1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
3.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
1964 New York World's Fair
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The 1964/1965 New York Worlds Fair was the third major worlds fair to be held in New York City. However, the fair did not receive official sanctioning from the Bureau of International Expositions, hailing itself as a universal and international exposition, the fairs theme was Peace Through Understanding, dedicated to Mans Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe. American companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors, the theme was symbolized by a 12-story high, stainless-steel model of the earth called the Unisphere. The fair ran for two seasons, April 22 – October 18,1964, and April 21 – October 17,1965. Admission price for adults was $2 in 1964 but $2.50 in 1965, the fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The nascent Space Age, with its vista of promise, was well represented, more than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. Most major American manufacturing companies from pen manufacturers to auto companies had a major presence and this fair gave many attendees their first interaction with computer equipment. The site, Flushing Meadows Corona Park in the borough of Queens, was previously Manhattans Corona Ash Dumps featured prominently in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby as the Valley of Ashes. Prior to that, the site had been a natural wetland — literally wetland meadows that would flush the nearby runoff entering the adjacent bay, Flushing Meadows had been a Dutch settlement, named after the village of Vlissingen. Subsequently, the site was reclaimed for the 1939/1940 New York Worlds Fair, one of the largest worlds fairs to be held in the United States, the 1939 fair also occupied space that was filled in for the 1964/1965 exposition. The 1964/1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their experiences at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Thoughts of a boom to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939/1940 extravaganza. Then-New York City mayor, Robert F. Wagner, Jr and he was joined by Austrian architect Victor Gruen in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission to award the worlds fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities. Organizers turned to financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage them. The organizers hired New Yorks Master Builder Robert Moses, to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects, Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades. In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens tidal marsh/garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair, called Flushing Meadows Park, it was Moses grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some 1,300 acres of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, when the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project
6.
Citi Field
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Citi Field is a stadium located in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. Completed in 2009, it is the baseball park of Major League Baseballs New York Mets. Citi Field was built as a replacement for the formerly adjacent Shea Stadium, Citi Field was designed by Populous, and is named after Citigroup, a New York financial services company which purchased the naming rights. The $850 million baseball park was funded with $615 million in public subsidies, the payments will offset property taxes for the lifetime of the park. The Mets are receiving $20 million annually from Citibank in exchange for naming the stadium Citi Field, the entire public cost is being borne by city and state taxpayers in New York. The first game at Citi Field was on March 29,2009, the Mets played their first two games at the ballpark on April 3 and April 4,2009 against the Boston Red Sox as charity exhibition games. The first regular home game was played on April 13,2009. Citi Field hosted the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, marking the time the Mets have hosted the event. The stadium will host the 2018 NHL Winter Classic between the New York Rangers and the Buffalo Sabres, since the 1990s, the Mets had been looking to replace Shea Stadium. It had originally built as a multi-purpose stadium in 1964. The Mets also considered moving to Mitchel Field or Belmont Park in Nassau County, Long Island, Sunnyside Yard in Queens, or the West Side Yard in Manhattan. In December 2001, shortly before leaving office, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani announced tentative agreements for both the Mets and New York Yankees to build new stadiums. Of the $1.6 billion sought for the stadiums, city and state taxpayers would pick up half the tab for construction, $800 million, along with $390 million on extra transportation. The teams would keep 96% of ticket revenues and 100% of all revenues, not pay sales tax or property tax on the stadium. Business officials criticized the plan as giving too much money to successful teams with little reason to move to a different city, at the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Under Bloomberg, the New York City government would offer public financing for infrastructure improvements. Bloomberg called the former mayors agreements corporate welfare, the final plans for what is now Citi Field were created as part of the New York City 2012 Olympic bid. After plans for a West Side Stadium fell through, New York looked for a stadium to host the opening and closing ceremonies and track
7.
Flushing Meadows Carousel
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The Flushing Meadows Carousel is a carousel located in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. It contains four rows of figures, including 64 jumping horses,7 standing horses,1 menagerie animal, and 2 chariots. During the fair, it stood on a site within the park, and it was moved to its present site in 1968. In 2016 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the two predecessor carousels were the Feltman’s Carousel and the Stubbman Carousel, both of which were created for amusement operators in Coney Island. 47 horses and the frame are from the Stubbman Carousel, and 24 horses are from the Feltman’s Carousel, while Coney Island has seen resurgence since 2000, it had been busy during the Great Depression and had over twenty carousels spinning at once. The Feltmans Carousel had a restaurant and beer garden that occupied the site where the Luna Park currently sits, the carousel was indoors but faced Surf Avenue. Feltmans carousel is regarded by some as Marcus Illions masterpiece, the Stubbman Carousel was located at West 6th Street and Surf Avenue. It was part of the Stubbman’s Beer Garden, which sat adjacent to the Hotel Eleanor, the site is currently occupied by the New York Aquarium. The Stubbman machine had 64 horses and spun in Stubbman’s Beer Garden until 1953, the Summit article said that the Stubbman Carousel was, “commissioned by George and Henry Stubbman for their beer garden. The building housing the merry-go-round was prominently labeled, ‘Hotel Eleanor and its handsome Louis XIV chariots put the snake-headed, winged dragons of Feltman to shame. ”Both carousels were carved by master carousel carver Marcus Illions. He was one of the premier carvers in the Coney Island style of carving, the creatures that came out of this style were known for flamboyance and a flair for the dramatic. They did not focus on the realism in carving, rather, the Feltman Carousel was a classic Illions design and was extremely ornate. Carousel historian Frederick Fried, author of the book A Pictorial History of the Carousel, said it was, the Stubbman horses were a bit more subdued and simpler. Both frames were made by famed Coney Island ride manufacturer William F. Mangels, the Stubbman frame was eventually used on the Flushing Meadows Carousel when the two machines were combined. It has another feature rare to many carousels, slots in the floor allow the horses to tilt outwards as the machine picks up speed. The Feltman’s carousel spun under a few different owners and it ran from 1903 to 1954 as part Feltman’s. In 1954 Dewey Albert and Nathan Handwerker bought the property, improved it, Handwerker eventually wanted out of the deal and Albert now called the shots. He decided to build Astroland, the first phase of which opened in 1962, the carousel operated indoors until 1962 and outdoors through the 1963 season when it was packed up to make room for Astroland’s 200-foot Astrotower
8.
Flushing Meadows Natatorium
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Located inside the historic Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, site of the world’s fair in 1939 and 1964, the public facility caters to all New York City residents. Built in 2008, the $66.3 million project is the first indoor pool to open in New York City in four decades. The result is a building with 130-foot-high twin masts and a swooping roof form. The masts are an architectural feature extending up into the Queens skyline as well as the supports for the cable-stayed roof. This design provides the clear spans necessary to house an Olympic swimming pool along with an ice skating rink, the Flushing Meadows Natatorium was designed by Handel Architects in association with Kevin Hom Architects. The 1939 and 1964 World’s Fair pavilions, which occupied the site, inspired the architects to design the canopy roof suspended above the natatorium. The World’s Fair was a universal exposition showcasing various cultural exhibitions from all over the world, World’s fairs have become historic markers exemplifying commercial and industrial successes of various eras. The organizers of the 1939 World’s Fair boasted it was “the greatest exhibition ever held. ”They referred to its vast size, the symbolism of the Trylon and Perisphere. Known as the Corona dumps, Robert Moses headed its transformation into a new park, for the borough of Queens, and the construction of the fair. The theme of the 1939 World’s Fair was, “Building the World of Tomorrow. ”The fair was to symbolize the faith in new technology. Through the various showcases from different countries, citizens around the world were given gave a chance to learn about countries that they have heard of in books. The magical and futuristic land also housed new buildings, including the iconic General Motors’ Futurama and Democracity, twenty-five years later, the Flushing Meadows Park was selected, again to be the site of the 1964 World’s Fair. Americans had a fascination with space and “the new frontier. ”The themes of the 1964 World’s Fair were, “A Millennium of Progress” and “Man’s Achievements in an Expanding Universe. ”Space-oriented pavilions such as the New York Pavilion, which housed an observation platform, symbolized the growing infatuation with the Space Age. The New York State Pavilion, designed by Philip Johnson and Richard Foster, is one of the few still standing in Flushing Meadows Park. The oval roof, suspended and cable-hung, was the largest in the world, the pavilion was praised for its suspended roof and two towers that stood as the tallest structures of the fair. This large tent-like structure may have been an influence on the current Flushing Meadows Natatorium, today, all these structures are either demolished or left in an uninhabitable, dilapidated state. The buildings foundation was completed in 2001 but after the September 11 attacks the project was halted due to funding issues, finally, in 2003, the Natatorium was designated as the swimming arena in New York Citys bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Parks Department partnered with the Economic Development Corporation and plans re-commenced for New York City to build its first public swimming pool in 40 years
9.
Flushing River
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The Flushing River, more properly and historically known as Flushing Creek, is a waterway that flows through the northern part of central Queens in New York City and empties into the East River. The river runs through a valley that may have been a larger riverbed before the last Ice Age. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it divided the towns of Flushing on its bank and Newtown on its left, today. Flushing Creek once rose in the neighborhood of Kew Gardens Hills. The Flushing River, from the Water Gate buildings in Flushing Meadow Park, is measured about 200 feet wide with a depth of about 15 feet, the area near the mouth of the creek became the site of the early Flushing settlement. He explored and mapped the bays as he went, the town of Flushing was settled in 1645 under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was named after the port of Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands. It is said that the name Vlissingen means salt meadow, given as a nod to the waters of Flushing Meadows. As the English version of the name of the Dutch town is Flushing, during his presidency, George Washington arrived at Flushing by ferry across the creek. The first road crossing, a drawbridge at Northern Boulevard, was built in the early 19th century, during the Civil War, steamboats made two scheduled trips daily between Flushing and James Slip in Manhattan. The steamers included the Statesman, Star, and Washington Irving, among their more renowned captains and operators were Captains Jonathan Peck and Curtis Peck, Eliajah Peck, and William Nimmo. By the 1850s, a crossing, Strongs Causeway, was built near the present-day Long Island Expressway. This crossing was near the confluence of Horse Brook and Flushing Creek, in the mid-19th century, the growing city of Brooklyn acquired the land around the creek and gave it to the Brooklyn Ash Removal Company, which turned the salt marshes into landfill. The pollution was chronicled by F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby, also within the 1850s, the New York and Flushing Railroad built a railroad line across the river leading to what was then a railroad terminal on the east side of the river in Flushing. The Flushing and North Side also built a spur leading to Flushing Bay just southwest of the Flushing River delta. All lines were acquired by the Long Island Rail Road, and most were abandoned at various periods, in 1936, Robert Moses proposed closing the ash landfill and transforming it into a park through its use as a Worlds Fair site. At its northern section, a tidal gate bridge was built to keep the East River tide from flooding into the park, by then, Horse Brook was long gone, its course destined to be covered by the future Long Island Expressway. Ireland Creek was also filled in for use as parkland to prevent flooding in the surrounding neighborhoods, dammed and reduced in size, the creek became navigable only up to Roosevelt Avenue. Barges still docked on the river, bringing sand and gravel, at its southern end, the Jamaica subway yard reduced some of the flow coming from the headwaters
10.
USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center
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It is operated by the United States Tennis Association. The facility has 22 courts inside its 46.5 acres and 11 in the adjoining park, the complexs three stadia are among the largest tennis stadia in the world, with Arthur Ashe Stadium topping the global list with a listed capacity of 23,200. All 33 courts have used the DecoTurf cushioned acrylic surface since the facility was built in 1978. Located near Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets, on August 28,2006, the USTA National Tennis Center was rededicated as the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The idea of the center came about in January 1977, when W. E. Slew Hester. He asked the City of New York to let him use the stadium, the stadium was heavily renovated and divided into two venues, Louis Armstrong Stadium and the adjoining grandstand. The National Tennis Center opened in August 1978, after rumors of a possible move to San Diego, a major upgrade and expansion began in March 1995. More land was committed to the USTA National Tennis Center, the four-year expansion was completed in 1999. Arthur Ashe Stadium holds more than 22,000 spectators while Louis Armstrong Stadium was downsized to hold just 10,000 spectators. In 2006, at the location of the old indoor tennis building near the East Gate, work began on a 245, 000-square-foot, the new facility was completed in 2008 and includes 12 courts, classrooms, fitness facilities, and a pro shop. It also includes a hospitality center, museum, and food commissary, other renovations included the players’ lounge, locker rooms, and medical, training and office space. In 2011, the facility opened a new court, Court 17, located in the southeast corner of the grounds, seating 2,500 to 3,000. In constructing the new court, foundations from the 1939 and 1964 Worlds Fair were discovered, because the playing surface of Court 17 is below ground level, the new court has received the nickname of The Pit. As part of a renovation, a new show court was added in the southwest corner of the complex - the new Grandstand. This 8,125 seat stadium, which opened in 2016, is the third largest stadium in the center, and replaces the Old Grandstand, which will be torn down when Louis Armstrong Stadium is replaced in 2018. The center is in the middle of a $550 million renovation in that includes a roof constructed on Arthur Ashe Stadium. The game itself was an event as it was the first ever professional basketball regular season game ever played outdoors in the USA. The contest featured the Indiana Fever defeating the New York Liberty, USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is the site of the annual New York State High School tennis championships, held in May
11.
New York Hall of Science
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The New York Hall of Science, also known as NYSCI, is a science museum located in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens, in the section of the park that is in Corona. It occupies one of the few remaining structures from the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, the more than 400 hands-on exhibits focus on biology, chemistry, and physics. The museum was established in 1964 as part of the 1964 Worlds Fair in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, unlike many other institutions, which were closed immediately or soon after the Fair, the Hall remained open after the fair, and served as a resource for students. Its exhibits at the time were limited but included plans for the worlds first atomarium open to the public. The Hall remained open for 15 years, but in 1979 it was closed for major renovations, not to reopen until 1983 at the earliest. At the time, even though renovations were completed in 1983, in 1984, New York City hired physicist Alan Friedman to help with the museums transition from a focus on science fiction to relevance to everyday lives of ordinary citizens. At the time Friedman was appointed, the museum was basically an empty shell, all the exhibits had been given away. Even the light fixtures had been yanked out of the wall”, the museums growth and ability to draw crowds was unexpected and led to the citys pursuit of further funds and expansion. In recognition of its continued upgrading, the Hall was granted the status of a New York City cultural institution, the Hall has continued to receive funding from a number of sources essential to its operation and expansion. This represented a change for the museum from the 1990s during which severe cuts in funding threatened its ability to operate successfully. The Hall mainly focuses on education for children ages 1–17 and its audience consists primarily of city children for whom the exposure to science is something new, the museum includes a large permanent collection as well as a range of travelling exhibitions. Although somewhat more common now, the museum was among the first to have its young visitors assess its exhibits, the Halls permanent exhibitions include, Official website nywf64. com
12.
New York State Pavilion
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The New York State Pavilion is a historic worlds fair pavilion at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Flushing, Queens, New York. The New York State Pavilion was designed for the 1964 New York Worlds Fair by architects Philip Johnson and Lev Zetlin, the main floor of the Tent was a large scale design of a Texaco highway map of New York State, made of terrazzo. An idea floated after the fair to use the floor for the World Trade Center didnt materialize, the Observation Towers are three concrete towers, with the tallest at 226 feet high. The towers have observation platforms which were accessed by two Sky Streak capsule elevators attached to the tallest tower. The southern tower has a height of 85 feet and the northern tower is at 160 feet. Theaterama was originally a single drum-shaped volume of reinforced concrete, additions to the original structure were made from 1992 to 1993 and from 2008 to 2009. The Theaterama is home to the Queens Theatre, an arts center which produces and presents theatre and dance, as well as childrens. The New York State Pavilion was one of two pavilions retained for use, the other one was the United States Pavilion building. No reuse was ever found for the U. S, Pavilion however, and it became severely deteriorated and vandalized, it was ultimately demolished in 1977. The New York State Pavilion was used for TV and movie sets, such as an episode of McCloud, for The Wiz, part of the setting for Men in Black, and the centerpiece for the Stark Expo in Iron Man 2. It was also the venue for concerts, as part of the Singer Bowl Festival in 1969. It was also the location in 1987 for the video clip for the debut single by They Might Be Giants. In the decades after the closed, it was an abandoned and badly neglected relic, with its roof gone. Once the red ceiling tiles were removed from the pavilion in the late 1970s, for safety reasons, in 1994, the Queens Theatre took over the Circarama adjacent to the towers, and continues to operate there, using the ruined state pavilion as a storage depot. For the 50th anniversary of the Worlds Fair, on April 22,2014, because of the pavilions state of decay, visitors were required to wear hardhats. The pavilion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, renewed interest was shown in the pavilions restoration in early 2014, the 50th anniversary of its opening. In July 2014, the pavilion received about $5.8 million for restoration, the New York Mets also donated some money for the preservation effort. However, the pavilion was damaged the same month by arsonists, after testing paint chips, the color American Cheese Yellow was selected as the best match for the original color
13.
Queens Theatre in the Park
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The Queens Theatre in the Park is an American community theatre, located in the Queens borough of New York City, New York. The theater was decorated with the artworks including those of Andy Warhol. The site had hosted the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. The theater is next to the Unisphere at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, an area also includes Citi Field, the Queens Museum of Art. Johnson and Richard Foster designed the original theater, the audience stood and viewed a travelog of New York State projected on screens lining the inside of the circular room. The showing of a film about New York State was a tribute to the world fairs host city. The circular theater closed in 1985, a $4 million project converted it into a 476-seat community theater, designed by architect Alfredo De Vido, opened in 1993. The conversion was a success according to Queens Borough President Claire Shulman. It became known as the Queens Theatre in the Park, the theater is now used for cabaret, concerts, Broadway revivals, new productions, and film festivals. The playhouse hosts various drama, dance, music, performance art, troupe, a 100-seat theater for more experimental fare is located downstairs of the main theater. The theater has been a venue for the Independent Film Showcase and is intended to meet the interests of the diverse population of Queens. The operators of the theater became an independent nonprofit in 1997, a member of the Cultural Institutions Group, it is funded in part from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and hosts approximately 300 events a year. During the 1996–97 season it had attendance of 90,000 people at more than 300 performances of theater, music, dance, childrens shows and workshops, films, in an effort to reach Latinos, a Latin American festival was hosted. The 1964–1965 New York Worlds Fair New York State Pavilion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The surround cinema was converted into a legitimate theater in the 1970s, requiring the addition of a stage, public restrooms, lobby, dressing rooms. It was used in this basic revamped state for 20 years, the work completed in 1993 improved acoustics and added a public elevator, additional lighting and rigging, front-of-house catwalks, and reworked the facades. The original dome was strengthened and a roof added, abating noise from nearby LaGuardia Airport. A 100-seat flexible studio theater was added in the downstairs
14.
Queens Zoo
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The Queens Zoo is an 18-acre zoo located in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. Constructed on the site of the 1964 New York Worlds Fair and opened in 1968, the zoos aviary is a geodesic dome designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. and used during the 1964 Fair. The 175-foot diameter dome was one of the largest single-layer structures of its time and it was dismantled and stored after the fair, and was later reassembled in its current location with a mesh netting covering instead of the solid tent of the original dome. The zoo was closed in 1988, and reopened in 1992 after a four-year, $16 million renovation, redesign, the zoo is home to more than 75 species that are native to the Americas. It is the one of five zoos in New York City that exhibits Andean bears. Official website New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Queens Zoo
15.
Queens Museum
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The Queens Museum, formerly the Queens Museum of Art, is an art museum and educational center located in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, United States. The museum is housed in the New York City Building, which was built for the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, and which then hosted the United Nations General Assembly from 1946 to 1950. The museum itself was founded in 1972, and has, among its permanent exhibitions, the Panorama of the City of New York, a scale model of the five boroughs built for the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. The Queens Museum has focused on outreach and access for a range of audiences. The Queens Museum is, in addition to a fine arts collecting museum, also a site, community center. The Queens Museum is located in the New York City Building, in 1964, the building was renovated by architect Daniel Chait and was once again used as the New York City Pavilion for the 1964 World’s Fair, where it displayed the Panorama of the City of New York. In 1972, with alterations, the north side of the New York City building was converted into the Queens Center for Art and Culture. In 1994, the building underwent a renovation, with architect Rafael Viñoly reconfiguring the structure into galleries, classrooms. For many years, half of the building was an ice skating rink, the museum embarked on a $69 million expansion project in 2009, which was originally slated to be completed in October 2013. The expanded museum reopened in November 2013 after closing for several months, the museums permanent collection consists of around 10,000 items, over 6,000 of which are documents and objects related to the 1939 and 1964 Worlds Fairs, some of which are on long-term display. Since 1995, the museum has maintained a partnership with the Neustadt Collection of Tiffany glass, selections from the collection are on long-term display, drawn from a large private Tiffany collection assembled by Dr. Egon Neustadt and his wife Hildegard starting in the mid-1930s. The collection consists of windows, lamps, and related objects and also boasts an archive of nearly 300,000 pieces of flat, an archive containing representative samples of each type, color, texture and pattern of this material is being established for exhibition and study. The history of the creation of Tiffanys work is stressed in the Queens Museum exhibitions, as Tiffany Studios and Furnaces was once located within studios in Corona, which were closed in the 1930s. The best-known permanent exhibition at the Queens Museum is the Panorama of the City of New York, the Panorama was built by a team of 100 people working for the architectural model makers Raymond Lester Associates in the three years before the opening of the 1964 World’s Fair. The Panorama was one of the most successful attractions at the 1964 Fair, each year the Queens Museum hosts the Panorama Challenge, a trivia contest run by The City Reliquary. Contestants use the Panorama to identify various New York City landmarks, after the Fair closed, the Panorama remained open to the public, and Lester’s team updated the map in 1967,1968, and 1969. After 1970, very few changes were made until 1992, when again Lester Associates was hired to update the model to coincide with the re-opening of the museum, the model makers changed over 60,000 structures to bring it up-to-date at that time. In March 2009, the announced the intention to update the panorama on an ongoing basis
16.
World's Fair (IND World's Fair Line)
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The IND Worlds Fair Line, officially the Worlds Fair Railroad, was a branch of the Independent Subway System serving the 1939 New York Worlds Fair in Queens, New York City. The Worlds Fair Railroad and station are the only IND line, remnants of the line are still present in the Jamaica Yard. It would cost about $1.2 million, with $700K of it for its construction, for legal and financial reasons, the line was called the Worlds Fair Railroad and was considered a separate entity from the IND. Part of this included the state legislation approving the double-fare for the line. The contract for the IND Worlds Fair Line was awarded on October 26,1937 by the Board of Transportation to the P. T. Cox Contracting Company for a bid of $308,770. The Worlds Fair extension was opposed by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, the upgrades to make the line permanent would have cost around $6 million. However, it was determined to be due to the absence of permanent attractions in the park that are present today. In early 1938, construction on the IND Worlds Fair Line began and it originated at the Queens Boulevard portal of Jamaica Yard, using the western yard leads from 71st−Continental Avenues. The line ran along the edge of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park for 8,400 feet to approximately what is now the interchange of the Long Island Expressway. The line consisted of two tracks ending in a stub-end terminal called Worlds Fair Station and it was built on a pine wooden trestle across the marshy swampland, which was then filled in. The line was designed to be removed following the fair in 1940, test trains on the IND Worlds Fair Line were run beginning on April 22,1939, and it opened on April 30,1939. The GG mostly serviced the line between Smith–Ninth Streets and the Worlds Fair Station, with E express service between Worlds Fair Station and Hudson Terminal during the PM rush hour and evening. The 1939 Worlds Fair had two seasons, one each in 1939 and 1940, which ended in the months of the year. The IND Worlds Fair Line was closed between seasons, and at the end of the Fair the line was set to be demolished, the last train ran on October 28,1940, three days before the closure of the Fair. While most of the fairgrounds were torn down soon after the event and this plan was supported by the local communities, elected officials in Queens, and the president of Queens College. Demolition of the line was authorized in December 1940, and on January 15,1941, the right-of-way was replaced with an extension of 136th Street, and eventually the northern portion of the Van Wyck Expressway which formed todays Interstate 678. Today, the seven grade time signals installed for the line in the Jamaica Yard leads, in 1960, one possibility for transit access to the 1964 Worlds Fair was an extension of the IND Queens Boulevard Line to the fair grounds. Robert Moses, who was going to take over as president of the Worlds Fair on May 15,1960, Worlds Fair was the lines railroad southern terminus and its sole station, located in the Amusement Area of the Worlds Fair
17.
Robert Moses
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Robert Moses was a city planner who worked mainly in the New York metropolitan area. One of his contributions to urban planning was New York States large parkway network. Robert Moses simultaneously held twelve titles, but was never elected to any public office, nevertheless, he created and led numerous public authorities that gave him autonomy from the general public and elected officials. Moses projects were considered by many to be necessary for the development after the Great Depression. During the height of his powers, New York City built campuses to host two Worlds Fairs, one in 1939 and the other in 1964. Moses also helped persuade the United Nations to locate its headquarters in Manhattan, instead of Philadelphia, by helping the state secure the money, Moses was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to assimilated German Jewish parents, Bella and Emanuel Moses. He spent the first nine years of his living at 83 Dwight Street in New Haven. In 1897, the Moses family moved to New York City, Mosess father was a successful department store owner and real estate speculator in New Haven. In order for the family to move to New York City, he sold his estate holdings and store. Mosess mother was active in the settlement movement, with her own love of building, Robert Moses and his brother Paul attended several schools for their elementary and secondary education, including the Dwight School and the Mohegan Lake School, a military academy near Peekskill. After graduating from Yale University and Wadham College, Oxford, and earning a Ph. D. in political science from Columbia University, Moses became attracted to New York City reform politics. A committed idealist, he developed plans to rid New York of patronage hiring practices. None went very far, but Moses, due to his intelligence, caught the notice of Belle Moskowitz, when the state Secretary of States position became appointive rather than elective, Smith named Moses, Moses served from 1927 to 1929. Moses rose to power with Smith, who was elected as governor in 1922, during that period Moses began his first foray into large scale public work initiatives, while drawing on Smiths political power to enact legislation. This helped create the new Long Island State Park Commission and the State Council of Parks and this centralization allowed Smith to run a government later used as a model for Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal federal government. Moses also received numerous commissions that he carried out extraordinarily well, displaying a strong command of law as well as matters of engineering, Moses became known for his skill in drafting legislation, and was called the best bill drafter in Albany. At a time when the public was accustomed to Tammany Hall corruption and incompetence, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelts inauguration in 1933, the federal government found itself with millions of New Deal dollars to spend, yet states and cities had few projects ready. Moses was one of the few officials who had projects shovel ready
18.
American Bridge Company
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The American Bridge Company is a civil engineering firm that specializes in building and renovating bridges and other large civil engineering projects. Founded in 1900, the company is headquartered in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, the firm has built many bridges in the U. S. and elsewhere, the Historic American Engineering Record notes at least 81. American Bridge has also built or helped build the Willis Tower, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, launch pads, resorts, during World War II, it produced tank landing ships for the United States Navy. Competitors include Walsh Group, Flatiron Construction, and Skanska USA, related companies include American Bridge Holding Company and American Bridge Manufacturing Company, both also headquartered in Coraopolis. American Bridge Company was founded in April 1900, when JP Morgan led a consolidation of 28 of the largest U. S. steel fabricators and constructors, in 1902, the company became a subsidiary of United States Steel as part of the Steel Trust consolidation. It went on to do work across the nation and around the world, during World War II, the company built warships for the U. S. Navy. In 1944, American painter Thomas Hart Benton recorded the construction and launch of LST768, producing numerous drawings, the company went private in 1987 and was sold to Continental Engineering Corporation in 1988. The town of Ambridge, Pennsylvania, was an American Bridge company town, both municipalities are on the Ohio River near Pittsburgh, with access to many steel suppliers, as well as to waterborne and rail transport, to allow shipment of components and subassemblies. This is a representative, not an exhaustive, list, orinoco Bridge, Venezuela 25th of April Bridge, Lisbon, Portugal Built the worlds longest arch bridge on three occasions. 25 April Bridge in Lisbon, Portugal First stiffening truss replacement on a loaded, lions Gate Bridge, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The ongoing Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, in a joint venture with Fluor Corporation, American Bridge-Fluor. Built the world’s tallest building on numerous occasions, john Hancock Center, Chicago Aon Center, Chicago Columbia Seafirst Center, Seattle U. S. Steel Tower,1970 Flatiron Building, New York City,1902 Built the world’s largest building by volume twice. Hammerhead Crane, 350ton Cantilever type, Cardwell v. American Bridge Co, news article on American Bridge legacy Another article on legacy
19.
U.S. Steel
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The United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U. S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe. The company was the worlds 15th largest steel producer in 2014, at one time, U. S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the worlds first billion-dollar corporation, the company headquarters was established in 1901 in the Empire Building, purchased from the estate of Orlando B. Potter for $5 million. In 1907 it bought its largest competitor, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company and this led to Tennessee Coals being replaced in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by the General Electric Company. The federal government attempted to use federal antitrust laws to break up U. S. Steel in 1911, in its first full year of operation, U. S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. One hundred years later, its shipments accounted for only about 8 percent of domestic consumption, the Corporation, as it was known on Wall Street, always distinguished itself to investors by virtue of its size, rather than for its efficiency or creativeness during its heyday. In 1901, it controlled two-thirds of steel production, because of heavy debts taken on at the companys formation — Carnegie insisted on being paid in gold bonds for his stake — and fears of antitrust litigation, U. S. Steel moved cautiously. Competitors often innovated faster, especially Bethlehem Steel, run by U. S, Steels former first president, Charles M. Schwab. Steels share of the expanding market slipped to 50 percent by 1911, james A. Farrell was named president in 1911 and served until 1932. U. S. Steel ranked 16th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts, production peaked at more than 35 million tons in 1953. Its employment was greatest in 1943 when it had more than 340,000 employees, by 2000, however, the federal government has also intervened on other occasions to try to control U. S. Steel. President Harry S. Truman attempted to take over its steel mills in 1952 to resolve a crisis with its union, the United Steelworkers of America. The Supreme Court blocked the takeover by ruling that the president did not have the authority to seize the mills (see Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. President John F. Kennedy was more successful in 1962 when he pressured the industry into reversing price increases that Kennedy considered dangerously inflationary. In the early days of the Reagan Administration, steel firms won substantial tax breaks in order to deal with imported goods, instead of modernizing their mills, steel companies shifted capital out of steel and into more profitable areas. In March 1982, U. S. Steel took its concessions and paid $1.4 billion in cash and $4.7 billion in loans for Marathon Oil, saving approximately $500 million in taxes through the merger. The architect of tax concessions to steel firms, Senator Arlen Specter, complained that we go out on a limb in Congress, the incident is the subject of a song by folk singer Anne Feeney. U. S. Steel finally acquired National Steels assets in 2003 after National Steel went bankrupt, as part of its diversification plan U. S. Steel acquired Marathon Oil on January 7,1982, as well as Texas Oil and Gas several years later
20.
Stainless steel
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In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel is notable for its resistance, and it is widely used for food handling. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, however, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. There are various grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure, Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present, unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form, since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation and this layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal. Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough, Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are made of stainless steel. This also influences its use in kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized. High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is achieved with addition of a minimum of 13% chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium oxide when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous, the layer is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel bolts buried in timber. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, when forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, a destructive effect known as galling. Galling can be avoided by the use of materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and stainless steel. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a humid, even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile, nitronic alloys, made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen, may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling, low-temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication
21.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
22.
Kahnawake
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The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawá, ke on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal. Recorded by French Canadians in 1719 as a Jesuit mission, it has also known as Seigneury Sault du St. Louis. Kahnawakes territory totals an area of 48.05 square kilometres and its resident population numbers about 8,000, with a significant number living off the territory. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to federal Indian Act law that oversees individual land possession, Kahnawake residents originally spoke their Mohawk language, and some learned French when under French rule. Allied with the British government during the American Revolutionary War and the Lower Canada Rebellion, although people of European descent traditionally call the residents of Kahnawake Mohawk, their autonym is Kanien’kehá, ka. The Kanien’kehá, ka were historically the most easterly nation of the Haudenosaunee and are known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door, in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the community was historically considered one of the Seven Nations of Canada. The name is derived from the Mohawk word kahnawà, ke, meaning place of the rapids, when converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montreal area, they named the new settlement after their former one. The highly visible proximity of the Lachine Rapids no doubt also influenced their naming decision, Kahnawake is located at the southwest shore where the St. Lawrence River narrows. The territory is described in the language as on, or by the rapids. This term refers to the village that was along the natural rapids of the old river. The French colony in North America used Kahnawake to form a defence for Ville-Marie. The Jesuits founded a mission to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations, Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719. At the time of granting the seigneury, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement, because the Jesuits assumed rights as seigneurs of the Sault, they permitted whites to settle there and collected their rents. The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the Seven Years War, the new governor Thomas Gage ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the Supervision of the Indian Department. Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued land and rent mismanagement, surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres, in the late twentieth century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of Saint-Constant, Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Mathieu, Delson, Candiac, led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and Kahnawakes Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim
23.
Trylon and Perisphere
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The Perisphere was a tremendous sphere,180 feet in diameter, connected to the 610-foot spire-shaped Trylon by what was at the time the worlds longest escalator. The Perisphere housed a diorama by Henry Dreyfuss called Democracity which, in keeping with the fairs theme The World of Tomorrow, the interior display was viewed from above on a moving sidewalk, while a multi-image slide presentation was projected on the dome of the sphere. After exiting the Perisphere, visitors descended to ground level on the element of the Theme Center, the Helicline. The name Perisphere was coined using the Greek prefix peri-, meaning all around, about, the name Trylon was coined from the phrase triangular pylon. The Theme Center was designed by architects Wallace Harrison and J. Andre Fouilhoux, the structures were built in Flushing Meadows Park in Queens, New York and were intended as temporary with steel framing and plaster board facades. Both buildings were razed and scrapped after the closing of the fair, their materials to be used in World War II armaments. The Trylon and Perisphere became the symbol of the 1939 Worlds Fair, its image reproduced by the millions on a wide range of promotional materials. The United States issued a stamp in 1939 depicting the Trylon. Neither structure survives, however, the Unisphere, the symbol of the 1964-65 New York Worlds Fair, is now located where the Perisphere once stood, composer Ferde Grofé was commissioned by the Worlds Fair to compose a piece of symphonic music dedicated to the sculptured edifices. The Trylon is mentioned in the 1939 Yip Harburg song Lydia the Tattooed Lady, the Trylon Theatre, located on Queens Boulevard in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, operated from December 1939 through December 1999. The theatres decor included several references to the 1939–40 Worlds Fair, the episode The Odyssey of Flight 33 of The Twilight Zone featured a view of these structures from the air to indicate that a Boeing 707 had time traveled and had arrived in the year 1939 or 1940. In the DC Comics comic book series All-Star Squadron, the Squadron used the Perisphere as their headquarters, howard Waldrops 1985 short story Heirs of the Perisphere describes the excavation of the time capsule which was buried at the 1939 Worlds Fair. Singer/songwriter Aimee Mann created a song called Fifty Years After the Fair for her 1993 album Whatever, the song references the Trylon and Perisphere while suggesting how little of the Fairs bright vision of the future had actually been realized in the decades ahead now passed. In the 1995 episode Aubrey of the TV series The X-Files, the second episode of the fourth season of the Showtime series Homeland is titled Trylon and Perisphere. The 2000 self-titled album Deltron 3030 featured an image of the Perisphere on its cover, a chapter in Michael Chabons 2000 novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, set in 1942, takes place inside the recently abandoned Perisphere. In Rex Stouts 1940 Nero Wolfe novel Where Theres a Will, the 2015 utopian/dystopian film Tomorrowland contain futuristic versions of the Trylon, Perisphere, and Helicline. The Perisphere, in contrast to the 1939 World of Tomorrow exhibit, contains a device that can see into the past, also, unlike the 1939 Perisphere, the future Perisphere, not ironically, floats in mid-air. In the opening of the film, the Disneyland image is altered to include the trio and they also appear in the closing animation
24.
1939 New York World's Fair
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Many countries around the world participated in it, and over 44 million people attended its exhibits in two seasons. The NYWF of 1939–1940 was the first exposition to be based on the future, with a slogan of Dawn of a New Day. To its visitors the Fair will say, Here are the materials, ideas and these are the tools with which the World of Tomorrow must be made. They are all interesting and much effort has been expended to lay them before you in an interesting way, familiarity with today is the best preparation for the future. Within six months of the Fairs opening, the Second World War would begin, in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression, a group of New York City businessmen decided to create an international exposition to lift the city and the country out of depression. Not long after, these men formed the New York Worlds Fair Corporation, the NYWFC elected former chief of police Grover Whalen as the president of their committee. This event turned the area into a City park after the exposition closed, edward Bernays directed public relations of the fair in 1939, which he called democricity. Promotion of this event took many forms. Howard Hughes flew a special Worlds Fair flight around the world to promote the fair in 1938, on April 30,1939, a very hot Sunday, the fair had its grand opening, with 206,000 people in attendance. The April 30 date coincided with the 150th anniversary of George Washingtons inauguration, in Lower Manhattan, although many of the pavilions and other facilities were not quite ready for this opening, it was put on with pomp and great celebration. David Sarnoff, then president of RCA and an advocate of television. On April 30,1939, the ceremony and President Roosevelts speech were seen on black. NBC used the event to inaugurate regularly scheduled broadcasts in New York City over their station W2XBS. An estimated 1,000 people viewed the Roosevelt telecast on about 200 television sets scattered throughout the New York metropolitan area. In order to convince visitors that the television sets were not a trick. As part of the exhibit at the RCA pavilion, visitors could see themselves on television, there were also television demonstrations at the General Electric and Westinghouse pavilions. During this formal introduction at the fair, television became available for public purchase at various stores in the New York City area. After Albert Einstein gave a speech that discussed cosmic rays, the lights were ceremonially lit
25.
Yuri Gagarin
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Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was a Russian Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became a celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union. Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as crew to the Soyuz 1 mission. Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting crashed. The Yuri Gagarin Medal is awarded in his honor, Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk, on 9 March 1934. His parents worked on a farm, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and bricklayer. Yuri was the third of four children, older brother Valentin, older sister Zoya, like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow, and an officer took over the Gagarin residence. The family was allowed to build a mud hut, approximately 3 by 3 metres inside, on the land behind their house and his two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943, and did not return until after the war in 1945. In 1946, the moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his secondary education. After graduating in 1951 from both the grade and the vocational school, he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School. While in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered for training as a Soviet air cadet at a local flying club. He also earned money as a part-time dock laborer on the Volga River. After graduating from the school in 1955, the Soviet Army drafted Gagarin. On a recommendation, Gagarin was sent to the First Chkalov Air Force Pilots School in Orenburg, post-graduation, he was assigned to the Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. He became a Lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces on 5 November 1957, in 1960, after much searching and a selection process, Yuri Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots for the Soviet space program. Gagarin was further selected for a training group known as the Sochi Six
26.
John Glenn
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John Herschel Glenn, Jr. was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States Senator from Ohio. In 1962 he was the first American to orbit the Earth, before joining NASA, Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II and Korea with six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen clusters on his Air Medal. He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the United States first astronauts, on February 20,1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission, the first American to orbit the Earth, he was the fifth person in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U. S, astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and was the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven. After Glenn resigned from NASA in 1964 and retired from the Marine Corps the following year, an injury in early 1964 forced his withdrawal, and he lost a close primary election in 1970. A member of the Democratic Party, Glenn first won election to the Senate in 1974 and he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. John Herschel Glenn, Jr. was born on July 18,1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, the son of John Herschel Glenn, Sr. and teacher Clara Teresa and he attended New Concord Elementary School. After graduating from New Concord High School in 1939, Glenn studied engineering at Muskingum College and he earned a private pilot license for credit in a physics course in 1941. Glenn did not complete his year in residence or take a proficiency exam. Muskingum awarded his degree in 1962, after Glenns Mercury space flight, when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, Glenn quit college to enlist in the U. S. Army Air Corps. Never called to duty, he enlisted as a U. S. Navy aviation cadet in March 1942, during advanced training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, he accepted an offer to transfer to the U. S. Marine Corps. Having completed his training in March 1943, Glenn was commissioned as a second lieutenant, after advanced training at Camp Kearny, California, he was assigned to Marine Squadron VMJ-353 and flew R4D transport planes. Glenn was posted to the Marine Corps Air Station El Centro in California in July 1943 and joined VMO-155, VMO-155 re-equipped with the F4U Corsair in September 1943. He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1943, and shipped out to Hawaii in January 1944 and it was intended that VMO-155 would move to the Marshall Islands but this was delayed, and on February 21 it moved to Midway Atoll and became part of the garrison. Beginning in June 1944, stationed in the Marshall Islands, Glenn flew 57–59 combat missions in the area and he received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and ten Air Medals. Although he was promoted to captain in July 1945, shortly before the Pacific Wars end, Glenn was ordered back to Cherry Point, joined VMF-913, and learned that he had qualified for a regular commission. In March 1946, he was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in southern California, Glenn volunteered for service with the occupation in North China, believing that it would be a short tour. He joined VMF-218, yet another Corsair squadron, in December 1946, Glenn flew patrol missions until VMF-218 was transferred to Guam in March 1947, and he returned home in December 1948
27.
Telstar
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Telstar is the name of various communications satellites. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical, Telstar 1 launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10,1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures, telephone calls, and fax images, Telstar 2 launched May 7,1963. Telstar 1 and 2—though no longer functional—still orbit the Earth, Bell Labs held a contract with NASA, paying the agency for each launch, independent of success. The American ground station—built by Bell Labs—was Andover Earth Station, in Andover, the main British ground station was at Goonhilly Downs in southwestern England. The BBC, as coordinator, used this location. The standards 525/405 conversion equipment was researched and developed by the BBC and located in the BBC Television Centre, the French ground station was at Pleumeur-Bodou in north-western France. Early, who designed its transistors and solar panels, the satellite is roughly spherical, measures 34.5 inches in length, and weighs about 170 pounds. Its dimensions were limited by what would fit on one of NASAs Delta rockets, Telstar was spin-stabilized, and its outer surface was covered with solar cells capable of generating 14 watts of electrical power. The original Telstar had a single innovative transponder that could relay data, since the spacecraft spun, it required an array of antennas around its equator for uninterrupted microwave communication with Earth. An omnidirectional array of small cavity antenna elements around the satellites equator received 6 GHz microwave signals to relay back to ground stations. The transponder converted the frequency to 4 GHz, amplified the signals in a traveling-wave tube, the prominent helical antenna received telecommands from a ground station. Launched by NASA aboard a Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral on July 10,1962, due to its non-geosynchronous orbit, Telstars availability for transatlantic signals was limited to the 20 minutes in each 2.5 hour orbit when the satellite passed over the Atlantic Ocean. Ground antennas had to track the satellite with an error of less than 0.06 degrees as it moved across the sky at up to 1.5 degrees per second. Since the transmitters and receivers on Telstar were not powerful, ground antennas had to be huge, Bell Laboratory engineers designed a large horizontal conical horn antenna with a parabolic reflector at its mouth that re-directed the beam. This particular design had very low sidelobes, and thus very low receiving system noise temperatures possible. The aperture of the antennas was 3,600 square feet, the antennas were 177 feet long and weighed 380 short tons. Morimi Iwama and Jan Norton of Bell Laboratories were in charge of designing and building the electrical portions of the system that steered the antennas
28.
Communications satellite
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Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth, the purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communications satellites use a range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or bands certain organizations are allowed to use and this allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference. The concept of the communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and on the 1929 work by Herman Potočnik Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-motor, in October 1945 Clarke published an article titled Extraterrestrial Relays in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals, thus, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term Clarke Belt employed as a description of the orbit. Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector. The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1, put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies,20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space, while incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. And it was the first artificial satellite in the leading to todays satellite communications. The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in communications was a balloon named Echo 1. Echo 1 was the worlds first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth and it soared 1,600 kilometres above the planet after its Aug.12,1960 launch, yet relied on humanitys oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 30-metre aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The worlds first inflatable satellite — or satelloon, as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of todays satellite communications, the idea behind a communications satellite is simple, Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by serving as an enormous mirror,10 stories tall
29.
Geostationary orbit
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A geostationary orbit, geostationary Earth orbit or geosynchronous equatorial orbit is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometres above the Earths equator and following the direction of the Earths rotation. An object in such an orbit has a period equal to the Earths rotational period and thus appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky. Using this characteristic, ocean color satellites with visible and near-infrared light sensors can also be operated in geostationary orbit in order to monitor sensitive changes of ocean environments, the notion of a geostationary space station equipped with radio communication was published in 1928 by Herman Potočnik. The first appearance of an orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith. Clarke acknowledged the connection in his introduction to The Complete Venus Equilateral, the orbit, which Clarke first described as useful for broadcast and relay communications satellites, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit. Similarly, the Clarke Belt is the part of space about 35,786 km above sea level, in the plane of the equator, the Clarke Orbit is about 265,000 km in circumference. Most commercial communications satellites, broadcast satellites and SBAS satellites operate in geostationary orbits, a geostationary transfer orbit is used to move a satellite from low Earth orbit into a geostationary orbit. The first satellite placed into an orbit was the Syncom-3. A worldwide network of operational geostationary meteorological satellites is used to provide visible and infrared images of Earths surface, a geostationary orbit can only be achieved at an altitude very close to 35,786 km and directly above the equator. This equates to a velocity of 3.07 km/s and an orbital period of 1,436 minutes. This ensures that the satellite will match the Earths rotational period and has a footprint on the ground. All geostationary satellites have to be located on this ring. 85° per year, to correct for this orbital perturbation, regular orbital stationkeeping manoeuvres are necessary, amounting to a delta-v of approximately 50 m/s per year. A second effect to be taken into account is the longitude drift, there are two stable and two unstable equilibrium points. Any geostationary object placed between the points would be slowly accelerated towards the stable equilibrium position, causing a periodic longitude variation. The correction of this effect requires station-keeping maneuvers with a maximal delta-v of about 2 m/s per year, solar wind and radiation pressure also exert small forces on satellites, over time, these cause them to slowly drift away from their prescribed orbits. In the absence of servicing missions from the Earth or a renewable propulsion method, hall-effect thrusters, which are currently in use, have the potential to prolong the service life of a satellite by providing high-efficiency electric propulsion. This delay presents problems for latency-sensitive applications such as voice communication, geostationary satellites are directly overhead at the equator and become lower in the sky the further north or south one travels. At latitudes above about 81°, geostationary satellites are below the horizon, because of this, some Russian communication satellites have used elliptical Molniya and Tundra orbits, which have excellent visibility at high latitudes
30.
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
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The total area of the properties maintained by the department is over 30,000 acres. The department maintains more than 1,700 parks, playgrounds, Parks also cares for park flora and fauna, community gardens,23 historic houses, over 1,200 statues and monuments, and more than 2.5 million trees. The City of New York Department of Parks & Recreation produces many special events, including concerts, the largest single component of parkland maintained by the department is the forever wild Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with an area of 2,765 acres. The symbol of the department is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf and it is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The London plane tree is on the NYC Parks Departments list of restricted use species for tree planting because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees. The department is a mayoral agency, the current Parks Commissioner is Mitchell Silver. The current chair of the New York City Council Committee on Parks & Recreation is Mark D. Levine, the department is allocated an expense budget and a capital budget. The expense budget covers the expenses incurred by the agency. The capital budget is dedicated solely for new projects, as well as major repairs in parks that have a useful life of more than five years. Its regulations are compiled in Title 56 of the New York City Rules, Parks Enforcement Patrol officers have peace officer status under NYS Penal Law and are empowered through this status to make arrests and issue tickets. PEP officers patrol land, waterways and buildings under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and Recreation on foot, bicycle, horseback, boat, PEP officers are also responsible for physical site inspections of NYC park concession facilities to assure the concessionaires compliance with state laws. The Urban Park Rangers was founded as a program in 1979 by then Parks Commissioner Gordon J. Davis, with the support. The program provides free programs year-round, such as nature walks. They also operate programs such as The Natural Classroom for class trips, explorer programs are available for activities such as canoeing in the citys flagship parks in all five boroughs. NYC Urban Park Rangers are easily identified by their uniforms, although NYC Park Rangers possess peace officer status, their primary mission is environmental education, protection of park resources, and visitor safety. Law enforcement in city parks is the responsibility of the New York City Police Department, most businesses that operate or generate revenue on New York City parkland are considered concessions and must obtain a permit or license from the Revenue Division of Parks. Pursuant to the Citys Concession Rules, these licenses and permits are awarded through a public solicitation process. Approximately 500 concessions currently operate in parks throughout the five boroughs, the food service concessions range from pushcarts selling hot dogs to restaurants such as Tavern on the Green and Terrace on the Park
31.
Soot
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Soot /ˈsʊt/ is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Soot causes cancer and lung disease, and is the second-biggest human cause of global warming, Soot as an airborne contaminant in the environment has many different sources, all of which are results of some form of pyrolysis. Soot in very low concentrations is capable of darkening surfaces or making particle agglomerates, such as those from ventilation systems, Soot is the primary cause of ghosting, the discoloration of walls and ceilings or walls and flooring where they meet. It is generally responsible for the discoloration of the walls above baseboard electric heating units, the formation of soot depends strongly on the fuel composition. The rank ordering of sooting tendency of fuel components is, naphthalenes → benzenes → aliphatics, however, the order of sooting tendencies of the aliphatics varies dramatically depending on the flame type. The difference between the tendencies of aliphatics and aromatics is thought to result mainly from the different routes of formation. The formation of soot is a process, an evolution of matter in which a number of molecules undergo many chemical and physical reactions within a few milliseconds. Soot is a form of amorphous carbon. Gas-phase soot contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the PAHs in soot are known mutagens and are classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Soot forms during incomplete combustion from precursor molecules such as acetylene and it consists of agglomerated nanoparticles with diameters between 6 and 30 ㎚. The soot particles can be mixed with metal oxides and with minerals, many details of soot formation chemistry remain unanswered and controversial, but there have been a few agreements, Soot begins with some precursors or building blocks. Nucleation of heavy molecules occurs to form particles, surface growth of a particle proceeds by adsorption of gas phase molecules. Coagulation happens via reactive particle–particle collisions, oxidation of the molecules and soot particles reduces soot formation. Soot, particularly diesel exhaust pollution, accounts for one quarter of the total hazardous pollution in the air. Among these diesel emission components, particulate matter has been a concern for human health due to its direct. In earlier times, health professionals associated PM10 with chronic disease, lung cancer, influenza, asthma. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more linked with fine particles. Long-term exposure to air pollution containing soot increases the risk of coronary artery disease
32.
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
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The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is the New York City agency charged with administering the citys Landmarks Preservation Law. It is the largest municipal preservation agency in the nation, according to the Landmarks Preservation Law, a building must be at least thirty years old before the Commission can declare it a landmark. City law also allows for the Commissions decision to be overturned if an appeal is filed within 90 days, the goal of New York Citys landmarks law is to preserve the aesthetically and historically important buildings, structures, and other objects that make up the New York City vista. These regulations are designed to allow property owners to continue to use and maintain their properties. The commission preserves not only significant buildings, but the overall historical sense of place of neighborhoods that are designated as historic districts. The Commission helps preserve the Citys landmark properties by regulating changes to their significant features, the role of the Commission has evolved over time, especially with the changing real estate market in New York City. The Landmarks Preservation Commissions first public hearing occurred in September,1965 over the future of the Astor Library on Lafayette Street in Manhattan, the building was designated a New York City Landmark. Subsequently, the building was reused as The Public Theater. Twenty-five years later, the Commission was cited by David Dinkins as having preserved New York Citys municipal identity and this success is believed to be due, in part, to the general acceptance of the commission by the citys developers. The Commission was headquartered in the Mutual Reserve Building from 1967 to 1980, and later the Old New York Evening Post Building from 1980 to 1987. As of April 16,2014, there are more than 31,000 landmark properties in New York City, the total number of protected sites includes 1,332 individual landmarks,115 interior landmarks and 10 scenic landmarks. Some of these are also National Historic Landmarks sites, and many are National Registered Historic Places, one of the most prominent decisions in which the Commission was involved was the preservation of the Grand Central Terminal with the assistance of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. This success is cited as significant due to the Commissions origins following the destruction of Pennsylvania Station. In 1989, the Commission designated the Ladies Mile Historic District, the next year marked the first time in the Commissions history that a proposed landmark, the Guggenheim Museum, received a unanimous vote by the Commission members. One of the most controversial properties was 2 Columbus Circle, which remained at the center of a discussion over its future for a number of years. Cultural landmarks, such as Greenwich Villages Stonewall Inn, are recognized as not for their architecture. A commission-designated historic district for the South Street Seaport has been active since 1977 and was extended on July 11,1989 and this group included the Historic Districts Council, the Save Our Seaport community group, the New Amsterdam Market, and the Metropolitan Waterfront Alliance. They had encouraged others to write letters to the Landmarks Preservation Commission to support formal designation or district protection, however, in 2013, the Landmarks Preservation Commission declined to hold a hearing to consider this landmark designation or to expand the district
33.
Creosote
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Creosotes are a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and by pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood or fossil fuel. They are typically used as preservatives or antiseptics, some creosote types were used historically as a treatment for components of seagoing and outdoor wood structures to prevent rot. Samples may be found inside chimney flues, where the coal or wood burns under variable conditions, producing soot. Creosotes are the chemicals responsible for the stability, scent, and flavor characteristic of smoked meat, the name is derived from Greek κρέας, meaning meat. The two main kinds recognized in industry are coal-tar creosote and wood-tar creosote, creosote also has been made from pre-coal formations such as lignite, yielding lignite-tar creosote, and peat, yielding peat-tar creosote. The term creosote has a range of definitions depending on the origin of the coal tar oil. The AWPA Standards require that creosote “shall be a coal tar product derived entirely from tar produced by the carbonization of bituminous coal. ”Currently, all creosote treated wood products—foundation and marine piling, lumber, posts, railroad crossties, timbers. The manufacturing process can only be a process under the supervision of a licensed applicator certified by the State Departments of Agriculture. No brush-on, spray, or non-pressure uses of creosote are allowed, the AWPA Standard P3 does however, allow blending of a high-boiling petroleum oil meeting the AWPA Standard P4. The information that follows describing the various types of creosote materials. This history is important, because it traces the origin of different materials used during the 19th. All types of creosote are composed of phenol derivatives and share some quantity of monosubstituted phenols, for their useful effects, coal-tar creosote relies on the presence of naphthalenes and anthracenes, while wood-tar creosote relies on the presence of methyl ethers of phenol. Otherwise, either type of tar would dissolve in water, creosote was first discovered in its wood-tar form in 1832, by Carl Reichenbach, when he found it both in the tar and in pyroligneous acids obtained by a dry distillation of beechwood. Because pyroligneous acid was known as an antiseptic and meat preservative and he found that the meat was dried without undergoing putrefaction and had attained a smoky flavor. Soon afterward, in 1834, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge discovered carbolic acid in coal-tar, and Auguste Laurent obtained it from phenylhydrate, nonetheless, Reichenbach argued that creosote was also the active element, as it was in pyroligneous acid. Independently, there were investigations into the nature of creosote. Later investigations by Gorup-Besanez, A. E. Hoffmann, and Siegfried Marasse showed that wood-tar creosote also contained phenols, wood-tar creosote is a colourless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor, produces a sooty flame when burned, and has a burned taste. It is non-buoyant in water, with a gravity of 1.037 to 1.087, retains fluidity at a very low temperature
34.
Douglas fir
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Pseudotsuga menziesii, commonly known as Douglas fir or Douglas-fir, is an evergreen conifer species native to western North America. The common name honors David Douglas, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature, the common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i. e. not a member of the genus Abies. For this reason the name is written as Douglas-fir. The specific epithet, menziesii, is after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician, Menzies first documented the tree on Vancouver Island in 1791. Colloquially, the species is known simply as Doug-fir or as Douglas pine. One Coast Salish name for the tree, used in the Halkomelem language, is lá, one variety, coast Douglas fir, grows in the coastal regions, from west-central British Columbia southward to central California. In Oregon and Washington, its range is continuous from the edge of the Cascades west to the Pacific Coast Ranges. In California, it is found in the Klamath and California Coast Ranges as far south as the Santa Lucia Range, in the Sierra Nevada, it ranges as far south as the Yosemite region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to 1,800 m above sea level in the mountains of California. Further inland, coast Douglas fir is replaced by another variety, mexican Douglas fir, which ranges as far south as Oaxaca, is often considered a variety of P. menziesii. Coast Douglas fir is currently the second-tallest conifer in the world. Extant coast Douglas fir trees 60–75 m or more in height and 1. 5–2 m in diameter are common in old growth stands, Douglas firs commonly live more than 500 years and occasionally more than 1,000 years. The bark on trees is thin, smooth, and gray. On mature trees, it is thick and corky, the shoots are brown to olive-green, turning gray-brown with age, smooth, though not as smooth as fir shoots, and finely pubescent with short, dark hairs. The buds are a distinctive, narrow, conic shape, 4–8 mm long. Unlike the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, coast Douglas fir foliage has a noticeable sweet fruity-resinous scent, the mature female seed cones are pendulous, 5–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide when closed, opening to a 4 cm width. They are produced in spring, green at first, maturing orange-brown in the autumn 6–7 months later, the seeds are 5–6 mm long and 3–4 mm wide, with a 12–15-mm wing. The male cones are 2–3 cm long, dispersing yellow pollen in spring, in forest conditions, old individuals typically have a narrow, cylindric crown beginning 20–40 m above a branch-free trunk
35.
Beastie Boys
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The Beastie Boys were an American hip hop group from New York City, formed in 1981. For the majority of their career, the group consisted of Michael Mike D Diamond, Adam MCA Yauch, Berry left shortly thereafter, and was replaced by Horovitz. They toured with Madonna in 1985 and a year released their debut album Licensed to Ill. With seven platinum or better albums from 1986 to 2004, the Beastie Boys were one of the hip hop acts worldwide. In 2009, they released digitally remastered editions of their albums Pauls Boutique, Check Your Head, Ill Communication. Their eighth studio album, Hot Sauce Committee Part Two, was released in 2011, and received positive reviews. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2012, just the third rap group to enter the Hall, after Run–D. M. C. and Grandmaster Flash, the following month, MCA died of cancer of the parotid salivary gland. In June 2014, Mike D confirmed that he and Ad-Rock would not continue the Beastie Boys, prior to forming the Beastie Boys, Michael Diamond was part of a number of bands such as the Walden Jazz Band, BAN and The Young Aborigines. The band supported Bad Brains, the Dead Kennedys, the Misfits and Reagan Youth at venues such as CBGB, A7, Trudy Hellers Place and Maxs Kansas City, playing at the latter venue on its closing night. In November 1982 the Beastie Boys recorded the 7 EP Polly Wog Stew at 171A studios, on November 13,1982, the Beastie Boys played Philip Puccis birthday for the purposes of his short concert film of the Beastie Boys, Beastie. Pucci held the concert in Bard Colleges Preston Drama Dance Department Theatre and this performance marked the Beastie Boys first on screen appearance in a published motion picture. The opening band for that performance was The Young and the Useless, skills to Pay the Bills later went on to earn the Recording Industry Association of Americas gold sales award for selling more than 500,000 copies. The band also recorded and then performed its first hip hop track, Cooky Puss, based on a prank call by the group to Carvel Ice Cream in 1983. It was a part of the new line-up’s first EP, also called Cooky Puss, which was the first piece of work that showed their incorporation of the rap phenomenon. It quickly became a hit in New York underground dance clubs, in 1983, the new line-up released the Cooky Puss EP, which offered the first evidence of them picking up on the underground rap phenomenon and the use of samples. ‘Beastie Revolution’ was later sampled for a British Airways commercial, earning them $40,000 in royalties, due to the success of Cooky Puss they began to incorporate rap into their sets. They decided to hire a DJ for their shows and ended up getting an NYU student named Rick Rubin. Soon thereafter, Rubin began producing records and he then formed Def Jam Recordings with fellow NY University student Russell Simmons and approached the band about producing them for his new label
36.
Depeche Mode
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Depeche Mode /dᵻˌpɛʃˈmoʊd/ are an English electronic band that formed in 1980 in Basildon, Essex. The group consists of founders Dave Gahan, Martin Gore, Depeche Mode released their debut album Speak & Spell in 1981, bringing the band onto the British new wave scene. Original band member Vince Clarke, left the band after the release of the album, leaving the band as a trio to record A Broken Frame, released the following year. Gore took over the songwriting duties and, later in 1982, Alan Wilder officially joined the band to fill Clarkes spot. Depeche Mode have been a trio again since 1995, when Wilder left, the bands last albums of the 1980s, Black Celebration and Music for the Masses, established them as a dominant force on the mainstream electronic music scene. A highlight of this era was the concert at the Pasadena Rose Bowl. In the new decade, Depeche Mode released Violator, a mainstream success, now a trio once again, the band released Ultra in 1997, recorded at the height of Gahans near-fatal drug abuse, Gores alcoholism and seizures, and Fletchers depression. Depeche Mode have had 50 songs in the UK Singles Chart and thirteen top 10 albums in the UK chart, Q included the band in the list of the 50 Bands That Changed the World. Depeche Mode also rank number 98 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Depeche Modes origins date to 1977, when schoolmates Vince Clarke and Andy Fletcher formed a Cure-influenced band called No Romance In China, with Clarke on vocals and guitar and Fletcher on bass. Fletcher would later recall, Why am I in the band and it was accidental right from the beginning. I was actually forced to be in the band, I played the guitar and I had a bass, it was a question of them roping me in. In 1979, Clarke played guitar in an Ultravox rip-off band, in 1978–79, Martin Gore played guitar in an acoustic duo, Norman and the Worms, with school friend Phil Burdett on vocals. In 1979, Marlow, Gore and friend Paul Redmond formed a band called the French Look, with Marlow on vocals/keyboards, Gore on guitar and Redmond on keyboards. In March 1980, Clarke, Gore and Fletcher formed a band called Composition of Sound, with Clarke on vocals/guitar, Gore on keyboards and Fletcher on bass. Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke heard Wirral band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, along with OMD, other early influences included the Human League, Daniel Miller and Fad Gadget. Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesisers, working odd jobs in order to buy or borrow the instruments from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a scout hut jam session, singing a rendition of David Bowies Heroes. When explaining the choice for the new name taken from a French fashion magazine, Dépêche mode, Gore said, I like the sound of that
37.
The B-52's
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The B-52s are an American new wave band, formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1976 and one of the only quintessential 1980s bands that have survived to date. Their best selling songs have been Love Shack and Roam while Rock Lobster remains a well-known hit, the original line-up consisted of Fred Schneider, Kate Pierson, Cindy Wilson, Ricky Wilson, and Keith Strickland. After Ricky Wilsons death from AIDS in 1985, Strickland switched from drums to lead guitar, the band also added touring members for albums and live performances. Rooted in new wave and 1960s rock and roll, the group later covered many genres, ranging from post-punk to pop rock. The guy vs. gals vocals of Schneider, Pierson, and Wilson, sometimes used in call and response style, other ideas they had to name their band were the Tina-Trons and Fellinis Children. When they first jammed, Strickland played guitar and Wilson played congas and they later played their first concert in 1977 at a Valentines Day party for their friends. The bands name comes from a beehive hairdo resembling the nose cone of the aircraft of the same name. Strickland suggested the name after a dream he had had one night, in the dream he heard someone whisper in his ear that the name of the band was the B-52s. Both this version of Rock Lobster and its B-side 52 Girls are different recordings from those on their first album, the re-recorded version of Rock Lobster was released as a single. In the UK and Germany it was backed with a version of Running Around. In Canada, released on the Warner Bros. label, the single went from cult hit to bona fide smash, eventually going on to reach the No.1 position in the RPM-compiled national chart on May 24,1980. In 1979, the B-52s signed contracts with Warner Bros. Records for North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, and with Island Records for the UK, Europe, and Asia. In April, they flew over to Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas to record their studio album. The band was surprised by Blackwells recording methods, he wanted to keep the sound as close as possible to their live sound so used almost no overdubs or additional effects. Released on July 6,1979, The B-52s contained re-recorded versions of Rock Lobster and 52 Girls, six originals recorded solely for the album, and a cover of the Petula Clark single Downtown. The album was a success, especially in Australia where it reached number three on the charts alongside its three singles Planet Claire, Rock Lobster, and Dance This Mess Around. In the United States, the single Rock Lobster reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, in 1980, John Lennon cited Rock Lobster as an inspiration for his comeback with Double Fantasy. In April 1980, as with their first album, The B-52s traveled to Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas to record the follow-up
38.
Men in Black (1997 film)
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Men in Black is a 1997 American science fiction action comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and produced by Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald. The film featured the effects and makeup of Rick Baker. It received worldwide acclaim, with critics praising its witty, sophisticated humor, Jones and Smiths performances. The film received three Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Makeup, the film has spawned two sequels, Men in Black II and Men in Black 3, and an animated series. A reboot of the series has been discussed and is in development. Alien refugees live in secret on Earth, disguised as humans, Men in Black is a secret agency that polices these aliens, protects the Earth from intergalactic threats and uses memory-erasing neuralyzers to keep alien activity a secret from the public. Men in Black agents have all traces of their former identities erased and retired agents are neuralyzed, NYPD officer James Darrell Edwards III pursues a supernaturally fast and agile suspect in New York City. Men in Black agent K interviews James about his encounter, then neuralyzes him, Edwards goes to the address and undergoes a series of tests, for which he finds unusual solutions. While the other candidates are neuralyzed, K offers Edwards a position with the Men in Black, Edwards accepts and his identity is erased, becoming Agent J, the newest Men in Black recruit. In upstate New York, an alien crash-lands and kills a farmer named Edgar to use his skin as a disguise, the alien goes into a New York restaurant and kills two aliens disguised as humans. He steals from them a container, searching for something, after investigating the crash landing at the farm, K concludes that Edgars skin was taken by a bug, a species of aggressive cockroach-like aliens. He and J head to a morgue to examine the bodies the bug killed, inside one body they discover a dying Arquillian alien, who says that the galaxy is on Orions belt. The alien, who used the name Rosenberg, was a member of the Arquillian royal family, K fears his death may spark war. Men in Black informant Frank the Pug, an alien disguised as a dog, J deduces that the galaxy is hanging on the collar of Rosenbergs cat Orion, which refuses to leave the body at the morgue. J and K arrive just as the bug takes the galaxy and kidnaps the coroner, the Arquillians deliver an ultimatum to Men in Black, return the galaxy within a galactic standard week, or an hour of Earth time, or they will destroy Earth. The bug arrives at the towers of the New York State Pavilion at Flushing Meadows. It escapes on one saucer, but K and J shoot it down, the bug sheds Edgars skin and swallows J and Ks guns. K provokes it until he too is swallowed, the bug tries to escape on the other ship, but J slows it down by taunting it and crushing cockroaches, angering it
39.
Iron Man 2
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Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced, in July of that same year Theroux was hired to write the script, and Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey, Paltrow and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man, in the early months of 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson filled out the supporting cast, and filming took place from April to July of that year. Like its predecessor the film was mostly in California, except for a key sequence in Monaco. Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on April 26,2010, the film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful, grossing over $623.9 million at the worldwide box office. The DVD and Blu-ray were released on September 28,2010, the third installment of the Iron Man series, Iron Man 3, was released on May 3,2013. In Russia, the media covers Tony Starks disclosure of his identity as Iron Man, Ivan Vanko, whose father Anton Vanko has just died, sees this and begins building a miniature arc reactor similar to Starks. Six months later, Stark is a superstar and uses his Iron Man suit for peaceful means and he reinstitutes the Stark Expo to continue his father Howards legacy. The palladium core in the arc reactor that keeps Stark alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him, Stark competes in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix, where he is attacked in the middle of the race by Vanko who wields electrified whips. Stark dons his Mark V armor and defeats Vanko, but the suit is severely damaged, Vanko explains his intention was to prove to the world that Iron Man is not invincible. Impressed by Vankos performance, Starks rival, Justin Hammer, fakes Vankos death while breaking him out of prison, during what he believes is his final birthday party, Stark gets drunk while wearing the Mark IV suit. Disgusted, U. S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes dons Starks Mark II prototype armor, the fight ends in a stalemate, so Rhodes confiscates the Mark II for the U. S. Air Force. Approaches Stark, revealing Rushman to be Agent Natasha Romanoff and that Howard Stark was a S. H. I. E. L. D. Fury explains that Vankos father jointly invented the arc reactor with Stark, the Soviets sent Anton to the gulag. Fury gives Stark some of his fathers old material, a message in the diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo proves to be a diagram of the structure of a new element. With the aid of his computer J. A. R. V. I. S, when he learns Vanko is still alive, he places the new element in his arc reactor and ends his palladium dependency. At the Expo, Hammer unveils Vankos armored drones, led by Rhodes in a weaponized version of the Mark II armor. Stark arrives in the Mark VI armor to warn Rhodes, Hammer is arrested while Romanoff and Starks bodyguard Happy Hogan go after Vanko at Hammers factory
40.
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
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Law & Order, Criminal Intent is an American police procedural television drama series set in New York City, where it was also primarily produced. Created and produced by Dick Wolf and René Balcer, the series premiered on September 30,2001, Criminal Intent focuses on the investigations of the Major Case Squad in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department set in New York Citys One Police Plaza. In the style of the original Law & Order, episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on a crime that received media attention. The series aired on NBC for the first six seasons but was moved to the NBCUniversal-owned USA Network starting with the season to share costs. During its NBC run, each episode aired on USA the week after its original NBC airing, the series ended on June 26,2011, after 10 seasons comprising 195 episodes. The Major Case Squad investigates high-profile cases such as those involving VIPs, local government officials and employees, the industry. The series pays attention to the actions and motives of the criminals, rather than focusing exclusively on the police and prosecutions. A feature of each Criminal Intent episode is that the cold open always involves a series of cut-scenes that show events from the suspects and victims lives, clues to the crimes eventual solution can often be found in this teaser sequence. Unlike other Law & Order series, most Criminal Intent episodes end in confessions rather than continuing to the trial phase, seasons 1-4 and 10 focus on Detectives Robert Bobby Goren and Alexandra Eames as the primary detectives in every episode. After season 7, Mike Logan retired from the NYPD and was replaced with Detective Zack Nichols until season 10, the UK-aired version of Law & Order, Criminal Intent features the song Theres Only Me by Rob Dougan in the opening credits. Another Rob Dougan track, Im Not Driving Anymore, is used as the theme for Law & Order and Law & Order, from season 6 the UK-aired version theme is Urban Warfare by Paul Dinletir. Law & Order, Criminal Intent was created in 2001 by René Balcer, Balcer served as the shows executive producer, showrunner, and head writer for its first five seasons. The show dominated its time slot on Sundays at 9,00 p. m. for its first three seasons, and was often the highest-rated show of the night, with an average audience of 15.5 million viewers. The show aired Sundays on NBC, with each episode being repeated on USA Network the following Saturday. Beginning in Season 4, it faced new competition from ABCs night-time soap opera Desperate Housewives. Balcer left the show at the end of Season 5, and the show was handed off to Warren Leight, under Leights leadership, the show acquired a new, more melodramatic tone. The mystery aspect of the show was simplified in favor of personal stories involving the detectives. For example, Goren endured his mothers battle with cancer
41.
Black Rain (1989 American film)
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Black Rain is a 1989 American action thriller film directed by Ridley Scott, starring Michael Douglas, Andy García, Ken Takakura, Kate Capshaw and Yusaku Matsuda. The story centers on two New York City police officers who arrest a member of the Yakuza and must escort him back to Japan, once there, he escapes, and the two police officers find themselves dragged deeper and deeper into the Japanese underworld. Nick is divorced from his wife, who has custody of their two children, at a restaurant, Nick and his partner Charlie Vincent observe two Japanese men meet with Mafia gangsters. Nicks suspicions are validated when another Japanese man enters the restaurant, seizes a small package at gunpoint, Nick and Charlie chase and arrest the suspect after he nearly kills Nick. The suspect, a Yakuza gangster named Sato, is to be extradited to Osaka, though angered Sato will not be prosecuted in the US, Nick agrees to escort him. Nick’s captain believes it will keep Nick from causing more trouble, when they arrive in Osaka, they surrender Sato to the Japanese police, only to be told that they were duped by impostors. Nick convinces the Osaka police to them to observe the investigation. They are assigned to Masahiro Matsumoto, Nick behaves rudely and offends Matsumoto, while Charlie attempts to be more polite. Nick also makes contact with an American nightclub hostess, Joyce, through her, Nick discovers Sato is fighting a gang war with a notorious crime boss, Sugai, and traveled to New York to disrupt Sugais counterfeiting scheme. Nick joins a police raid without permission and takes a few $100 bills from the crime scene, at night, Nick and Charlie walk back to their hotel drunk and unescorted, despite warnings about their safety. In an apparent prank, a young motorcyclist steals Charlies coat, separated from Charlie, Nick watches in horror as Sato and several others briefly torture and kill him. Joyce comforts the distraught Nick at her apartment, later, Mastumoto hands him Charlies service pistol. As Matsumoto and Nick trail one of Satos operatives, Nick admits he stole money in New York, the operative retrieves a sample counterfeit note, which she passes to a gangster. Nick and Matsumoto tail him to a foundry, where they find Sato is meeting Sugai. Nick confronts Sato, who escapes when swarming police arrest Nick for waving a gun in public, though deported, Nick sneaks off the plane to pursue Sato on his own, as Matsumoto has been suspended and demoted. Joyce helps him meet Sugai, who explains that making counterfeit US currency is his revenge for the rain, or nuclear fallout. Nick suggests a deal where Sugai can use Nick to retrieve the stolen plate from Sato, leaving Sugais reputation, Sugai drops Nick at a remote farm with a shotgun. Matsumoto arrives, and they deduce Sato plans a massacre, during a meeting with Sugai, Sato cuts off one of his fingers in atonement, stabs Sugai, and escapes with the plates, prompting a gunfight between Sugais and Satos men
42.
Kevin James
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Kevin George Knipfing, known professionally by his stage name Kevin James, is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, voice actor, and producer. He is best known for playing Doug Heffernan on the hit CBS sitcom The King of Queens. He is also known for his roles in films including Hitch, I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, Paul Blart, Mall Cop, Grown Ups, Zookeeper, Here Comes the Boom. Kevin James was born Kevin George Knipfing in Mineola, New York and he is the second son of Janet, a homemaker who also worked in a chiropractors office, and Joseph Valentine Knipfing Jr. who owned an insurance agency. He has a brother, Gary Joseph Knipfing, known as Gary Valentine, who is also a comedian and actor, Leslie works for James and helped raise money through charity events for retinitis pigmentosa, with which she is afflicted. James graduated from Ward Melville High School, while there, he reached the number one spot on the wrestling team, just ahead of friend and WWE star Mick Foley. Both wrestled at 145 lb weight class, a season-ending back injury to James resulted in Foley taking over the first string position. James began doing comedy in 1989, making his debut at the East Side Comedy Club on Long Island. James was listed at #89 on Comedy Centrals list of the 100 Greatest Stand-Up Comedians, James has also done his stand-up routine on Just for Laughs, an annual comedy festival in Montreal, Quebec. Later he was on commercials for Mazzios Italian Eatery, in 2001, James did his own stand-up special called Kevin James, Sweat the Small Stuff. He has also appeared as a musical guest on Just for Laughs, James first television job was in 1991 on The New Candid Camera, where he used his comedy timing and improvisation skills playing the actor that pulled the practical jokes on unsuspecting people. James appeared on television as the announcer for the MTV sports game show SandBlast from 1994 to 1996, James later moved to Los Angeles and befriended Ray Romano, and later guest-starred on a few episodes of Romanos hit CBS sitcom, Everybody Loves Raymond. These appearances led to the development of his own sitcom, The King of Queens and his father-in-law, Arthur lives with them. For his work on the season, James was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2006. James stars in the sitcom Kevin Can Wait, which premiered on September 19,2016, James made his film debut in the 2005 romantic comedy Hitch, alongside Will Smith and Eva Mendes. In 2006, he co-starred with his Everybody Loves Raymond colleague Ray Romano in the comedy Grilled, James co-starred with Adam Sandler in the comedies I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, You Dont Mess with the Zohan, and Paul Blart, Mall Cop. In the latter film, his character patrolled the fictional West Orange Pavilion Mall, filmed at the Burlington Mall in Burlington, Massachusetts, on a Segway PT. The film opened as the #1 film in North America with a gross of $39 million, despite overwhelmingly negative reviews
