United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States government whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The agency was founded on March 3, 1879, to study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The agency also makes maps of extraterrestrial planets and moons based on data from U.S. space probes.
USGS headquarters in Reston, Virginia
A USGS gauging station on the Scioto River below O'Shaughnessy Dam near Dublin, Ohio
Clarence King, first director of the USGS from 1879 to 1881
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.
Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.
The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlement.
A standard NOAA rain gauge
Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.