1.
Frances Perkins Building
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The Frances Perkins Building is the Washington, D. C. headquarters of the United States Department of Labor. It is located at 200 Constitution Avenue NW and runs alongside Interstate 395, the structure is named after Frances Perkins, the U. S. Secretary of Labor from 1933–1945 and the first female cabinet secretary in U. S. history. During the time in office of President John F. Kennedy, planning was undertaken to consolidate most of the Department of Labors offices, then scattered around more than twenty locations. As part of the effort to improve and redevelop the Pennsylvania Avenue corridor, the building was designed by the joint venture of Brooks, Barr, Graeber and White of Austin, Texas, and Pitts, Mebane, Phelps and White of Houston, Texas. The principal construction contractor was the J. W. Bateson Company of Dallas, Texas, construction on the New Labor Building began in the middle 1960s. When finished in 1975 the new building contained over one million feet of usable space. It was one of the first federal buildings to obtain air rights so that it could be constructed over a freeway, the ceremonial cornerstone for the NDOL was laid on October 18,1974, with President Gerald R. Ford and Secretary Peter J. Brennan presiding. In February 1975 the first wave of employees moved in, after a number of years, the name “New Labor Building” no longer seemed appropriate. Finally, an employee suggested that the building should be renamed for the former Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins, Senator Carl Levin of Michigan also played a significant role in the notion. The ceremony to rename the NDOL and dedicate it as the Frances Perkins Building was held on April 10,1980 – the 100th anniversary of her birth. President Jimmy Carter and Secretary of Labor Ray Marshall presided over the ceremony, Senator Levin was present as well, as was Susanna Coggeshall, a plaque on the building said that Perkins legacy of social action enhances the lives of all of us. On the same day, the United States Postal Service issued a new 15-cent stamp bearing the likeness of Perkins, the building is located at the northeast corner of Constitution Avenue and 3rd Street NW. The Visitors Entrance, referred to as the Fountain Entrance, is one block north of Constitution Avenue on 3rd Street NW at 3rd, the area is congested and the Judiciary Square station of the Washington Metro is often the best way to reach the department. The six-story structure is made of steel and limestone, the building features the Cesar Chavez Auditorium, Wirtz Library, and the Labor Hall of Honor. In April 2010, there was a meeting of the Labor, Department of Labor webpage on visiting building
2.
Constitution Avenue
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Constitution Avenue is a major east-west street in the northwest and northeast quadrants of the city of Washington, D. C. in the United States. It was originally known as B Street, and its section was greatly lengthened and widened between 1925 and 1933. It received its current name on February 26,1931, Constitution Avenues western half defines the northern border of the National Mall and extends from the United States Capitol to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Its eastern half runs through the neighborhoods of Capitol Hill and Kingman Park before it terminates at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, a large number of federal departmental headquarters, memorials, and museums line Constitution Avenues western segment. In Pierre Charles LEnfants original plan for the city in 1791, B Street NW began at 6th Street NW and its eastern segment, which was unimpeded by any water obstacles, ran straight to the Eastern Branch river. Along its entire length, B Street was 60 feet wide, LEnfant proposed turning Tiber Creek into a canal. His plan included cutting a new canal south across the side of the United States Capitol grounds. The Washington Canal Company was incorporated in 1802, and after several false starts substantial work began in 1810, the Washington City Canal began operation in 1815. The canal suffered from problems and economic competition almost immediately. Traffic on the canal was adversely affected by forces, which the builders had not accounted for. At low tide, portions of the canal were almost dry, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built Washington Branch into the city in 1835, competition from railroads left the canal economically unviable. Although the Washington City Canal remained in use after the coming of the railroad, by 1855 it had filled with silt and it remained in this condition throughout the 1860s. In 1871, Congress abolished the elected mayor and bicameral legislature of the District of Columbia, territorial government only lasted until 1874, but during this period the D. C. Board of Public Works enclosed the canal and turned it into a sewer, B Street NW from 15th Street to Virginia Avenue NW was constructed on top of it. Work began in October 1871 and was complete in December 1873 and this reclaimed land — which today includes West Potomac Park, East Potomac Park, the Tidal Basin — was largely complete by 1890, and designated Potomac Park by Congress in 1897. B Street NW extended through the newly created West Potomac Park between Virginia Avenue NW and 23rd Street NW, however, since this area was considered parkland, the street narrowed to just 40-foot in width. But Congress appropriated no money for the design or construction due to the onset of World War I, but after President Warren G. Congress approved funding for design work on June 12,1922, and authorized construction of the Arlington Memorial Bridge on February 24,1925. The 1925 legislation specified that B Street NW be treated as an approach to Arlington Memorial Bridge
3.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
United States Secretary of Labor
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Formerly, there was a U. S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who led this department along with the U. S. Department of Commerce as one department. Since the two split in 1913, the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U. S. Secretary of Commerce. The most recent Secretary of Labor to die was William Usery Jr. on December 10,2016, United States Deputy Secretary of Labor List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Hall of the Secretaries of Labor, Portraits and Biographies
6.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense
7.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
8.
Unemployment benefits
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Unemployment benefits are social welfare payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people. Benefits may be based on a compulsory para-governmental insurance system, depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be small, covering only basic needs, or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary. Unemployment benefits are generally only to those registering as unemployed. In some countries, a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by trade/labour unions, the first unemployment benefit scheme was introduced in the United Kingdom with the National Insurance Act 1911 under the Liberal Party government of H. H. Asquith. The popular measures were to combat the influence of the Labour Party among the countrys working-class population. The Act gave the British working classes a contributory system of insurance against illness and it only applied to wage earners, however, and their families and the unwaged had to rely on other sources of support, if any. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant, the scheme was based on actuarial principles and it was funded by a fixed amount each from workers, employers, and taxpayers. It was restricted to particular industries, particularly more volatile ones like shipbuilding, after one week of unemployment, the worker was eligible for receiving 7 shillings/week for up to 15 weeks in a year. By 1913,2.3 million were insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit, the Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 created the dole system of payments for unemployed workers. Unemployment benefits were introduced in Germany in 1927, and in most European countries in the period after the Second World War with the expansion of the welfare state, Unemployment insurance in the United States originated in Wisconsin in 1932. Through the Social Security Act of 1935, the government of the United States effectively encouraged the individual states to adopt unemployment insurance plans. In Australia, social security benefits, including unemployment benefits, are funded through the taxation system, there is no compulsory national unemployment insurance fund. Rather, benefits are funded in the annual Federal Budget by the National Treasury and are administrated and distributed throughout the nation by the government agency, Benefit rates are indexed to the Consumer Price Index and are adjusted twice a year according to inflation or deflation. There are two types of payment available to those experiencing unemployment, the first, called Youth Allowance, is paid to young people aged 16–20. Youth Allowance is also paid to students aged 16–24. For single people under 18 years of age living with a parent or parents the basic rate is A$91.60 per week, for over-18- to 20-year-olds living at home this increases to A$110.15 per week. For those aged 18–20 not living at home the rate is A$167.35 per week, there are special rates for those with partners and/or children. The second kind of payment is called Newstart Allowance and is paid to unemployed people over the age of 21, the rate of Newstart allowance as at the 12th January 2010 for single people without children is A$228 per week, paid fortnightly
9.
Economic statistics
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Economic statistics is a topic in applied statistics that concerns the collection, processing, compilation, dissemination, and analysis of economic data. It is also common to call the data themselves economic statistics, the data of concern to economic statistics may include those of an economy of region, country, or group of countries. Economic statistics may also refer to a subtopic of official statistics for data produced by official organizations, analyses within economic statistics both make use of and provide the empirical data needed in economic research, whether descriptive or econometric. They are a key input for decision making as to economic policy, the subject includes statistical analysis of topics and problems in microeconomics, macroeconomics, business, finance, forecasting, data quality, and policy evaluation. It also includes such considerations as what data to collect in order to some particular aspect of an economy. Business statistics Survey of production Allen, R. G. D.1956, an Introduction to the Methods of Economic Statistics, AW Shaw Co. ISBN 978-92-64-03312-2 Fox, Karl A.1968, Economic Statistics and Econometrics, Harper and Row. On the Accuracy of Economic Observations, 2nd rev. ed. Princeton University Press. Economic Statistics and Econometrics, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, the Correlation of Economic Statistics, Publications of the American Statistical Association,12, pp. 287-322. Wonnacott, Thomas H. and Ronald J. Wonnacott,1990, introductory Statistics for Business and Economics, 4th ed. Wiley. Ullah, Aman, and David E. A. Giles, handbook of Applied Economic Statistics, Marcel Dekker. Readings in Economic Statistics and Econometrics, Little, Brown & Co. S
10.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
11.
Frances Perkins
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As a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes were the original members of the Roosevelt cabinet to remain in office for his entire presidency. With the Social Security Act she established unemployment benefits, pensions for the many uncovered elderly Americans and she pushed to reduce workplace accidents and helped craft laws against child labor. Through the Fair Labor Standards Act, she established the first minimum wage and overtime laws for American workers and she formed governmental policy for working with labor unions and helped to alleviate strikes by way of the United States Conciliation Service. Perkins dealt with many questions during World War II, when skilled manpower was vital. Perkins was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Susan Bean Perkins and Frederick W. Perkins and she spent much of her childhood in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was christened Fannie Coralie Perkins, but she changed her name to Frances when she joined the Episcopal church in 1905, Perkins attended the Classical High School in Worcester. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry and she obtained a masters degree in political science from Columbia University in 1910. In the interim, she held a variety of teaching positions including a position teaching chemistry from 1904 to 1906 at Ferry Hall School, in Chicago, she volunteered at settlement houses, including Hull House. In 1918 she began her years of study in economics and sociology at the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School and she achieved statewide prominence as head of the New York Consumers League in 1910 and lobbied with vigor for better working hours and conditions. Perkins also taught as a professor of sociology at Adelphi College, the next year, she witnessed the tragic Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, a pivotal event in her life. It was because of this event that Frances Perkins would leave her office at the New York Consumers League, in 1913, Perkins married New York economist Paul Caldwell Wilson. She kept her name, defending her right to do so in court. The couple had a daughter, Susanna, both father and daughter were described by biographer Kirstin Downey as having manic-depressive symptoms. Wilson was frequently institutionalized for mental illness, Perkins was the sole support for her household. Prior to moving to Washington, DC, Perkins held various positions in New York State government and she had gained respect from the political leaders in the state of New York. In 1919 she was added to the Industrial Commission of the State of New York by Governor Alfred Smith, in 1929 the newly elected New York governor, Franklin Roosevelt, appointed Perkins as the inaugural Commissioner of the New York State Department of Labor. Having earned the co-operation and respect of political factions, Perkins ably helped put New York in the forefront of progressive reform
12.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
13.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
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The Bureau of Labor Statistics is a unit of the United States Department of Labor. It is the principal fact-finding agency for the U. S. government in the field of labor economics and statistics. The BLS also serves as a resource to the Department of Labor. To avoid the appearance of partiality, the dates of major releases are scheduled more than a year in advance, in coordination with the Office of Management. The Bureau of Labor was established in the Department of the Interior by the Bureau of Labor Act, June 27,1884, to information about employment. Carroll D. Wright was the first U. S and it became an independent department by the Department of Labor Act, June 13,1888. It was incorporated, as the Bureau of Labor, into the Department of Commerce and Labor by the Department of Commerce Act, finally, it was transferred to the Department of Labor in 1913 where it resides today. BLS is now headquartered in the Postal Square Building near the United States Capitol, BLS is headed by a commissioner who serves a four-year term from the date he or she takes office. William Wiatrowski, Deputy Commissioner of the BLS, is serving as Acting Commissioner until the commissioner is sworn in. Surveys, Indices, and Statistics produced by the BLS fall into 4 main categories, consumer Price Index Producer Price Index U. S. S. Middle Atlantic Division, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, South Region South Atlantic Division, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. East South Central Division, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, West South Central Division, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Midwest Region East North Central Division, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, West North Central Division, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. West Region Mountain Division, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, pacific Division, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. S. Census Bureau Joseph P. Goldberg and William T. Moye, Washington, DC, U. S. Government Printing Office,1985. William J. Wiatrowski, BLS at 125, Using historic principles to track the 21st-century economy, monthly Labor Review, June 2009, pp. 3-25
14.
United States Department of the Interior
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The United States Department of the Interior is the United States federal executive department of the U. S. About 75% of federal land is managed by the department. The Department is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, the current Secretary is Ryan Zinke. The Inspector General position is vacant, with Mary Kendall serving as acting Inspector General. Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the ministries of other nations. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the Department of Homeland Security primarily, the Department of the Interior has often been humorously called The Department of Everything Else because of its broad range of responsibilities. A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, the idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The 1846–48 Mexican–American War gave the new steam as the responsibilities of federal government grew. Polks Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, became a champion of creating the new department. In 1849, Walker stated in his report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be together in a new Department of the Interior. A bill authorizing its creation of the Department passed the House of Representatives on February 15,1849, the Department was established on March 3,1849, the eve of President Zachary Taylors inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was delayed by Democrats in Congress who were reluctant to create more patronage posts for the incoming Whig administration to fill, the first Secretary of the Interior was Thomas Ewing. Many of the concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, however, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior. As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres of surface land, energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28% of the nations energy production. Within the Interior Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs handles some federal relations with Native Americans, the current acting Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin. Several cases have sought accounting of such funds from the departments of Interior, in addition, some Native American nations have sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US
15.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor
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The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government, which was concerned with controlling the excesses of big business. It was created on February 14,1903, during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, investigations were the province of its Bureau of Corporations. The department was renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4,1913, the Bureau of Corporations was spun off as an independent agency in 1915, the Federal Trade Commission The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the department. The secretary was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, corresponding with the division of the department in 1913, the Secretarys position was divided into separate positions of Commerce and Labor. In 2011, in response to federal budget-cutting efforts, Senator Richard Burr, sponsored Senate Bill 1116, to date no action on this proposal has been taken beyond referral to committee. Parties Republican Labor and Commerce, Department of
16.
William Howard Taft
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William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
17.
William Bauchop Wilson
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William Bauchop Wilson was a American labor leader and progressive politician. He is best remembered for his service as the first Secretary of Labor under President Woodrow Wilson, William B. Wilson was born in Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was the child of Adam Black Wilson and Helen Nelson Bauchop Wilson. His father was a coal miner, during a mining strike in February 1868 the family was unceremoniously evicted from their company-owned home. Adam Wilson unsuccessfully traveled around Scotland attempting to find other work and he ultimately decided to emigrate to the United States to find employment there, leaving his wife and three children to set sail across the Atlantic in April 1870. Adam Wilson found his place in the coal region of Pennsylvania, setting in the little town of Arnot. After finding a job, Adam Wilson sent for his wife and family, immediately after arriving in the United States William was enrolled in public school in Arnot. This interval proved to be short-lived, however, as Williams father began to suffer serious problems and was unable to complete his work without assistance. Therefore, at the age of 9, William was removed from school and he would continue to work as a miner for nearly two decades. In 1874, young William engaged in organizing for the first time when he attempted to launch a union for the boys who worked as trappers. It helped impress upon my mind the fact that until working men were as strong, collectively, as their employers, Wilson began to correspond with other labor activists around the country and the groundwork for his career as a trade union functionary was laid. He served as international secretary-treasurer of the United Mine Workers of America from 1900 to 1908 and he was elected as a Democrat to the Sixtieth, Sixty-first, and Sixty-second Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Labor during the Sixty-second Congress and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1912 and for election in 1914. He was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in the Cabinet of President Woodrow Wilson and served from March 5,1913, during the First World War, he was a member of the Council of National Defense. He was a member of the Federal Board for Vocational Education from 1914 to 1921, Wilson was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1926. After his public service he was engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits near Blossburg and he died on board a train near Savannah, Georgia on May 25,1934. He was buried in Arbon Cemetery in Blossburg, in 2007, Wilson was named to the U. S. Department of Labors Labor Hall of Fame, located inside the North Plaza of the Frances Perkins Building on 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D. C. William Bauchop Wilson, First U. S. Secretary of Labor, Wilson, Labor Hall of Fame Honoree, U. S. Department of Labor biography
18.
International Labour Organization
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The International Labour Organization is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all. The ILO has 187 member states,186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO, the ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international rules, however, it does not impose sanctions on governments. Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies, the International Labour Organization has a governing structure – representing governments, employers. The rationale behind the structure is the creation of free and open debate among governments. The ILO secretariat is referred to as the International Labour Office, juan Somavía was the ILOs director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement. This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives,14 workers representatives, ten of the government seats are held by member states that are nations of chief industrial importance, as first considered by an impartial committee. The nations are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the terms of office are three years. The ILO organizes the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in June, also known as the parliament of labour, the conference also makes decisions about the ILOs general policy, work programme and budget. Each member state has four representatives at the conference, two government delegates, a delegate and a worker delegate. All of them have individual voting rights, and all votes are equal, the employer and worker delegates are normally chosen in agreement with the most representative national organizations of employers and workers. Usually, the workers delegates coordinate their voting, as do the employers delegates, all delegate have the same rights, and are not required to vote in blocs. Through July 2011, the ILO has adopted 189 conventions, if these conventions are ratified by enough governments, they become in force. However, ILO conventions are considered international labour standards regardless of ratification, when a convention comes into force, it creates a legal obligation for ratifying nations to apply its provisions. Every year the International Labour Conferences Committee on the Application of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labour standards, governments are required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the obligations of the conventions they have ratified. Conventions that have not been ratified by member states have the legal force as do recommendations. In 1998, the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles, the ILO asserts that its members have an obligation to work towards fully respecting these principles, embodied in relevant ILO Conventions. The ILO Conventions which embody the principles have now been ratified by most member states. Recommendations do not have the force of conventions and are not subject to ratification
19.
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
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The presidency of John F. Kennedy was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. A Democrat, he took office following the 1960 presidential election, in which he defeated Richard Nixon, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president, and, at age 43, the youngest person elected to the office. He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency, Kennedys time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and its satellite states, as well as Cuba. In Cuba, an attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. Kennedys administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement, and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy brought to the White House a contrast in organization compared to the structure of former-General Eisenhower. Kennedy preferred the structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president. He was ready and willing to make the number of quick decisions required in such an environment. He selected a mixture of experienced and inexperienced people to serve in his cabinet and we can learn our jobs together, he stated. Kennedys brother, Robert F. Kennedy, served as Attorney General, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was largely sidelined during the administration. Thurgood Marshall, who Kennedy appointed to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20,1961. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be citizens, famously saying, Ask not what your country can do for you. He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the enemies of man, tyranny, poverty, disease. He added, All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days, nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. The address reflected Kennedys confidence that his administration would chart an historically significant course in both policy and foreign affairs. President Kennedys foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, in 1961, Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. He started off on the foot by reacting aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961
20.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
21.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
22.
George P. Shultz
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George Pratt Shultz is an American economist, statesman and businessman. Shultz is the Thomas W. and Susan B, ford Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California. Since the death of William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. Shultz is the oldest living former U. S, Shultz was born in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox and Birl Earl Shultz, and grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century, contrary to common assumption, Shultz is not a member of the English American Pratt family, associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust. In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school, Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor. He earned a Bachelors Degree, cum laude, at Princeton University, New Jersey, in Economics with a minor in Public and his senior thesis examined the Tennessee Valley Authoritys effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research, and he graduated with honors in 1942. From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on duty in the U. S. Marine Corps. He was an Artillery Officer, attaining the rank of Captain and he was detached to the U. S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur. In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph. D. in industrial economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as a Professor of Industrial Relations. From 1962 to 1969, he was a Professor of Economics at MIT, while at Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultzs view of the importance of a free-market economy. Shultz was President Richard Nixons Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 and he soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremens Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration had delayed it with a Taft Hartley injunction that now expired, in fact, he applied the theory he had developed in academia, he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He imposed the Philadelphia Plan requiring Pennsylvania construction unions, which refused to accept black members and this marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government. Shultz was Nixons unofficial ambassador to the AFL-CIO, Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1,1970. Overall, he was the 19th director to lead the agency and he was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971 and this phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later. Meanwhile, Shultzs attention was diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. He participated in an international conference in Paris in 1973, which grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard
23.
Labor unions in the United States
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Labor unions in the United States are representatives of workers in many industries recognized under US labor law. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state, Most unions in the United States are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations, the AFL-CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL-CIO in 2005. Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, the AFL-CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues. In 2013, there were 14.5 million members in the U. S. down from 17.7 million in 1983, the percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States was 10. 8%, compared to 20. 1% in 1983. Union membership in the sector has fallen under 7% — levels not seen since 1932. From a global perspective, the density in 2013 was 7. 7% in France,18. 1% in Germany,27. 1% in Canada, and 85. 5% in Iceland, which is currently highest in the world. In the 21st century the most prominent unions are among public sector such as city employees, government workers, teachers. Members of unions are disproportionately older, male, and residents of the Northeast, the Midwest, Union workers average 10-30% higher pay than non-union in the United States after controlling for individual, job, and labor market characteristics. Of special concern are efforts by cities and states to reduce the pension obligations owed to unionized workers who retire in the future, States with higher levels of union membership tend to have higher median incomes and standards of living. Unions began forming in the century in response to the social. National labor unions began to form in the post-Civil War Era, the American Federation of Labor, founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers until his death in 1924, proved much more durable. It arose as a coalition of various local unions. It helped coordinate and support strikes and eventually became a player in national politics. American labor unions benefited greatly from the New Deal policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1930s, the Wagner Act, in particular, legally protected the right of unions to organize. Unions from this point developed increasingly closer ties to the Democratic Party, pro-business conservatives gained control of Congress in 1946, and in 1947 passed the Taft-Hartley Act, drafted by Senator Robert A. Taft. President Truman vetoed it but the Conservative coalition overrode the veto, the veto override had considerable Democratic support, including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House, and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate. The unions campaigned vigorously for years to repeal the law but failed, during the late 1950s, the Landrum Griffin Act of 1959 passed in the wake of Congressional investigations of corruption and undemocratic internal politics in the Teamsters and other unions. The percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States peaked in 1954 at almost 35%, membership has declined since, with private sector union membership beginning a steady decline that continues into the 2010s, but the membership of public sector unions grew steadily
24.
Eponymous
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An eponym is a person, place, or thing for whom or for which something is named, or believed to be named. For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows eponymous to mean named after its central character or creator. In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens, Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon. Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of Fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles. In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander, the Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name, in ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have described as the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year. During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme based on the birth of Christ on both the public and royalty. Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedys Camelot, British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan, Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian are examples of these, trends Political trends or movements often become eponymous with a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy, Stalinism, Maoism, Obamacare, in intellectual property law an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin, heroin and thermos in the United States. In geography, places and towns can also be given a name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops, in historical times, new towns have often been named after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. In science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance, examples are Avogadros number, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stiglers law of eponymy, the term is also applied to music, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Companys first album was entitled Bad Company, titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous
25.
American Federation of Government Employees
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AFGE is the largest union for civilian, non-postal federal employees and the largest union for District of Columbia employees who report directly to the mayor. It is affiliated with the AFL-CIO, AFGE was founded on October 17,1932, by local unions loyal to the American Federation of Labor and left the National Federation of Federal Employees when that union became independent of the AFL. In 2010, the Obama Administration issued an Executive Order for the Federal Government to focus on insourcing Federal jobs rather than outsourcing them overseas or to contractors, aFGEs motto was established as To Do For All That Which No One Can Do For Oneself. AFGE is working for a change in law which will give them the collective bargaining rights as other federal employees. In August 2015, AFGE at its national convention decided its official colors are blue, All future insignia will meet as such. Previous National Presidents going back to the 1960s include Bobby L. Harnage, Sr. John N. Sturdivant, Kenneth Blaylock, Dennis Garrison, Clyde Weber, John Griner, James Campbell, david Glass was the first AFGE National President. Early National Presidents include John A. Shaw, E. Claude Babcock, stengle, Cecil E. Custer and James B. National Secretary-Treasurer Berniece Heffner served as Acting National President three times during transition periods due to retirement or death during her twenty years in office, for AFGE, collective bargaining responsibilities are delegated to numbered Councils of Locals at major agencies, including the following, Veterans Administration Council. National Council of VA Locals The VA Council is the largest, alma L. Lee is the current president of the VA council. The Food Safety Inspection Service Council, National Council of HUD Locals the Social Security Administration Council. Major components of the Department of Defense, such as, the Air Force Materiel Command a. k. a. a. k. a, AFGE Council 118 CIS Council Coast Guard Council. AFGE has been growing in membership in recent years and now has more than 300,000 dues paying members in about 1200 AFGE Locals at more than 100 federal agencies, united Public Workers of America National Federation of Federal Employees American Federation of Government Employees AFGE National VA Council
26.
Presidency of George W. Bush
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The presidency of George W. Bush began on January 20,2001 at noon Eastern Standard Time, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as President of the United States. Bushs presidency ended on January 20,2009, a Republican, he took office following a very close win in the 2000 presidential election over Democratic nominee Al Gore, the then–incumbent Vice President. Bush, the 43rd United States president, is the son of the 41st president, Bush was re-elected in 2004, defeating his Democratic opponent John Kerry by a slim margin. He was succeeded in office by Democrat Barack Obama, who won the 2008 presidential election, upon taking office, Bush pushed through a $1.3 trillion tax cut program and the No Child Left Behind Act, a major education bill. He also pushed for socially conservative efforts, such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and that same month, he signed into law the controversial Patriot Act in order to strengthen security and allow for greater surveillance. In 2003, Bush ordered an invasion of Iraq, asserting that Iraq possessed stockpiles of weapons of destruction in violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441. Later that year, he signed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, Bush pushed for Social Security and immigration reform, but both efforts failed. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq continued, and in 2007 he launched a surge of troops in Iraq. The Bush administrations response to Hurricane Katrina and the dismissal of U. S. attorneys controversy earned wide coverage, and his second term saw a drop in his approval ratings. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 dominated his last days in office as policymakers looked to avert a major economic disaster, Bushs presidency is frequently ranked by historians as among the worst in American history. W. Vice President Dick Cheney served as Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush, Bush placed a high value on personal loyalty and, as a result, his administration had high message discipline. He maintained a style of management. Im confident in my management style, Im a delegator because I trust the people Ive asked to join the team. That makes it easier to be President, he said in an interview with Diane Sawyer on ABC in December 2003, critics alleged, however, that Bush was willing to overlook mistakes made by loyal subordinates. There was only one non-Republican in Bushs cabinet, Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta, Mineta resigned from Bushs cabinet on July 7,2006 to pursue other challenges. Mary Peters, a Republican, was nominated and confirmed to succeed him as Transportation Secretary, at least one other non-Republican was apparently offered a position in the administration but declined. CNN reported that in the transition to his term, Bush offered the positions of Ambassador to the United Nations. In 2006, Bush replaced long-time chief of staff Andrew Card with Joshua Bolten and made major staff, on November 8,2006, Bush announced plans to replace Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with former CIA Director Robert Gates
27.
Presidency of Barack Obama
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The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20,2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,2017. Obama, a Democrat, took office as the 44th United States president following a victory over Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2012 election, he defeated Mitt Romney to win re-election and he was the first African American president, the first multiracial president, the first non-white president, and the first president to have been born in Hawaii. Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump, who won the 2016 presidential election, Obama also appointed Supreme Court Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor, the latter of whom became the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Democrats controlled both houses of Congress until Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections, following the elections, Obama and Congressional Republicans engaged in a protracted stand-off over government spending levels and the debt ceiling. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing an international climate agreement. Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term, the number of American soldiers in Afghanistan fell dramatically during Obamas second term, though U. S. soldiers remained in Afghanistan throughout Obamas presidency. The presidential transition period began following Obamas election to the presidency in November 2008, John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse co-chaired the Obama-Biden Transition Project. During the transition period, Obama announced nominations for his Cabinet, in November 2008, Congressman Rahm Emanuel accepted Obamas offer to serve as White House Chief of Staff. Obama was inaugurated on January 20,2009, succeeding George W. Bush, Obama officially assumed the presidency at 12,00 pm, EST, and completed the oath of office at 12,05 pm, EST. He delivered his inaugural address immediately following his oath, following his inauguration, Obama and the Senate worked to confirm his nominees to the United States Cabinet. Obama nominated several former Clinton administration officials to the Cabinet and to other positions, on April 28,2009, the Senate confirmed former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services, completing Obamas initial Cabinet. In March 2016, Obama nominated Chief Judge Merrick Garland of the D. C. Circuit to fill Scalias seat, garlands nomination remained before the Senate for longer than any other Supreme Court nomination in history, and the nomination expired with the end of the 114th Congress. President Donald Trump is widely expected to appoint a successor to Scalia, Obamas presidency saw the continuation of battles between both parties over the confirmation of judicial nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of stalling nominees throughout Obamas tenure, after several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 reformed the use of the filibuster so that it could no longer be used on executive or judicial nominations. Obamas judicial nominees were significantly more diverse than those of previous administrations, with more appointments going to women, some of the first actions of Obamas presidency focused on reversing measures taken by the Bush administration following the September 11 attacks. Another order, Executive Order 13491, banned torture and other coercive techniques, on January 29, Obama signed a bill for the first time in his presidency, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 revised the statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits. On February 3, he signed the Childrens Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, on March 9,2009, Obama lifted restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research
28.
Partnership for Public Service
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Two of the Partnership’s most visible programs are the Samuel J. The Partnership is led by President and CEO Max Stier, Heyman founded the group in 2001 with a gift of $25-million. In 2006, he committed an additional $20-million over the five years. Heyman began his career at the Justice Department under Robert F. Kennedy after graduating from Harvard Law in 1963. Many years after his move into the sector, Heyman created the Partnership in an effort to reestablish public service as a desirable career. The Partnership took over the Excellence in Government Fellows, Strategic Advisors to Government Executives, call to Serve is a joint initiative of the Partnership for Public Service and the U. S. Office of Personnel Management. It is a network of more than 700 colleges and universities and 75 federal agencies committed to educating young people about federal job. Call to Serve works to eliminate barriers to service through various training programs, speaker presentations, federal internships and fellowship programs. The program also works with agencies to help them recruit, hire. FedRecruit is a project focusing on the recruitment, hiring and onboarding of entry-level talent in mission-critical occupations, such as contracting, information technology. The Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Medals awards program honors outstanding federal employees who have significant contributions to address the countrys most important challenges. PSRW includes events and activities across the country, PRSW formerly also included a four-day exhibition on the National Mall. However, the 2011 United States federal budget, which was enacted on April 15,2011, contained no funding for that years event. Partnership Leadership Seminars, develops participants leadership skills and help federal agencies build the long-term, in-house capacity to innovate, Strategic Advisors to Government Executives connects senior-level executives in government with their predecessors and private-sector counterparts to improve performance of government leadership. SAGE activities currently involve Chief Acquisition Officers, Chief Financial Officers, as chief executive of the Partnerships CPT, Steir commented about vetting of appointees and the transition from campaign context in the first month of the Trump Administration in 2017. The Partnerships government affairs efforts encourage congressional oversight and legislative reform to improve federal workforce management, the Partnership collaborates with The Washington Post to produce several features within the Posts print and online editions. Fed Faces and Federal Players are profiles of little-known federal workers who have left a big impact, many of the Partnerships programs are made possible through foundation support. Notable examples include the Annenberg Foundation, which has funded the Annenberg Leadership Seminars, Annenberg Speakers Bureau, in addition, the Partnership receives support from many private-sector companies who sponsor programs, projects and events
29.
Hilda Solis
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Hilda Lucia Solis is an American politician and a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for the 1st district. Solis previously served as the 25th United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, Solis was raised in La Puente, California, by immigrant parents from Nicaragua and Mexico. She earned degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, Solis sought to pass environmental justice legislation. She was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000. Solis defeated a long-time Democratic incumbent as part of getting elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 2000 and she was reelected easily to four subsequent terms. In December 2008, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Solis as the next U. S. Secretary of Labor. She took office after being confirmed by the United States Senate in February 2009, there she focused on workplace safety issues and on strengthening compliance with wage and hour laws. In January 2013, Solis stepped down from her post as Labor Secretary, returning to the area of her upbringing, in April 2014, Solis formally announced a campaign for a seat on the non-partisan Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Solis won the seat outright in a June 3 election and was sworn in on December 1, Solis was born in Los Angeles, California, as the daughter of immigrant parents who had met in citizenship class and married in 1953, Juana Sequeira and Raul Solis. Her father was a Teamsters shop steward in Mexico and, after coming to the United States, there he again organized for the Teamsters, to gain better health care benefits for workers, but also contracted lead poisoning. Her mother worked for over 20 years on the line of Mattel once her children were all of school age, belonged to the United Rubber Workers. She stressed the importance of education and was a devout Roman Catholic, hilda Solis is the third oldest of seven siblings and grew up in a tract home in La Puente, California. She had to raise her youngest siblings, and later said of her childhood. We had to very quickly. Maybe she should follow the career of her sister and become a secretary. ”However, another counselor did encourage her to attend college. She took her sisters to the library to get them to follow her lead. She graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and she then earned a Master of Public Administration degree at the University of Southern California in 1981
30.
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
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USICH is advised by a Council, which includes the heads of its 19 federal member agencies. The immediate past chair was Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell, USICH is made up of a small team headquartered in Washington, DC, led by Executive Director Matthew Doherty. Policy staff work closely with each of the 19 Federal Agencies that make up the Council to make progress on the goals and strategies of Opening Doors. In 2010, the released the first federal strategic plan to end homelessness in the United States which includes four goals To finish the job of ending chronic homelessness by 2015. To prevent and end homelessness among Veterans by 2015, to prevent and end homelessness for families, youth, and children by 2020. To set a path to ending all types of homelessness, the Interagency Council on the Homeless was authorized by Title II of the landmark Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act enacted on July 22,1987. In 2002, Council members voted to approve changing the name of the agency to the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, the most recent reauthorization of USICH occurred in 2009 with enactment of the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act. The Council originally included the heads of 16 Federal agencies, five additional agencies were subsequently added by Council vote or statutory amendments, while two agencies are now inactive. The current members of the Council include the heads of the following 19 Departments and agencies and it is estimated that 550,000 women and men are without shelter each night in the United States. As a result, Opening Doors was drafted and serves as the nation’s first comprehensive national strategy for ending homelessness. This strategic plan, entitled Opening Doors, Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness, was presented on June 22,2010 to President Obama’s staff, the strategy also presents cost-effective strategies for states, local and the federal government. Opening Doors serves as a roadmap for joint action by the 19 federal agencies of USICH, along with state and local partners in both the private and public sectors. Aside from the four main goals listed above, objectives were created around five main themes in order to specify how the strategy will work to address the issue of homelessness. Objective 2, Strengthen the capacity of public and private organizations by increasing knowledge about collaboration, homelessness, Increase access to stable and affordable housing Objective 3, Provide affordable housing to people experiencing or most at risk of homelessness. Objective 4, Provide permanent supportive housing to prevent and end chronic homelessness, Increase economic security Objective 5, Increase meaningful and sustainable employment for people experiencing or most at risk of homelessness. Objective 6, Improve access to programs and services to reduce people’s financial vulnerability to homelessness. Objective 8, Advance health and housing stability for youth aging out of such as foster care. Objective 9, Advance health and housing stability for people experiencing homelessness who have frequent contact with hospitals, retool the Homeless Crisis Response System Objective 10, Transform homeless services to crisis response systems that prevent homelessness and rapidly return people who experience homelessness
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Ray Jefferson
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Ray Jefferson is the President of Jefferson Group, and is a leadership practitioner, speaker, and consultant to senior executives and major companies and organizations around the world. He is a veteran of the U. S. Armys Presidential Honor Guard, 3rd Ranger Battalion, Ray is a member of the Asia Society, the Fulbright Association, the NAACP, the 75th Ranger Regiment Association, and the Special Forces Association. He was born and raised in Guilderland, New York, and now lives in Singapore, military Academy at West Point with a major in leadership in 1988. He served as an Army Officer with the infantry, Rangers and Special Forces, Presidential Honor Guard, 3rd Ranger Battalion and 1st Special Forces Group. He served in Unit as Commander, 1st Special Forces Group, Okinawa, Japan, Unit Commander, 3rd Ranger Battalion, Fort Benning, GA, and Unit Commander, Presidential Honor Guard, Washington, DC. In 1999, he lost all five fingers on his hand while attempting to protect his teammates from a hand grenade detonating prematurely during classified Special Forces training. After recuperating in Hawaii, Ray attended Harvards Kennedy School of Government and he then earned an MBA from Harvard Business School and was recognized with the Deans Award for exceptional leadership and service. Upon graduation, he was selected as a White House Fellow, Jefferson then served as a Fulbright Fellow in Singapore, where he studied leadership within Asian contexts. From 2003–2004, he served as Deputy Director, State of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, dBEDT’s mission involves creating jobs, facilitating business development, diversifying the economy and creating renewable energy initiatives. While at DBEDT, Ray Jefferson co-led the organizational transformation for a department of over 230 team members with an budget of $182 million. His focus areas were organizational change, inspirational leadership, top team development, on August 10,2009, Raymond Jefferson was appointed to the role of U. S. Assistant Secretary for the Veterans Employment and Training Service of the US Department of Labor by President Barack Obama. While serving in this position, Jefferson implemented methods to accelerate the agency and this involved raising awareness of the employment situation for veterans in the armed forces in rural areas of America. This was planned to overhaul the Transition Assistance Program that was in place at the time, one of those initiatives was applying talent development best practices to achieve results in securing meaningful employment for veterans. The work he carried out was acknowledged in Fortune & Forbes Magazines, Jefferson was praised for his leadership at VETS by Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis. “He has worked tirelessly for the last 18,19 months, on May 6,2010, Ray Jefferson launched a 100-Day Sprint that included deadlines for specific goals to be met within the agency. The VETS team, led by Jefferson, set forth 22 goals in 4 areas, during his time at VETS, his achievements were discussed in various publications, including Forbes. Jefferson was selected by then-Secretary of State Colin Powell as one of the two recipients of the Harrison H. Schmitt Fulbright Alumni Leadership Award for dedication to public service. Jefferson resigned from his position as Assistant Secretary at the Department of Labor on July 25,2011, peter Choharis, the lawyer representing Jefferson after the allegations said the findings relied on hearsay and had many internal inconsistencies and contradictions
32.
Freedom of Information Act (United States)
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The Freedom of Information Act,5 U. S. C. §552, is a freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and this amendment was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivings, on July 4,1966, as indicated by its long title, FOIA was actually extracted from its original home in Section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act. Section 3 of the APA, as enacted in 1946, gave agencies broad discretion concerning the publication of governmental records, the amendment required agencies to publish their rules of procedure in the Federal Register,5 U. S. C. In addition, §522 requires every agency, upon any request for records which, reasonably describes such records to make such records promptly available to any person. If an agency improperly withholds any documents, the court has jurisdiction to order their production. The Federal Governments Freedom of Information Act should not be confused with the different, many of those state acts may be similar but not identical to the federal act. This push built on existing principles and protocols of government administration already in place, others, though—most notably President Lyndon B. Johnson—believed that certain types of unclassified government information should remain secret. The Privacy Act of 1974 was passed as a measure to ensure the security of government documents increasingly kept on private citizens. The act explicitly applies only to executive branch government agencies and these agencies are under several mandates to comply with public solicitation of information. In this way, there is recourse for one seeking information to go to a court if suspicion of illegal tampering or delayed sending of records exists. The nine current exemptions to the FOIA address issues of sensitivity, the law came about because of the determination of Congressman John E. Moss of California. Moss was the chairman of the Government Information Subcommittee and it took Moss 12 years to get the Freedom of Information Act through Congress successfully. Much of the desire for government transparency stemmed from the Department of Defense and they determined that the misuse of government classification of documents was causing insiders to leak documents that were marked confidential. The committee also determined that the lowest rung of the confidentiality ladder confidential should be removed and they deemed that secret and top secret covered National security adequately. The Moss Committee took it upon itself to reform confidentiality policy and implement punishments for the overuse of classification by officials, the FOIA has been changed repeatedly by both the legislative and executive branches
33.
Administrative Review Board (Labor)
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The Board consists of a maximum of five Members, one of whom is designated the Chair. The Secretary of Labor appoints the Members based upon their qualifications, the Board’s cases arise upon appeal from decisions of Department of Labor Administrative Law Judges or the Administrator of the Department’s Wage and Hour Division. Depending upon the statute at issue, the Board’s decisions may be appealed to district or appellate courts
34.
Benefits Review Board
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The Board, by statute, consists of five Members appointed by the Secretary of Labor, one of whom is designated as Chairman and Chief Administrative Appeals Judge. The Board’s mission is to issue decisions on the appeals pending before it with expediency, consistency and impartiality, in accordance with its standard of review. The Board exercises the appellate review authority formerly exercised by the United States District Courts, Board decisions may be appealed to the U. S. Courts of Appeals and to the U. S. Supreme Court, title 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations Official website
35.
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
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The Bureau of International Labor Affairs is an operating unit of the United States Department of Labor which manages the Departments international responsibilities. Our efforts help to ensure a fair playing field for American workers and contribute to stronger export markets for goods made in the United States. ”ILAB promotes the security and stability of United States workers in international affairs and provides advice. The Bureau of International Labor Affairs is located in the Frances Perkins Building, Room C-4325,200 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington and it is currently under the direction of Deputy Undersecretary for International Affairs Carol Pier. The Bureau of International Labor Affairs was formed October 10,1947, schwellenbach as a means to formally institutionalize the international directives of the Department of Labor. Responsibility for this project was given to ILAB which published the first of its reports on the subject, The Sweat and Toil of Children, in 1999, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13126 which prohibited the purchase of items which were produced by forced or indentured labor. It also authorized the Department of Labor to compile a list of items and this fell under the purview of the Bureau of International Labor Affairs. The current list, as compiled by ILAB, consists of 31 products including bamboo, beans, cocoa, coffee, nuts, rice, rubber, shrimp, as of 2004, ILAB has spent more than $250 million to combat child labor since 1995. It is intended that $20 million be budgeted for this purpose and these efforts will be focused in the countries of Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, and Rwanda. ILAB provides technical assistance with other countries in the areas of expertise, worker health. This program began in the aftermath of World War II when the Department of Labor taught German trade unionists to assist in European reconstruction efforts, additionally, ILAB has undertaken various social initiatives globally including a $10 million project to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in workers. These initiatives are all aimed at providing stability to a global economy in which labor issues in foreign countries can have negative effects in the United States. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Washington, DC, Department of Labor,1994
36.
Employee Benefits Security Administration
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At the time of its name change in February 2003, EBSA was known as the Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration. Prior to January 1986, PWBA was known as the Pension, the current Assistant Secretary of Labor for Employee Benefits and head of the Employee Benefits Security Administration is the Hon. Phyllis Borzi. Past Assistant Secretaries include the Hon. Bradford P. Campbell, ann L. Combs and the Hon. Olena Berg-Lacy. EBSA is organized into nine program offices, Exemption Determination - Processes requests for individual, enforcement - Conducts EBSAs national and field enforcement program. Policy and Research - Provides policy analysis, economic research, and tracking of all benefits policy-related developments, technology and Information Services - Provides computer office automation, information processing, and local wide area, and Internet connectivity for EBSA staff nationwide. Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations Pension Rights Center Official website Employee Benefits Security Administration in the Federal Register
37.
Employees' Compensation Appeals Board
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The Board has final authority to determine the liability of the Federal government with respect to the disability or death of employees injured in the scope of their employment. There is no administrative or judicial appeal of ECAB decisions. The Board, by statute, consists of three Members appointed by the United States Secretary of Labor, one of whom is designated as Chairman of the Board, the current Chairman is Judge Christopher James Godfrey. He was appointed by Thomas E. Perez, Secretary of Labor on July 28,2014, patricia Howard Fitzgerald is a Judge and Vice Chair and Colleen D. Kiko is a Judge. Alternate members are Judge Alec J. Koromilas and Judge Valerie Evans-Harrell, the Boards mission is to hear and decide cases on appeal from decisions of the Office of Workers Compensation Programs in an impartial and expeditious manner. The decisions of the Board are made in accordance with its statutory mandate, injured federal workers have the opportunity for a full evidentiary hearing with OWCPs Branch of Hearings and Review prior to review of the record by the Board. Title 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations
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