1.
Optical disc
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The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the disc surface. Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves and this side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of a disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm in diameter, with 12 cm being the most common size, a typical disc is about 1.2 mm thick, while the track pitch ranges from 1.6 µm to 320 nm. An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types, read-only, recordable, or re-recordable, write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye recording layer between the substrate and the reflective layer. Rewritable discs typically contain an alloy recording layer composed of a phase change material, most often AgInSbTe, an alloy of silver, indium, antimony, Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music, video, or data and programs for personal computers. The Optical Storage Technology Association promotes standardized optical storage formats, although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster, smaller solid-state devices and this trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to increase in capacity and drop in price. Additionally, music purchased or shared over the Internet has significantly reduced the number of audio CDs sold annually. The first recorded use of an optical disc was in the 1884 when Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell. An early optical disc system existed in 1935, named Lichttonorgel, an early analog optical disc used for video recording was invented by David Paul Gregg in 1958 and patented in the US in 1961 and 1969. This form of optical disc was an early form of the DVD. It is of special interest that U. S, patent 4,893,297, filed 1989, issued 1990, generated royalty income for Pioneer Corporations DVA until 2007 —then encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray systems. In the early 1960s, the Music Corporation of America bought Greggs patents and his company, american inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record a digital signal on an optical transparent foil which is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966 and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. Both Greggs and Russells disc are floppy media read in transparent mode, in the Netherlands in 1969, Philips Research physicist, Pieter Kramer invented an optical videodisc in reflective mode with a protective layer read by a focused laser beam U. S
2.
Megabyte
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The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes MByte is used, the unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 in the International System of Units. Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information and this definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. However, in the computer and information fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to one megabyte as 1048576bytes. However, most standards bodies have deprecated this usage in favor of a set of binary prefixes, less common is a convention that used the megabyte to mean 1000×1024 bytes. The megabyte is commonly used to measure either 10002 bytes or 10242 bytes, the interpretation of using base 1024 originated as a compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 approximates 1000, roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote 10002 bytes and mebibyte to denote 10242 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO, the Mac OS X10.6 file manager is a notable example of this usage in software. Since Snow Leopard, file sizes are reported in decimal units, base 21 MB =1048576 bytes is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as RAM. This definition is synonymous with the binary prefix mebibyte. Mixed 1 MB =1024000 bytes is the used to describe the formatted capacity of the 1.44 MB3. 5inch HD floppy disk. Semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, the capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive. Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size, sector sizes were set as powers of two for convenience in processing. It was an extension to give the capacity of a disk drive in multiples of the sector size, giving a mix of decimal. Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be, a 4 megapixel JPEG image with normal compression. Approximately 1 minute of 128 kbit/s MP3 compressed music,6 seconds of uncompressed CD audio. A typical English book volume in plain text format, the human genome consists of DNA representing 800 MB of data
3.
Gigabyte
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The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity. The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either 10003 bytes or 10243 bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 is approximately 1000, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 10003 bytes and gibibyte denote 10243 bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST and this is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are an example of this usage in software. The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte. Since the first disk drive, the IBM350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as 500 GB. The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes. Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example,400 GB might be reported by the operating system as 372 GB, meaning 372 GiB. The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes and this means that a 300 GB hard disk might be indicated variously as 300 GB,279 GB or 279 GiB, depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity
4.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
5.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
6.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
7.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
8.
Optical disc drive
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Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of media which can be read. Optical disc drives that are no longer in production include CD-ROM drive, CD writer drive, combo drive, as of 2015, DVD writer drive supporting all existing recordable and rewritable DVD formats is the most common for desktop PCs and laptops. There are also the DVD-ROM drive, BD-ROM drive, Blu-ray Disc combo drive and they are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed on disc, and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1, USB flash drives, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required. Large backups are often made on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable. The first laser disc, demonstrated in 1972, was the Laservision 12-inch video disc, the video signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The first digitally recorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio compact disc in a format created by Sony. The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced in 1984, as an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, the CD-ROM has a storage capacity of 650 MB. Also in 1984, Sony introduced a LaserDisc data storage format, in 1987, Sony demonstrated the erasable and rewritable 5. 25-inch optical drive. The first Blu-Ray prototype was unveiled by Sony in October 2000, technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower beam and shorter wavelength blue laser. The first BD-ROM players were shipped in mid-June 2006, the first Blu-ray Disc titles were released by Sony and MGM on June 20,2006. The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, initially, CD-type lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm were used. For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm, two main servomechanisms are used, the first to maintain the proper distance between lens and disc, to ensure the laser beam is focused as a small laser spot on the disc. The second servo moves the head along the discs radius, keeping the beam on the track. Optical disk media are read beginning at the radius to the outer edge. This is detected by photodiodes that create corresponding electrical signals, an optical disk recorder encodes data onto a recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, or BD-R disc by selectively heating parts of an organic dye layer with a laser. This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits, for recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to only once
9.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
10.
Compact Disc Digital Audio
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Compact Disc Digital Audio is the standard format for audio compact discs. The standard is defined in the Red Book, one of a series of Rainbow Books that contain the specifications for all Compact Disc formats. These parameters are common to all discs and used by all logical formats. The standard also specifies the form of audio encoding, 2-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz. Although rarely used, the specification allows for discs to be mastered with a form of emphasis, the second edition of IEC60908 was published in 1999 and it cancels and replaces the first edition, amendment 1 and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for CD-Text, CD+G, the standard is not freely available and must be licensed. It is available from Philips and the IEC, as of 2013, Philips outsources licensing of the standard to Adminius, which charges US$100 for the Red Book, plus US$50 each for the Subcode Channels R-W and CD Text Mode annexes. The audio contained in a CD-DA consists of two-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz, the sampling rate is adapted from that attained when recording digital audio on a PAL videotape with a PCM adaptor, an earlier way of storing digital audio. An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the selection of the sample rate was based primarily on the need to reproduce the audible frequency range of 20–20,000 Hz. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a rate of more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be recorded is needed. The exact sampling rate of 44, the device that converts an analog audio signal into PCM audio, which in turn is changed into an analog video signal is called a PCM adaptor. This technology could store six samples in a horizontal line. 60 field/s black and white video was required, and in NTSC countries that video signal has 245 usable lines per field, similarly, PAL has 294 lines and 50 fields, which gives 44,100 samples/s/stereo channel. This system could store 14-bit samples with some correction, or 16-bit samples with almost no error correction. There was a debate over the use of 14-bit or 16-bit quantization. When the Sony/Philips task force designed the Compact Disc, Philips had already developed a 14-bit D/A converter, in the end,16 bits and 44.1 kilosamples per second prevailed. Philips found a way to produce 16-bit quality using its 14-bit DAC by using four times oversampling, some CDs are mastered with pre-emphasis, an artificial boost of high audio frequencies. The pre-emphasis improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio by making use of the channels dynamic range
11.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book
12.
CD-R
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CD-R is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a disc that can be written once. CD-R disks are readable by most plain CD readers, i. e. CD readers manufactured prior to the introduction of CD-R and this is an advantage over CD-RW, which can be re-written but cannot be played on many plain CD readers. The CD-R, originally named CD Write-Once, specification was first published in 1988 by Philips, the Orange Book consists of several parts, furnishing details of the CD-WO, CD-MO, and CD-RW. The latest editions have abandoned the use of the term CD-WO in favor of CD-R, written CD-Rs and CD-RWs are, in the aspect of low-level encoding and data format, fully compatible with the audio CD and data CD standards. This means they use Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation, CIRC error correction, and, for CD-ROM, properly written CD-R discs on blanks of less than 80 minutes length are fully compatible with the audio CD and CD-ROM standards in all details including physical specifications. 80 minute CD-R discs marginally violate the Red Book physical format specifications, CD-RW discs have lower reflectivity than CD-R or pressed CDs and for this reason cannot meet the Red Book standard. Some hardware compatible with Red Book CDs may have difficulty reading CD-Rs and, because of their lower reflectivity, especially CD-RWs. To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards. The dye materials developed by Taiyo Yuden made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD, a standard CD-R is a 1.2 mm thick disc made of polycarbonate about 120 mm or 80 mm diameter. The 120 mm disc has a capacity of 74 minutes of audio or 650 Megabytes of data. Despite the foregoing, most CD-Rs on the market have an 80-minute capacity, there are also 90 minute/790 MiB and 99 minute/870 MiB discs, although they are less common. Also, due to the limitations of the structures in the ATIP,90 and 99 minute blanks will identify as 80 minute ones. Therefore, in order to use the capacity, these discs have to be burned using overburn options in the CD recording software. Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards prohibits disc reading/writing devices from having the capacity to read or write discs beyond the Compact Disc standards, the polycarbonate disc contains a spiral groove, called the pregroove, to guide the laser beam upon writing and reading information. The polycarbonate disc is coated on the side with a very thin layer of organic dye. Then, on top of the dye is coated a thin, reflecting layer of silver, finally, a protective coating of a photo-polymerizable lacquer is applied on top of the metal reflector and cured with UV-light. A blank CD-R is not empty, the pregroove has a wobble, maintaining a constant rate is essential to ensure proper size and spacing of the pits and lands burned into the dye layer
13.
CD-RW
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CD-RW is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-RW disc is a disc that can be written, read arbitrarily many times, erased. The technology was introduced in 1997, CD-RW discs require readers that have more sensitive laser optics than are required to read plain CDs. Consequently, CD-RWs cannot be read in many CD readers built prior to the introduction of CD-RW, CD-ROM drives that bear a MultiRead certification claim compatibility. CD-RW discs need to be blanked before reuse, fast blanking is much quicker, and is usually sufficient to allow rewriting the disc. Full blanking removes traces of the data, often for confidentiality reasons. It may be possible to data from full-blanked CD-RWs with specialty data recovery equipment, however. Their ideal usage field is in the creation of test discs, temporary short or mid-term backups, and in general, the CD-MO standard also allowed for an optional non-erasable zone on the disc, which could be read by normal CD-ROM reader units. Reading of the discs relied on the Kerr effect, the format was never released commercially, mostly because of its inherent incompatibility with standard CD reading units. A similar situation was present for early CD-R media, which suffered from either physical or logical incompatibilities. There were however some magneto-optical drives and media with the form factor that dont have this limitation. Unlike modern CD-RWs, CD-MO allowed for hybrid discs containing both an unmodifiable, pressed section, readable in standard drives, and a writable MO section, other kinds of magneto-optical media, unbound by the limitations of the typical CD-ROM filesystems, took the place intended for CD-MO. Rewritable media can, with hardware, according to some manufacturers. The CD-RW technology is based on phase change technology, so the degree of reflection reached is only 15–25%, the properties of the medium and the write and erase procedure is defined in the Orange Book Part III. To keep rotational speed precise, tracks have a slight superimposed sinusoidal excursion of 0.3 µm at a frequency of 22.05 kHz, in addition a 1 kHz frequency modulation is applied to provide the recorder with an absolute time reference. The grooves have a width of 0.6 µm and pitch of 1.6 µm, the media for CD-RW has basically the same layers as CD-R media. The reflective layer is, however, an alloy, which has in its original state. When writing the laser beam uses its power to heat the material to 500–700 °C
14.
Super Audio CD
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Super Audio CD is a read-only optical disc for audio storage, introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics, and intended to be the successor to their Compact Disc format, having made little impact in the consumer audio market, by 2007, SACD was deemed to be a failure by the press. A small market for SACD has remained, serving the audiophile community, the Super Audio CD format was introduced in 1999. Royal Philips and Crest Digital partnered in May 2002 to develop and install the first SACD hybrid disc production line in the USA, SACD did not achieve the same level of growth that Compact discs enjoyed in the 1980s, and was not accepted by the mainstream market. By October 2009, record companies had published more than 6,000 SACD releases, jazz and popular music albums, mainly remastered previous releases, were the next two most numerous genres represented. Many popular artists have released some or all of their catalog on SACD. Pink Floyds album The Dark Side of the Moon sold over 800,000 copies by June 2004 in its SACD Surround Sound edition, the Whos rock opera Tommy, and Roxy Musics Avalon, were released on SACD to take advantage of the formats multi-channel capability. All three albums were remixed in 5.1 surround, and released as hybrid SACDs with a mix on the standard CD layer. Some popular artists have released new recordings on SACD, sales figures for Stings Sacred Love album reached number one on SACD sales charts in four European countries in June 2004. Between 2007 and 2008, Genesis re-released all of their studio albums across three box sets, each album in these sets contains the original album on SACD in both stereo and 5.1 mixes. The US & Canada versions do not use SACD but CD instead, by August 2009443 labels had released one or more SACDs. Instead of depending on major label support, some orchestras and artists have released SACDs on their own, many of the SACD discs that were released from 2000-2005 are now out of print and are available only on the used market. By 2009, the record companies were no longer regularly releasing discs in the format. SACD is a disc of identical physical dimensions as a compact disc. There are three types of disc, Hybrid, Hybrid SACDs are encoded with a 4.7 GB DSD layer, single-layer, A DVD-5 encoded with one 4.7 GB DSD layer. Dual-layer, A DVD-9 encoded with two DSD layers, totaling 8.5 GB, and no PCM layer, dual-layer SACDs can store nearly twice as much data as a single-layer SACD. Unlike hybrid discs, both single- and dual-layer SACDs are incompatible with conventional CD players and cannot be played on them, a stereo SACD recording has an uncompressed rate of 5.6 Mbit/s, four times the rate for Red Book CD stereo audio. Other technical parameters are as follows, Commercial releases commonly included both surround sound and stereo mixes on the SACD layer, some reissues however, retained the mixes of earlier multi-channel formats
15.
Photo CD
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Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving photos in a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints, Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They were intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, furthermore, Photo CD relied on CRT-based TV sets for home use. However, these were designed for moving pictures and their typical flicker became an issue when watching still photographs. The Photo CD system gained a level of acceptance among professional photographers due to the low cost of the high quality film scans. Prior to Photo CD, professionals who wished to digitize their film images were forced to pay higher fees to obtain drum scans of their film negatives and transparencies. The Kodak Pro Photo CD Master Disc contains 25 images with resolution of 6144 x 4096 pixels. This type is appropriate for 120 film, 4x5, but also for small picture film, separate from the Photo CD format is Kodaks proprietary Portfolio CD format, which combines Red Book CD audio and Beige Book PCD with interactive menus and hotspots on PCD images. Some standalone Philips Photo/Audio CD players could play Portfolio CDs, the Kodak Portfolio CD is not defined in any particular Rainbow Book. The Photo CD system was announced by Kodak in 1990, Photo CD targeted a full range of photographic needs, ranging from consumer level point-and-shoot cameras to high-end professionals using large format 4x5 sheet film. The first Photo CD products, including scanners for processing labs and Photo CD players for consumers, the project was expected to be a $600 million business by 1997 with $100 million in operational earnings. Kodak entered into a number of partnerships grow the usage of Photo CD and this included, for example, an arrangement with L. L. These measures, together with the relatively low cost of $3 per image and convenience. For example, a 16Base Photo CD image of 5.5 Mb can be encoded as a JPEG image of 2.1 Mb at 80% quality, when the Photo CD format was designed in the early 1990s, a design goal was to allow low cost playback-to-TV devices. While the pixel resolution of Photo CD was still comparable or better than the alternatives, firstly, the Photo CD color space, designed for TV display, is smaller than what can be achieved by even a low cost desktop scanner. Secondly, the rendition of Photo CD images changed over time. Thirdly, the range of scans was lower than for desktop scanners. Tests at the time indicated that the rating of Photo CD was 2. 8-3.0, while commonly available desktop scanners were reaching 4.2
16.
CD Video
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CD Video is a format of optical media disc that was introduced in 1987 that combines the technologies of standard compact disc and LaserDisc. CD-V discs are the size as a standard 12-cm audio CD. It also contains up to 5 minutes of video information plus digital CD-quality sound. One of the first LaserDisc players that can play CD-V discs is the Pioneer CLD-1010 from 1987, though it is a CD-based format, CD Video was never given a rainbow book designation. CD Video discs have a gold color, to differentiate them from regular silver-colored audio CDs. This is a characteristic that would later be replicated in HVD, a similar version of CD Video called Video Single Disc was also released. It is basically the same as CD Video, but it only has the video track. CD Video was targeted toward teenagers who watched music videos on MTV, however, few of them were familiar with LaserDiscs, and far fewer owned CDV-compatible players at the time. Buying a costly new player was not an option just for the use of playing a single music video that can be recorded with a VCR. IEC61104 - Compact disc video system -12 cm CD-V A webpage on CD Video discs, featuring a list of NTSC CD-V releases The LaserDisc Database, including CD Video
17.
Video CD
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Video CD is a home video format and the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs. The format was adopted in Southeast Asia instead of VHS. The format is a digital format for storing video on a compact disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers, the Video CD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard. Although they have been superseded by other media, VCDs continue to be retailed as a low-cost video format, in 1979, Philips introduced the optical LaserDisc, which was about 30 cm in diameter. This disc could hold an hour of analog video along with audio on each side. The Laserdisc provided picture quality nearly double that of VHS tape, Philips later teamed up with Sony to develop a new type of disc, the compact disc or CD. Introduced in 1982 in Japan, the CD is about 120 mm in diameter, the format was initially designed to store digitized sound and proved to be a success in the music industry. A few years later, Philips decided to give CDs the ability to produce video and this led to the creation of CD Video in 1987. However, the small size significantly impeded the ability to store analog video. Therefore, CD-V distribution was limited to featuring music videos, by the early 1990s engineers were able to digitize and compress video signals, greatly improving storage efficiency. Because this new format could hold 83 minutes of audio and video, extra capacity was obtained by sacrificing the error correction. This format was named Video CD or VCD, VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format. However, VCDs are still being released in countries in Asia. The development of sophisticated, higher capacity optical disc formats yielded the DVD format. DVD players use lasers that are of shorter wavelength than those used on CDs, allowing the recorded pits to be smaller, the DVD was so successful that it eventually pushed VHS out of the video market once suitable recorders became widely available. Nevertheless, VCDs made considerable inroads into developing nations, where they are still in use today, Video CDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored using tracks in CD-ROM XA mode. The first track of a VCD is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1 and this track may also contain other non-essential files, and is shown by operating systems when loading the disc
18.
Super Video CD
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Super Video CD is a digital format for storing video on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to Video CD and an alternative to DVD-Video, although SVCDs proved more sophisticated than VCDs, the format remains in the latters shadow. Similar to VCDs, SVCDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, the first track is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1, and contains metadata about the disc. The other tracks are in Mode 2, Form 2, and contain audio and this allows roughly 800 megabytes of data to be stored on one 80 minute CD. One CD can hold up to 35 minutes of full quality SVCD-format video, on the downside, this increase in picture resolution sacrifices video length capacity by over 50%. Because of this, titles released on SVCD has to come in twice the number of discs of their VCD equivalents. Unlike other CD-based formats, such as China Video Disc and Video CD, however, many DVD and Blu-ray players will play back SVCD resolution video from a DVD or Blu-ray disc anyway. Interlaced video is supported for SVCD video, though not required,23.976 frames per second video is supported by use of interlacing and 3,2 pulldown. The combined audio and video bit rates should not exceed 2.7 Mbps and this data rate was chosen, in part, to ensure compatibility with slower and less expensive 2 × speed CD drives. Codec, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II Frequency,44,100 hertz Output, Monaural, dual channel, stereo, SVCDs may have two separate stereo, or four mono audio tracks. Audio may have up to 6 channels using the MPEG Multichannel surround sound format, although space constraints and inconsistent hardware support make it impractical, variable bit rate encoding, while not supported by the MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard, is part of the SVCD specification. However, variable bit rate audio is not consistently supported by standalone players, play back of SVCD titles is impaired when played on most DVD players, causing dropped frames, choppy video playback or skipping of sound. This is due to the unfortunately chosen two-thirds video ratio in the SVCD format specifications, most DVD players support the video formats VCD, SVCD and DVD but the best resolution usually dictates the design of all the electronics components, most notably the low pass filter. With only one analog low pass filter optimised for one video format, the SVCD format is especially prone to foldover because the 480p format doesnt fit well over a 720p output. Although the aliasing artifacts that result from this bad fit are usually buried in noise from other sources, such as camera, quantization, China Video Disc is a CD-based video format which was created during the development of the SVCD standard and is almost identical to SVCD. The primary technical difference is a video resolution of 352×480 or 352×576. Because 352×480/576 is a recognized DVD resolution, CVD video is fully compatible with the DVD-Video standard, the lower resolution also allows the bitrate to be reduced while keeping compression artifacts to a minimum. CVD also supports all of the features which are supported by SVCD
19.
CD+G
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CD+G is an extension of the compact disc standard that can present low-resolution graphics alongside the audio data on the disc when played on a compatible device. CD+G discs are used for karaoke machines, which use this functionality to present on-screen lyrics for the song contained on the disc. The CD+G specifications were published by Philips and Sony in a revision of the Red Book specifications. The first CD to be released with CD+G graphics was Eat or Be Eaten by Firesign Theatre in 1985, the CD+EG is a similar format that allows for better graphics, but has been used very rarely. Some CD-ROM drives can read this data. Pioneers LaserActive player can also play CD+G discs, as long as either the PAC-S1/S-10 or PAC-N1/N10 game modules are installed, since 2003, some standalone DVD players have supported the CD+G format. The CD+G format takes advantage of the subcode channels R through W and these six bits store graphics information. In the CD+G system, 16-color graphics are displayed on a field which is 300×216 pixels in size. Compact disc Karaoke MP3+G The CD+G Museum and Discography, details on released titles and how to identify them CD+G faq
20.
CD-Text
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CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book Compact Disc specifications standard for audio CDs. It allows for storage of information on a standards-compliant audio CD. The specification for CD-Text was included in the Multi-Media Commands Set 3 R01 standard, released in September 1996 and it was also added to new revisions of the Red Book. The actual text is stored in a compatible with Interactive Text Transmission System. The ITTS standard is applied in the MiniDisc format, as well as in Digital Audio Broadcasting technology. The CD-Text information is stored in the subchannels R to W on the disc and this information is usually stored in the subchannels in the lead-in area of the disc, where there is roughly five kilobytes of space available. It can also be stored on the program area of the disc. Since the R to W channels are not used in the Red Book specification of audio CDs, they are not read by all CD players, of these, three are reserved and therefore they dont have keywords. The character encoding is not specified, and there is no provision for indicating in the CD-Text data which encoding is in use, the original Sony authoring tools and specifications supported ASCII and two of its supersets, ISO-8859-1 and MS-JIS. Annex J of the MMC-2 specification mentions only ASCII, but provides for double byte character codes to be indicated, cdrdao, Linux command line tool that supports writing CD-Text. CDRWIN can burn CD-Text Exact Audio Copy has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when ripping CDs, foobar2000 Since version 1.0 has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when playing and ripping CDs. Fre, ac has support for reading CD-Text to fill in artist/title information when ripping CDs, icedax, Linux command line tool that supports reading CD-Text. This information can be added/modified during the creation of a. CUE file, isoBuster copies CD-Text when a CD is ripped in raw format and saves it to a. cdt file. ITunes 7 or higher supports burning CD Text and it is by default an unchecked option in the burning preferences. K3b has support for reading and writing CD-Text on Linux, Media Player Classic reads from CD-Text and will automatically display track title and author. MusicBee audio player/organizer can read CD-Text when playing or ripping CDs, nero Burning ROM can burn CD-Text since version 5.5.10, its track saving utility can read CD-Text when ripping. RealPlayer 10 supports reading and writing of CD-Text Sound Juicer can read from CD-Text Toast on Mac OS X has support for CD-Text, VLC media player can read CD-Text on all platforms Winamp has had support for reading CD-Text since version 5.31, but does not write CD-Text. Windows Media Player 10 and higher with the WMPCDText plug-in supports reading CD-Text, x-CD-Roast for Linux has had reading/writing support since version 0. 98alpha10
21.
Green Book (CD standard)
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The standard was originally not freely available and had to be licensed from Philips. However, the 1994 version of the standard was made available for free by Philips. CD-i discs conform to the Red Book specification of audio CDs, tracks on a CD-is program area can be CD-DA tracks or CD-i tracks, but the first track must always be a CD-i track, and all CD-i tracks must be grouped together at the beginning of the area. CD-i tracks are structured according to the CD-ROM XA specification, and have different classes depending on their contents, message sectors contain audio data to warn users of CD players that the track they are trying to listen to is a CD-i track and not a CD-DA track. The CD-i specification also specifies a system similar to ISO9660 to be used on CD-i tracks. The CD-i Ready format is a type of format, also designed by Philips. This format puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of Track 1, the CD-i Bridge format, defined in Philips White Book, is a transitional format allowing bridge discs to be played both on CD-ROM drives and on CD-i players
22.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
23.
DVD recordable
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DVD recordable and DVD rewritable refer to part of optical disc recording technologies. DVD recordable is a term that refers to both write-once and rewritable formats, whereas DVD rewritable refers only to rewritable formats. Like CD-Rs, DVD recordables use dyes, depending on the intensity of the laser, the reflective property of the dye on a particular spot will determine whether it is a peak or a valley representation from pressed DVD. Dyes give the side of a disc a distinct color. Dyes are also the playback is not guaranteed. Their reflective properties are not as good as with stamped DVDs that commonly have aluminum as the reflective layer, the larger storage capacity of a DVD-R compared to a CD-R is achieved through smaller pit size and smaller track pitch of the groove spiral which guides the laser beam. Consequently, more pits can be written on the same physical sized disc, in order to write smaller pits onto the recording dye layer, a red laser beam with a wavelength of 640 nm is used in conjunction with a higher numerical aperture lens. Because of this wavelength, DVDs use different dyes from CDs to properly absorb this wavelength. The R format DVDs can be once and read arbitrarily many times. Thus, R format discs are suited to such as non-volatile data storage, audio. This can cause confusion because the DVD+RW Alliance logo is a stylized RW, thus, a DVD+R disc may have the RW logo, but it is not rewritable. According to Pioneer, DVD-RW discs may be written to about 1,000 times before needing replacement, RW discs are commonly used to store data in a volatile format, such as when creating backups or collections of files. They are also used for home DVD video recorders, one benefit to using a rewritable disc is, if there are writing errors when recording data, the disc is not ruined and can still store data by erasing the faulty data. The DVD-R format was developed by Pioneer in 1997 and it is supported by most normal DVD players and is approved by the DVD Forum. Has broader playback compatibility than the + especially with older players. The dash format uses a land pre-pit method to provide sector address information, DVD minus R is not correct, according to DVD-R consortium recommendations, it is, in fact, a dash. DVD-R and DVD+R technologies are not directly compatible, which created a war in the DVD technology industry. To reconcile the two competing formats, manufacturers created hybrid drives that could read both — most hybrid drives that handle both formats are labeled DVD±R and Super Multi and are very popular, developed by Philips and Sony with their DVD+RW Alliance
24.
DVD+R DL
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DVD+R DL also called DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. Its use was first demonstrated in October 2003, DVD+R DL discs employ two recordable dye layers, each capable of storing nearly the 4.7 GB capacity of a single-layer disc, almost doubling the total disc capacity to 8.5 GB. Discs can be read in many DVD devices and can only be created using DVD+R DL, DL drives started appearing on the market during mid-2004, at prices comparable to those of existing single-layer drives. As of March 2011 DL media is up to twice as expensive as single-layer media, the latest DL drives write double layer discs at a slower rate than current single-layer discs. Dual-layer recording allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store more data, up to 8.5 gigabytes per disc. DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation, while DVD+R DL was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Philips, a dual-layer disc differs from its usual DVD counterpart by employing a second physical layer within the disc itself. The drive with dual-layer capability accesses the second layer by shining the laser through the first semi-transparent layer, the layer change can exhibit a noticeable pause in some DVD players, up to several seconds. DVD recordable discs supporting this technology are compatible with some existing DVD players. Many current DVD recorders support dual-layer technology, and the price is now comparable to that of single-layer drives, the recording speeds reached by dual-layer media are still well below those of single-layer media. There are two modes for dual-layer orientation, parallel track path and opposite track path, in PTP mode, used for DVD-ROM, both layers start recording at the inside diameter with the lead-in and end at the outside diameter with the lead-out. Sectors are sequenced from the beginning of the first layer to the end of the first layer, in OTP mode, the second layer is read from the outside of the disk. For DVD-Video a variation of the technique is employed and this means that the start of the second layer may not have any recorded material present. This is in order to minimise the time that the player takes to locate and focus on the second layer. A common misconception is that the disc spins first in one direction, and then another, either for PTP or OTP recording, when in fact DVD-Writers always spin a disc in the clockwise direction. A simpler way to understand whats written above is to think of the hole in the centre of the DVD as the inside. This results in the skipping or freezing up for some time as the laser head repositions itself. For comparison, the table below shows storage capacities of the four most common DVD recordable media, stands for standard single-layer discs, while DL denotes the dual-layer variants. See articles on the formats in question for information on compatibility issues, DVD-R DL DVD DVD+R DVD+RW DVD+RW DL Book type MultiLevel Recording Bennett, Hugh
25.
DVD-Audio
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DVD-Audio is a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio uses most of the storage on the disc for high-quality audio and is not intended to be a delivery format. DVD-Audio has much higher quality than video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. The first discs entered the marketplace in 2000, DVD-Audio offers many possible configurations of audio channels, ranging from single-channel mono to 5. 1-channel surround sound, at various sampling frequencies and sample rates. Audio on a DVD-Audio disc can be stored in different bit depth/sampling rate/channel combinations. For instance, a DVD-Audio disc may contain a 96 kHz/24-bit 5. 1-channel audio track as well as a 192 kHz/24-bit stereo audio track, also, the channels of a track can be split into two groups stored at different resolutions. For example, the front speakers could be 96/24, while the surrounds are 48/20, Audio is stored on the disc in Linear PCM format, which is either uncompressed or losslessly compressed with MLP. The maximum permissible total bit rate is 9.6 Megabits per second, channel/resolution combinations that would exceed this need to be compressed. In uncompressed modes, it is possible to get up to 96/16 or 48/24 in 5.1, to store 5.1 tracks in 88. 2/20,88. 2/24, 96/20 or 96/24 MLP encoding is mandatory. If no native stereo audio exists on the disc, the DVD-Audio player may be able to downmix the 5. 1-channel audio to two-channel stereo audio if the listener does not have a surround sound setup. Downmixing can only be done to two-channel stereo, not to other configurations, with the introduction of the DVD-Audio format, some kind of backward compatibility with existing DVD-Video players was desired, although not required. To address this, most DVD-Audio discs also contain DVD-Video compatible data to play the standard DVD-Video Dolby Digital 5. 1-channel audio track on the disc. Many DVD-Video players also offer the option to create a Dolby MP matrix-encoded soundtrack for older surround sound systems lacking Dolby Digital or DTS decoding, some discs also include a native Dolby Digital 2.0 stereo, and even a DTS 96/245. 1-channel, audio track. Since the DVD-Audio format is a member of the DVD family, a disc can have multiple layers. A common configuration is a single-sided DVD with content in both the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio directories, the high-resolution, Packed PCM audio encoded using MLP is only playable by DVD players containing DVD-Audio decoding capability. DVD-Video content, which can include LPCM, Dolby or DTS material, other disc configurations may consist of double layer DVDs or two-sided discs. Some labels have released two-sided DVD titles that contain DVD-Audio content on one side and DVD-Video content on the other, unofficial playback of DVD-Audio on a PC is possible through freeware audio player foobar2000 for Windows using an open source plug-in extension called DVDADecoder. VLC media player has DVD-Audio support Cyberlinks PowerDVD Version 8 provides a method of playing DVD-Audio discs
26.
EcoDisc
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An EcoDisc is a patented type of DVD which is thinner than a conventional DVD because it is made from a single layer of polycarbonate instead of two layers glued together. Ecodiscs are prone to breakage since they are, as of May 2011, EcoDisc Technology AG licences manufacturers of the discs, and also holds the rights to the EcoDisc logo. The maximum capacity of the discs is 4.7 GB, although earlier versions of the EcoDisc occasionally showed problems with Slot-In drives, these problems have since been remedied. Are we going green or is it business as usual
27.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
28.
Blu-ray Disc recordable
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Blu-ray Disc Recordable refers to two direct to disc optical disc recording technologies that can be recorded on to an optical disc with an optical disc recorder. BD-R discs can be written to once, whereas BD-RE can be erased and re-recorded multiple times, Disc capacities are 25 GB for single-layer discs,50 GB for double-layer discs,100 GB for triple-layer, and 128 GB for quadruple-layer. The minimum speed at which a Blu-ray Disc can be written is 36 megabits per second, there are four versions of Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable and three versions of Blu-ray Disc Recordable. Each version includes three Parts, Basic Format Specifications, File System Specifications, Audio Visual Basic Specifications, however, BD recording media are inapplicable. This book is attached to Part 1 Basic Format Specifications of every format, low To High refers to the reflectivity changing from low to high during the burning process, which is the opposite of normal. The advantage of BD-R LTH is it can protect a manufacturers investment in DVD-R/CD-R manufacturing equipment, the manufacturer need only modify current equipment, it need not invest in new production lines. This is expected to lower the cost of disc manufacturing, old Blu-ray players and recorders cannot utilize BD-R LTH, however, a firmware upgrade can enable devices to access BD-R LTH. Panasonic released such a firmware update in November 2007 for its DMR-BW200, DMR-BR100 and MR-BW900/BW800/BW700 models, pioneer was expected to ship the first LTH BD drives in Spring 2008. Sony upgraded the PlayStation 3 firmware enabling BD-R LTH reading in March,2008, in 2011, Frances Ministry of Culture and Communication conducted a study on the suitability of data archival of LTH discs compared to HTL discs. The data they collected indicated that the quality of LTH discs is worse than HTL discs. Optical disc authoring Blu-ray Player BD-R Compatibility Chart
29.
Ultra HD Blu-ray
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Ultra HD Blu-ray is a digital optical disc data storage format that supersedes Blu-ray. Ultra HD Blu-ray discs are incompatible with existing Blu-ray players, Ultra HD Blu-ray supports 4K UHD video at frame rates up to 60 frames per second, encoded using High Efficiency Video Coding. The discs support both high dynamic range by increasing the depth to 10-bit per color and a greater color gamut than supported by conventional Blu-ray video by using the Rec.2020 color space. The specification allows for three disc sizes, each with their own rate,50 GB with 82 Mbit/s,66 GB with 108 Mbit/s. Ultra HD Blu-ray technology was licensed in mid 2015, and players had a release date of Christmas 2015. Ultra HD Blu-ray uses a new revision of AACS DRM, AACS2, on May 12,2015, the Blu-ray Disc Association revealed completed specifications and the official Ultra HD Blu-ray logo. Unlike conventional DVDs and Blu-rays, the new 4K format does not have region coding, on March 1,2016, the BDA released Ultra HD Blu-ray with mandatory support for HDR10 Media Profile video and optional support for Dolby Vision. The first Ultra HD 4K Blu-ray Discs were officially released from four studios on March 1,2016 and these were Sony, Lionsgate, Warner Bros. and 20th Century Fox
30.
Forward Versatile Disc
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The specification allows for up to three layers for total of 15GB in storage. WMV9 is used as the video codec allowing for 135 minutes of 720p video on a dual layer disc and 135 minutes of 1080i video on a 3-layer disc, FVD uses AACS copy protection which is one of the schemes used in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs. An FVD disc can either be an FVD-1 or FVD-2 disc, FVD-1, FVD-2, The second generation will use the more efficient 8/15 coding for increasing the ECC capability. CMC Magnetics The Register, FVD goes mass-market
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Holographic Versatile Disc
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The Holographic Versatile Disc is an optical disc technology developed between April 2004 and mid-2008 that can store up to several terabytes of data on an optical disc 10 cm or 12 cm in diameter. The reduced radius reduces cost and materials used and it employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby a green and red laser beam are collimated in a single beam. The green laser reads data encoded as laser interference fringes from a layer near the top of the disc. A red laser is used as the beam to read servoinformation from a regular CD-style aluminium layer near the bottom. Servoinformation is used to monitor the position of the head over the disc, similar to the head, track. On a CD or DVD this servoinformation is interspersed among the data, a dichroic mirror layer between the holographic data and the servo data reflects the green laser while letting the red laser pass through. Standards for 100 GB read-only holographic discs and 200 GB recordable cartridges were published by ECMA in 2007, a number of release dates were announced, all since passed. High densities are possible by moving these closer on the tracks,100 GB at 18 μm separation,200 GB at 13 μm,500 GB at 8 μm, and most demonstrated of 5 TB for 3 μm on a 10 cm disc. The system uses a laser, with an output power of 1 watt which is high power for a consumer device laser. Possible solutions include improving the sensitivity of the used, or developing and commoditizing a laser capable of higher power output while being suitable for a consumer unit. HVD is not the technology in high-capacity, optical storage media. Such large optical storage capacities compete favorably with the Blu-ray Disc format, however, holographic drives are projected to initially cost around US$15,000, and a single disc around US$120–180, although prices are expected to fall steadily. Since InPhase Technologies were unable to deliver their product, they ran out of funds. The Holography System Development Forum is a coalition of corporations purposed to provide a forum for testing and technical discussion of all aspects of HVD design. As of March 2012, the companies are members of the forum. Kyoeisha Pulstec Shibaura Mechatronics Corporation Oracle Corporation Teijin Chemicals Ltd, on June 11,2007, TC44 published the first two HVD standards, ECMA-377, defining a 200 GB HVD recordable cartridge and ECMA-378, defining a 100 GB HVD-ROM disc. Its next stated goals are 30 GB HVD cards and submission of these standards to the International Organization for Standardization for ISO approval.6 TB media available in 2010, InPhase, a now bankrupt, company that developed a competing holographic storage format. Video explaining holographic storage – PC Magazine, October 4,2006 Holography system rides single beam EE Times, February 27,2006 – interview with Hideyoshi Horimai and Yoshio Aoki of Optware Corp
32.
HD DVD
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HD DVD is a discontinued high-density optical disc format for storing data and playback of high-definition video. Supported principally by Toshiba, HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor to the standard DVD format, on 19 February 2008, after a protracted format war with rival Blu-ray, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28,2008, the HD DVD physical disc specifications were still in use as the basis for the China Blue High-definition Disc formerly called CH-DVD. Because all variants except 3× DVD and HD REC employed a laser with a shorter wavelength. In the late 1990s, commercial HDTV sets started to enter a larger market, jVCs D-VHS and Sonys HDCAM formats could store that amount of data, but were neither popular nor well-known. It was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would yield optical storage with higher density, shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes, but a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction. The two formats share several technologies, in February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members. The DVD Forum was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not, in March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs. In spite of this decision, the DVD Forums Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution, in August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc. It was adopted by the DVD forum and renamed to HD DVD the next year, the HD DVD Promotion Group was a group of manufacturers and media studios formed to exchange thoughts and ideas to help promote the format worldwide. The HD DVD promotion group was dissolved on March 28,2008, following Toshibas announcement on February 19,2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players. Much like the VHS vs. Betamax videotape format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s, HD DVD was competing with a rival format - in this case, in 2008, major content manufacturers and key retailers began withdrawing their support for the format. In an attempt to avoid a costly war, the Blu-ray Disc Association. One of the issues was that Blu-ray Disc companies wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity, another problem was the physical formats of the discs themselves. The negotiations proceeded slowly and ultimately stalled, on August 22,2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed. Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled, publicly, the reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited. By the end of September that year, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD, the Blu-ray Disc Association did not agree to HPs demands. On March 31,2006, Toshiba released their first consumer-based HD DVD player in Japan at ¥110,000, HD DVD was released in the United States on April 18,2006, with players priced at $499 and $799
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Versatile Multilayer Disc
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Versatile Multilayer Disc is a high-capacity red laser optical disc technology designed by New Medium Enterprises, Inc. VMD was intended to compete with the blue laser Blu-ray Disc format and had a capacity of up to 30GB per side. At CeBIT in March 2006, NME demonstrated a prototype VMD player, at the Custom Electronic Design & Installation Association trade show in September 2007, NME exhibited two players set for release in October 2007. There were 20 US titles available at time, including some from Icon Productions, Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, New Line Cinema, DreamWorks SKG, Lionsgate. They also signed a deal with Bollywood production company Eros Group who intended to release 50 Bollywood features on the format, the two initial players to be released were the ML622S and the ML777S. The ML777S included USB ports for connection to storage devices. The manufacturers hoped to sell the format as a lower cost alternative to other optical technologies, the date of effect of this action was 90 days after 12 June 2008. In August 2008 in the UK, New Medium Electronics Limited, New Medium Entertainment Limited, in October 2008, the technology behind HD-VMD was revived by companies - Royal Digital Media, Anthem Digital and DreamStream, to produce a new 100GB optical disc. Anthem Digitals chairman Michael Jay Solomon was the chairman of New Medium Enterprises. As of December 2010, Royal Digital Media, Anthem Digital, the format uses approximately 5 GB per layer, which was similar to standard DVDs. Standard VMDs can use 4 layers, for 20 GB of storage, the rarer 8 and 10 layered discs store 40 GB to 50 GB, respectively. One manufacturer listed up to 20 layers on a disc being possible in the future, the Blu-ray Disc uses a blue-violet laser, rather than VMDs red laser, which means Blu-ray can store more information per layer. This format has so far only utilized 1 and 2-layered versions, in January 2007, Toshiba announced development on a triple layer HD DVD that would have had a capacity of 51 GB. Hitachi announced a 4 and 6 layer version of Blu-ray as well, a standard 4-layer VMD stored 20 GB, which was comparable to a 1-layered HD DVD and 1-layer Blu-ray Disc. The HD VMD format is capable of HD resolutions up to 1080p which is comparable with Blu-ray, video is encoded in MPEG-2 and VC-1 formats at a maximum bitrate of 40 Megabits per second. This falls between the maximum bitrates of HD DVD and Blu-ray, there is the possibility that VMD discs may be encoded with the H.264 format in the future. The HD VMD format supports up to 7. 1-channel Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, comparison of high definition optical disc formats Official VMD Web Site Digital TV Designline - Here comes HD VMD ML777S model
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VCDHD
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VCDHD is an optical disc standard, similar to CD or DVD. The technology for VCDHD was invented with in, Japan, the Netherlands, since the name of the technology is similar to the arbitrarily inferior VCD, its also marketed using the name DVHD. The capacity of a VCDHD is 4.7 GB, the same as an average single-layer DVD, according to the official site, the tests at Philips laboratories have proven the discs to be fully compatible with modern DVD players. With use of laser technology steadily becoming available now, the capacity may be increased by up to 15 GB. The formats main advantages include, a resistance to scratching in comparison to DVDs a thickness of 0. Blu-ray and HD-DVD Alternative, VCDHD DailyTech New optical disc joins the fray engadget
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GD-ROM
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GD-ROM is a proprietary optical disc format originally used for the Dreamcast video game console, as well as its arcade counterpart, the Sega NAOMI and select Triforce arcade board titles. Developed by Yamaha, Sega intended to use the format to curb piracy common to standard compact discs, Segas use of the format instead of the new DVD-ROM technology supported by the PlayStation 2 and Xbox has been considered a mistake that contributed to the Dreamcasts early demise. The DVD-ROM format allowed for larger capacity than the GD-ROM, as well as support for DVD Video playback. Despite the failure of the Dreamcast, Sega continued to use the GD-ROM format in arcades with the Sega NAOMI2, Sega Chihiro, the format was developed for Sega by Yamaha, and first commercially appeared with the Dreamcasts Japanese launch in November 1998. Despite displaying a Dreamcast DVD display unit at E32000, the plans for a DVD add-on or fully separate unit never materialized during the significantly shorter production run of the Dreamcast. Sony was able to provide a larger install base due to DVD, GD-ROM was also made available as an upgrade for the Dreamcasts arcade cousin, Sega NAOMI and later Sega NAOMI2, providing alternate media to its cartridge-based software. It is also used for the Sega Chihiro and Triforce, there are three data areas on a GD-ROM disc. The first is in conventional CD format, and usually contains a track with a warning that the disc is for use on a Dreamcast. The CD section also contains a segment, which is only readable in PCs. Although most discs include only text files identifying the game, its copyright and bibliography, there then follows a separator track which contains no data except for the text Produced by or under license from Sega Enterprises LTD Trademark Sega. The final section of the disc contains the data itself in a higher density format. This section is 112 minutes long, with a size of 1.2 GiB. A normal CD-reader will not read beyond the first track because, according to the CD table of contents, with modified firmware that looks for a second TOC in the high-density region it is possible to read data from the high-density region even on a normal CD-reader. It is then possible to read as much data from the high-density region as indicated by the TOC from the first disc, Sega has discontinued production of GD-ROM media. Later CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives allowed PC software to offered on CDs using only the high-density region as part of the DRM, the first section usually contains a message informing users that the disc can damage AV equipment. Different discs, usually varying by region, contain different messages, nTSC-U discs usually contain this message, Warning. This disc is only for use on Sega Dreamcast, or this message, This is a Dreamcast game disc, the first track contains game data, please do not play it on a normal CD Player. Some discs contain light-hearted or humorous messages from the games characters and this is also common on Japanese NTSC-J discs
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MiniDisc
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MiniDisc is a magneto-optical disc-based data storage format offering a capacity of 74 minutes and, later,80 minutes, of digitized audio or 1 gigabyte of Hi-MD data. Sony brand audio players were on the market from September 1992 until March 2013, MiniDisc was announced by Sony in September 1992 and released that November of that year for sale in Japan and in December in Europe, Canada, the USA and other countries. MiniDiscs were very popular outside of the USA, Sony has ceased development of MD devices, with the last of the players sold by March 2013. It took, however, almost 10 years before their idea was commercialized, Sony had originally intended Digital Audio Tape to be the dominant home digital audio recording format, replacing the analog cassette. Due to technical delays, DAT was not launched until 1989, by the time Sony came up with MiniDisc in late 1992, Philips had introduced a competing system, DCC. This created marketing confusion very similar to the Betamax versus VHS battle of the late 1970s, Sony attempted to license MD technology to other manufacturers, with JVC, Sharp, Pioneer, Panasonic and others all producing their own MD systems. However, non-Sony machines were not widely available in North America, despite having a loyal customer base largely of musicians and audio enthusiasts, MiniDisc met with only limited success. It was relatively popular in Japan during the 1990s but did not enjoy comparable sales in other world markets, since then, recordable CDs, flash memory and HDD and solid-state-based digital audio players such as iPods have become increasingly popular as playback devices. The initial low uptake of MiniDisc was attributed to the number of pre-recorded albums available on MD as relatively few record labels embraced the format. The initial high cost of equipment and blank media was also a factor, mains-powered hi-fi MiniDisc player/recorders never got into the lower price ranges, and most consumers had to connect a portable machine to the hi-fi in order to record. This inconvenience contrasted with the common use of cassette decks as a standard part of an ordinary hi-fi set-up. The biggest competition for MiniDisc came from the emergence of MP3 players, with the Diamond Rio player in 1998 and the Apple iPod, the mass market began to eschew physical media in favor of file-based systems. This allowed the MiniDisc to better compete with HD recorders and MP3 players, on 7 July 2011, Sony announced that it would no longer ship MiniDisc Walkman products as of September 2011, effectively killing the format. On 1 February 2013, Sony issued a release on the Nikkei stock exchange that it will cease shipment of MD devices. However, it would continue to sell blank discs and offer repair services, MD Data, a version for storing computer data, was announced by Sony in 1993 but never gained significant ground. Its media were incompatible with standard audio MiniDiscs, which has been cited as one of the reasons behind the formats failure. MD Data could not write to audio-MDs, only the more expensive data blanks. In 1997, MD-Data2 blanks were introduced, which held 650 MB of data and they were only implemented in Sonys short-lived MD-based camcorder as well as a small number of multi-track recorders, Sonys MDM-X4, Tascams 564, and Yamahas MD-8, MD-4, & MD4S
