1.
Boathouse Row
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Boathouse Row is a historic site located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, just north of the Fairmount Water Works and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It consists of a row of 15 boathouses housing social and rowing clubs, each of the boathouses has its own history, and all have addresses on both Boathouse Row and Kelly Drive. Boathouses #2 through #14 are part of a known as the Schuylkill Navy. Boathouse #1 is Lloyd Hall and is the only public boathouse facility on the Row, Boathouse #15 houses the Sedgeley Club, which operates the Turtle Rock Lighthouse. The boathouses are all at least a century old, and some were built over 150 years ago. Boathouse Row hosts several major rowing regattas, including the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta, Stotesbury Cup Regatta, the Navy Day Regatta, the Independence Day Regatta, the boathouses are seen as centers of the rowing community around the United States. Rowers from the boathouses compete at level, including local clubs, high schools, colleges, summer racing programs. He proposed the lights after hearing talk of destroying the decaying Victorian boathouses, lights on the buildings at night would serve to make them more noticed and appreciated. In 2005, after two refurbishings, the houses were outfitted with computerized LEDs that can light up in various colors, Boathouse Row is a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. Local universities including Drexel, Penn, and La Salle row out of houses on Boathouse Row, temple and Saint Josephs row out of other boathouses along the Schuylkill that are not part of the Row. The history of Boathouse Row begins with the construction of the Fairmount Dam, the Dam was built in 1821 to keep brackish tidal waters from entering the citys water supply through the Fairmount Water Works, which had been completed in 1815. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company would become involved in the improvements. The placid man-made surface was ideal for ice skating in winter, in 1835, the first regatta took place between the Blue Devils and the Imps Barge clubs. The excitement from the race sparked the formation of several barge clubs, a secondary effect of taming the Schuylkill was that the calm water provided a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which drove wealthy residents from their riverside mansions. The abandoned estates were bought by the City of Philadelphia, in 1844, the City purchased the Lemon Hill Estate. The leaseholder of Lemon Hill operated a beer garden and allowed rowing, in 1855, the City founded Fairmount Park by converting the Lemon Hill Estate, upon which the frame boathouses were built, into a public park. At the same time, some of the established clubs wanted to regulate the sport of rowing to prevent unscrupulous practices, as a result, in 1858, the Schuylkill Navy was founded, which eventually transformed the professional sport of rowing into an amateur sport. In 1859, the City condemned the boathouses along the Schuylkill, between 1869 and 1871, Pennsylvania Barge Club and Crescent Boat Club erected a double boathouse at #4 and #5 Boathouse Row
2.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
6.
Schuylkill Navy
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The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States, the member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row. By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is to secure united action among the several Clubs, over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing, Josephs University and St. Josephs Prep. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times, many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors. The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races, once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races. These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858, America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone, Neptune, Pennsylvania, later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined. While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding, Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859. While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undines members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception, in March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club joined the Schuylkill Navy. In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned, by June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved. Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War, as of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed. Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last, on August 17,1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club joined, in 1867 the Navy admitted Iona, but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club, Keystone joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year. Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882. West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively, on November 11,1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade. In 1876, it held a regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition. On April 27,1878, crews from clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B
7.
Yellow
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Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 570–590 nm, in traditional color theory, used in painting, and in the subtractive color system, used in color printing, yellow is a primary color. In the RGB color model, used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is made by combining red, the word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish, derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz yellow. It has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the gold and yell. In Iran it has connotations of pallor/sickness, but also wisdom and it plays an important role in Asian culture, particularly in China, where it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, wisdom, harmony, and culture. The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish and it has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the words gold and yell, gʰel- means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out. The English term is related to other Germanic words for yellow, namely Scots yella, East Frisian jeel, West Frisian giel, Dutch geel, German gelb, and Swedish and Norwegian gul. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest known use of word in English is from The Epinal Glossary in 700. Yellow, in the form of yellow pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old, in Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold, the Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings, they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant orpiment, though it was made of arsenic and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent gold and it is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii. During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of Judas Iscariot, from this connection, yellow also took on associations with envy, jealousy and duplicity. The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, in 16th century Spain, those accused of heresy and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the Spanish Inquisition dressed in a yellow cape. The color yellow has been associated with moneylenders and finance. The National Pawnbrokers Associations logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the saint of pawnbroking, St. Nicholas, holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the House of Medici, a fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders
8.
Blue
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Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers, in painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green, Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor. The clear sky and the sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes, distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times and it is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals, beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia, in 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, in the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations. Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Blues also vary in shade or tint, darker shades of blue contain black or grey, darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue, while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process, the modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao. In heraldry, the azure is used for blue
9.
White
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White is an achromatic color, a color without hue. An incoming light to the eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white. White is one of the most common colors in nature, the color of sunlight, snow, milk, chalk, limestone, in many cultures white represents or signifies purity, innocence, and light, and is the symbolic opposite of black, or darkness. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity, the widows of kings dressed in white rather than black as the color of mourning. It was also used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity, simplicity. White is an important color for almost all world religions, the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam, and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims, in Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning, the white color on television screens and computer monitors is created with the RGB color model by mixing red, green and blue light at equal intensities. The word white continues Old English hwīt, ultimately from a Common Germanic *χwītaz also reflected in OHG wîz, ON hvítr, the root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *kwid-, surviving also in Sanskrit śveta to be white or bright and Slavonic světŭ light. The Icelandic word for white, hvítur, is derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr. Common Germanic also had the word *blankaz, borrowed into Late Latin as *blancus, the antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have a variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white, Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk, they sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red, in ancient Egypt, white was connected with the goddess Isis. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, in Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mothers milk. In Greek mythology, the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea, in the Talmud, milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose
10.
Baldwin School
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The Baldwin School is an American all-girls independent school located in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania in Greater Philadelphia. Founded in 1888 by Florence Baldwin, it now consists of a Lower, Middle, the school occupies a 19th-century resort hotel designed by Victorian architect Frank Furness, a landmark of the Philadelphia Main Line. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 27,1979, the first class was composed of thirteen girls. The second Bryn Mawr Hotel was designed by Furness, Evans & Company and it is a five-story, L shaped stone-and-brick building in a Renaissance Revival / Châteauesque style. It features a large section at the main entrance, topped by a conical roof. It has a steeply pitched red roof with a variety of dormers, chimneys, towers, finials, in 1896, The Baldwin School began leasing the Bryn Mawr Hotel during the winter months, then year-round in 1912. In 1922, the school purchased the building and the surrounding 25 acres for $240,000, today the school has added many additions but still manages to maintain the elegance and grandeur of the original building. The original building is known as The Residence, and formerly served as dormitories for boarding students, a two-story science building opened in 1961 and was enlarged in 1995 to accommodate the increasing number of students. The Upper and Middle Schools inhabit the three-story Schoolhouse, which was built in 1926, Grades 1-5 are housed in the Lower School building which was completed in 1974. The school formally opened a new center in 2008. The new building has a swimming pool, gymnasium, three-lane jogging track,4 squash courts, fitness center. It is accompanied by a five tennis courts and a practice field, $2.8 million in scholarships is distributed annually to 28% of the students. The average grant awarded was $18,261, students of color represent 40% of the student body. The Baldwin School is not religiously associated, twenty six percent of the Class of 2014 went on to attend Ivy league institutions. Twenty seven percent of the Class of 2015 was recognized by the National Merit® Scholarship Program, Baldwin has a high percentage of graduates majoring and working in math and science fields, about 1/3 greater than the national average for women. In 2014, 28% of the graduates pursued a degree in science, Music Baldwins music education begins in the Lower School. Students receive twice weekly music classes and sing in weekly choruses in Grades 3-5, students perform in musical plays once a year. In Middle School, chorus, orchestra and classes in guitar, each ensemble is featured during multiple evening concerts throughout the year
11.
William Penn Charter School
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Today, Penn Charter enrolls boys and girls in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. It is considered to be a private school in terms of admission criteria and is ranked among the top schools in the Philadelphia area. According to Worth Magazine, Penn Charter ranks within the nations top 100 private and public schools that send the most students to the Ivy League, particularly Harvard, Princeton, the school motto, taken from one of Penns writings, is Good instruction is better than riches. Penn Charter is among the first schools in the United States to offer education to all religions, financial aid, matriculation to girls, the Charter in the schools name does not, as might be assumed, mean that it is a modern charter school. Rather, it is a reference to the document that was signed by William Penn to establish the first Quaker school in America. Originally located on the east side of Fourth Street below Chestnut, Penn Charter moved to its current forty-seven acre East Falls campus in 1925. In 1980 the school became fully co-educational by allowing girls to continue past the second grade, jeffrey Reinhold is the current clerk of the Overseers. All students attend a weekly Meeting for Worship, faculty meetings and all-school assemblies and some classes begin with a moment of silence. Service learning is integral to the school and incorporated in the pre-K to 12 curriculum, the schools Senior Stairs are a central stairway that only current seniors, faculty and alumni are permitted to use during school hours. A Penn Charter graduate is known as an OPC, the honorific OPC1689 is bestowed, rarely, by the Overseers upon significant faculty and staff in recognition of their service to Old Penn Charter. The school newspaper, The Mirror, is the oldest secondary school student newspaper in the United States, the Upper School Quakers Dozen is the schools select co-ed a cappella group. During the last week of classes before the recess, the group greets the community in the morning with holiday music on the Senior Stairs. It also hosts enrichment activities for its own students as well as a number of programs for local public middle and high school students. As of 2016 the game has been played 130 times, more times than the Army–Navy Game, on the 47-acre campus, the three divisions of the school have their own designated buildings. All classrooms are equipped with SMART Board interactive whiteboards, john Flagg Gummere, scion of a long line of talented and prominent Quaker educators, was headmaster from 1941 to 1968. He was a noted Latin scholar and author of widely used textbooks. Gummere was a loquacious raconteur with seemingly encyclopedic knowledge on many topics, regarding Penn Charter sports, his variation on Penns motto for the school says volumes about his attitude toward a coachs teaching role with students. He was followed by Wilbert L. Braxton, a longtime dedicated Penn Charter faculty member, Braxton was headmaster from 1968 until 1976
12.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
13.
Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
14.
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
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The Philadelphia Register of Historic Places is a register of historic places by the Philadelphia Historical Commission. Buildings, structures, sites, objects, interiors and districts can be added to the list, associated with an event of importance to the history of the City, Commonwealth or Nation. Reflects the environment in an era characterized by an architectural style. Embodies distinguishing characteristics of a style or engineering specimen. Contains elements of design, detail, materials or craftsmanship which represent a significant innovation, is part of or related to a square, park or other distinctive area which should be preserved according to a historic, cultural or architectural motif. Represents an established and familiar visual feature of the neighborhood, community or City, has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in pre-history or history. Exemplifies the cultural, political, economic, social or historical heritage of the community, the lists below contain properties on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, Properties that do not have an official address as assigned by Philadelphias Office of Property Assessment
15.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
16.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
17.
Undine
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Undines /ˈʌnˌdiːn, ˌʌnˈdiːn/ are a category of elemental beings associated with water, first named in the alchemical writings of Paracelsus. Similar creatures are found in literature, particularly Ovids Metamorphoses. Later writers developed the undine into a nymph in its own right. Undines are almost invariably depicted as being female, and are found in forest pools and waterfalls. The group contains many species, including nereides, limnads, naiades, although resembling humans in form they lack a human soul, so to achieve immortality they must acquire one by marrying a human. Such a union is not without risk for the man, because if he is unfaithful he is fated to die, Undine is a term that appears in the alchemical writings of Paracelsus, a Renaissance alchemist and physician. Ondine is a spelling, and has become a female given name. He describes these elementals as the invisible, spiritual counterparts of visible Nature, many resembling human beings in shape, and inhabiting worlds of their own, unknown to man because his undeveloped senses were incapable of functioning beyond the limitations of the grosser elements. Undines are almost invariably depicted as being female, which is consistent with the ancient idea that water is a female element and they are usually found in forest pools and waterfalls, and their beautiful singing voices are sometimes heard over the sound of water. The group contains many species, including oreades, nereides, limnads, naiades, mermaids, what undines lack, compared to humans, is a soul. Marriage with a human shortens their lives on Earth, but earns them a human soul. The offspring of a union between an undine and a man are human with a soul, but also some kind of aquatic characteristic. Moses Binswanger, the protagonist in Hansjörg Schneiders Das Wasserzeichen, has a cleft in his throat, for instance, the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles was the first to propose that the four classical elements were sufficient to explain everything present in the world. The philosophy of nature spirits was also familiar to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, celtic languages scholar Henry Jenner has argued that the elementals grew out of the folklore that preceded them, The subdivisions and elaborations. Resembles the theory of these mystics in its outlines, and was probably what suggested it to them. Later writers embellished Paracelsus undine classification by developing it into a nymph in its own right. Ondine was the title of one of the poems in Aloysius Bertrands collection Gaspard de la Nuit of 1842 and this poem inspired the first movement of Maurice Ravels 1908 piano suite Gaspard de la nuit. The myth of the undine was one of the inspirations behind the French play Pelléas et Mélisande written by Maurice Maeterlinck, the composer Claude Debussy was in the audience, and he used the plays text as the libretto for his opera of the same name
18.
Frank Furness
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Frank Heyling Furness was an American architect of the Victorian era. Furness was also a Medal of Honor recipient for his bravery during the Civil War, toward the end of his life, his bold style fell out of fashion, and many of his significant works were demolished in the 20th century. Furness was born in Philadelphia on November 12,1839 and his father, William Henry Furness, was a prominent Unitarian minister and abolitionist, and his brother, Horace Howard Furness, became Americas outstanding Shakespeare scholar. Frank, however, did not attend a university and apparently did not travel to Europe and he began his architectural training in the office of John Fraser, Philadelphia, in the 1850s. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts-inspired atelier of Richard Morris Hunt in New York from 1859 to 1861, Furness considered himself Hunts apprentice and was influenced by Hunts dynamic personality and accomplished, elegant buildings. He was also influenced by the concepts of the French engineer Viollet-le-Duc. The trio lasted less than five years, and its major commissions were Rodef Shalom Synagogue, Louis Sullivan worked briefly as a draftsman for Furness & Hewitt, and his later use of organic decorative motifs can be traced, at least in part, to Furness. By the beginning of 1876, Furness had broken with Hewitt, Hewitt and his brother William formed their own firm, G. W. & W. D. Hewitt, and became Furnesss biggest competitor, in 1881, Furness promoted his chief draftsman, Allen Evans, to partner, and, in 1886, did the same for four other long-time employees. The firm continued under the name Furness, Evans & Company as late as 1932, over his 45-year career, Furness designed more than 600 buildings, including banks, office buildings, churches, and synagogues. As chief architect of the Reading Railroad, he designed about 130 stations and he was one of the most highly paid architects of his era, and a founder of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. C. New York state, and Chicago, Illinois, Furness broke from dogmatic adherence to European trends, and juxtaposed styles and elements in a forceful manner. His strong architectural will is seen in the way he combined materials, stone, iron, glass, terra cotta. And his straightforward use of materials, often in innovative or technologically advanced ways. Furness married Fanny Fassit in 1866, and they had four children, Radclyffe, Theodore, James and he died on June 27,1912, at Idlewild, his summer house outside Media, and is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. During the Civil War, Furness served as Captain and commander of Company F and he received the Medal of Honor for his gallantry at the Battle of Trevilian Station. Rank and organization, Captain, Company F, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, place and date, At Trevilian Station, Virginia, June 12,1864. Date of issue, October 20,1899, hey are depicted in a resting position, as if waiting to be seized at any instant and brought into battle
19.
USRowing
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USRowing is the national governing body for the sport of rowing in the United States. It serves to promote the sport on all levels of competition, including the selection, in 1985, the organization moved from Philadelphia to Indianapolis, home of several other Olympic sport governing bodies. In 1994, Indianapolis became the only U. S. city to host a rowing championship. In 2006, USRowing moved its headquarters to Princeton, N. J. home of the USRowing National Team Training Center. USRowing registers more than 185 regattas across the country each year, the association also provides programs to educate referees and coaches. USRowing also conducts regional championships and national team selection events, timothy Camp is regarded as the greatest olympic coxswain in the United States history. USRowing is a member of the United States Olympic Committee and the International Rowing Federation, USRowing offers both individual and organizational membership opportunities. With more than 14,000 individual members and 1,050 organizational members, uSRowing’s Senior National Team represents the U. S. at the highest level of competition, either at the Olympic Games or the World Championships. While the Summer Olympics are held every four years, the world championships are held every year. There are 22 world championships events and only 14 Olympic events, athletes on the Senior National Teams are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing’s Under 23 National Team competes at the Under 23 World Championships each year and this developmental team has placed numerous athletes on the world championships and Olympic squads. Athletes on the Under 23 squad are chosen from both a camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing also fields a Junior National Team that competes at the Junior World Championships each year, Junior national team athletes are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. In addition, USRowing hosts national team events for the Senior, Under 23. In its 14th year, the 2008 USRowing Youth National Championships took place June 13–15 on Harsha Lake in Bethel, Ohio, to qualify for the Youth Nationals, crews must place first in the championship races at a qualifying regatta. Crews that do not automatically qualify or do not participate in an event may petition to be included in the Youth National Championships. The 137th running of the USRowing National Championship Regatta tooktook place June 27–29,2008, caspersen Rowing Center on Mercer Lake in West Windsor, N. J. The National Championship schedule reflects the current world championship structure, the regatta featured races in the 22 world championship boat classes, as well as the four adaptive world championship boat classes
20.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
21.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
Fairmount Rowing Association
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Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places, Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region and has produced several world class rowers. Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy, in 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row, in 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank, Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members, in 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club. By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club, among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s, in 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.69. Janssen, Frederick W. Quaker City Barge Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. The Pacific Barge Club and The Quaker City Barge Club, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
24.
Pennsylvania Barge Club
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Pennsylvania Barge Club is an amateur rowing club, situated along the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1861 and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, the Clubs boathouse, at #4 Boathouse Row, is also known as the Hollenback House, named for William M. Hollenback, Jr. who served as President of USRowing from 1979 until 1985. Painter Thomas Eakins was most likely a member of Pennsylvania Barge Club. His friend, Max Schmitt, rowed for the club, in Schuylkill Navy races, Pennsylvania Barge had 359 entries and 106 victories. Its teams represented the United States in the 1920,1924,1928, as a result of World War II, the club suffered a drastic reduction in membership. In 1955, the Club turned its boathouse over to the Schuylkill Navy, thereafter, the Pennsylvania Barge Club served as an administrative center for rowing, including serving as Headquarters for the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which later became USRowing. The building also housed the Schuylkill Navy, the United States rowing Society, Philadelphia Scholastic Rowing Association, the Middle States Regatta Association, in 2009, the Club was reactivated and reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy. In 1868, the Club received permission from the Fairmount Park Commission to build a replacement for its brick house, between 1869 and 1871, the Club erected a boathouse with Crescent Boat Club. In 1892, Pennsylvania Barge Club replaced their half of the double boathouse, architect, Luis Hickman, designed Pennsylvania Barge Clubs boathouse in the picturesque Victorian style. Hickman was a member of the T-Square Club and known for his renovation of Merchants Exchange Building, in 1912, the Club hired C. E. Schermerhorn to add second floor of timber and stucco. Max Schmitt in a Single Scull Heiland, Louis, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.73, janssen, Frederick W. Pennsylvania Boat House. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History
25.
Crescent Boat Club
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
26.
Bachelors Barge Club
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Bachelors Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #6 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States and it went through renovations as part of the Light Boathouse Row initiative, in which new LED lights were fitted to each of the boathouses. Bachelors Barge Club is currently home to programs, including the Conestoga High School Crew Team. The founding fathers of Bachelors Barge Club were members of the Phoenix Engine Company, initially, membership was limited to bachelors, however the Club opened its doors to married men shortly after its founding. Membership at the club has risen considerably since the early 1980s when the Club counted only 10 members, now, the majority of Bachelors Barge Clubs 150 members are women. Israel W. Morris, a prominent iron merchant and philanthropist, is credited with founding the Club and he was also elected as its second president. Other prominent Old Philadelphian 19th century industrialist members include Charles F. Berwind, William Weightman, Maxwell Wyeth, Charles E. Mather, W. Atlee Burpee, Clarkson Clothier and J. B. Members of Bachelors Barge Club won Olympic medals for the single and the four in 1924, the single in 1928, more recently, Cody Lowry was named to the 2009 US National Team to row in the Lightweight Mens Single Sculls. Bachelors Barge Club occupied several boathouses in succession before 1860, when it built a stone building, in 1884, architects Edward Harlehurst and Samuel Huckel, Jr. designed the Clubs social up-river house in East Falls, the Bachelors Button. In 1893, the Fairmount Park Commission allowed the Club to replace its 1860 building, in 1894, construction was finished on the Mediterranean-style boathouse at #6 Boathouse Row, which was also designed by the Harlehurst and Huckel team. Huckel became a member of Bachelors after designing its boathouse, today, the building remains relatively unchanged. The several organizations that row out of Bachelors include the Wharton Crew Team, all other University of Pennsylvania crews row out of College Boat Club. Wharton Crew is one of the largest graduate and professional student athletic clubs at Penn, the program owns two Vespoli eight shells –– the Wharton Journal and the Russell Palmer. In 1997, team member and co-captain, John Hall, broke the record in the masters lightweight 2000 meter ergometer. Bachelors Barge Club on Boathouse Row
27.
University Barge Club
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University Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club located at #7 in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark, the Clubs founding, in 1854, is considered the dawn of organized athletics in the University of Pennsylvania. Known as the rowing club, UBC is a founder, and the most senior member, of the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The Club was officially formed when the founders purchased its first boat, Club members wore sailor uniforms from clothier Jacob Reed that were monogrammed with “U. B. C. ” on their hats and belts. In 1855, members of the Club, in conjunction with the Philadelphia Barge Club, the Club purchased a second boat, named Lucifer. After 1860, both boats were moved to a space rented from the Philadelphia Skating Club, which is now the Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, membership was later opened to Penn alumni and certain non-alumni. Although the Club was still affiliated with the University, it began to cater more to non-students. As the Club’s membership became dominated by Old Philadelphians from the upper-class aristocracy, in 1871, the Fairmount Park commission allowed the Club to build its own boathouse on Boathouse Row. In 1872, Penn students formed a club, the College Boat Club, to cater to students. In 1887, for functions, University Barge Club leased an additional upriver clubhouse on the west bank of the Schuylkill. Today, while many of the University Barge Clubs members are University of Pennsylvania graduates, University Barge Club is the sister club of Union Boat Club of Boston. For more than 60 years, the two clubs have held an annual interclub UBC regatta. The boathouse, at #7-8 Boathouse Row, dates from 1871, originally, University Barge Club only occupied #7, while Philadelphia Barge Club occupied #8. In 1932, University Barge Club acquired #8 when Philadelphia Barge Club ceased operations, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.81, janssen, Frederick W. University Barge Club. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, University Barge Club on Boathouse Row
28.
Malta Boat Club
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Malta Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #9 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1865, the Club joined the Schuylkill Navy when it relocated to the Schuylkill River from the Delaware River, while on the Delaware, the club occupied a house on Smith’s Island where the club stored its boat called the “Minnehaha”. The Club was founded by members of the Minnehaha Lodge of the Sons of Malta, the Sons of Malta, originally organized in the South, did not survive the Civil War. As four members of the US National Team row out of Malta, in 1873, Malta, in conjunction with Vesper Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1880, the house was expanded. In 1901, brothers George W. and William D. Hewitt designed more substantial additions including a story to make Malta the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row. The Hewitt brothers had been Frank Furness’s partner until 1876, and they designed the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Bourse Building, 1970s Stan Depman Fred H. Duling Rick Stehlik 1980s 1990s Fred S. The Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.71, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
29.
Vesper Boat Club
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The Vesper Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #10 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1865 as the Washington Barge Club, the Club changed its name to Vesper Boat Club in 1870, Vespers stated goal is to produce Olympic champions. Five years later, on Jan 1,1870, it changed its name to Vesper Boat Club and quickly became one of the most celebrated rowing clubs in the United States, vesper’s eight-oared shell took the gold medal in Paris at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The Vesper eight repeated its victory at the 1904 games in St. Louis, and at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Vespers eight won again, making it the only rowing club in the United States to win the title three times. Kelly Sr. won Olympic Gold in the single scull in 1920 and he also won gold medals in the double scull in 1920 and in 1924, both times with his cousin Paul Costello. As a laborer Kelly was barred from entering the Diamond Sculls at the Royal Henley Regatta and it was two decades later that John B. Kelly Jr. would win that event, in 1947 and 1949. Kelly Jr. won the singles championship eight times. At the time of his death in 1985, he, was president of the United States Olympic Committee. The present clubhouse was constructed in combination with neighboring Malta, with the Vesper cornerstone dated 1865, the first building was completed in1865, and the second boat bay addition in 1898. The last addition was completed in the early 1960s, the boathouse was designed by noted Philadelphia architect G. H. The architecture – semi -attached ornamental Victorian Gothic is typical of that period, after a century of accomplishments for the men, Vesper in 1970 became the first men’s club to organize a women’s rowing team. Vesper women have won national championships and have regularly represented the United States in international competition. At the Montreal Olympics in 1976, six Vesper members were on the USA Olympic Rowing Team, in 1873, Vesper, in conjunction with Malta Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1898, a floor and addition were added to Vesper. Howard Egar designed the 1898 alterations and additions to the Vesper Boat Club, harry Parker -1960 US Olympic Team and US Olympic Coach 1964–1984 Allen Rosenberg - rower and US Olympic rowing coach Kenneth Dreyfuss -1972 US Olympic Team C. Hugh Stevenson –1972 US Olympic Team James E. Kelly Jr. - Bronze medal 1956, also competed in 1948,1952, and 1960. Bill Maher -1968 Mens Double Sculls bronze medal, John B. Kelly Sr. John Strotbeck, Jr. John Timoney Boathouse Row. Upper-Class Clubs and Associations in Philadelphia, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy
30.
College Boat Club
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Its membership consists entirely of past and present rowers of the University of Pennsylvania. It hosts both heavyweight and lightweight varsity mens teams and a varsity womens team. The Wharton Crew Team, however, rows out of Bachelors Barge Club at #6 Boathouse Row, College Boat Club was founded in 1872 by the schools students, shortly after the schools campus was relocated from Center City to West Philadelphia. College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875, the history of rowing at the University of Pennsylvania began in 1854 with the foundation of the University Barge Club. The Club later changed its name from College Barge Club to College Boat Club, in the clubs first year, it had only 20 members, mostly sophomores from the Universitys graduating Class of 1875. At first, the Club rowed out of the Quaker City Barge Club, however, College Boat Club grew quickly and was able to build its own boathouse in 1874. In 1877, sophomores from College Boat Club were victorious against seniors rowing out of University Barge Club, by 1879, the Club was the base for most Penn crews, and members were rowing in intercollegiate competitions. In 1893, College Boat Club opened membership to alumni as well as enrolled students, in 1904, the Club admitted alumni crews as far back as 1899. Currently, membership for alumni is limited to former varsity rowers, the crews of College Boat Club compete in several regattas throughout the rowing season. The three most competitive regattas are the Eastern Association of Rowing College Championship, the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship, as of 1997, the womens crews compete in the NCAA Division I Rowing Championship instead of the IRAs. The Penn heavyweight mens eight has won the Eastern Sprints six times,1955,1962,1986,1991,1996, the lightweight mens eight has won 4 times,1951,1952,1955, and 1976. In 2004, Penn finished fourth in the final for the Mens Freshman Four w/Cox. In 2005, Penn finished third in the Mens Varsity Lightweight Eight, in 2006, the Mens Freshman Eight finished third. In 2008, the Mens Open Four qualified for the grand final, the last time that the Penn won the Ivy League Championship at IRAs was 1992, when Penn tied Dartmouth. Penn has won the Ivy League Championship eight additional times in 1898,1899,1900,1967,1968,1969,1972, Penn Crew has competed at the prestigious Henley Royal Regatta. In 1994, College Boat Club won the Ladies Challenge Plate, in 1991, Penn won the Thames Challenge Cup. In 1955, Penn won the most prestigious of all prizes at Henley, Penn also won the Thames Challenge Cup in 1951 and 1952. The mens team won the National Collegiate Rowing Championship in 1991, the 1955 Mens Heavyweight 8, coached by Joe Burk, won at the Henley Regatta, and the crews speed drew attention and acclaim internationally
31.
Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association
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Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club located at #12 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn AC was founded in 1871 as the West Philadelphia Boat Club, Penn AC has been a destination for elite rowers looking to make the US National Team, ever since John B. Kelly Sr. joined Penn AC after a schism with his former club, Vesper. Loveless,1936 US Olympic Team Dan Barrow,1936 US Olympic Team Charles J. McIlvaine,1928 US Olympic Team Paul Costello,1920,1924 &1928 US Olympic Teams member Edward Marsh Boathouse Row, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.76. Janssen, Frederick W. West Philadelphia Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. American rowing, Its Background and Traditions, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association on Boathouse Row
32.
Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club
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Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club located at #14 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest all-female rowing club in existence, built in 1860, the Clubs boathouse is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark. PGRC was founded in 1938 by seventeen women who wanted to participate in the predominantly male sport of rowing. In 1860, Philadelphia City Council authorized construction of the structure that is now #14 Boathouse Row for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Architect, James C. Samuel Sloan, a well-known Philadelphia architect, likely influenced the design of #14 Boathouse Row with his rendering of “Italian Villa, ” Plate XXIV, the construction cost $4,900 and was completed in 1861. The Undine and University Barge Clubs housed their boats at the Philadelphia Skating Club building until the City permitted them to build their own structures in 1882 and 1871, respectively. From 1884 through 1895, the second Iona Boat Club occupied the space in the building left vacant by Undine Barge Club, with the advent of artificially frozen indoor skating rinks at the beginning of the 20th Century, skating on the Schuylkill River declined precipitously. In 1965, PGRC purchased the boathouse from the Philadelphia Skating Club, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form, NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Skating and the Philadelphia Skating Club, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs. Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club on Boathouse Row
33.
Gillin Boat Club
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Gillin Boat Club is the rowing program for St. Josephs University Rowing and St. Josephs Prep Rowing. It is situated at the 1, 000-meter mark of the Schuylkill River race course in Fairmount Park, Gillin Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 2004, by a unanimous vote of the Navys members. The clubs state-of-the-art boathouse has the capacity for 42 eights,14 fours and it was the first new boathouse built on this stretch of the Schuylkill River in 98 years. In 1998, Philadelphia City Council approved construction of what is now known as the Robert M. Gillin Jr. Boathouse, the boathouse was dedicated in May 2002. The building was designed by Robert L. Owen - Architects and built by Nason and Cullen, while some have praised the structure as the Taj Mahal of Kelly Drive, others have levied criticism on the boathouses design, calling it a bloated hulk of a building. Work has been done to repair the floor, which began buckling shortly after construction was completed. The mens and womens teams of St. Josephs University regularly compete on a national level. St. Josephs University has been a contender at the Dad Vail Regatta. In 2010, St. Joes won gold in the Mens Frosh/Novice Heavyweight Eight, in 2008, St. Joes won a silver in the Womens Frosh/Novice Heavyweight Eight and a bronze in the Mens JV Heavyweight Eight. In 2007, the team finished 2nd in Overall Points and 3rd in Womens Points, in 2006, the team finished 1st in Overall Points, 1st in Mens Points, and 2nd in Womens Points. In 2005, the team finished 1st in Overall Points, 1st in Mens Points, in 2004, St. Josephs won 2nd in Overall Points, Mens Points, and Womens Points. Earlier in its history, St. Josephs University won a Gold medal at the 1970 Dad Vail Regatta and a Silver medal in 1959, in 2004, St. Joes Varsity Four finished fourth in the Grand Final at the IRAs. In recent years, St. Josephs has qualified boats for IRAs. The University Crew has competed at the prestigious Henley Royal Regatta, in 1999, a crew from St. Josephs pursued the Temple Challenge Cup at Henley. St. Josephs Preparatory School has amassed racing records unequaled by any other American high school, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta is the largest high school regatta in the United States and is considered the high school national championship. In addition, The Prep is the team to ever sweep all of the eights races at the regatta. This feat was first accomplished in 1997, in 2008, St. Joes Prep accomplished nearly the same result sweeping all five events in the eight-man category. As a result of the sweep, a poll by Row2k. com ranked The Prep as the crew of the week, vespoli, a manufacturer of racing shells highlighted the teams accomplishment among other national champions
34.
Commodore (rank)
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Commodore is a naval rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain, but below a rear admiral. Non-English-speaking nations often use the rank of flotilla admiral or counter admiral or senior captain as an equivalent, as an official rank, a commodore typically commands a flotilla or squadron of ships as part of a larger task force or naval fleet commanded by an admiral. A commodores ship is typically designated by the flying of a Broad pennant and it is often regarded as a one-star rank with a NATO code of OF-6, but whether it is regarded as a flag rank varies between countries. The rank of commodore derives from the French commandeur, which was one of the highest ranks in orders of knighthood, and in military orders the title of the knight in charge of a commenda. The Dutch Navy also used the rank of commandeur from the end of the 16th century for a variety of temporary positions, the Royal Netherlands Air Force has adopted the English spelling of commodore for an equivalent rank. The rank of commodore was at first a position created as a title to be bestowed upon captains who commanded squadrons of more than one vessel. In many navies, the rank of commodore was merely viewed as a senior captain position, Commodore is the highest rank in the Irish Naval Service held by the Chief of Naval Operations. This is because Ireland, despite having the largest part of EU waters to patrol, has among the smallest navies and thus the rank of admiral for flag officers seemed inappropriate. In the Royal Navy, the position was introduced to combat the cost of appointing more admirals—a costly business with a fleet as large as the Royal Navys at that time. In 1899, the rank of commodore was discontinued in the United States Navy. To correct this inequity, the rank of commodore as a single star flag officer was reinstated by both services in the early 1980s. As a result of confusion, the services soon renamed the new one-star rank as commodore admiral within the first six months following the ranks reintroduction. The title of commodore continues to be used in the U. S, although not flag officers, modern day commodores in the U. S. In the Argentine Navy, the position of commodore was created in the late 1990s, and is usually and it is not a rank but a distinction and, as such, can be issued by the chief of staff without congressional approval. Its equivalents are colonel-major in the Army and commodore-major in the Air Force and it is usually—but incorrectly—referred to as navy commodore, to avoid confusion with the air force commodore, which is equivalent to the navys captain and armys colonel. The sleeve lace is identical to that of the Royal Navy, the following articles deal with the rank of commodore as it is employed OF-6 one-star flag officer rank in various countries. Commodore, in Spanish comodoro, is a rank in the Argentine Air Force and this rank is the equivalent of a colonel in the Argentine Army, and a colonel or group captain in other air forces of the world. The Argentine rank below commodore is the rank of vice-commodore equivalent to a lieutenant-colonel in the Argentine Army, Commodore is a rank in the Royal Netherlands Air Force
35.
Penn AC
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Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club located at #12 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn AC was founded in 1871 as the West Philadelphia Boat Club, Penn AC has been a destination for elite rowers looking to make the US National Team, ever since John B. Kelly Sr. joined Penn AC after a schism with his former club, Vesper. Loveless,1936 US Olympic Team Dan Barrow,1936 US Olympic Team Charles J. McIlvaine,1928 US Olympic Team Paul Costello,1920,1924 &1928 US Olympic Teams member Edward Marsh Boathouse Row, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.76. Janssen, Frederick W. West Philadelphia Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. American rowing, Its Background and Traditions, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association on Boathouse Row
36.
Commodore (yacht club)
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A yacht club is a sports club specifically related to yachting. Yacht clubs are located by the sea, although there are some that have been established at a lake or riverside locations. Yacht or sailing clubs have either a marina or a section of the beach or shoreline with buoys marking the areas off-limits for swimmers as well as safe offshore anchorages. Although the terms Yacht Club and Sailing Club tend to be synonymous, historically a Yacht Club tended to focus on a membership composed of yacht owners, including motorboats. This type of club often was extremely exclusive, attracting the aristocracy or the high class, on the other hand, a Sailing Club tended to focus on a membership composed exclusively of owners of sailboats, including smaller boats such as dinghies. These became very popular towards the end of the 19th century when small boats began to be produced on an industrial scale, Yacht clubs are often known by their initials. Organized and run by the membership, Yacht Clubs became a place to promote the sport of racing and cruising. The membership is a mixture of people with specific recreational affinities, generally, the members include those who sail as crew for cruising or racing, as well as boat owners. Also it is up to the decide on the objectives of the club to satisfy the membership. For example, some clubs include owners of powerboats, while others specifically exclude them, in order to overcome difficulties concerning the affinities of their members one particular club may have two sections, a sailing section and a powerboat section. Members Clubs often have paid staff for catering, bar duty, boat yard duty, accounts, control and organization of the club is done for the membership via members elected by the membership into roles such as Sailing Secretary, Commodore, Cruising Captain, Racing Captain etc. Smaller clubs typically have a condition of membership which requires participation of the membership in activities such as maintenance of club facilities. Unlike the classical clubs where the membership is the focus, certain clubs are run on a commercial basis and they may be owned by individuals or a company to provide a service and generate a profit. Often they are associated with a marina or port. Objectives are usually similar to members clubs, but the social side may be more dominant. There is a historical tradition behind yacht clubs. According to the date of establishment, the Neva Yacht Club and it was only in 1846 that the first yacht club in Russia to adopt British-style Members Club regulations was established. A number of the worlds most renowned Yacht Clubs are located in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Canada, and the United States
37.
Vesper BC
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The Vesper Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #10 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1865 as the Washington Barge Club, the Club changed its name to Vesper Boat Club in 1870, Vespers stated goal is to produce Olympic champions. Five years later, on Jan 1,1870, it changed its name to Vesper Boat Club and quickly became one of the most celebrated rowing clubs in the United States, vesper’s eight-oared shell took the gold medal in Paris at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The Vesper eight repeated its victory at the 1904 games in St. Louis, and at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Vespers eight won again, making it the only rowing club in the United States to win the title three times. Kelly Sr. won Olympic Gold in the single scull in 1920 and he also won gold medals in the double scull in 1920 and in 1924, both times with his cousin Paul Costello. As a laborer Kelly was barred from entering the Diamond Sculls at the Royal Henley Regatta and it was two decades later that John B. Kelly Jr. would win that event, in 1947 and 1949. Kelly Jr. won the singles championship eight times. At the time of his death in 1985, he, was president of the United States Olympic Committee. The present clubhouse was constructed in combination with neighboring Malta, with the Vesper cornerstone dated 1865, the first building was completed in1865, and the second boat bay addition in 1898. The last addition was completed in the early 1960s, the boathouse was designed by noted Philadelphia architect G. H. The architecture – semi -attached ornamental Victorian Gothic is typical of that period, after a century of accomplishments for the men, Vesper in 1970 became the first men’s club to organize a women’s rowing team. Vesper women have won national championships and have regularly represented the United States in international competition. At the Montreal Olympics in 1976, six Vesper members were on the USA Olympic Rowing Team, in 1873, Vesper, in conjunction with Malta Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1898, a floor and addition were added to Vesper. Howard Egar designed the 1898 alterations and additions to the Vesper Boat Club, harry Parker -1960 US Olympic Team and US Olympic Coach 1964–1984 Allen Rosenberg - rower and US Olympic rowing coach Kenneth Dreyfuss -1972 US Olympic Team C. Hugh Stevenson –1972 US Olympic Team James E. Kelly Jr. - Bronze medal 1956, also competed in 1948,1952, and 1960. Bill Maher -1968 Mens Double Sculls bronze medal, John B. Kelly Sr. John Strotbeck, Jr. John Timoney Boathouse Row. Upper-Class Clubs and Associations in Philadelphia, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy
38.
Treasurer
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A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The adjective for a treasurer is normally tresorial, the adjective treasurial normally means pertaining to a treasury, rather than the treasurer. The Treasury of a country is the department responsible for the economy, finance. The Treasurer is generally the head of the Treasury, although, in countries the treasurer reports to a Secretary of the Treasury. In Australia, the Treasurer is a senior Minister and usually the second most important member of the Government after the Prime Minister, from 1867 to 1993, the Ministry of Finance was called the Treasurer of Ontario. Originally the word referred to the person in charge of the treasure of a noble, however, in the UK during the 17th Century, a position of Lord High Treasurer was used on several occasions as the third great officer of the Crown. Now the title First Lord of the Treasury is the title of the British Prime Minister. In corporations, the Treasurer is the head of the treasury department. They also typically advise the corporation on matters relating to corporate finance and they could also have oversight of other areas, such as the purchase of insurance. The International Group of Treasury Associations is composed of about 30 treasurers organizations in the world, in Europe, the European Associations of Corporate Treasurers federates 17 national treasurers associations from 16 countries. The Certified Treasury Professional designation serves as the certification for treasury managers. In UK and other Commonwealth countries, they have their own ACT qualification and it is a UK Chartered institute and offers various certifications and diplomas. Membership could be obtained through general route or Fast Track route, the latter offers to members of UK CCAB institutes plus CIMA. The qualification is portal through Commonwealth countries and therefore global, in the Inns of Court, the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales, the bencher or Master of the bench who heads the Inn for that year holds the title Master Treasurer. This title is used by other legal associations sharing a British heritage. The treasurer would also be part of the group which would oversee how the money is spent and it is their responsibility to ensure that the organization has enough money to carry out their stated aims and objectives, and that they do not overspend, or under spend. They also report to the board meetings and/or to the general membership the financial status of the organization to ensure checks, accurate records and supporting documentation must be kept to a reasonable level of detail that provides a clear audit trail for all transactions. Bursary Certified Treasury Professional Chief financial officer Comptroller Comptroller and Auditor General National Association of Parliamentarians®, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
39.
Bachelors BC
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Bachelors Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #6 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States and it went through renovations as part of the Light Boathouse Row initiative, in which new LED lights were fitted to each of the boathouses. Bachelors Barge Club is currently home to programs, including the Conestoga High School Crew Team. The founding fathers of Bachelors Barge Club were members of the Phoenix Engine Company, initially, membership was limited to bachelors, however the Club opened its doors to married men shortly after its founding. Membership at the club has risen considerably since the early 1980s when the Club counted only 10 members, now, the majority of Bachelors Barge Clubs 150 members are women. Israel W. Morris, a prominent iron merchant and philanthropist, is credited with founding the Club and he was also elected as its second president. Other prominent Old Philadelphian 19th century industrialist members include Charles F. Berwind, William Weightman, Maxwell Wyeth, Charles E. Mather, W. Atlee Burpee, Clarkson Clothier and J. B. Members of Bachelors Barge Club won Olympic medals for the single and the four in 1924, the single in 1928, more recently, Cody Lowry was named to the 2009 US National Team to row in the Lightweight Mens Single Sculls. Bachelors Barge Club occupied several boathouses in succession before 1860, when it built a stone building, in 1884, architects Edward Harlehurst and Samuel Huckel, Jr. designed the Clubs social up-river house in East Falls, the Bachelors Button. In 1893, the Fairmount Park Commission allowed the Club to replace its 1860 building, in 1894, construction was finished on the Mediterranean-style boathouse at #6 Boathouse Row, which was also designed by the Harlehurst and Huckel team. Huckel became a member of Bachelors after designing its boathouse, today, the building remains relatively unchanged. The several organizations that row out of Bachelors include the Wharton Crew Team, all other University of Pennsylvania crews row out of College Boat Club. Wharton Crew is one of the largest graduate and professional student athletic clubs at Penn, the program owns two Vespoli eight shells –– the Wharton Journal and the Russell Palmer. In 1997, team member and co-captain, John Hall, broke the record in the masters lightweight 2000 meter ergometer. Bachelors Barge Club on Boathouse Row
40.
Quartermaster
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Quartermaster is a military or naval term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service. In land armies, a quartermaster is generally a senior soldier who supervises stores and distributes supplies. In many navies, quartermaster is an officer rank. In some navies, it is not a rank but a related to navigation. The term appears to derive from the title of a German royal official and this term meant master of quarters. Or it could have derived from master of the quarterdeck where the helmsman. The term was adopted by some European armies and navies. The first use in English was as a term, entering English via the equivalent French and Dutch naval titles quartier-maître. The term began to refer to officers in English around 1600. For land armies, the term was first coined in Germany as Quartiermeister, in the 17th century, it started to be used in various militaries in the sense of organizing supplies. In the British Army, the Quartermaster is the officer in a battalion or regiment responsible for supply, by longstanding tradition, he or she is always commissioned from the ranks and holds the rank of captain or major. Some units also have a Technical Quartermaster, who is in charge of technical stores, the Quartermaster is assisted by the Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant and a staff of storemen. The QM, RQMS and storemen are drawn from the regiment or corps in which work, not from the Royal Logistic Corps. Units which specialize in supply are known as units, not quartermaster units. From at least the English Civil War period until 1813, the Quartermaster was the senior NCO in a British cavalry troop, in that year, the position was replaced by the new appointment of Troop Sergeant Major, with the cavalry adopting commissioned, regimental Quartermasters as described above. In recent years, the Quartermaster has been a trained officer of the Logistics Branch. The Quartermaster was responsible for operations in the Imperial Russian Army. In the United States Army, the term is used to describe all supply personnel, in the Swiss Army, a Quartermaster is an Officer in charge with the coordination of the Kommissariatsdienst of a Battalion, Regiment and Brigade/Division
41.
Crescent BC
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
42.
Undine BC
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Undine Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #13 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The club was founded in 1856, in 1860, Undine purchased Keystone Barge Clubs boat and equipment, as Keystone had disposed of its boathouse. The Clubs name is derived from the Legend of Undine, and the Club has a house for social functions named Castle Ringstetten. The boathouse and Castle Ringstetten were designed by renowned Victorian-era architect Frank Furness, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.78. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, Undine Barge Club on Boathouse Row
43.
Excelsior Boat Club
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Malta Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #9 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1865, the Club joined the Schuylkill Navy when it relocated to the Schuylkill River from the Delaware River, while on the Delaware, the club occupied a house on Smith’s Island where the club stored its boat called the “Minnehaha”. The Club was founded by members of the Minnehaha Lodge of the Sons of Malta, the Sons of Malta, originally organized in the South, did not survive the Civil War. As four members of the US National Team row out of Malta, in 1873, Malta, in conjunction with Vesper Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1880, the house was expanded. In 1901, brothers George W. and William D. Hewitt designed more substantial additions including a story to make Malta the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row. The Hewitt brothers had been Frank Furness’s partner until 1876, and they designed the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Bourse Building, 1970s Stan Depman Fred H. Duling Rick Stehlik 1980s 1990s Fred S. The Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.71, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
44.
Iona Boat Club
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
45.
Iona Boat Club (2nd)
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Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club located at #14 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest all-female rowing club in existence, built in 1860, the Clubs boathouse is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark. PGRC was founded in 1938 by seventeen women who wanted to participate in the predominantly male sport of rowing. In 1860, Philadelphia City Council authorized construction of the structure that is now #14 Boathouse Row for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Architect, James C. Samuel Sloan, a well-known Philadelphia architect, likely influenced the design of #14 Boathouse Row with his rendering of “Italian Villa, ” Plate XXIV, the construction cost $4,900 and was completed in 1861. The Undine and University Barge Clubs housed their boats at the Philadelphia Skating Club building until the City permitted them to build their own structures in 1882 and 1871, respectively. From 1884 through 1895, the second Iona Boat Club occupied the space in the building left vacant by Undine Barge Club, with the advent of artificially frozen indoor skating rinks at the beginning of the 20th Century, skating on the Schuylkill River declined precipitously. In 1965, PGRC purchased the boathouse from the Philadelphia Skating Club, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form, NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Skating and the Philadelphia Skating Club, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs. Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club on Boathouse Row
46.
Undine Barge Club
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Undine Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #13 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The club was founded in 1856, in 1860, Undine purchased Keystone Barge Clubs boat and equipment, as Keystone had disposed of its boathouse. The Clubs name is derived from the Legend of Undine, and the Club has a house for social functions named Castle Ringstetten. The boathouse and Castle Ringstetten were designed by renowned Victorian-era architect Frank Furness, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.78. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, Undine Barge Club on Boathouse Row
47.
LaSalle Rowing Association
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
48.
Pacific Barge Club
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Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places, Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region and has produced several world class rowers. Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy, in 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row, in 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank, Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members, in 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club. By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club, among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s, in 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.69. Janssen, Frederick W. Quaker City Barge Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. The Pacific Barge Club and The Quaker City Barge Club, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
