United Press International

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"UPI" redirects here. For other uses, see UPI (disambiguation).

United Press International
IndustryJournalism
Founded1907 (as United Press Associations)
1958 (as United Press International)
Headquarters1200 N. Federal Highway, Suite 200
Boca Raton, Florida 33432[1]
ParentNews World Communications
Websitewww.upi.com

United Press International (UPI) is an international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century. At its peak, it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. Since the first of several sales and staff cutbacks in 1982, and the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its rival, the Associated Press, UPI has concentrated on smaller information-market niches.

History[edit]

News room of United Press in New York, 1933

Formally named "United Press Associations" for incorporation and legal purposes, but publicly known and identified as United Press or UP, the news agency was created by the 1907 uniting of three smaller news syndicates by the Midwest newspaper publisher E. W. Scripps.[2][3][4] It was headed by Hugh Baillie (1890–1966) from 1935 to 1955. At the time of his retirement, UP had 2,900 clients in the United States, and 1,500 abroad.[5]

In 1958, it became United Press International after absorbing the International News Service (INS) in May.[6][7] As either UP or UPI, the agency was among the largest newswire services in the world, competing domestically for about 90 years with the Associated Press and internationally with AP, Reuters and Agence France-Presse.

At its peak, UPI had more than 2,000 full-time employees; and 200 news bureaus in 92 countries; it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. With the rising popularity of television news, the business of UPI began to decline as the circulation of afternoon newspapers, its chief client category, began to fall. Its decline accelerated after the 1982 sale of UPI by the Scripps company.[8]

The E.W. Scripps Company controlled United Press until its absorption of William Randolph Hearst's smaller competing agency, INS, in 1958 to form UPI. With the Hearst Corporation as a minority partner, UPI continued under Scripps management until 1982.[2][3][4]

Since its sale in 1982, UPI has changed ownership several times and was twice in Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. With each change in ownership came deeper service and staff cutbacks and changes of focus and a corresponding shrinkage of its traditional media customer base. Since the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its one-time major rival, the AP, UPI has concentrated on smaller information market niches. It no longer services media organizations in a major way.[9]

In 2000, UPI was purchased by News World Communications, an international news media company founded in 1976 by Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon.[10][11]

It now maintains a news website and photo service and electronically publishes several information product packages. Based mostly on aggregation from other sources on the Web and gathered by a small editorial staff and stringers, UPI's daily content consists of a newsbrief summary service called "NewsTrack," which includes general, business, sports, science, health and entertainment reports, and "Quirks in the News." It also sells a premium service, which has deeper coverage and analysis of emerging threats, the security industry, and energy resources. UPI's content is presented in text, video and photo formats, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.[12]

UPI's main office is in the Miami metropolitan area and it maintains office locations in five other countries and uses freelance journalists in other major cities.

United Press Associations[edit]

E. W. Scripps

Beginning with the Cleveland Press, publisher E. W. Scripps (1854–1926) created the first chain of newspapers in the United States. Because the then recently reorganized Associated Press refused to sell its services to several of his papers, most of them evening dailies in competition with existing AP franchise holders, in 1907 Scripps merged three smaller syndicates under his ownership or control, the Publishers Press Association, the Scripps-McRae Press Association, and the Scripps News Association, to form United Press Associations, with headquarters in New York City.[2][3][4]

Scripps had been a subscriber to an earlier news agency, also named United Press, that existed in the late 1800s, partly in cooperation with management of the original New York-based AP and partly in existential competition with two Chicago-based organizations also using the AP name (as detailed at Associated Press and in AP's 2007 history, Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else, cited below).[2][3]

Drawing lessons from the battles between the earlier United Press and the various AP's, Scripps required that there be no restrictions on who could buy news from his news service, and he made the new UP service available to anyone, including his competitors. Scripps also hoped to make a profit from selling that news to papers owned by others. At that time and until World War II, most newspapers relied on news agencies for stories outside their immediate geographic areas.[2][13]

Despite strong newspaper industry opposition, UP started to sell news to the new and competitive radio medium in 1935, years before competitor AP, controlled by the newspaper industry, did likewise.

Scripps' United Press was considered "a scrappy alternative" news source to the AP. UP reporters were called "Unipressers" and were noted for their fiercely aggressive and competitive streak.[13] UP (and later UPI) became a common training ground for generations of journalists.[13]

Walter Cronkite, who started with United Press in Kansas City, gained fame for his coverage of World War II in Europe and turned down Edward R. Murrow's first offer of a CBS job to stay with UP, but who later went on to anchor the CBS Evening News, once said, "I felt every Unipresser got up in the morning saying, 'This is the day I'm going to beat the hell out of AP.' That was part of the spirit. We knew we were undermanned. But we knew we could do a darn good job despite that, and so many times, we did."[13]

Another hallmark of the company's culture was that there was little formal training of reporters; new hires were often thrust into a "sink-or-swim" situation of reporting on an unfamiliar subject. Yet, UP/UPI became a training ground for generations of journalists.[13][14]

They were weaned on UP's famous and well-documented (though frequently misappropriated and misquoted) slogan of "Get it first, but FIRST, get it RIGHT."[2]

Despite that, like all agencies that deal with huge volumes of timely information, UP and later UPI had its share of remembered mistakes. As recounted in the various printed histories of UPI cited below, the most famous one came early in its history. UP's president, Roy W. Howard, then traveling in France, telegraphed that the 1918 armistice ending World War I had been declared four days before it happened. Howard's reputation survived and he later became a Scripps partner, whose name appeared in one of the Scripps subsidiary companies, Scripps-Howard. But the mistake dogged UP/UPI for generations. Still, the agency's reporters were often able to tell stories more quickly and accurately although they were usually outnumbered by the competition. In 1950, for example, UP reported the invasion of South Korea by North Korea two hours and forty minutes before its archrival, the AP. The New York Times later apologized to UP for refusing to print information on the invasion until the AP had confirmed it.[2]

United Press International[edit]

Frank Bartholomew, the last UP president to ascend to the agency's top job directly from its news, rather than sales, ranks, took over in 1955, and according to his cited autobiography, was obsessed with merging UP with the International News Service, a news agency that had been founded by William Randolph Hearst in 1909 following Scripps' lead.

Bartholomew succeeded in putting the "I" in UPI in 1958 when UP and INS merged to become United Press International on May 24.[6][7] The new UPI now had 6,000 employees and 5,000 subscribers, about a thousand of them newspapers.[13][15]

The merger was aimed at creating a stronger competitor for the Associated Press and a stronger economic entity than either UP or INS. The newly formed United Press International (UPI) had 950 client newspapers.[15] Fearing possible anti-trust issues with the Eisenhower Administration Justice Department, Scripps and Hearst rushed the merger through with unusual speed and secrecy.

Although all UP employees were retained, most INS employees lost their jobs with practically no warning. A relative few did join the new UPI and the columns of popular INS writers, such as Bob Considine, Louella Parsons and Ruth Montgomery, were carried by UPI.[15]

Rival AP was a publishers' cooperative and could assess its members to help pay the extraordinary costs of covering major news—wars, the Olympic Games, national political conventions. UPI clients, in contrast, paid a fixed annual rate; depending on individual contracts, UPI could not always ask them to help shoulder the extraordinary coverage costs. In its heyday, newspapers typically paid UPI about half what they paid AP in the same cities for the same services: At one point, for example, the Chicago Sun-Times paid AP $12,500 a week, but UPI only $5,000; the Wall Street Journal paid AP $36,000 a week, but UPI only $19,300. The AP, which serviced 1,243 newspapers at the time, remained UPI's main competitor.[13][15] In 1959, UPI had 6,208 clients in 92 countries and territories, 234 news and picture bureaus, and an annual payroll of $34,000,000, ($285,894,977) in today's dollars.[13][16]

But the UP-INS merger involved another business component that was to hurt the new UPI company badly in later years. Because INS had been a subsidiary of Hearst's King Features Syndicate and Scripps controlled several other newspaper syndicates, both companies feared possible anti-trust issues. So they deliberately kept their respective syndicates out of the combined UPI company. That move cost UPI the revenues of its previous United Feature Syndicate subsidiary, which in later years made large profits on the syndication of Peanuts and other popular comic strips and columns.

UPI had an advantage of independence over the AP in reporting on the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Because the AP was a cooperative essentially owned by the newspapers, those in the South influenced its coverage of the racial unrest and protests, often ignoring, minimizing, or slanting the reporting.[13] UPI did not have that sort of pressure, and management, according to UPI reporters and photographers of the day, allowed them much freedom in chronicling the events of the civil rights struggle.[13]

White House reporter Helen Thomas became the public face of UPI, as she was seen at televised press conferences beginning in the early 1960s.[13] UPI famously scooped the AP in reporting the assassination of US President John Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963.[13] UPI White House reporter Merriman Smith was an eyewitness, and he commandeered the press car's only phone to dictate the story to UPI as AP reporter Jack Bell tried—without success—to wrest the phone away so he could call his office.[8] Smith and UPI won a Pulitzer Prize for this reporting.[13]

UP/UPI Newspictures, Newsfilm and Audio/Radio Network[edit]

United Press had no direct wirephoto service until 1952, when it absorbed co-owned ACME Newspictures, under pressure from parent company Scripps to better compete with AP's news and photo services.[17]

By that time, UP was also deeply involved with the newer visual medium of television. In 1948, it entered into a partnership with 20th Century Fox subsidiary Fox Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for television stations. That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of ABC News. In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as United Press International Television News (UPITN). Senior UPITN executives later helped Ted Turner create CNN, with its first two presidents, Reese Schonfeld and Burt Reinhardt, coming from UPITN ranks.

The UPI Audio actuality service for radio stations, created in 1958 and later renamed the United Press International Radio Network, was a spinoff from the newsfilm service and eventually provided news material to more than a thousand radio stations and US and foreign networks, including NPR.[18]

Decline[edit]

UPI came close to equaling the size of the AP in the early 1960s, but as publishing companies began to pare their evening newspapers, it was dropped by papers that could no longer afford to subscribe to both UPI and the AP.[13] UPI's failure to develop a television presence or subsidiary television news service has also been cited as one of the causes of its decline.[13] By the early 1980s, the number of staffers was down to 1,800 and there were just 100 news bureaus.[14]

Under pressure from some of E. W. Scripps' heirs, the Scripps company, which had been underwriting UPI's expenses at a loss for at least two decades, began trying to transfer control of UPI in the early 1980s. It tried to bring in additional newspaper industry partners and when that failed, engaged in serious negotiations with British competitor Reuters, which wanted to increase its US presence. As detailed in "Down to the Wire", by Gordon and Cohen, cited below, Reuters did extensive due diligence and expressed an interest in parts of the UPI service, but did not wish to maintain it in full.

Scripps wound up giving the agency away to two inexperienced businessmen, Douglas Ruhe (son of David Ruhe, a member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá'í Faith) and William Geissler, originally associated with two better-known partners, who soon departed. Ruhe and Geissler obtained UPI for $1. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, Scripps first injected UPI with a $5 million cash balance, in acknowledgement of the $1.0 – $1.5 million per month that UPI was already losing. Facing news industry skepticism about their background and qualifications to run an international news agency, Ruhe and Geissler watched an increase in contract cancellations. Despite serious cash flow problems, they moved UPI's headquarters from New York City to Washington, DC, incurring significant additional costs due to construction cost overruns.

During this period, UPI's 25-year-old audio news actuality service for radio stations was renamed the United Press International Radio Network. But faced with recurring cash shortages and difficulty meeting payroll, the Ruhe-Geissler management sold UPI's foreign photo service and some rights to its US and foreign photos to the Reuters news agency.[19] It also sold UPI's U.S. photo library, which included the archives of predecessor Scripps photo agency Acme and the pictures and negatives of International News Photos, the picture component of Hearst's INS to the Bettman Archive. Bettman was later sold to Microsoft founder Bill Gates's separate Corbis Corporation, storing them underground in Pennsylvania and digitizing them for licensing, frequently without any notation of their UPI origins. In August 2011 Corbis announced a deal with AP to distribute each other's photos to their clients, effectively combining the pre-1983 UPI library with that of its former main rival for some marketing purposes.[20] In 2016 Corbis sold to the Visual China Group.[21]

The London office of UPI was created during the merger with INP in 1958, previously UP did not have a UK base, and also merged the Planet News agency est.1927. The UPI London office was an early casualty in the UPI decline and the assets, including the photo archives, were sold off c.1970. TopFoto is the current owner of the remaining photo archive and copyright of the UPI London photo agency.[22]

UPI's remaining minority stake in UPITN was also sold and the agency was renamed Worldwide Television News (WTN). As with its photographs, UPI thereby lost all control of its newsfilm and video library, which is now held by WTN-successor Associated Press Television News, which entered the video news field long after UPI left it.

Years of mismanagement, missed opportunities and continual wage and staff cuts followed.[8] By 1984, UPI had descended into the first of two Chapter 11 bankruptcies.[8] Mario Vázquez Raña, a Mexican media magnate, with a nominal American minority partner, Houston real estate developer Joseph Russo, purchased UPI out of bankruptcy for $40 million, losing millions during his short tenure, and firing numerous high level staff.[8]

In 1988, Vázquez Raña sold UPI to Infotechnology, Inc., an information technology and venture capital company and parent company of cable TV's Financial News Network, both headed by Earl Brian, who also became UPI chairman.[8] In early 1991, Infotechnology itself filed for bankruptcy, announced layoffs at UPI and sought to terminate certain employee benefits in an attempt to keep UPI afloat. At that point, UPI was down to 585 employees.[9][23] Later that year, UPI filed for bankruptcy for the second time, asking for relief from $50 million in debt so that it could be sale-able.[23] In 1992, a group of Saudi investors, ARA Group International (AGI), bought the bankrupt UPI for $4 million.[14]

By 1998, UPI had fewer than 250 employees and 12 offices.[14] Although the Saudi-based investors claimed to have poured more than $120 million into UPI, it had failed to turn a profit.[14] The company had begun to sell Internet-adapted products to such websites as Excite and Yahoo.[14] At that point, UPI CEO Arnaud de Borchgrave orchestrated UPI's exit from its last major media niche, the broadcast news business that United Press had initiated in the 1930s. De Borchgrave maintained that "what was brilliant pioneering work on the part of UPI prior to World War II, with radio news, is now a static quantity and so far as I'm concerned, certainly doesn't fit into my plans for the future". He sought to shift UPI's dwindling resources into Internet-based delivery of newsletter services, focusing more on technical and diplomatic specialties than on general news. The rump UPI thus sold the client list of its still-significant radio network and broadcast wire to its former rival, the AP.[13][18]

Despite losing a long battle with the Associated Press, United Press International's legacy was recognized by AP when it made the UPI mantra "get it first but get it right" a cornerstone of a branding campaign launched on ap.org.[citation needed]

Current ownership[edit]

United Press International office in Washington D.C., circa 2005

UPI was purchased in May 2000 by News World Communications, a media conglomerate founded by Unification movement founder Sun Myung Moon, which also owned The Washington Times and various newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America.[10] The next day, UPI's White House correspondent, Helen Thomas, resigned her position, after working for UPI for 57 years.[24]

In 2007 as part of a restructuring to keep UPI in business and profitable, management cut 11 staff from its Washington, D.C. office and no longer has a reporter in the White House press corps or a bureau covering the United Nations.[10][25] UPI spokespersons and press releases said the company would be focusing instead on expanding operations in the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa, and reporting on security threats, intelligence and energy issues.[10][25] In 2008, UPI began UPIU, a journalism mentoring platform for students and journalism schools, that allows recent college graduates to post their work on the site, but does not pay for stories.[26]

UPI sports awards[edit]

United Press International conferred sports awards annually until 1996. The awards were given to basketball players, basketball coaches, football players and athletes in general. The different awards were:

Basketball[edit]

Football[edit]

Notable alumni[edit]

While much of normal news agency work is little publicized, many UP/UPI news staffers have gained fame, either while with the agency or in later careers. They include journalists, news executives, novelists and high government officials.

Among them:

UPI reporters and photographers have won ten Pulitzer Prizes:

Key UP/UPI product and technical innovation dates[edit]

  • In 1908, UP began offering feature stories and using reporter bylines.[32]
  • In 1915 UP begins to use teleprinters, more recently known as Teletype machines.[2]
  • In the 1930s and 1940s, UP Newspictures predecessor agency Acme developed the International Unifax machine, the first automatic picture receiver.[33]
  • The "Ocean Press", a news service for ocean liners, was founded in the 1930s, as a corporate subsidiary of Scripps. It used copy from United Press and later United Press International. By 1959, it had 125 subscriber ships.[16]
  • In 1935, UP was the first major news service to offer news to broadcasters.[34]
  • In 1945 UP offered the first all-sports wire.[35]
  • In 1948 UP started the first international television news film service. Originally named "UP Movietone", in view of a partnership with the Movietone News service of 20th Century Fox, it went through several partnerships and name changes and was known as United Press International Television News or simply as UPITN, a name which also credited UPI's film and video service partner at the time, Britain's ITN television news service.[35]
  • In 1951 UP offered the first teletypesetter (TTS) service, enabling newspapers to automatically set and justify type from wire transmissions.[35]
  • In 1952 UP absorbed the Scripps-owned Acme photo service to form UP Newspictures
  • In 1958 United Press absorbed Hearst's INS to create UPI
  • In 1958 UPI created the first wire service audio network, an offshoot of the film service above. UPI Audio provided news material to radio stations. It was renamed United Press International Radio Network in 1983.[18][35]
  • In 1974, UPI launched the first "high-speed" data newswire—operating at 1,200 WPM.[citation needed]
  • In 1978, UPI launched the first cable TV news network, UPI Newstime, using SSTV technology via satellite to relay the channel to cable TV companies nationwide in the USA.
  • In 1979, UPI along with Telecomputing Corp. of America began making the UPI world news report available to owners of home computers.[36]
  • In 1982, UPI pioneered a coding system allowing clients to choose stories based on topic, subtopic and location.[37]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "About United Press International - About UPI". about.upi.com.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Joe Alex Morris (1957). "Deadline Every Minute The Story of the United Press - ARCHIVE.ORG ONLINE VERSION".
  3. ^ a b c d "Scripps-Howard". Ohio History Central. ohiohistory.com.
  4. ^ a b c "UPI History". UPI History. United Press International.
  5. ^ Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed. Political Profiles: The Truman Years (1978) pp 16–17
  6. ^ a b "Merger joins UP and INS". Milwaukee Journal. UPI. May 24, 1958. p. 2.
  7. ^ a b "UP, International News Service merged". Bend Bulletin. (Oregon). UPI. May 24, 1958. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Atwater, James D. (December 24, 1989). "U.P.I.: Look Back in Sorrow (book review of Down to the Wire: UPI's Fight for Survival By Gregory Gordon and Ronald E. Cohen)". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  9. ^ a b NY Times staff reporter (September 18, 1991). "U.P.I. Cuts More Employees". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d "UPI Staff Cuts Include White House Correspondent". Editor & Publisher. July 11, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  11. ^ News World Communications no longer owns the Washington Times.CJR staff (December 22, 2010). "Who owns what - News World Communications, Inc". Columbia Journalism Review. GolfStyles Magazine, Middle Eastern Times, The Segye Ilbo (South Korea), The Sekai Nippo (Tokyo), Tiempos del Mundo (Online Only), The World and I. Wire Service: United Press International (UPI).
  12. ^ "About United Press International Products". United Press International. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Upi R.i.p. As A New Book By Two Veterans Of United Press International Shows, The World Lost More Than A Scrappy Wire Service When Upi Died. It Lost A Vital Witness To History". Chicago Tribune. May 4, 2003.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Spiegel, Peter (June 1, 1998). "Old dog, new tricks?". Forbes. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d Staff reporter (June 2, 1958). "The Press: New York, May 24 (UPI)". Time.
  16. ^ a b N.Y. Times staff reporter (April 27, 1960). "U.P.I. Calls 1959 Its Biggest Year - News Agency Head Reports a Record Clients Roll of 6,208 in 92 Countries" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  17. ^ a b Gary Haynes (2006). "A History of United Press International Newspictures Service". Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  18. ^ a b c "UPI Radio: 40 Years Of Sound". Radio World. IMAS Publishing. 1999. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  19. ^ NY Times staff reporter (June 26, 1984). "Photo Accord". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  20. ^ Kaplan, David (August 23, 2011). "The AP And Corbis Combine Image Libraries In Distribution Deal". GigaOM: paidContent. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  21. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Visual China buys Corbis Entertainment". U.S. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  22. ^ "Planet News – a brief history". The Press Photo History Project. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  23. ^ a b Jones, Alex S. (August 28, 1991). "The Media Business; U.P.I. Planning to File for Bankruptcy Protection Today". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  24. ^ Stout, David (May 17, 2000). "Helen Thomas, Washington Fixture, Resigns as U.P.I. Reporter". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  25. ^ a b Joe Strupp (July 12, 2007). "UPI Closing Long-Running U.N. Bureau, Most Senior Reporter Laid off". Editor & Publisher. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  26. ^ "UPI's journalism mentoring program for students worldwide". United Press International. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  27. ^ Shapira, Ian (October 25, 2011). "How a letter on Hitler's stationery, written to a boy in Jersey, reached the CIA". The Washington Post.
  28. ^ "TONY HILLERMAN'S CROSS-CULTURAL MYSTERY NOVELS". The New York Times. August 16, 1988.
  29. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (August 1, 2011). "Elmer Lower, Former President of ABC News, Dies at 98". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  30. ^ "Ron Nessen: inside, looking out (December 15, 1974)".
  31. ^ "Pulitzer Prize winners". Pulitzer.org.
  32. ^ "UPI History Milestones 1907 - 1910". UPI - Centennial Anniversary. United Press International. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  33. ^ "United Press International Unifax Machine in Use". Corbis Images. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  34. ^ "UPI History Milestones 1921 - 1940". UPI - Centennial Anniversary. United Press International. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  35. ^ a b c d "UPI History Milestones 1941 - 1960". UPI - Centennial Anniversary: 1907 - 2007. United Press International. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  36. ^ "UPI History Milestones 1961 - 1980". UPI Centennial Anniversary. United Press International. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  37. ^ "UPI History Milestones 1981-2000". UPI Centennial Anniversary. United Press International. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  • Associated Press (June 17, 2007). Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 432. ISBN 1-56898-689-0.
  • Baillie, Hugh (1959). High Tension: The Recollections of Hugh Baillie. Harper & Brothers. p. 300. ISBN 0-8369-1543-7.
  • Bartholomew, Frank H. (1983). Bart, Memoirs of Frank H. Bartholomew: President, United Press, 1955–58, United Press International, 1958–62. Sonoma, Calif.: Vine Brook Press. p. 231. OCLC 39551960.
  • Cronkite, Walter (November 27, 1996). A Reporter's Life (1st ed.). Knopf. p. 400. ISBN 0-394-57879-1.
  • Daniloff, Nicholas (April 7, 2008). Of Spies and Spokesmen: My Life As a Cold War Correspondent. University of Missouri Press. p. 440. ISBN 0-8262-1804-0.
  • Fenby, Jonathan (February 12, 1986). The International News Services. Schocken Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-8052-3995-2.
  • Gordon, Gregory & Cohen, Ronald E. (1990). Down to the Wire: UPI's Fight for Survival. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. p. 429. ISBN 0-07-023804-9. OCLC 19519378.
  • Harnett, Richard & Ferguson, Billy G. (January 1, 2003). UNIPRESS: United Press International, Covering the 20th Century. Fulcrum Publishing. p. 384. ISBN 1-55591-481-0.
  • Haynes, Gary (September 2006). Picture This! The Inside Story and Classic Photos of UPI Newspictures. Bulfinch Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-8212-5758-7.
  • Helms, Richard, with William Hood. A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Random House, 2003.
  • Lewis, Boyd DeWolf (1981). Not Always a Spectator: A Newsman's Story. Vienna, Va.: Wolf's Head Press. p. 327. OCLC 7968758.
  • Morris, Joe Alex (October 31, 1968). Deadline Every Minute: The Story of the United Press. Praeger. p. 356. ISBN 0-8371-0175-1.
  • Olson, Lynn & Cloud, Stanley W. (October 31, 1997). The Murrow Boys: Pioneers on the Front Lines of Broadcast Journalism. Mariner Books. p. 445. ISBN 0-395-87753-9.
  • Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
  • Read, Donald (1992). The Power of News. The History of Reuters 1849–1989. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821776-5.
  • Schonfeld, Reese (January 1, 2001). Me and Ted Against the World: The Unauthorized Story of the Founding of CNN. Collins. p. 432. ISBN 0-06-019746-3.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard (June 1979). The American Wire Services. Arno Press. p. 453. ISBN 0-405-11774-4.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard (January 1, 1989). Nation's Newsbrokers Volume 1: The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865. Northwestern University Press. p. 370. ISBN 0-8101-0818-6.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard (February 1, 1990). Nation's Newsbrokers Volume 2: The Rush to Institution: From 1865 to 1920. Northwestern University Press. p. 366. ISBN 0-8101-0819-4.
  • Scripps, E.W.; McCabe, Charles (March 15, 2007). Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E. W. Scripps Drawn From His Unpublished Writings. McCabe Press. p. 259. ISBN 1-4067-6151-6.
  • United Press International and American Heritage Magazine (1983) [1964]. Four Days: The Historical Record of the Death of President Kennedy. American Heritage Publishing Co. p. 143. ISBN 0-671-50046-5.

External links[edit]

Current
History
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