives and demonizes both of them in front of her children, though Joe states in the present that this affected her
28.
Sanskrit
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Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, a philosophical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and a literary language and lingua franca of ancient and medieval South Asia. As a result of transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia and parts of Central Asia, as one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies. The body of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical, the compositions of Sanskrit were orally transmitted for much of its early history by methods of memorization of exceptional complexity, rigor, and fidelity. Thereafter, variants and derivatives of the Brahmi script came to be used, Sanskrit is today one of the 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which mandates the Indian government to develop the language. It continues to be used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form of hymns. The Sanskrit verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- may be translated as refined, elaborated, as a term for refined or elaborated speech, the adjective appears only in Epic and Classical Sanskrit in the Manusmṛti and the Mahabharata. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved, Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini, around the fourth century BCE. Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form, the present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE. Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or Pāṇinian Sanskrit as separate dialects, although they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a collection of hymns, incantations and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, for nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana, the deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa, meaning of the ṛṣis, in some contexts, there are also more prakritisms than in Classical Sanskrit proper. There were four principal dialects of classical Sanskrit, paścimottarī, madhyadeśī, pūrvi, the predecessors of the first three dialects are attested in Vedic Brāhmaṇas, of which the first one was regarded as the purest. In the 2001 Census of India,14,035 Indians reported Sanskrit to be their first language, in India, Sanskrit is among the 14 original languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The state of Uttarakhand in India has ruled Sanskrit as its official language. In October 2012 social activist Hemant Goswami filed a petition in the Punjab. More than 3,000 Sanskrit works have been composed since Indias independence in 1947, much of this work has been judged of high quality, in comparison to both classical Sanskrit literature and modern literature in other Indian languages
29.
Parvati
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Parvati, also known as Urvi/Renu, is the Hindu goddess of fertility, love and devotion, as well as of divine strength and power. She is the gentle and nurturing aspect of the Hindu goddess Shakti and she is the mother goddess in Hinduism, and has many attributes and aspects. Each of her aspects is expressed with a different name, giving her over 100 names in regional Hindu stories of India, along with Lakshmi and Saraswati, she forms the trinity of Hindu goddesses. Parvati is the wife of the Hindu god Shiva - the protector and regenerator of universe and she is the daughter of the mountain king Himavan and mother Mena. Parvati is the mother of Hindu deities Ganesha and Kartikeya, some communities also believe her to be the sister of the god Vishnu and the river-goddess Ganga. With Shiva, Parvati is a deity in the Shaiva sect. In Hindu belief, she is the energy and power of Shiva, and she is the cause of a bond that connects all beings. In Hindu temples dedicated to her and Shiva, she is represented as the argha or yoni. She is found extensively in ancient Indian literature, and her statues and iconography grace Hindu temples all over South Asia, parvata is one of the Sanskrit words for mountain, Parvati derives her name from being the daughter of king Himavan and mother Mena. King Parvat is considered lord of the mountains and the personification of the Himalayas, Parvati is known by many names in Hindu literature. Other names which associate her with mountains are Shailaja, Adrija or Nagajaa or Shailaputri, Haimavathi, the Lalita sahasranama contains a listing of 1,000 names of Parvati. Two of Parvatis most famous epithets are Uma and Aparna, the name Uma is used for Sati in earlier texts, but in the Ramayana, it is used as a synonym for Parvati. In the Harivamsa, Parvati is referred to as Aparna and then addressed as Uma and she is also Ambika, Shakti, Mataji, Maheshwari, Durga, Bhairavi, Bhavani, Shivaradni, and many hundreds of others. Parvati is also the goddess of love and devotion, or Kamakshi, regional stories of Gauri suggest an alternate origin for Gauris name and complexion. In parts of India, Gauris skin color is golden or yellow in honor of her being the goddess of ripened corn/harvest, some scholars hold that Parvati does not explicitly appear in Vedic literature, though the Kena Upanishad contains a goddess called Uma-Haimavati. She appears as the shakti, or essential power, of the Supreme Brahman. Her primary role is as a mediator who reveals the knowledge of Brahman to the Vedic trinity of Agni, Vayu, and Indra, Sati-Parvati appears in the epic period, as both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata present Parvati as Shivas wife. However, it is not until the plays of Kalidasa and the Puranas that the stories of Sati-Parvati, Kinsley adds that Parvati may have emerged from legends of non-aryan goddesses that lived in mountains
30.
German nobility
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The German nobility was a status group which until 1919 enjoyed certain privileges relative to other people under the laws and customs in the German-speaking area. Historically German entities which recognized or conferred nobility included the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederation, all legal privileges and immunities of the nobility were officially abolished in 1919 by the Weimar Republic, and nobility is no longer conferred or recognized by the Federal Republic of Germany. Former hereditary titles are permitted as part of the surname, later developments distinguished the Austrian nobility, which came to be associated with the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. The nobility system of the German Empire was similar to nobility in the Austrian Empire, noble rank was usually granted to men by letters patent, whereas women were members of the nobility by descent or by marriage to a nobleman. Nobility was inherited equally by all descendants in the male line. Most German titles of nobility were also inherited by all descendants, although some descended by male primogeniture. Upon promulgation of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, all Germans were declared equal before the law, other German states enacted equivalent legislation. The Bavarian constitution of 1998 also bans the transfer, by way of adoption, altogether abolished were titles borne exclusively by German monarchs, such as emperor/empress, king/queen, grand duke/grand duchess, etc. However, former titles shared and inherited by all members of the family were retained but incorporated into the surname, for instance, members of the former royal families of Prussia and Bavaria were allowed use of Prinz/Prinzessin, or Herzog/Herzogin. However, these became extinct upon their deaths, not being heritable. With the demise of all persons styled crown prince before 1918, all other former titles and nobiliary particles are now inherited as part of the surname, and remain protected as private names under the laws. Whereas the title previously prefixed the given and surname, the legal usage moves the former title to the surname, however, the pre-1919 style sometimes continues in colloquial usage. In Austria, by contrast, not only were the privileges of the nobility abolished, some states within the Holy Roman Empire had strict laws concerning proper conduct, employment, or marriage of individual nobles. Failure to comply with these laws could result in temporary or permanent Adelsverlust, until about the early 19th century, for example, it was commonly forbidden for nobles, theoretically on pain of Adelsverlust, to marry persons of low birth—i. e. Moreover, nobles employed in menial labour could, theoretically, lose their noble rank, Adelsverlust only concerned the individual who was in violation of noble laws of conduct, meaning that their kin, spouse and living children were generally not affected. Most, but not all, surnames of the German nobility were preceded by or contained the preposition von or zu as a nobiliary particle, the two were occasionally combined into von und zu. In general, the von form indicates the place of origin. Therefore, von und zu indicates a family which is named for and continues to own their original feudal holding or residence
31.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
32.
Buddhism
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Buddhism is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars, Theravada and Mahayana. Buddhism is the worlds fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. In Theravada the ultimate goal is the attainment of the state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering. Theravada has a following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, rather than Nirvana, Mahayana instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in the cycle of rebirth to help other beings reach awakening. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India, is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas, Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of Buddha, the details of Buddhas life are mentioned in many early Buddhist texts but are inconsistent, his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, Buddha was moved by the innate suffering of humanity. He meditated on this alone for a period of time, in various ways including asceticism, on the nature of suffering. He famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He reached enlightenment, discovering what Buddhists call the Middle Way, as an enlightened being, he attracted followers and founded a Sangha. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his teaching the Dharma he had discovered. Dukkha is a concept of Buddhism and part of its Four Noble Truths doctrine. It can be translated as incapable of satisfying, the unsatisfactory nature, the Four Truths express the basic orientation of Buddhism, we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is dukkha, incapable of satisfying and painful. This keeps us caught in saṃsāra, the cycle of repeated rebirth, dukkha
33.
Himalayas
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The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has the Earths highest peaks, including the highest, the Himalayas include over a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres in elevation. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua, in the Andes – is 6,961 metres tall. The Himalayas are spread across five countries, Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, the Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Some of the major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges, and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia, many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate and its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the bend of the Tsangpo river. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east, the name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya, from himá and ā-laya. They are now known as the Himalaya Mountains, usually shortened to the Himalayas, formerly, they were described in the singular as the Himalaya. This was also previously transcribed Himmaleh, as in Emily Dickinsons poetry and Henry David Thoreaus essays. The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi, the Himalaya or The Land of Snow in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range in Urdu, the flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice, the amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant. The extremes of high altitude combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms, the unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations, the oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some species, especially rhododendron, apple. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet, the Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock
34.
Almora
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Almora is a municipal board and a cantonment town in the Almora district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is the headquarters of Almora district. Almora is located on a ridge at the edge of the Kumaon Hills of the Himalaya range. According to the results of the 2011 national census of India. Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya, Almora enjoys a mild temperate climate. Almora was founded in 1568 by King Kalyan Chand, however there are accounts of human settlements in the hills, Almora was the seat of chand kings that ruled over the Kumaon Kingdom. It is considered the heart of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Almora got its name from kilmora a short plant found nearby region, the people bringing kilmora were called Kilmori and later Almori and the place came to be known as Almora. Almora was founded in 1568 by Kalyan Chand during the rule of the Chand dynasty, prior to that the region was under the control of Katyuri King Bhaichaldeo who donated a part of Almora to Sri Chand Tiwari. Almora was known as Rajapur during the rule of Chand Kings, the name Rajpur is also mentioned over a number of ancient copper plates. According to local tradition, the earliest inhabitants in Almora were Tewaris who were required to supply Sorrel daily for cleansing the vessels of sun temple at Katarmal, ancient lore mentioned in Vishnu Purana and Mahabharata present primordial accounts of human settlements in the City. The Sakas, the Nagas, the Kiratas, the Khasas, the Kauravas and Pandavas of the Hastinapur royal family were the next important princes from the plains who are said to have affected the conquest of these parts. After the Mahabharata war the district seems to have remained for some time under the sway of the kings of Hastinapur whose authority was never more than nominal. The actual rulers were the chiefs of whom the Kulindas were probably strong in the southern and western part of the city. The Khasas were another ancient people who belonged to an early Aryan stock and were scattered in those times. They gave this region the name Khasadesha or Khasamandala, earlier to this, the Katyuris are recorded as the dominant clans in copper and stone engravings. The Chand dynasty from their inception in 953 A. D and this dynasty was peculiar in that it made Almora the seat of strongest hill power in 1563 A. D. From that time onwards, the limits of kingdom of Kumaon extended over the entire tracts of districts of Almora, the Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple
35.
Amherst, Massachusetts
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Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley. As of the 2010 census, the population was 37,819, the town is home to Amherst College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, three of the Five Colleges. The name of the town is pronounced without the h, giving rise to the saying, only the h is silent. The communities of Amherst Center, North Amherst, and South Amherst are census-designated places, Amherst is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lying 18 miles northeast of the city of Springfield, Amherst is considered the northernmost town in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor Metropolitan Region, Amherst celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. The Amherst 250th Anniversary Celebration Committee was established to oversee the creation and implementation of activities throughout 2009. The first permanent English settlements arrived in 1727 and it gained precinct status in 1734 and eventually township in 1759. When it incorporated, the governor assigned the town the name Amherst after Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst. Many colonial governors at the time scattered his name amidst the influx of new town applications, Amherst was a hero of the French and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the British and banished France from North America. Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in the Revolutionary war, nonetheless, his previous service in the French and Indian War meant he remained popular in New England. For this reason, there have been occasional ad hoc movements to rename the town, suggested new names have included Emily, after Emily Dickinson. According to the United States Census Bureau, Amherst has an area of 27.8 square miles. The town is bordered by Hadley to the west, Sunderland and Leverett to the north, Shutesbury, Pelham, and Belchertown to the east, and Granby and South Hadley to the south. The highest point in the town is on the shoulder of Mount Norwottuck. The town is equidistant from both the northern and southern state lines. For interactive mapping provided by the Town of Amherst, see External Links on this page, Amhersts ZIP code of 01002 is the second-lowest number in the continental United States after Agawam. Amherst has a continental climate that under the Köppen system marginally falls into the warm-summer category. It is interchangeable with the hot-summer subtype dfa with July means hovering around 71.4 °F, winters are cold and snowy, albeit daytime temperatures often remain above freezing
36.
Woodstock, New York
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Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 5,884 at the 2010 census, down from 6,241 at the 2000 census, Woodstock is in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston, and lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The first non-indigenous settler arrived around 1770, the Town of Woodstock was established in 1787. Later, Woodstock contributed some of its territory to form the towns of Middletown, Windham, Shandaken, Woodstock played host to numerous Hudson River School painters during the late 1800s. The Arts and Crafts Movement came to Woodstock in 1902, with the arrival of Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead, Bolton Brown and Hervey White, who formed the Byrdcliffe Colony. In 1906, L. Birge Harrison and others founded the Summer School of the Art Students League of New York in the area, ever since, Woodstock has been considered an active artists colony. From 1915 through 1931, Hervey Whites Maverick Art Colony held the Maverick Festivals, in hundreds of free spirits gathered each summer for music, art, theater. A series of Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged at Pan Copelands Farm just over the line in Saugerties from 1967 to 1970. These featured folk and rock acts like Richie Havens, Paul Butterfield, Dave van Ronk, Woodstock is also home to the Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery, situated at the top of Meads Mountain Road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.8 square miles, of which 67.3 square miles is land and 0.54 square miles. The north town line is the border of Greene County, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,241 people,2,946 households, and 1,626 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.5 people per square mile, there were 3,847 housing units at an average density of 57.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 25% White,1. 30% Black or African American,0. 21% Native American,1. 57% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 79% from other races, and 1. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 56% of the population,35. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.71. In the town, the population was out with 18. 0% under the age of 18,3. 7% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,38. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,217, and the median income for a family was $65,938
37.
The Crucible
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The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692/93. Miller wrote the play as an allegory for McCarthyism, when the US government ostracized people for being communists, the play was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22,1953, starring E. G. Marshall, Beatrice Straight and Madeleine Sherwood. Miller felt that production was too stylized and cold and the reviews for it were largely hostile. Nonetheless, the won the 1953 Tony Award for Best Play. A year later a new production succeeded and the became a classic. It is regarded as a work in the canon of American drama. Betty Parris, the daughter of Salem preacher Reverend Samuel Parris. The previous evening, Reverend Parris discovered Betty, some other girls, the village is rife with rumors of witchcraft and a crowd gathers outside Rev. Parris house. The Reverend questions the girls apparent ringleader, his niece Abigail Williams, Parris decides to invite Reverend John Hale, an expert in witchcraft and demonology, to investigate and leaves to address the crowd. The other girls involved in the incident join Abigail and a briefly roused Betty, Abigail coerces and threatens the others to stick to their story of merely dancing in the woods. The other girls are frightened of the truth being revealed and being labelled witches, Betty then faints back into unconsciousness. John Proctor, a farmer and husband of Elizabeth, enters. He sends the girls out and confronts Abigail, who tells him that she. It is revealed that Abigail once worked as a servant for the Proctors, Abigail still harbors feelings for John and believes he does as well, but John says he does not. Abigail angrily mocks John for denying his feelings for her. As they argue, Betty bolts upright and begins screaming, mrs. Putnam is a bereaved parent seven times over, she blames witchcraft for her losses and Bettys ailment. Rebecca is rational and suggests a doctor be called instead, mr. Putnam and Corey have been feuding over land ownership
38.
Northfield Mount Hermon School
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Northfield Mount Hermon School, commonly referred to as NMH, is a highly selective co-educational college-preparatory boarding and day school for students in grades 9–12 and postgraduates. The school is located on the banks of the Connecticut River, with the majority of the campus being located within the towns of Bernardston, Northfield, originally two neighboring schools, NMH merged into a single institution in 1972 and consolidated on one campus in 2006. NMH offers nearly 200 courses, including AP and honors classes in every discipline, each semester, students take three major courses, each 80 minutes long, as opposed to five 50-minute classes which are more typical of high schools. This College Model Academic Program allows students to more time with their teachers. NMH employs 95 teaching faculty members,66 percent of whom have advanced degrees, the average class size at NMH is 11 students, the student-to-teacher ratio is 5 to 1. Students may join an array of extracurricular clubs, organizations. Students involved in visual and performing arts courses, as well as NMHs performing ensembles, are supported by the Rhodes Arts Center, in early 2013, NMH announced that it would build a new facility to house its science, math, and technology programs. The facility will contain laboratories, classrooms, and lecture and common spaces, the project is expected to cost at least $45 million, with construction slated to begin during the 2015–16 academic year. NMH offers an outdoor education program in addition to its competitive teams. Each student is required to hold a job on campus, working four to five hours a week for a total of 120 hours each school year. This contribution to the operation of the stems from the schools founder, Dwight Lyman Moody. Workjob - Students work in all aspects of the school, a short poem written by William Blake and set to music by Sir Hubert-Parry. It is tradition to yell out a section of the song. While the exact words change over time, currently bring me my arrows, in the second verse is used. Rope Pull - A giant tug-of-war held of Shadow Lake between the Seniors and Juniors, while typically the seniors are the victors, on a few occasions the Juniors have upset. Mountain Day - A surprise holiday when classes are cancelled and students, bemis-Forslund Pie Race - A4. 5-mile course that is among the oldest footraces in the country and which rewards the top 200 runners with a homemade apple pie. Typically run in late the late fall, There are two services on campus in addition to an off campus service, held in either New York or Boston. Traditionally a male soloist performs Veni-Veni Emmanuel to begin the service, and following Adeste-Fidelis, sacred Concert - A combined choral and orchestral performance with over a 110 year history
39.
Glamour (magazine)
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Glamour is a womens magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 and first published in April 1939 in the United States, in most cases it is a monthly publication. In August 1943, the changed its name, to Glamour with the subtitle of for the girl with the job. The magazine is published in a larger format than many of its counterparts and its current editor-in-chief is Cynthia Leive. It targets women 18–49 and reaches an audience of 1,411,061 readers in the United States. Its circulation on newsstands is 986,447, making the average paid circulation,2,397,508. Glamour was the first womens magazine to feature an African-American covergirl when it included Katiti Kironde on the cover of its issue in August 1968. Since 1980 the magazine has held an annual Women of the Year awards ceremony, in April 2009, Glamour launched its first Google widget. IGoogle, which allows users to create a version of the Google home page with select regions of content, or “gadgets. The Glamour. com gadget potentially opens the site to an audience of iGoogle users, each autumn, the magazine organizes the “Glamour Woman of the Year Awards” which recognize women in the public eye. In 2007, Lorena Ochoa won a Woman of the Year award, in 2008 the award was granted to two Yemenis, 10-year-old divorcee Nujood Ali, and the lawyer who took on her case. Nujoods courage was praised by prominent attendees, including Hillary Clinton, the 2010 Glamour Woman of the Year was Cher and the 2016 Glamour Woman of the Year was Zendaya. Hundreds of college juniors apply each year, Glamour launched in the UK in April 2001, where it pioneered the “handbag size” format, with the tagline fits in your life as well as your handbag. Each September the magazine holds “National Glamour Week”, consequently, the magazine features extra coupons and competitions. Since its launch the magazine has been edited by Jo Elvin, in June 2009, to celebrate Glamours 8th birthday in the UK, Glamour. com have made a gallery of every cover since launch. The German edition is published fortnightly and was edited by Andrea Ketterer in March 2005, the Italian edition of Glamour was launched in December 1976, under the title Lei. It was not until 1992, when the magazine was officially renamed Glamour, the Russian edition was established in 2004 and it is published monthly in the country. The South African edition launched in April 2004, is published monthly and is, since its inception, in Germany and Greece Lucky, a fashion and shopping magazine is published seasonally, in tandem with Glamour
40.
Johnny Be Good
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Johnny Be Good is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Bud Smith, starring Anthony Michael Hall as the main character, Johnny Walker. The film also features Robert Downey Jr. Paul Gleason, Steve James, Jennifer Tilly, former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon makes a cameo appearance. Judas Priest, Saga and Ted Nugent, among others, contributed to the soundtrack, goode, originally recorded by Chuck Berry, was re-recorded by Judas Priest for their album, Ram It Down. Johnny Walker is the top high school quarterback prospect who is recruited by many schools. His best friend, Leo Wiggins, thinks he should hold out for the best offer and his girlfriend, Georgia, wants him to go to State with her and get a solid education. The colleges offer him everything he could possibly want — girls, cars, cash, free room and board, one school even buys Leo a car, while another offers to provide him with male companions if he isnt interested in women. His coach, Wayne Hisler, who he cant stand. Although he has all the skills a coach would want in a quarterback, he is unsure where he wants to go and is tempted by the offers because of all of the praise and attention. His recruitment is followed closely by an investigator who is trying to make sure everything is on the up and up. The scene near the end of the film in which Anthony Michael Hall runs down a corridor, was filmed at San Antonios St. Marys University, one scene was filmed in New Braunfels, Texas at Kenos Drive Inn grocery and bait store. The film was a failure at the box office and for its star, at review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, as of July 2014, Johnny Be Good had a 0% rating, based on 11 reviews, with an average score of 2. 3/10. Nugents contribution to the soundtrack, Skintight, earned nomination for a 1988 Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Original Song, Johnny Be Good at the Internet Movie Database Johnny Be Good at AllMovie Johnny Be Good at Rotten Tomatoes Johnny Be Good at Box Office Mojo
41.
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen
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The film is based on the tall tales about the 18th-century German nobleman Baron Munchausen and his wartime exploits against the Ottoman Empire. Not far into the play, a man claiming to be the real Baron interrupts the show. When gunfire disrupts the elderly Barons story, Jackson cancels the acting troupes contract because of the Baron. The Baron wanders backstage, where the Angel of Death tries to take his life, but Sally Salt, the young daughter of the theater companys leader, saves him and persuades him to remain living. Insisting that he alone can save the city, the Baron escapes over the walls in a hot air balloon constructed of womens underwear. The death of the Kings body, and an escape from the Moon, brings the trio back to the Earth. Swallowed by a sea creature, the travellers locate Gustavus, Adolphus. The Baron encounters the Angel of Death for the third time, finally they escape by blowing a modicum of snuff out into the sea creatures cavernous interior, causing it to sneeze the heroes out through its whale-like blowhole. The Baron, young again, sails to where the Turkish army is located but the Barons associates are too elderly. The Baron lectures them firmly but to no avail, and he storms off intending to surrender to the Sultan and his companions rally to save the Baron, and through a series of fantastic acts they rout the Turkish army and liberate the city. During the citys celebratory parade, the Baron is shot dead by Jackson, an emotional public funeral takes place, but the denouement reveals that this is merely the final scene of yet another story the Baron is telling to the same theater-goers in the city. The Baron calls the only one of the many occasions on which I met my death. The Baron leads the citizens to the city gates to reveal the city has indeed been saved, Sally asks, It wasnt just a story, was it. The Baron grins, rides off on Bucephalus, and then disappears, the tales were further embellished and translated back to German by Gottfried August Bürger in 1786. These tales were frequently extended and translated throughout the 19th century, the film was over budget, what was originally $23.5 million, grew to a reported $46.63 million. Gilliam, acknowledging he had gone over budget, said its final costs had been nowhere near $40 million and we always had a budget of 34 or 35 million, the problem was when I started to discuss it with Columbia, Columbia would not go beyond 25. Everybody knew from the beginning that this cutting out was just a fake. The problem was that David Puttnam got fired, and all these deals were oral deals, columbias new CEO, Dawn Steel, said Whatever David Puttnam said before doesnt interest me
42.
Oliver Reed
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Robert Oliver Reed was an English actor known for his upper-class, macho image, hellraiser lifestyle, and tough guy roles. Notable films include The Trap, Oliver, Women in Love, Hannibal Brooks, The Devils, The Three Musketeers, Tommy, Lion of the Desert, Castaway, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and Funny Bones. For Gladiator, his film, Reed was posthumously nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. At the peak of his career, in 1971, British exhibitors voted Reed 5th most popular star at the box office, Reed was born at 9 Durrington Park Road, Wimbledon, to sports journalist Peter Reed and his wife Marcia. He was the nephew of film director Sir Carol Reed, and grandson of the actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and his mistress, Reed claimed to have been a descendant of Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia. Reed attended Ewell Castle School in Surrey, olivers brother Simon Reed, a sports journalist, works for British Eurosport. In 1959–1960, Reed married Kate Byrne, the couple had one son, Mark, before their divorce in 1969. While filming his part of Bill Sikes in Oliver and he met Jacquie Daryl, a classically trained dancer who was also in the film. They became lovers and subsequently had a daughter named Sarah, in 1985, he married Josephine Burge, to whom he was still married at the time of his death. In his last years, Reed and Burge lived in Churchtown, County Cork, Reeds face was scarred in a 1963 bar fight, after which he received 63 stitches and was in danger of losing his film career over his facial damage. He claimed to have turned down roles in two Hollywood movies, including The Sting. When the UK government raised taxes on income, Reed initially declined to join the exodus of major British film stars to Hollywood. In the late 1970s Reed finally relocated to Guernsey as a tax exile and he had sold his large house, Broome Hall, between the villages of Coldharbour and Ockley some years earlier and initially lodged at the Duke of Normandie Hotel in Saint Peter Port. In 2013, the writer Robert Sellers published What Fresh Lunacy Is This, – The Authorised Biography of Oliver Reed. Reed was known for his alcoholism and binge drinking. Numerous anecdotes exist, such as Reed and 36 friends of his drinking in one evening,60 gallons of beer,32 bottles of scotch,17 bottles of gin, four crates of wine, and a bottle of Babycham. Steve McQueen told the story that in 1973 he flew to the UK to discuss a project with Reed and suggested the two men visit a London nightclub. They ended up on a pub crawl during which Reed got so drunk he vomited on McQueen
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