1.
Burlington, Vermont
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Burlington is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located 45 miles south of the Canada–United States border and 94 miles south of Montreal and its population was 42,452 according to a 2015 U. S. census estimate. Burlington is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state, a regional college town, the municipality is home to the University of Vermont and Champlain College, a small private college. Vermonts largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center, is located within the city limits, in 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U. S. to run completely on renewable energy. Two theories have been put forward regarding the origin of Burlingtons name, the first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, one of the New Hampshire grants, the land that was developed as Burlington was awarded by New Hampshire colonial governor Benning Wentworth on June 7,1763 to Samuel Willis and 63 others. In the summer of 1775, settlers began clearing land and built two or three log huts, but the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War delayed permanent settlement until after its conclusion, in 1783, Stephen Lawrence arrived with his family. The town was organized in 1785, the War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont and New England, which had numerous trading ties with Canada. Neither Vermont nor other New England states provided militia units or financial support, Vermont voters supported the Federalist Party, which opposed the war. At one point during the war, the U. S. had 5,000 troops stationed in Burlington, outnumbering residents, about 500 soldiers died of disease, which was always a problem due to poor sanitation in army camps. Some soldiers were quartered in the building at the University of Vermont. In a skirmish on August 2,1813, British forces from Canada shelled Burlington and this is described as either a bold stroke by the British with an ineffectual response from the Americans, or a weak sally by the British, which was rightfully ignored by the Americans. The cannonade lasted about 10 minutes and caused no casualties, the American troops involved were commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough, later hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center and was incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian era prosperity left behind fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young, H. H. Richardson, and McKim, Mead & White, in 1870, the waterfront was extended by construction of the Pine Street Barge Canal. This became polluted over the years and was a focus for cleanup in 2009 under the U. S. Environmental Protection Agencys Superfund program, in 1978, the ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerrys was founded in Burlington in a renovated gas station. It became a brand, with retail outlets in numerous cities
2.
Rutland (city), Vermont
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The city of Rutland is the seat of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 16,495. It is located approximately 65 miles north of the Massachusetts state line and 20 miles east of the New York state line, Rutland is the third largest city in the state of Vermont after Burlington and South Burlington. It is surrounded by the town of Rutland, which is a separate municipality, the downtown area of the city is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. In the early 19th century, small high-quality marble deposits were discovered in Rutland, by the 1840s, small firms had begun excavations, but marble quarries proved profitable only after the railroad arrived in 1851. At the same time, the quarries of Carrara in Tuscany, Italy, grew largely unworkable because of their extreme depth. This fueled enough growth and investment that in 1886 the center of town incorporated as Rutland village, most of the town was split off as West Rutland and Proctor, which contained the bulk of the marble quarries. Rutland City was incorporated as Vermonts third city on November 18,1892, the new citys first mayor was John A. Mead, who served only one term in 1893. In 1894, the nations first polio outbreak was identified in the Rutland area,132 people from the Rutland area were affected. 110 others suffered some paralysis for life,55 were from the city itself. Nonetheless, Rutland had an ordinance in place as late as 1998, at which point it was challenged. The closing of the quarries in the area in the 1980s and 1990s led to a loss of jobs in the area. Rutland is located at 43°36′32″N 72°58′47″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.67 square miles, of which 7.6 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles, or 0. 52%, is water. Rutland is drained by Otter Creek, Moon Brook, Tenney Brook, East Creek, the city of Rutland has a humid continental climate with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, moist summers. The all-time record high is 102 °F or 38.9 °C, the all-time record low temperature is −43 °F or −41.7 °C, set in 1994. On average, the wettest month is July, and February is the driest, Rutland is the largest city in Vermont that is not located on, or near, either of the states two major Interstate highways. It is, however, signed on I-91 at exit 6 northbound, in addition, the city appears on auxiliary guide signs on the Adirondack Northway before Exits 17 and 20. U. S. Route 4 and U. S. Route 7 intersect, U. S.7 connects Rutland with Manchester and Bennington to the south, and with Middlebury and Burlington to the north
3.
Brattleboro, Vermont
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Brattleboro, originally Brattleborough, is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The town is located in the southeast corner of the state along the line with New Hampshire. The population is 11,765 according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2014 estimates and it is the most populous municipality along Vermonts eastern border and is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut River at the point where Vermonts West River flows into it. Marlboro College Center for Graduate and Professional Studies and SIT Graduate Institute are located in the town, there are satellite campuses of three colleges as well, Community College of Vermont, Union Institute and University, and Vermont Technical College. The town is home to the New England Center for Circus Arts, the Brattleboro Retreat, a not-for-profit mental health and addictions psychiatric hospital, is also located in the town. The Abenaki would transit this area annually between Missisquoi in northwestern Vermont, and Squakheag near what is now Northfield, Massachusetts, the specific Abenaki band who lived here and traversed this place were called Sokoki, meaning people who go their own way or people of the lonely way. Lieutenant-governor William Dummer signed the measure, and construction of Fort Dummer began on February 3,1724, on October 11 of that year, the French attacked the fort and killed some soldiers. By 1728, and in subsequent peaceful periods, the served as a trading post for commerce among the colonial settlers. But violence flared up from time to time throughout the first half of the 18th century, in 1744, what became known as King Georges War broke out, lasting until 1748. During this period a body of British colonial troops were posted at the fort. Although the area was part of the Equivalent Lands, the township became one of the New Hampshire grants. It was named Brattleborough, after Colonel William Brattle, Jr. of Boston, hostilities having ceased, Brattleboro developed quickly in peacetime, and soon was second to none in the state for business and wealth. In 1771, Stephen Greenleaf opened Vermonts first store in the east village, and in 1784, a bridge was built across the Connecticut River to Hinsdale, New Hampshire in 1804. In 1834, the Brattleboro Retreat, then called the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, was established through a generous bequest by Hinsdale, until the Water Cure closed in 1871, the town was widely known as a curative health resort. Whetstone Falls, very close to where Brattleboros Whetstone Brook flows into the Connecticut River, was a source of water power for watermills, initially a sawmill. In 1888, the spelling of the name was shortened to Brattleboro. The Estey Organ company, the largest organ manufacturer in the United States, the companys main factory was located southwest of downtown Brattleboro, on the south side of Whetstone Brook between Birge and Organ Streets. At its height, the complex had more than 20 buildings, many of which were interconnected by raised walkways, one of the buildings now houses the Estey Organ Museum
4.
Bennington, Vermont
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Bennington is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, in the United States. It is one of two towns of the county, the other being Manchester. The population is 15,431, as of 2014 US Census estimates, the town is home to the Bennington Battle Monument, which is the tallest human-made structure in the state of Vermont. The town has access to natural resources and waterpower. The town is recognized nationally for its pottery, iron. First of the New Hampshire Grants, Bennington was chartered on January 3,1749, by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth and it was granted to William Williams and 61 others, mostly from Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The town was first settled in 1761 by four families from Hardwick and they were led by Capt. Samuel Robinson, who camped in the river valley on his return from the French and Indian War. There are three districts within the town today, Old Bennington, Downtown Bennington and North Bennington. Of these, Old Bennington is the settlement, dating back to 1761 when Congregational Separatists arrived from Connecticut and from Amherst and Hardwick. In the early 1800s, Downtown Bennington started developing, and by 1854 the countys population had reached 18,589, the town is known in particular for the Battle of Bennington, which took place during the Revolutionary War. Although the battle took place approximately 12 miles to the west in what is now the state of New York, an ammunition storage building located in Bennington was an important strategic target. On August 16,1777, Gen. John Starks 1, 500-strong New Hampshire Militia defeated 800 German mercenaries, local Loyalists, in 1891, the Bennington Battle Monument was opened. The monument is a 306-foot-high stone obelisk that is the tallest human-made structure in Vermont and it is a popular tourist attraction. Bennington is located in southwestern Bennington County at 42°53′28″N 73°12′29″W, to the west is New York State, Pownal, Vermont is to the south, Shaftsbury, Vermont is to the north and Woodford, Vermont is to the east. Due to its location in the southernmost portion of Vermont, it is closer to the capital cities of Albany, Hartford. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 42.5 square miles, of which 42.2 square miles are land and 0.27 square miles. Bennington is drained by the Walloomsac River and its tributaries, flowing to the Hoosic, the town is located along the western edge of the Green Mountains, including Bald Mountain, which occupies the northeastern edge of town. In the southwest part of town is 2, 350-foot Mount Anthony, Bennington experiences a humid continental climate with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, humid summers
5.
Montpelier, Vermont
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Montpelier /mɒntˈpiːliər/ is the capital city of the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermonts state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States, the population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. However, the population swells to about 21,000. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality and it was named for Montpellier, in southern France. The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, when Colonel Jacob Davis and General Parley Davis arrived from Charlton, General Davis surveyed the land, while Colonel Davis cleared forest and erected a large log house on the west side of the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter, Colonel Davis selected the name Montpelier after the French city of Montpellier. There was an enthusiasm for things French as a result of the countrys aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117, in 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of America,50 years after the Revolutionary War. The town developed into a center for manufacturing, especially after the Central Vermont Railway opened in Montpelier on June 20, falls on the Winooski River provided water power for mills. Ten thousand people turned out to greet Major General Philip Sheridan when he visited to address the annual meeting of Vermont former Union officers. He particularly thanked Vermont veterans of the Civil War for their performance at the Battle of Cedar Creek, the town had the first municipal water driven hydro system in Vermont in 1884. Water pressure generated sufficient electricity for streetlights, the state proclaimed October 12,1899, as Dewey Day to honor native son George Dewey, the hero of Battle of Manila Bay and the Spanish–American War. Thousands turned out from the state to his hometown of Montpelier for the celebration, Montpelier is located at 44°15′N 72°34′W in the north-central area of Vermont. The city center is a flat zone, surrounded by hills. Towne Hill runs in a 2-mile ridge along the edge of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.3 square miles. The Winooski River flows west along the edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to flooding in the flat city center
6.
St. Johnsbury, Vermont
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St. Johnsbury is the shire town of Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. The population was 7,603 at the 2010 census, St. Johnsbury is located approximately 10 miles northwest of the Connecticut River and 48 miles south of the Canada-U. S. border. St. Johnsbury is the largest town by population in the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont, in 2006, the town was named Best Small Town in National Geographic Adventures Where to live and play feature. The more densely settled southern half of the town is defined by the U. S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place, the town was originally granted in 1760 as part of the New Hampshire Grants and named Bessborough. It was regranted by Vermont in 1786 as Dunmore, and settled the same year, an early settler was Jonathan Arnold, a member of the Continental Congress and author of Rhode Islands act of secession from the United Kingdom in May 1776. Arnold left Rhode Island in 1787 and, with six other families, by 1790, the village had grown to 143 inhabitants, and the first town meeting took place in Arnolds home that year, where the name St. Johnsbury was adopted. According to this account, de Crèvecœur suggested instead the unusual St. Johnsbury to differentiate it from Saint John, New Brunswick. With the arrival of the line from Boston to Montreal in the 1850s, St. Johnsbury grew quickly and was named the shire town in 1856. The oldest occupied residence in St. Johnsbury was built in 1801 and is located on Clarks Avenue, the former St. Johnsbury Fairgrounds were located where Interstates 91 and 93 converge, south of the town. The Third Vermont Regiment drilled there prior to joining the Union Army during the Civil War, the first air flight in Vermont occurred at the fair on September 24,1910. In the 1940s the town contained three major industries, each was the largest in the world. One was Fairbanks Scales, another was a sugar candy company. The rest of the economy was mostly rural, St. Johnsbury is located at 44°25′N 72°01′W, elevation 212.4 m. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 36.8 square miles, of which 36.4 square miles is land and 0.35 square miles. Situated at the confluence of the Passumpsic, Moose and Sleepers rivers, St. Johnsbury is on the site of the northernmost boundary of Lake Hitchcock, the post-glacial predecessor to the Connecticut River. The town includes the villages of St. Johnsbury, East St. Johnsbury, Goss Hollow. The highest point in St. Johnsbury is a hill in the northwest part of town east of Libby Road. The twin summits of the hill each rise above 1,594 feet above sea level, on February 25,1969, St. Johnsbury received 33 inches of snow, the greatest daily snowfall for any location in Vermont
7.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
8.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
9.
Case citation
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Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information. A legal citation is a reference to a precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise. In such citations, it is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square brackets to the year, the Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites and most published court decisions now appear in that way. They can be found through many national and other websites, such as WorldLII, the resulting flood of unpaginated information has led to numbering of paragraphs and the adoption of a medium-neutral citation system. The conjunction versus is abbreviated to v in Commonwealth countries and to v. in the United States, the abbreviation represents the Latin word versus, which means against. When case titles are read out loud, the v can be pronounced, depending on the context, as and, against, versus, Commonwealth countries follow British legal style, which is quite clear about the correct pronunciation, Civil cases are pronounced with and. For example, Smith v Jones would be pronounced Smith and Jones, Criminal cases are pronounced with against. For example, R v Smith would be pronounced the Crown against Smith, the Latin words Rex, Regina, and versus are all rendered into English. In the United States there is no consensus on the pronunciation of the abbreviation v. Against is a matter of personal style, burger and John Paul Stevens preferred to announce cases at the Supreme Court with against. And is used by law professors, but other law professors regard it as an affectation. The standard case citation format in Australia is, As in Canada, There exist commercial citation guides published by Butterworths and other legal publishing companies, academic citation styles and court citation styles. Each court in Australia may cite the case slightly differently. Australian courts and tribunals have now adopted a neutral citation standard for case law, the format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report. Most cases are now published on AustLII using neutral citations, the standard format looks like this, So the above-mentioned Mabo case would then be cited like this, Mabo v Queensland HCA23. There is a unique identifier code for most courts. The court and tribunal identifiers include, Australian Guide to Legal Citation There are a number of standards in Canada. Many legal publishing companies and schools have their own standard for citation, the following format reflects this standard, Hunter v Southam,2 SCR145
10.
Windsor, Vermont
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Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. Over much of its history, Windsor was home to a variety of manufacturing enterprises, the population was 3,553 at the 2010 census. One of the New Hampshire grants, Windsor was chartered as a town on July 6,1761 and it was first settled in August 1764 by Captain Steele Smith and his family from Farmington, Connecticut. In 1777, the signers of the Constitution of the Vermont Republic met at Old Constitution House, in 1820, it was the states largest town, a thriving center for trade and agriculture. In 1835, the first dam was built across Mill Brook to provide water power, factories made guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harnesses. The community is named for Windsor, Connecticut, in 1846, Robbins and Lawerence received a government contract to manufacture firearms. Using advanced machine tools to produce parts, they and their associates established factories in the Connecticut River valley. Two factories, now closed, sustained the economy of Windsor, Cone Automatic Machine Company and a Goodyear Tire. Windsor village began development at the end of the 18th century and it is known as the birthplace of Vermont, where the state constitution was signed, and acted as the first capital until 1805 when Montpelier became the official state capital. Commerce prospered due to the location on the banks of the Connecticut River where several smaller streams run into it. The economy improved in the century when Windsor became the first town in the state to break ground for the railroad with the construction of a rail depot. Windsor Station connected the town to out-of-state markets and it was after the railroad went through that the area was discovered by tourists. Windsors war memorial, the City Center Veterans Memorial, was created by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.8 square miles. Home to part of Mount Ascutney, Windsor is situated beside the Connecticut River, the town is crossed by Interstate 91, U. S. Route 5, Vermont Route 12, Vermont Route 44, and Vermont Route 44A. It is bordered by the town of Weathersfield to the south, West Windsor to the west, and Hartland to the north. To the east, across the Connecticut River, is Cornish, New Hampshire, to which Windsor is connected by the Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge, one of the longest covered bridges in the world. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,756 people,1,520 households, the population density was 192.1 people per square mile
